Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a petition regarding the mandatory reporting of sexual activity under Section 19 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
About the POCSO Act, 2012:
- The POCSO Act came into effect on November 14, 2012 (Children’s Day), following India’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992.
- Its primary objective is to address offences related to the sexual exploitation and abuse of children, which were previously either not specifically defined or inadequately penalized.
- According to the Act, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years.
- In 2019, the Act underwent a review and amendment, introducing more stringent punishments (after Nirbhaya Case), including the death penalty, for those committing sexual crimes against children.
Key Features of the POCSO Act:
- Definition of a Child: A child is defined as anyone under 18 years of age.
- Sexual Offences:
- Penetrative Sexual Assault (Section 3)
- Sexual Assault (Section 7)
- Sexual Harassment (Section 11)
- Using Children for Pornographic Purposes (Section 13)
- Abetment and Attempt (Sections 16-18)
- Special Courts & Procedures: Establishes Special Courts for speedy trials and mandates child-friendly procedures.
- Protection of Identity: The identity of the child is protected throughout the process.
- Rehabilitation & Compensation: Provides for the rehabilitation of child victims.
- No Delay in Trials: Trials must be completed within one year of the offence.
Recent Supreme Court Hearing:
- Litigants have raised concerns that mandatory reporting under Section 19 might criminalize consensual sexual activity between juveniles, especially affecting adolescent girls’ right to health.
- They emphasized counseling over criminalization, arguing that the law might discourage adolescents from seeking medical care.
- The Supreme Court acknowledged these concerns and scheduled a detailed hearing on May 8 to address them.
| [UPSC 2017] Which of the following are envisaged by the Right against Exploitation in the Constitution of India?
1. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
2. Abolition of untouchability
3. Protection of the interests of minorities
4. Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only* (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have successfully estimated the abundance of Helium in the Sun’s photosphere with precision for the first time.
![[pib] Measuring Helium Abundance in the Sun](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/sun.jpg)
About Helium in the Sun’s Photosphere:
- Helium is the second most abundant element in the Sun after Hydrogen and plays a key role in understanding solar composition, opacity, and energy transport.
- However, measuring its precise abundance in the Sun’s photosphere has been challenging due to the absence of observable Helium spectral lines in visible light.
- Traditionally, Helium abundance was estimated using indirect methods like extrapolating data from hotter stars, solar wind observations, and seismological studies of the Sun’s interior.
- These methods lacked direct photospheric observations, making the estimates less accurate.
- Accurate measurements of Helium are essential for modelling the Sun’s opacity and energy transport. This also has broader implications for understanding the composition of other stars.
Novel Method Recently Discovered:
- Researchers from the IIA introduced a novel method to directly estimate Helium abundance in the Sun’s photosphere.
- This technique uses spectral features from Magnesium (Mg) and Carbon (C), overcoming the challenge of no direct Helium spectral lines.
- Spectral lines from Mg, C, and hydrogenated molecules (MgH, CH, C2) were used to infer Helium abundance.
- Equivalent Width analyses and spectrum synthesis techniques helped model the behavior of these elements in varying Helium-to-Hydrogen ratios.
- The Helium-to-Hydrogen ratio in the Sun’s photosphere was found to be 0.1, consistent with previous studies. This confirms the validity of the new method.
| [UPSC 2023] Diffusion of light in the atmosphere takes place due to:
Options: (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Dust particles* (c) Helium (d) Water vapors |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir.
Linkage: The Pahalgam attack occurred in Jammu and Kashmir. This question directly addresses strategies for building trust and resolving conflict in terrorism-affected regions, which is a crucial aspect of responding to such attacks in the long term. |
Mentor’s Comment: The terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, is not just an act of violence; it’s a calculated political move, carefully timed to cause both human casualties and strategic disruption. The attack took place shortly after the Kashmir Valley started welcoming tourists for the season and while U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance was visiting India. This is not a random attack, but part of a long-standing pattern of cross-border terrorism supported by Pakistan’s military and intelligence agencies. At a time when Pakistan had faded from India’s diplomatic focus, it has now returned, aiming to disrupt what India holds dear.
Today’s editorial analyzes the recent terrorist attack in the Baisaran meadows of Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir. This discussion will be useful for GS Paper 2 on International Relations and GS Paper 3 on Border Management.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On April 22, 2025, terrorists attacked a group of tourists in the Baisaran meadows of Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, killing dozens and injuring many others. This was the first major attack on civilians in Kashmir since the government removed the region’s special status in 2019.
Why is the Pahalgam attack seen as a political signal beyond terrorism?
- Strategic Timing: The attack was carefully timed to coincide with major diplomatic events, aiming to internationalize the Kashmir issue and undermine India’s global image. Eg: It occurred during U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance’s visit to India, drawing global attention and signaling instability in Kashmir.
