Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geo-Economic Fragmentation
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights the shift from globalization to geo-economic fragmentation (GEF). Countries are now forming economic blocs, with concepts like “friend-shoring” gaining prominence.
What is Geo-Economic Fragmentation (GEF)?
- GEF refers to the breakdown of global economic integration, caused by strategic national policies.
- It involves disruptions in trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and migration.
- The shift resembles the Cold War era, with countries aligning into economic blocs.
- Western nations’ imposition of uniform environmental, labor, and social standards has fueled economic divisions.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Monitoring Report (October 2024) recorded:
- 169 new trade-restrictive measures, affecting $887.7 billion worth of trade.
- A sharp rise from $337.1 billion in 2023, reflecting escalating protectionism.
- The IMF notes that trade fragmentation today is costlier than during the Cold War, when global trade was just 16% of GDP.
- Today, it is 45%, making economic isolation riskier.
Significance and Impacts of GEF:
- Decline of Global Trade: WTO reported 169 new trade restrictions covering $887.7 billion in 2023-24, making trade costlier.
- FDI Relocation: Friend-shoring is concentrating FDI among geopolitically aligned nations, reducing capital for emerging economies.
- China’s Economic Dominance: Controls 80% of solar panels, 80% of batteries, and 60% of wind energy, reshaping supply chains.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Firms are shifting from China to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to diversify risks.
- Emerging Market Challenges: Increased trade barriers, inflation, and tech restrictions slow down growth.
- Rise in Economic Nationalism: Nations are prioritizing domestic industries, energy security, and localized production over global collaboration.
PYQ:
[2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
[2017] Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991?
1. Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously.
2. Share of India’s exports in world trade increased.
3. FDI inflows increased.
4. India’s foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Crossborder insurgency (2019), and Role of India in Southeast Asia (2017).
The ongoing violence in Myanmar, human rights abuses, and political repression have left millions in dire conditions, with over 6,000 civilians killed and 3.5 million displaced. According to the World Bank, by 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children in Myanmar.
As Myanmar marks four years since the military coup, today’s editorial highlights the urgent need for global attention and action. The international community’s response has been inadequate, failing to effectively challenge the junta’s grip on power. This content can be used to present Neighbourhood Policy or South Asian Democratic Crises in your Mains Answers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
There are several significant developments surrounding the ongoing crisis in Myanmar as it marks the fourth anniversary of the military coup.
![[1st February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Four years on, Myanmar and its continuing nightmare](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/myn.jpg)
What has been the impact of the military coup on Myanmar’s political landscape?
The military coup in Myanmar on February 1, 2021, has drastically altered the political landscape, leading to instability and conflict.
- Return to Military Rule: The coup reversed a decade-long democratic transition by overthrowing the elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD), resulting in widespread protests and civil unrest against the junta.
- Rise in Civil Unrest and Resistance: The coup sparked massive protests and a civil disobedience movement, leading to the formation of a shadow government, the National Unity Government (NUG), by ousted lawmakers.
- This has resulted in armed conflict with various ethnic groups and newly formed resistance forces, creating a state of civil war.
- Human Rights Violations and Humanitarian Crisis: The military’s brutal crackdowns have led to widespread human rights abuses, including killings and arbitrary detentions. Millions have been displaced, exacerbating existing ethnic conflicts, particularly affecting the Rohingya population. The international response has largely failed to hold the military accountable.
What are the prospects for Myanmar’s economy in 2025 considering the current socio political turmoil?
- The World Bank forecasts a 1% contraction in Myanmar’s GDP for the fiscal year ending in March 2025, marking a significant downgrade from earlier growth expectations.
- By 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children.
- Since the military coup in February 2021, armed conflicts and natural disasters have disrupted production across sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Recent floods have further damaged infrastructure.
- About 25% of the population faces acute food insecurity, driven by high inflation rates projected at 26% annually. Many households struggle to afford basic necessities due to rising food prices.
- The long-term economic outlook remains grim, with subdued growth expected even if conflict levels stabilize. Further violence or natural disasters could worsen economic conditions.
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How has the role of ASEAN evolved in addressing the Myanmar crisis?
- Five-Point Consensus: In April 2021, ASEAN introduced a Five-Point Consensus calling for an end to violence, dialogue, humanitarian aid, and a special envoy to mediate. However, its effectiveness has been limited due to lack of inclusivity and pressure on the military junta.
- Trioka Mechanism: ASEAN created the Trioka Mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Five-Point Consensus. This group includes Indonesia, Laos, and Malaysia but faces concerns about its ability to address Myanmar’s complex issues.
- Humanitarian Response: ASEAN has held meetings to improve humanitarian aid delivery but struggles with implementation challenges.
- International Engagement: External influences, like those from the EU and UN, have shaped ASEAN’s approach. Critics argue that ASEAN’s preference for dialogue over sanctions has not produced significant results.
Way Forward:
- The UN and ASEAN have struggled to resolve the Myanmar crisis, prompting experts to call on neighboring countries—China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Laos—to take action, as the situation threatens their interests.
- However, challenges persist: borders with India and Bangladesh are controlled by ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), trust issues exist between India and China, and India-Bangladesh relations are strained.
- This makes it difficult for these nations to reach a consensus on how to encourage peace.
- Thailand, as a significant ASEAN member, could play a crucial role but faces its own limitations.
- Meanwhile, China’s influence has grown since the coup, and experts suggest that Myanmar’s people should not rely on external help; instead, their leaders must prioritize dialogue over violence to avoid further suffering.
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Why in the News?
The Budget session of Parliament has started at a time when India’s economic situation is shifting. After four years of strong growth following the pandemic, the economy is slowing down.
What are the key projections for India’s economic growth in FY 2024-25?
- Projected GDP Growth: The National Statistical Office (NSO) has estimated that India’s GDP will grow by 6.4% in FY 2024-25. This figure marks a decline from the 8.2% growth recorded in FY 2023-24 and is lower than earlier forecasts which ranged from 6.5% to 7%.
- Sectoral Performance: The slowdown is attributed to weaker performance in sectors such as manufacturing and services. The first half of FY 2024-25 is expected to see a growth rate of around 6%, necessitating a stronger performance of 6.8% in the second half to meet the annual target.
- Comparative Estimates: While the NSO’s estimate stands at 6.4%, other organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have projected a slightly higher growth rate of 7%, reflecting differing outlooks on economic recovery and consumer demand.
How does the Economic Survey address challenges such as inflation and global uncertainties?
