Central idea 

The article examines the current status of four societal groups poor, youth, women, and farmers coined as ‘castes’ by Prime Minister Modi. Despite government policies, challenges such as poverty, unemployment, gender discrimination, and farmer issues persist, leading to discontent among these groups.

Key Highlights:

• The article discusses the impact of India’s traditional caste system and welcomes Prime Minister Modi’s formulation of four ‘castes’ poor, youth, women, and farmers focusing on their current status.
• It highlights the persisting challenges faced by these groups, including poverty, unemployment, gender discrimination, and the plight of farmers, despite government policies.

Key Challenges:

• Widespread poverty is evident, with UNDP estimating 16% of the population (228 million) living below low poverty bars, facing malnutrition and hunger.
• Youth unemployment, particularly among graduates, remains high, leading to internal migration, rising crime, and drug use.
• Women face various challenges, including crimes against them, gender disparity in income, and significant workforce exits between 2004-05 and 2011-12.
• Farmers continue to grapple with issues such as suicides, small holdings, rising input costs, insufficient MSP, and uncertain market prices.

Key Terms:

• Varnas: The four traditional social classes in Hindu society—Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra.
• MSP (Minimum Support Price): The price at which the government purchases crops from farmers to support their income.
• Caste system: The social hierarchy in India traditionally divided into varnas and numerous castes.

Key Phrases:

• “I resent the word ‘caste’” – Expressing displeasure at the term while discussing Modi’s formulation of four ‘castes.’
• “Joblessness among youth is a volcano that can erupt at any time” – Highlighting the potential social consequences of high youth unemployment.
• “A happy farmer is an oxymoron” – Describing the perpetual challenges faced by farmers despite record-breaking crop production.

Key Quotes:

• “Large sections of the four ‘castes’ are poor, unhappy and have little faith in the policies and programmes of the Modi government.”
• “Their silence is not approval or acquiescence. It is because they are poor, enjoy little power and live in fear.”

Key Examples and References:

• Reference to UNDP’s poverty estimation, NCRB data on crimes against women, and statistics on farmer suicides.
• Mention of the government’s claim to create 2 crore jobs a year and the subsequent revelation of vacancies.

Key Facts:

• 16% of the population, approximately 228 million people, are estimated to be living below the poverty line.
• Youth unemployment rate is 10%, and among young graduates, it reaches 42.3%.
• Crimes against women rose by 4% in 2022, with 4,45,000 cases registered.
• Farmer suicides remained high between 2014 and 2022.

Critical Analysis:

• The article critiques the government’s policies, emphasizing the disparity between its favoring the rich and the continued challenges faced by the poor, youth, women, and farmers.
• It questions the efficacy of measures like job creation claims and suggests that the silence of these groups is more a result of powerlessness and fear than approval.

Way Forward:

• Advocate for policies addressing the root causes of poverty, unemployment, gender discrimination, and farmer issues.
• Call for inclusive measures that empower and uplift marginalized sections.
• Encourage a more consultative approach by the government, especially in formulating policies that directly impact the livelihoods of these groups.

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