- Undermining Normalcy: Targeting a tourist destination was meant to damage the perception of peace, hurt local livelihoods, and instill fear among potential visitors. Eg: The attack happened in Baisaran near Pahalgam, a scenic spot often described as ‘mini Switzerland’, during peak tourism season.
- Proxy Warfare: It reflects Pakistan’s continued reliance on non-state actors to wage asymmetric warfare against India while maintaining deniability. Eg: The Resistance Front (TRF), linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and ISI, claimed responsibility—mirroring past attacks like the 2019 Pulwama bombing.
What intelligence and security lapses does the attack reveal?
- Failure of Local Intelligence Gathering: Security forces lacked timely and actionable intelligence about militant movement in a high-tourist zone. Eg: Despite a large number of tourists in Pahalgam, there were no alerts about possible threats in the area prior to the attack.
- Inadequate Perimeter Surveillance: The attackers exploited gaps in area surveillance and patrol routines around tourist spots. Eg: The militants attacked near Baisaran meadow—an open and vulnerable area with limited surveillance despite being a tourist hotspot.
- Weak Coordination Among Agencies: Lack of seamless coordination between intelligence, police, and paramilitary forces led to poor threat anticipation and response. Eg: Local police reportedly had not received central alerts, reflecting weak inter-agency information sharing.
- Overreliance on Static Security Checks: Security was concentrated at checkpoints, but attackers used off-road routes to bypass these. Eg: Militants avoided heavily guarded roads and struck a moving vehicle, indicating knowledge of patrol patterns.
- Neglect of Civilian Vulnerability Mapping: No dynamic assessment of soft targets such as unescorted tourist groups in sensitive areas. Eg: The victims were on a pony ride, unprotected, with no security escort in a forested zone open to ambush.
How does Pakistan’s instability under Gen. Munir fuel cross-border terrorism?
- Military-Civil Power Struggle: The weakening of civilian institutions and dominance of the military creates an environment where the Army uses external conflicts to maintain control. Eg: Gen. Munir’s growing influence post-Imran Khan’s ousting has coincided with increased militant activity in Kashmir to divert attention from domestic unrest.
- Use of Terrorism as Strategic Depth: The Pakistani military views proxy groups as tools to counterbalance India without engaging in direct war. Eg: Groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed have resurged in training and logistics activities near the LoC.
- Diverting Attention from Internal Crises: Facing economic collapse and political chaos, Pakistan’s deep state stokes tensions with India to unify the populace and distract from internal failures. Eg: After IMF bailout troubles and mass protests, there was a spike in infiltration attempts into J&K.
- Weak Civilian Oversight on Terror Networks: Political instability weakens civilian checks on terror outfits, allowing the military and ISI to operate with impunity. Eg: Banned terror outfits continue to function under new names and operate training camps openly in PoK and Punjab regions.
- ISI’s Tactical Shift Toward Lone Wolf or Hybrid Militants: The ISI, under Munir’s tenure as ex-ISI chief, has adapted to deploy hard-to-trace, localised operatives, making it harder for India to track networks. Eg: Attacks like Pahalgam have shown signs of hybrid militancy—locals radicalised online but supported logistically from across the border.
How can India align its external stance with internal outreach in Kashmir?
- Promote Development as a Security Strategy: Emphasize infrastructure, education, and employment to win hearts locally and showcase progress internationally. Eg: The Srinagar Smart City project and new medical colleges can be highlighted in diplomatic forums to counter negative narratives.
- Empower Local Governance: Strengthen democratic institutions like Panchayats and urban bodies to demonstrate political normalization. Eg: Conducting timely local body elections and empowering DDCs reflects ground-level participation, reinforcing India’s democratic image globally.
- Consistent Narrative Management: Maintain a unified communication strategy to counter misinformation from hostile actors. Eg: India’s MEA and J&K administration issuing joint statements during crises can reduce confusion and reinforce India’s position internationally.
- Engage Diaspora and Global Media: Leverage Indian diaspora and media outreach to project a balanced narrative on Kashmir reforms and security. Eg: Indian embassies organizing Kashmir-focused briefings in the US/EU to highlight post-Article 370 investments and peace-building.
- Cultural and Religious Diplomacy: Promote Kashmir’s syncretic traditions like Sufism to counter radical narratives. Eg: Organizing international Sufi festivals or Buddhist circuit promotion in Ladakh can portray Kashmir as culturally inclusive and peaceful.
What steps has taken by the Indian Government?
- Diplomatic Measures: India has downgraded its diplomatic and logistical ties with Pakistan.Eg: The Indus Waters Treaty has been suspended, the Attari-Wagah border crossing has been closed, and Pakistani defense advisors have been expelled. Additionally, Pakistani nationals in India under regional visas have been given 48 hours to leave, and India’s embassy staff in Islamabad has been reduced.