- Food Inflation Concerns: Despite the overall decline in inflation, food inflation remains a challenge, rising from 7.5% in FY24 to 8.4% in the same period due to supply chain disruptions and adverse weather conditions.
- The survey emphasizes the need for improved agricultural practices and climate-resilient crops to manage these risks effectively.
- Inflation Trends: The survey reports a reduction in retail inflation from 5.4% in FY24 to 4.9% during April-December 2024, indicating a positive trend towards achieving the RBI’s target of around 4% by FY26, contingent on stable global commodity prices and favorable domestic agricultural output.
- Global Economic Uncertainties: The survey highlights that ongoing geopolitical tensions and global trade risks pose significant challenges to inflation management, necessitating careful policy interventions to mitigate potential impacts on the domestic economy.
- Policy Recommendations: To address these challenges, the Economic Survey advocates for strategic policy measures, including enhancing supply chain resilience, improving data collection for better price monitoring, and fostering an environment conducive to investment and growth.
What structural reforms are recommended to enhance long-term economic stability?
- Deregulation and Ease of Doing Business: The Economic Survey advocates for significant deregulation to foster a more conducive business environment. It stresses that the government should “get out of the way” of businesses by minimizing micro-management and enhancing accountability among regulators.
- Empowering Small Firms: Recommendations include empowering small enterprises, enhancing economic freedom, and ensuring a level playing field across sectors to stimulate growth and investment.
- Focus on Domestic Demand: The budget is expected to prioritize boosting domestic demand through increased government spending, particularly in infrastructure and capital projects, as a countermeasure against global uncertainties and inflationary pressures.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Domestic Resilience – Focus on boosting domestic consumption and investment through targeted fiscal measures, infrastructure expansion, and support for MSMEs to counter global uncertainties.
- Enhance Inflation Management – Implement climate-resilient agricultural policies, improve supply chain efficiency, and strengthen monetary-fiscal coordination to maintain stable inflation and ensure sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India.(UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Middle-income trap;
Why in the News?
Ahead of the Union Budget, the Congress released a report on January 30, 2025, saying that India is at risk of getting stuck in the middle-income trap.
What is the classification of Countries given by the World Bank?
The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
- Low-Income Countries: These are nations with a GNI per capita of $1,145 or less. This group typically includes countries facing significant economic challenges and lower levels of development.
- Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Countries in this category have a GNI per capita ranging from $1,146 to $4,515. This group often includes emerging economies that are in the process of development but still face various socio-economic issues.
- Upper-Middle-Income Countries: This classification includes countries with a GNI per capita between $4,516 and $14,005. These nations generally have more developed economies and better infrastructure compared to lower-middle-income countries.
- High-Income Countries: These are countries with a GNI per capita exceeding $14,005. This group includes the most developed economies with high standards of living and advanced infrastructure.
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What factors contribute to India being at risk of falling into a middle-income trap?
- Low GDP Growth: India’s projected GDP growth rate for 2024-25 is around 6.4%, significantly lower than the 8% needed to leverage its demographic dividend effectively, indicating a slowdown in economic momentum.
- Food Inflation Concerns: Despite the overall decline in inflation, food inflation remains a challenge, rising from 7.5% in FY24 to 8.4% in the same period due to supply chain disruptions and adverse weather conditions.
- Private Sector Investment: Despite corporate tax cuts, private sector investment has not significantly increased. The Economic Survey 2024-25 indicates that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), a crucial indicator of investment activity, slowed to 5.4% in the recent quarter, reflecting a decline in private capital expenditure.
- Government Capital Expenditure: The survey notes that government capital expenditure utilization was only 37.3% in the first half of FY25, down from 49% the previous year, which has contributed to the overall slowdown in investments.
- Low Incomes: A significant portion of India’s population lives on extremely low incomes, with estimates suggesting that about 50% of the population earns between ₹100 and ₹150 per day. This level of income severely limits consumer spending capacity and economic growth potential.
How does the current economic policy framework address the challenges? (Way forward)
- Next-Generation Reforms: The Union Budget 2024-25 emphasizes “Next Generation Reforms” aimed at enhancing productivity and market efficiency across various sectors.
- This includes a comprehensive Economic Policy Framework that focuses on improving factors of production land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship while leveraging technology to reduce inequality and boost economic growth.
- Deregulation and Economic Freedom: The Economic Survey highlights the need for deregulation and grassroots reforms to enhance the competitiveness of the economy. It advocates for greater economic freedom, allowing individuals and organizations to pursue legitimate economic activities without excessive regulatory burdens.
- Public-Private Partnerships and Infrastructure Investment: The framework encourages public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure projects, facilitating greater collaboration between the government and private sector.
- By removing policy hurdles and providing upfront support for long-term projects, the government aims to attract patient capital necessary for sustainable development, which is critical for addressing current economic challenges
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Social Problem; Manual scavenging;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court ordered a complete ban on manual scavenging and unsafe cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in major cities across India.
What measures will be implemented to ensure compliance with the ban?
- Affidavit Submission: The court has directed the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the six metropolitan cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad to file detailed affidavits by February 13, 2025.
- These affidavits must outline how and when manual scavenging and sewer cleaning will cease in their respective cities.
- Monitoring Progress: The court is actively monitoring compliance with its previous judgments, particularly the one from October 2023, which mandated actions to eliminate manual scavenging practices.
- Implementation of Technology: The court noted that modern machinery and technology are available for sewer cleaning, suggesting that human involvement should no longer be necessary.
Why is Manual scavenging banned in India?
- Severe Health Risks: Manual scavengers are exposed to hazardous conditions that pose significant health risks, including exposure to harmful pathogens and toxic gases. This can lead to a range of serious health issues, such as respiratory problems, gastrointestinal diseases, and skin infections.
- Social Stigma and Discrimination: Individuals engaged in manual scavenging often face severe social stigma and discrimination due to the nature of their work, which is viewed as “unclean” and tied to lower castes in the Indian caste system.
- This stigma affects not only the workers but also their families, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting access to education and better employment opportunities for their children.
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What consequences will officials face for failing to comply with the court’s order?
- Judicial Displeasure: The court expressed frustration over past non-compliance with its orders, indicating that failure to adhere to this latest directive could lead to serious repercussions. The justices stated, “Either do it or face consequences,” emphasizing their determination to enforce compliance.
- Potential Legal Action: While specific penalties were not outlined in this order, the strong language used by the court suggests that further legal action could be pursued against officials who fail to comply with the ban on manual scavenging and sewer cleaning.
