Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

India Launches First Winter Expedition to the Arctic

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Arctic Region

Mains level: Read the attached story

arctic

Central Idea

  • Launch of Winter Expedition: India embarks on its first-ever winter expedition to the Arctic, starting this week.
  • Significance: With this initiative, India’s Himadri becomes the fourth research station in the Arctic to be manned year-round.

Arctic Region and Its Global Impact

  • Geographical Location: The Arctic Circle lies north of latitude 66° 34’ N, encompassing the Arctic Ocean.
  • Climate Change Concerns: Scientific studies highlight the Arctic’s influence on global sea levels and atmospheric circulations due to ice melt.
  • Rising Temperatures: The Arctic region has experienced an average temperature rise of 4 degrees Celsius over the past century.
  • Declining Sea Ice: The Arctic sea ice extent is decreasing at a rate of 13% per decade, potentially leading to an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the summer of 2040.

Challenges in Arctic Expeditions

  • Harsh Environmental Conditions: The extreme cold, with February temperatures averaging minus 14 degrees Celsius in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, poses significant challenges.
  • Limited Research Stations: So far, only three research stations in the Arctic have had permanent staff year-round.
  • Geopolitical Constraints: The presence of multiple state jurisdictions and geopolitical tensions, like the Ukraine-Russia war, complicates Arctic exploration.

India’s Winter Expedition Plan

  • Expedition Team: A team of four scientists, funded by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences, will conduct the expedition from December 19, 2023, to January 15, 2024.
  • Research Areas: The expedition will focus on atmospheric sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, climate studies, and more.
  • Himadri Station: The team will be based at Himadri, India’s sole research station in Ny-Ålesund, located 1,200 kilometres from the North Pole.
  • Special Preparations: Himadri has been equipped for polar night observations, with support from Norwegian agencies.

Evolution of India’s Arctic Interests

  • Historical Treaty: India signed the Svalbard Treaty in 1920, allowing operations in the Svalbard archipelago under Norwegian sovereignty.
  • Initial Expeditions: The first Indian expedition to the Arctic was in 2007, leading to the establishment of Himadri in 2008.
  • Research Developments: India set up the IndArc observatory in 2014 and the Gruvebadet Atmospheric Laboratory in 2016 in Svalbard.
  • India’s Arctic Policy: Released in May 2022, it outlines six pillars including science, environmental protection, and international cooperation.

Global Research Presence in the Arctic

  • First Research Station: Japan’s National Institute of Polar Research established the first station in Ny-Ålesund in 1990.
  • International Collaboration: Ten countries, including India, have established eleven permanent research stations in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.
  • Year-Round Human Presence: Until now, only three stations in the Arctic have been manned throughout the year.

Conclusion

  • Enhanced Research Capabilities: India’s first winter expedition to the Arctic marks a significant advancement in its polar research capabilities.
  • Global Significance: This initiative contributes to the broader understanding of climate change impacts and fosters international scientific collaboration in the Arctic region.

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