What are the significance of this action?
- Human Rights Protection: This ruling is a critical step towards protecting the rights and dignity of marginalized communities who have historically been forced into manual scavenging. The court’s actions highlight the ongoing struggle against inhumane labour practices that violate basic human rights.
- Public Health Improvement: By banning hazardous practices such as manual sewer cleaning, the court aims to reduce health risks associated with exposure to toxic gases and pathogens that affect workers in this field.
- Legal Enforcement of Existing Laws: This action reinforces existing legislation aimed at prohibiting manual scavenging, including the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and the Rehabilitation Act of 2013. It underscores the need for effective implementation of laws designed to protect vulnerable populations.
Way forward:
- Strict Law Enforcement & Accountability: The government must establish a robust monitoring mechanism with regular audits, strict penalties for violations, and legal action against officials failing to comply with the Supreme Court’s order.
- Technological Adoption & Worker Rehabilitation: Municipal bodies should prioritize mechanized cleaning solutions while ensuring alternative employment, skill training, and financial support for former manual scavengers to facilitate their reintegration into society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
Ahead of World Wetlands Day (February 2nd), the Environment Ministry announced the inclusion of four new Ramsar sites, bringing India’s total to 89.
The newly designated sites are Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand. With this, Tamil Nadu now has 20 Ramsar sites, the highest in the country, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
About the Newly Added Ramsar Sites:
|
Description |
| Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- Originally an irrigation tank, now a designated bird sanctuary.
- Recharged by northeast monsoon (Oct-Jan).
- Supports 42+ bird species, including Spot-billed Pelican, Grey Heron, Little Cormorant, and Black Kite.
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| Therthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Theerthangal Village, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- A freshwater ecosystem and an important breeding ground for waterbirds.
- Recorded 96 bird species across 18 orders and 44 families.
- Notable species include Oriental Darter, Black-headed Ibis, Asian Woolly-necked Stork, and Spot-billed Pelican.
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| Khecheopalri Wetland, Sikkim |
- Location: West Sikkim, near Khecheopalri Village.
- A sacred lake revered by Buddhists and Hindus.
- Part of a temperate Himalayan peatland ecosystem, surrounded by broad-leaved mixed temperate forests.
- Flora: Rich in macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
- Fauna: Supports fish species like Cyprinus carpio, Danio aequipinnatus, and various migratory birds (Common Merganser, Tufted Duck).
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| Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, Jharkhand |
- Location: Sahebganj District, Jharkhand.
- Comprises two interconnected lakes: Pataura (155 ha) and Berhale (410 ha).
- Connected to the Ganga River via the Udhuwa Nala (25 km stretch).
- Pataura Lake depth: ~2 meters; Berhale Lake depth: ~70 cm, covered with aquatic vegetation.
- Flora: Home to 42 algae species and 36 aquatic macrophytes.
- Fauna: Habitat for 83 bird species, including the Near Threatened Black-necked Stork and 22 commercially valuable fish species.
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PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal status of Cannabis
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Cabinet has approved a pilot study for the controlled cultivation of cannabis for medicinal and industrial purposes.
Legal Status of Cannabis Cultivation in India:
- Prohibited for recreational use under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
- Section 2 of the NDPS Act bans the cultivation, production, and sale of cannabis resin and flowers.
- Section 10 allows state governments to regulate cannabis cultivation for medicinal and scientific purposes.
- Section 14 grants the Central Government authority to permit cultivation for industrial uses (fiber and seed extraction).
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Why Himachal Pradesh Could Soon Allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation?
- The Himalayan region’s soil and climate are ideal for cultivating low-THC hemp varieties, making Himachal Pradesh a prime location for controlled cannabis farming.
- The government sees controlled cultivation as a way to generate revenue, create employment opportunities, and support local farmers, particularly in Kullu, Chamba, Mandi, Solan, Kangra, and Sirmaur.
- Cannabis cultivation will be restricted to industrial and pharmaceutical uses, such as:
- Pain relief medications
- Textile and paper production
- Biofuel and cosmetics
- Hemp-based food products
- The Kullu and Malana regions are known for illegal narcotic cannabis cultivation. Regulating the sector could reduce illegal activities and ensure legal trade.
- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 allows state governments to permit and regulate cannabis cultivation for scientific, medicinal, and industrial purposes under strict conditions.
Which are the other States to allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation in India?
- Uttarakhand (2018):
- First state to legalize industrial hemp cultivation.
- Managed by the Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Selaqui.
- Challenges include maintaining THC levels below 0.3% and seed availability.
- Madhya Pradesh (2023):
- Approved medicinal cannabis research but commercial cultivation is yet to start.
- Sai Phytoceuticals (Pvt. Ltd.) received the first license for cannabis-based medicine production.
- Jammu & Kashmir (2021):
- India’s first medicinal cannabis pilot project launched by CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu.
- Conducted in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode with a Canadian firm.
- Research focuses on cannabis-based cancer and epilepsy treatments.
PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EAST Project; Artificial Sun
Why in the News?
China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), commonly referred to as the Artificial Sun, has set a new world record by sustaining a high-confinement plasma operation for 1066 seconds. The artificial sun reached an extreme temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, surpassing its own previous record of 403 seconds.
What is the EAST Project?
- EAST is a nuclear fusion research facility developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) in 2006.
- It aims to replicate solar fusion reactions to create a sustainable, clean energy source for future power generation.
- The project serves as a global research platform for fusion experiments and advancing magnetic confinement technology.
- It uses superconducting magnets to contain ultra-hot plasma, necessary for fusion.
Comparison with Other Fusion Projects
- China’s EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak):
- Record: 1066 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius (2025).
- Previous Record: 403 seconds at high confinement mode.
- Goal: Develop a commercial fusion power plant.
- Korea’s KSTAR (Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research):
- Record: 100 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds (2020).
- Goal: Sustain a longer plasma confinement period.
- France’s ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor):
- Largest global fusion project, involving 35 nations.
- Expected to achieve plasma ignition by 2035.
- Focuses on demonstrating large-scale fusion feasibility.
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Significance of This Achievement
- Record-Breaking Fusion Operation: EAST sustained plasma at 100 million°C for 1066 seconds, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds.
- Progress Toward Fusion Power Plants: Prolonged plasma confinement is crucial for achieving continuous, self-sustaining fusion reactions.
- Potential for Clean Energy: Fusion produces zero carbon emissions and could serve as an unlimited energy source once commercially viable.
- Global Competition: Other projects like ITER (France) and KSTAR (Korea) are also advancing fusion research, aiming for similar breakthroughs.
Challenges in Nuclear Fusion
- Extreme Temperatures: Plasma must be sustained at over 100 million°C, requiring high-energy input.
- Material Limitations: Reactor components must withstand intense heat and radiation, yet no material can do so indefinitely.
- Energy Input vs. Output: Current reactors consume more energy than they generate, preventing commercial viability.
- Magnetic Confinement Issues: Plasma instability can disrupt reactions, making sustained fusion difficult.
- High Costs: Fusion research requires expensive superconductors, cryogenics, and containment systems.
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Fission
|
Nuclear Fusion |
Nuclear Fission |
| Process |
Combines atomic nuclei to release energy. |
Splits heavy nuclei to release energy. |
| Energy Output |
Much higher than fission. |
Comparatively lower. |
| Fuel Source |
Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium, Tritium)—abundant in seawater. |
Uranium-235, Plutonium-239—limited supply. |
| Waste Production |
Minimal radioactive waste (helium byproduct). |
Produces long-lived radioactive waste. |
| Environmental Risk |
No meltdown risk, completely safe. |
Risk of radiation leaks (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima). |
| Current Feasibility |
Still experimental, not yet commercially viable. |
Commercially used in nuclear power plants. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palar River
Why in the News?
The British-era Palar River Anaicut, a masonry check dam built in 1858, is undergoing a major restoration following severe structural damage caused by the 2021 floods.
Supreme Court’s Directives:
- The Supreme Court (SC) has directed that all restoration activities must adhere to environmental protection laws and sustainable development principles.
- The WRD must ensure that the restored structure can withstand future floods and water releases.
- The SC emphasized local farmers’ involvement in decision-making, considering the impact on irrigation and water availability.
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About Palar River
- The Palar River originates in the Nandi Hills of Karnataka, at an altitude of 1,400 meters above sea level.
- It flows through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, covering a total length of 348 km before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Vayalur, Tamil Nadu.
- Important tributaries include Cheyyar, Ponnai, Malattar, and Kosasthalaiyar rivers.
- The river has been a lifeline for agriculture, supporting ancient civilizations and irrigation networks in South India.
- Geographical Features:
- It is rain-fed, experiencing seasonal variations—it remains dry for most of the year but carries heavy flows during monsoons.
- Its basin consists of alluvial, red, and black soil, supporting paddy, sugarcane, and groundnut cultivation.
- It is heavily dammed, leading to reduced flow, sand mining concerns, and groundwater depletion.
- The Palar Anaicut and various reservoirs distribute water to agricultural lands in Tamil Nadu, ensuring water security for farmers.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka (2022), and ‘India — Sri Lanka relations ’ (2013).
Over the past 40 years, India’s role in Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict evolved from mediator to active player, leading to the 1987 Indo-Lanka Accord and the 13th Amendment, which introduced Provincial Councils. The JVP opposed it, calling it an Indian imposition. The LTTE also rejected it and demanded a separate Tamil Eelam, which India never supported.
Today’s editorial talks about the India Srilanka relation. This content would help in GS Paper 2 International relations.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, India’s decision to name the Jaffna Cultural Centre after Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar is a symbolic way to strengthen its deep ties with Sri Lanka.
What are the historical roots of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka?
- Colonial Legacy: British colonial rule (1815-1948) favoured the Tamil minority in administration and education, causing resentment among the Sinhalese majority.
- Sinhala-Only Act (1956): The official adoption of Sinhala as the sole national language marginalized Tamil speakers and led to widespread Tamil discontent.
- Discrimination in Education & Employment: Policies like the standardization of university admissions (1970s) made it harder for Tamils to access higher education and government jobs.
- Ethnic Violence & Riots: The 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom (Black July) led to mass violence against Tamils, intensifying the demand for Tamil autonomy.
- Rise of the LTTE: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged as the dominant militant group demanding an independent Tamil Eelam, leading to a brutal civil war (1983-2009).
- Indo-Lanka Accord (1987) & 13th Amendment: This attempt at devolution through Provincial Councils failed to fully address Tamil aspirations, leading to continued tensions.
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How can the new government address Tamil aspirations and rights?
- Full Implementation of the 13th Amendment: The government should prioritize the effective implementation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which allows for provincial councils and limited autonomy for Tamil-majority regions. This step is crucial for addressing Tamil political representation and governance.
- Engagement in Inclusive Dialogue: Establishing a direct and inclusive dialogue with Tamil political leaders and communities is essential. This dialogue should focus on addressing historical grievances, ensuring that Tamil voices are heard in national policy-making, and fostering reconciliation.
- Address Land Rights and Resettlement Issues: The government must take action to return lands occupied by the military to their rightful Tamil owners and halt any ongoing land grabs that threaten Tamil communities. Ensuring land rights is vital for restoring trust and dignity among Tamils.
- Commitment to Human Rights Accountability: The new administration should commit to addressing past human rights violations during the civil war, including accountability for wartime atrocities. This includes repealing repressive laws like the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) that disproportionately affect Tamils.
- Cultural Recognition and Language Rights: Promoting Tamil culture and ensuring that Tamil is recognized as an official language alongside Sinhala would help foster a sense of inclusion and respect for Tamil identity within the broader national framework, enhancing community cohesion.
What role does international support play in resolving Sri Lanka’s ethnic issues?
- Mediation and Pressure: Countries like India have historically acted as mediators in Sri Lankan affairs. Their support can encourage the government to adhere to commitments regarding Tamil rights and autonomy.
- Development Assistance: International aid can facilitate economic development in Tamil areas, addressing disparities that fuel ethnic tensions. India’s financial assistance for infrastructure projects is an example of how external support can aid reconciliation efforts.
- Monitoring Human Rights: International organizations can monitor human rights conditions in Sri Lanka, advocating for accountability and justice for past atrocities against Tamils, which is essential for building trust and moving towards lasting peace.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Political and Constitutional Reforms: Ensure full implementation of the 13th Amendment, conduct Provincial Council elections, and explore further constitutional reforms to enhance Tamil political representation and autonomy.
- Promote Inclusive Economic Development and Reconciliation: Invest in infrastructure, employment, and education in Tamil-majority areas while advancing truth, justice, and reconciliation initiatives to address past grievances and build long-term social cohesion.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Ethanol Production ;
Why in the News?
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved a revision in the ethanol procurement price for Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2024-25.
What is the significance of the Price Revision?
The recent revision of the ethanol procurement price for Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) is significant for several reasons:
- Price Stability and Remuneration: The increase from ₹56.58 to ₹57.97 per litre ensures price stability and provides a more remunerative rate for ethanol suppliers, which is crucial for maintaining a steady supply of ethanol.
- Support for Sugarcane Farmers: The separate payment of Goods and Services Tax (GST) and transportation charges will benefit sugarcane farmers, enhancing their income and encouraging production.
- Meeting Blending Targets: The 3% increase in the price is aimed at ensuring adequate availability of ethanol to meet the ambitious blending target of 20% by 2025-26, advancing from the original target of 2030.
- Reducing Crude Oil Dependency: This initiative is part of a broader strategy to reduce India’s dependency on crude oil imports, leading to substantial foreign exchange savings and environmental benefits.
What is Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)?
The Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme is a government initiative aimed at promoting the blending of ethanol with petrol to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel option.
- OMCs are currently blending up to 20% ethanol with petrol, which helps reduce reliance on imported crude oil and lowers carbon emissions.
- Ethanol blending has dramatically increased from 38 crore litres in the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2013-14 to 707 crore litres in ESY 2023-24, achieving an average blending rate of 14.60%.
- The programme has resulted in estimated savings of over ₹1,13,007 crore in foreign exchange and has substituted approximately 193 lakh metric tonnes of crude oil over the past decade.
What are other initiatives taken to promote biofuels?
- National Policy on Biofuels (2018): This policy aims to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by encouraging the production and use of biofuels from various feedstocks such as sugarcane, broken rice, and maise.
- Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana: This initiative focuses on accelerating the development of second-generation (2G) ethanol capacity in India, providing viability gap funding to support the establishment of 2G ethanol projects.
- Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA): Launched in September 2023, this alliance aims to accelerate the global adoption of cleaner fuels and support decarbonization goals. It involves collaboration with multiple countries to enhance biofuel deployment.
- Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO) Initiative: Launched by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in 2018, this initiative aims to convert used cooking oil into biofuel, thereby preventing its reuse in food preparation and promoting sustainability.
- Biodiesel Production Targets: India has set a biodiesel blending target of 5% by 2030. The government is mobilizing production through policies that support feedstock availability, including used cooking oil and non-edible industrial oils.
- Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Initiatives: The National Biofuel Coordination Committee has established targets for blending SAF in domestic flights, aiming for 1% by 2025 and 5% by 2030.
- Ethanol Blending Advancements: The target for ethanol blending has been advanced from 2030 to 2025, with plans to achieve 20% blending. This includes signing long-term off-take agreements with dedicated ethanol plants to ensure a steady supply.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Feedstock Supply Chain: Enhance agricultural productivity and diversify feedstock sources including maize and non-food biomass, to ensure a stable and sustainable ethanol supply.
- Expand Infrastructure and Investments: Develop ethanol storage, blending, and distribution networks while encouraging private sector participation through financial incentives and policy support.
Prelims PYQ:
[2013] With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of the sugar industry, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy.
- Molasses can be used as one of the feedstocks for the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers.
- Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Crowd Management;
Why in the News?
This week in India, a tragic crowd crush at the Maha Kumbh claimed the lives of 30 people.
What scientific evidence supports the prevention of crowd disasters?
- Crowd Density Studies: Research indicates that crowd crushes become dangerous at densities of five persons per square meter, with serious risks emerging at seven persons per square meter or more. This evidence underscores the need for effective crowd management to prevent dangerous overcrowding.
- Predictability of Crowd Behavior: Scientific studies have shown that crowd dynamics can be predicted and managed. By understanding how crowds behave in different environments, planners can implement strategies to avoid conditions that lead to crushes.
- Historical Data on Past Incidents: Analysis of previous crowd disasters reveals common factors leading to fatalities, such as inadequate space and poor crowd control measures. Lessons learned from these incidents can inform better practices for future events.
How can effective crowd management practices be implemented at large events?
- Strategic Planning: Event organizers should create a comprehensive plan that includes crowd flow evaluation, risk assessment, and clearly marked exits and entrances. This planning should involve local officials to ensure safety measures are adequate.
- Staggered Entry and Exit Times: To reduce peak crowd density, organizers can stagger arrival and departure times for attendees, allowing for a more manageable flow of people into and out of the venue.
- Use of Barriers: Implementing physical barriers can help segment crowds into smaller groups, reducing the likelihood of dangerous surges. Barriers should be designed to allow for emergency exits if needed.
- Crowd Monitoring Systems: Utilizing technology for real-time monitoring of crowd density and behaviour can help event staff respond quickly to potential dangers. Mass notification systems can alert staff about growing concerns, enabling timely interventions.
- Staff Training and Communication: Ensuring that all staff and security personnel are trained in crowd management techniques is essential. Clear communication protocols should be established to relay information quickly during an event.
What role do policies and regulations play in enhancing crowd safety?
- Mandatory Safety Regulations: Governments should introduce regulations requiring event organizers to adhere to safety standards that limit crowd density and ensure adequate emergency planning. Such policies can hold organizers accountable for crowd safety.
- Economic Incentives for Compliance: While event organizers often prioritize profit over safety, regulations can create incentives for them to implement safer practices, such as limiting ticket sales based on venue capacity.
- Post-Incident Reviews and Accountability: Establishing a framework for reviewing crowd disasters can lead to improved regulations and practices in the future. Accountability measures can encourage compliance with safety standards among event planners and local authorities.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Governments can promote awareness about crowd safety among the public, educating attendees on how to behave in crowded situations and the importance of following safety protocols during events.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines: The NDMA has formulated guidelines to ensure safe crowd management during mass gatherings. These guidelines include regulating traffic, using barricades, and ensuring adequate police presence to manage crowds effectively.
- Capacity Evaluation: Before hosting large events, there is a requirement for proper evaluation of the venue’s capacity. This ensures that the infrastructure can handle the expected crowd size without leading to dangerous overcrowding.
- Use of Technology: The government encourages the deployment of advanced technologies such as CCTV surveillance, drones for aerial monitoring, and public address systems to enhance crowd management and safety.
- Traffic Management: Effective traffic management strategies are implemented, including displaying route maps, managing unauthorized parking, and controlling pedestrian flow around event venues to prevent bottlenecks.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Regulatory Framework – Governments should enforce stricter crowd safety regulations, mandating capacity limits, emergency preparedness, and real-time crowd monitoring for all large events.
- Enhance Technological Integration – Deploy AI-based crowd analytics, drone surveillance, and real-time alert systems to monitor crowd density and movement. Training event staff in using these technologies will improve response times and prevent disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Q How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System? (UPSC IAS/ 2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme (MCGS)
Mains level: Challenges in MSMEs;
Why in the News?
The government approved a Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme (MCGS) for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).
What is MCGS-MSME?
- The Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSME) is a government initiative aimed at enhancing financial accessibility for micro, small, and medium enterprises in India.
What are the Provisions and Salient Features of MCGS-MSME?
- Eligibility and Loan Coverage: The MCGS-MSME is available to MSMEs with a valid Udyam Registration Number, providing loan guarantees of up to Rs 100 crore for purchasing equipment and machinery.
- Guarantee Coverage: The scheme offers 60% guarantee coverage by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC) for loans sanctioned to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs).
- Project Cost Requirements: While the guaranteed loan amount is capped at Rs 100 crore, the total project cost can exceed this amount, provided that at least 75% of the project cost is allocated for equipment or machinery.
- Repayment Terms: Loans up to Rs 50 crore have a repayment period of up to 8 years, including a moratorium of up to 2 years on principal repayments. For loans above Rs 50 crore, longer repayment schedules may be considered.
- Scheme Duration and Fees: The MCGS-MSME will be in effect for four years from the issuance of operational guidelines or until cumulative guarantees of Rs 7 lakh crore are issued. The initial guarantee fee is waived for the first year, followed by a fee of 1.5% per annum for the next three years, and then reduced to 1% per annum thereafter.
What are the other steps taken to ease access to Credit for MSMEs?
In addition to the MCGS-MSME, several other measures have been implemented to facilitate easier access to credit for MSMEs:
- Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): This scheme provides collateral-free loans up to Rs 2 crore, offering up to 85% guarantee coverage, thereby reducing lender risk.
- Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) Program: This initiative involves an investment of Rs 6,000 crore over five years, aimed at enhancing MSME growth and performance.
- Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS): An online platform that enables MSMEs to receive faster payments from larger companies, improving cash flow and liquidity.
- Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS): Introduced during COVID-19, this scheme provided a Rs 3 lakh crore relief package, offering a 100% government-backed guarantee for loans.
- Priority Sector Lending (PSL) Norms: These regulations require banks to allocate a portion of their loans specifically for MSMEs, ensuring that they receive necessary financial support.
What are the challenges faced by MSMEs in accessing finance?
- Access to Finance: One of the most significant challenges faced by MSMEs is obtaining timely and affordable financing. For example, The Bank of Baroda reported that over 50% of MSMEs in India could not access formal credit.
- Lack of Financial Knowledge: Many MSMEs lack awareness of available financial schemes and products, which restricts their ability to access funding. For example, Many business owners remain unaware of the Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun loan schemes.
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Way forward:
- Enhanced Financial Literacy and Awareness Campaigns: There is a need for targeted outreach programs to educate MSMEs about available financial schemes, including loan products and government initiatives like Shishu, Kishor, and Tarun schemes, to ensure they are aware and can leverage them effectively.
- Streamlined Loan Processes and Collateral-Free Options: Simplifying the loan application process and expanding collateral-free loan schemes like CGTMSE, along with improving credit rating systems, will ensure quicker and easier access to funds, especially for smaller MSMEs.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: E-Shram Microsites & Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Labour & Employment has launched State and Union Territory Microsites under the e-Shram initiative and the Occupational Shortage Index (OSI).
About E-Shram Microsites
- E-Shram Microsites are state-specific digital platforms integrated with the national e-Shram database.
- It is aimed at providing unorganised workers seamless access to both Central and State government welfare programs.
- These platforms ensure real-time integration between State portals and the e-Shram database, allowing simplified registration of unorganised workers.
Key benefits includes:
(1) For Workers:
- One-stop access to employment opportunities, skilling programs, and social security benefits.
- Multilingual accessibility, ensuring workers from different regions can navigate the platform in their preferred language.
- Two-way integration with the e-Shram database, allowing workers to receive real-time updates on welfare schemes and job opportunities.
(2) For States/UTs:
- Cost-effective digital infrastructure, reducing the need for separate State-level portals.
- Real-time analytics dashboards for better policy decision-making and customized tools for specific labour market requirements.
What is Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)?
- The OSI is a data-driven tool designed to identify job roles and industries facing labour shortages, improving workforce planning and employment outcomes.
- It is based on ILO methodology and quarterly Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data, ensuring an accurate and updated analysis of the job market.
- It comprise of following 4 sub-indicators:
- Hourly Wage Growth
- Employment Growth
- Growth in Hours Worked
- Share of Under-qualified Workers
- High OSI indicates Shortage/higher demand of workers within a particular occupation, which may result in higher wages, more job opportunities.
- Low OSI indicates Surplus/less demand of workers, which may lead to lower wages, fewer job opportunities, and increased competition for available positions.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teesta River
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has approved the reconstruction of the Teesta-III Dam, which was destroyed by a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in October 2023.
About Teesta River
- The Teesta River is a transboundary river flowing through India and Bangladesh.
- Originates from Tso Lhamo Lake, Sikkim, at 5,330 meters in the Himalayas.
- Major tributary of the Brahmaputra River (Jamuna in Bangladesh).
- Vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply in Sikkim, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.
- The Teesta Water Dispute remains unresolved, with Bangladesh seeking an equitable share of water.
Geographical Features:
- Length: 414 km (309 km in India, 105 km in Bangladesh).
- Basin Area: 12,159 sq. km in Sikkim and North Bengal.
- Originates in North Sikkim → flows through West Bengal → enters Bangladesh before merging with the Brahmaputra River.
- Passes through major towns like Mangan, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and Rangpo.
- Tributaries:
- Left-bank: Rangit, Relli, Great Rangit.
- Right-bank: Lachung, Lachen, Talung.
- It supports Himalayan biodiversity, crucial for tea plantations and terrace farming.
Conservation Initiatives:
- National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Includes efforts to reduce pollution and improve water quality of the Teesta.
- Teesta Barrage Project (West Bengal): Aimed at irrigation development and hydroelectric power generation in North Bengal.
- Hydroelectric Projects in Sikkim: Several Teesta Hydropower Projects (Teesta Stage III, IV, V, VI, etc.) have been established to generate renewable energy while ensuring minimum ecological impact.
- India-Bangladesh Water Sharing Talks: Ongoing diplomatic negotiations to resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute, ensuring equitable distribution.
- Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: Implemented to prevent soil erosion and siltation, protecting river health.
| PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid Bennu; OSIRIS-REx Mission
Why in the News?
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer) mission has delivered samples from asteroid Bennu, revealing amino acids, nucleobases, and signs of ancient saltwater, key components in the origins of life.
Key Findings of the Study:
- 14 out of 20 amino acids essential for proteins on Earth were found.
- All five nucleo-bases used in DNA and RNA were detected, indicating prebiotic chemistry beyond Earth.
- Ammonia & Formaldehyde compounds can react under suitable conditions to form complex organic molecules.
- It thus supports the idea that asteroids delivered key building blocks for life to early Earth.
- Calcite, halite, sylvite, and trona were found, indicating prolonged exposure to liquid water.
- Similar briny conditions have been observed on Ceres and Enceladus, suggesting the solar system had widespread environments suitable for organic chemistry.
- Life on Earth exclusively uses left-handed amino acids, but Bennu samples show an equal mix, raising questions about why life evolved with this preference.
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About Asteroid Bennu
- Asteroid Bennu is a carbon-rich asteroid that orbits between Earth and Mars.
- It is believed to be a primitive remnant of the early solar system, holding clues to the origins of life.
- The asteroid is porous, with up to 60% empty space, affecting its collision potential with Earth in the distant future.
- It periodically ejects material, classifying it as an active asteroid.
- OSIRIS-REx was NASA’s first asteroid sample-return mission, launched in 2016 to study and collect material from Bennu’s surface.
- The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018, mapped its surface for two years, and collected samples in 2020.
- It successfully returned the material to Earth in 2023.
- The mission aimed to analyze Bennu’s composition, understand its water history, and study the organic molecules that may have played a role in the origin of life.
Significance of the Study:
- It strengthens the theory that asteroids contributed to life’s origins by delivering organic molecules and water to early Earth.
- It confirms that essential ingredients for life were widespread in the early solar system, increasing the possibility of life beyond Earth.
- It helps refine planetary defense strategies, as Bennu has a small chance of impacting Earth in the future.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kurdistan Region
Why in the News?
India has dispatched a humanitarian aid consignment to the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
What is the Kurdistan Region?
- The Kurdistan Region refers to areas inhabited by ethnic Kurds, primarily in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey.
- The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) administers Iraqi Kurdistan, an autonomous region in northern Iraq.
- The Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group, have long sought independence and greater autonomy.
- Geographical Significance:
- Spans across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, covering the Zagros Mountains and fertile plains.
- Rich in oil and natural gas, particularly in Iraqi Kurdistan, making it geopolitically significant.
- Controls key border regions and trade routes, influencing regional stability.
- Political Implications:
- The Kurdish struggle for autonomy has led to tensions with central governments, particularly in Iraq and Turkey.
- Kurdish forces (Peshmerga) have played a key role in fighting ISIS and maintaining security in northern Iraq.
- The KRG has diplomatic ties with Western countries but lacks full sovereignty.
Ongoing Dispute:
- The Kurdish independence movement faces opposition from Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, fearing territorial fragmentation.
- Iraq rejected the 2017 Kurdistan independence referendum, leading to military and economic retaliation.
- Turkey continues military operations against Kurdish groups, considering them a security threat.
- The Turkey-ISIS-Kurd relationship remains controversial, with allegations that Turkey indirectly enabled ISIS against the Kurds.
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PYQ:
[2018] The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of:
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q.) How far do you agree with the view that the focus on the lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (CS Mains 2018) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on the main cause of hunger (2018) and poverty and hunger in India (2019).
India’s White Revolution made it the world’s top milk producer, but now the focus should shift to ensuring milk reaches the most vulnerable. Milk is an important source of protein and calcium, especially for children. However, there are significant differences in milk consumption across income groups and regions. Addressing these gaps is crucial for better health outcomes.
Today’s editorial discusses how milk should be accessible to everyone in India and highlights the differences in milk availability. It looks at how these issues are connected to topics in GS Paper 1, 2, and 3, such as social inequalities, health, and policy solutions.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The challenge is making sure that the most vulnerable people have fair access to milk, while also controlling how much milk is consumed by wealthier people.
What is the disparity in milk consumption?
- Income-Based Disparities: Households in the top-income decile consume 3-4 times more milk per capita compared to those in the lowest-income decile. Despite increases in milk consumption among lower-income groups, the poorest 30% account for just 18% of India’s milk.
- Urban vs. Rural and Regional Disparities: Urban households consume ~30% more milk per capita than rural households, despite rural areas being the main milk producers.
- Additionally, northern states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana have higher consumption (333g-421g), while eastern states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal have much lower consumption (75g-171g).
- Social Group Disparities: Scheduled Tribe households consume 4 litres less milk per capita annually compared to general category households, highlighting social and economic inequalities in milk access.
What are the nutritional implications of milk consumption in India?
- Protein Source: Milk is a rich source of high-quality protein. In India, it contributes significantly to daily protein intake, especially for children and adults in rural areas. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), over 70% of children in India consume milk, making it a key protein source.
- Calcium and Bone Health: Milk provides essential calcium, which is vital for bone health. Around 67% of Indian households consume milk, helping to prevent calcium deficiency, particularly in growing children and elderly populations, which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.
- Micronutrients and Vitamin D: Milk is also a good source of vitamins such as B12 and D, essential for immune function and energy production. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) states that milk helps in reducing vitamin D deficiency, which is prevalent in India due to limited sunlight exposure.
How can policy interventions address disparities in milk production and access?
- Enhancing Milk Provision: Increase milk availability for vulnerable populations through government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (POSHAN) and Integrated Child Development Services. States can collaborate with nutrition institutes to align milk products with local dietary preferences.
- Financial Support: Boost financial allocations for existing schemes to ensure adequate milk provision, especially in states where such programs have been discontinued due to budget constraints.
- Nutritional Awareness Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns focusing on the benefits of milk consumption, targeting women through various community channels. This can help improve dietary diversity within households.
What strategies can be implemented to promote sustainable dairy practices?
- Healthy Consumption Awareness: Develop partnerships with healthcare professionals and media to promote balanced diets and moderation in dairy consumption among affluent groups.
- For example, Campaigns similar to the UK’s Change4Life initiative could serve as effective models for India.
- Investing in Dairy Infrastructure: The government should continue investing in dairy infrastructure, including animal health care and fodder availability, to ensure sustainable production practices while improving yields.
- Community Engagement: Engage local communities in sustainable practices through education and training programs aimed at improving animal husbandry practices and enhancing productivity without compromising environmental sustainability.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission: This initiative focuses on enhancing the genetic quality of bovine animals through the identification and use of high-quality bulls for breeding, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) technology, and genomic selection. It aims to improve milk production by covering millions of livestock and providing better healthcare services for animals.
- National Dairy Plan (NDP): The NDP supports the establishment of dairy cooperatives and processing facilities to enhance milk marketing and value addition. It includes financial assistance for creating dairy processing infrastructure, thereby improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the dairy sector.
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Facility: This scheme offers credit support to farmers for various agricultural activities, including dairy farming. By providing financial assistance, the KCC aims to empower smallholder farmers to invest in their livestock and improve milk production capabilities.
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Way forward:
- Increase Access for Vulnerable Groups: Expand milk distribution through government schemes (e.g., POSHAN and ICDS) and ensure adequate funding to cover vulnerable populations.
- Regional and Social Equity: Implement targeted interventions to reduce regional, income, and social disparities in milk access, such as milk coupons or subsidies for underserved areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian Economy;
Why in the News?
The growth rate is lower than what the government had expected. Looking at past trends, the 2004-2011 period had high growth and poverty reduction, supported by welfare programs and government interventions.
Context:
- The World Bank forecasts India’s GDP growth to soften to 6.5% for the fiscal year 2024-25, down from previous expectations of 7%. This reflects a slowdown in investment and weak manufacturing growth.
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also revised its growth forecast for India to 7% for FY24 and 6.5% for FY25, citing robust domestic demand but acknowledging challenges ahead
How did the period from 2004 to 2011 have a consistently high growth rate?
- State Intervention and Welfare Programs: This period saw a revival of state interventions through rights-based legislation and welfare schemes, which contributed to economic growth and reduced absolute poverty.
- Notably, programs like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provided jobs and set higher wage floors, benefiting the rural poor.
- Rising Consumption Among Lower Income Groups: Despite increasing income inequality, the consumption share of the bottom 80% of the population grew faster than that of the richest 20%. This was facilitated by targeted fiscal policies that favoured lower-income groups, enhancing their consumption capacity.
- Increased Fiscal Expenditure on Social Services: There was a significant rise in social services and developmental expenditures during this time, which directly impacted consumption patterns positively across various commodity categories for lower-income groups.
Does the nature of fiscal expenditure also matter when it comes to private consumption?
- Capital Expenditure vs. Revenue Expenditure:
- Capital Expenditure (Capex) (e.g., infrastructure projects) primarily benefits high-income groups and corporations, with a lower short-term impact on consumption.
- Revenue Expenditure (e.g., social welfare, wages, and pensions) immediately boosts demand by increasing disposable income among lower-income groups.
- Leakages in Capex: Large-scale projects often involve imports (e.g., heavy machinery), leading to capital outflows instead of stimulating the domestic economy.
- Higher Consumption Propensity of Lower-Income Groups: Money spent on welfare programs reaches people with a higher tendency to spend, leading to a larger multiplier effect on domestic demand.
How would an increase in revenue expenditure, particularly in the social sector, help? (Way forward)
- Higher Incomes for Workers: By providing better wages and job opportunities through social programs, disposable income among lower-income populations would rise, thereby boosting overall consumption levels.
- Stimulating Private Investment: Enhanced consumer demand can create a conducive environment for businesses to invest. As workers have more income to spend, businesses may respond by increasing production capacity, leading to a cycle of investment and growth.
- Reversing Economic Slowdown: A strategic shift towards increasing revenue expenditure can help combat the current economic slowdown by fostering a more inclusive growth model that benefits a broader segment of society.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Space mission;
Why in the News?
In its first launch of 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved the milestone of 100 launches.
What does the 100th launch signify for India’s space capabilities?
The 100th launch underscores ISRO’s growth since its establishment in 1969, showcasing its evolution into a reliable launch partner for both domestic and international satellites.
- Technological Advancement: This launch utilized an indigenous cryogenic engine, highlighting India’s advancements in rocket technology. The GSLV series has been instrumental in increasing payload capacity and efficiency during satellite launches, contributing to ISRO’s reputation as a formidable player in the global space arena.
- Contribution to Navigation Systems: The NVS-02 satellite is part of India’s Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system, which enhances India’s capabilities in terrestrial, aerial, and maritime navigation.
- This satellite will replace the IRNSS-1E satellite and improve the accuracy and reliability of navigation services across India and surrounding regions.
What are the future plans for ISRO following this milestone?
- Ambitious Missions: Following this milestone, ISRO aims to undertake several high-profile missions, including a sample return mission from the Moon, a mission to Venus, and the establishment of an Indian space station. These initiatives are part of ISRO’s broader goal to expand its capabilities and presence in space exploration.
- Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): ISRO is developing a heavier rocket called the NGLV, which will be capable of carrying up to 30,000 kg to low Earth orbit. This vehicle will feature a reusable first stage to enhance cost-effectiveness in launches.
- Expansion of Infrastructure: Plans are underway to build a third launch pad at Sriharikota to accommodate increased launch frequency and support human spaceflight missions alongside commercial launches.
How will private sector involvement shape ISRO’s future missions?
- Collaboration and Innovation: The PSLV-C60 mission exemplified successful collaboration between ISRO and private startups, allowing non-government entities to deploy payloads for in-orbit experiments.
- This initiative fosters innovation by enabling startups to test their technologies using ISRO’s infrastructure, thereby reducing costs and encouraging diverse contributions to India’s space capabilities.
- Transitioning Operational Responsibilities: ISRO aims to transfer more operational tasks to private companies, allowing them to manage activities traditionally handled by the agency.
- This shift is intended to increase efficiency and scalability within the space sector, empowering private entities to take on significant roles in satellite launches and other space activities, thus expanding India’s overall capabilities.
- Commercialization of Space Activities: The government has focused on increasing India’s share of the global space economy from 2% to 10% over the next decade through public-private partnerships.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Public-Private Synergy: ISRO should continue fostering collaboration with private players by expanding access to launch infrastructure, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and incentivizing innovation through initiatives like IN-SPACe and NSIL.
- Focus on Heavy-Lift and Reusability: Prioritizing the development of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) with reusable technology will enhance cost-effectiveness, positioning India as a competitive player in the global commercial space sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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