- Security Enhancements: The Indian government has increased security measures in Jammu and Kashmir. Eg: Security forces are conducting a major manhunt in the region to apprehend the perpetrators of the attack. The government is also reviewing and strengthening security protocols to prevent future incidents.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Security Infrastructure: Strengthen intelligence networks and surveillance systems in vulnerable regions like Jammu and Kashmir to preempt cross-border terrorism and ensure rapid response capabilities.
- Diplomatic Pressure on Pakistan: Intensify international diplomatic efforts to isolate Pakistan by leveraging global platforms, pressing for accountability, and fostering stronger alliances to counter terrorism.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Millions of people die early because of dirty air. But where does this air pollution come from?
Where do the majority of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in India come from?
- Energy Production: The largest source of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in India is energy production, primarily from coal-fired power plants. Eg, coal contains sulphur impurities that are released when it is burned, contributing significantly to SO2 pollution.
- Industrial Activities: Industries like cement production, steel manufacturing, and chemical plants also release SO2. Eg, the cement industry, which uses fossil fuels, is a major emitter of this pollutant.
What are the main sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions?
- Transportation: The largest source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions is transportation, particularly from the exhaust of cars and trucks. Eg, diesel-powered vehicles, which burn fuel less efficiently, produce higher NOx emissions.
- Energy Production: The burning of coal and gas for electricity generation also significantly contributes to NOx emissions. Eg, power plants that burn coal release large amounts of NOx during the combustion process.
- Industrial Activities: Industrial processes such as manufacturing and chemical production also emit NOx. Eg, refineries and other heavy industries use high-temperature processes that release NOx as a byproduct.
What sectors are the biggest contributors to methane (CH4) emissions?
- Agriculture: The largest source of methane emissions, particularly from livestock digestion (enteric fermentation) and rice paddies. Eg, cows and other ruminants produce methane during digestion, and flooded rice fields emit methane as organic matter decomposes anaerobically.
- Waste Management: Methane is released from organic waste decomposing in landfills under anaerobic conditions. Eg, food waste rotting in landfills produces significant methane emissions.
- Fossil Fuel Extraction: Methane is emitted during the extraction, transport, and use of fossil fuels, especially natural gas. Eg, methane leaks from oil and gas pipelines, as well as from coal mines, contributing to atmospheric emissions.
How does agriculture contribute to ammonia (NH3) emissions and their health impacts?
- Agriculture: The application of nitrogen-based fertilizers is a major source of ammonia emissions. Eg, the use of urea fertilizers in crop fields results in ammonia volatilization when applied to the soil, contributing to air pollution.
- Livestock Waste: Ammonia is released from animal manure, especially from large-scale livestock farming. Eg, in intensive dairy and poultry farms, ammonia is emitted from urine and feces, leading to air and water pollution.
- Health Impacts: Ammonia contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can cause respiratory issues, asthma, and premature deaths. Eg, exposure to ammonia-laden air in farming areas has been linked to increased health risks such as lung diseases and cardiovascular problems.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) pollution in 102 cities by 20-30% by 2024, with strategies focusing on controlling emissions from key sectors like transport, industries, and construction.
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: This initiative aims to replace traditional biomass cooking methods with clean cooking technologies, such as LPG, to reduce black carbon emissions in rural areas.
- BS-VI Norms for Vehicles: The Indian government has enforced the Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission standards from April 2020, which are aimed at significantly reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate emissions from vehicles.
- Pollution Control Measures in Power Plants: The government has set deadlines for coal-fired power plants to comply with stricter emission norms for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter.
- Air Quality Monitoring and Data Collection: The government has set up a network of air quality monitoring stations across cities under the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and is working to improve real-time data collection on air quality.
|
Way forward:
- Shift to Clean Energy: Expand renewable energy use and enforce cleaner technologies in the power and industrial sectors to cut SO₂ and NOₓ emissions.
- Strengthen Enforcement & Awareness: Ensure strict implementation of air quality norms and raise public awareness on pollution-reducing practices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss in detail the photochemical smog, emphasising its formation, effects and mitigation.
Linkage: Formation of a significant type of air pollution, photochemical smog, which is formed from primary pollutants like Nitrogen oxides (from transport and industry) reacting in the presence of sunlight [209, external knowledge]. Understanding the formation requires knowing the precursor pollutants and their sources.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Recently, a number of court rulings have led many people to question the powers and intentions of the Supreme Court. Although criticism of the judiciary is not new, it has increased.
What is the significance of judicial review in the Indian Constitution?
- Upholds Constitutional Supremacy: Judicial review ensures that all laws and actions by the government are in line with the Constitution. Eg: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution, reinforcing constitutional supremacy.
- Protects Fundamental Rights: It provides a mechanism for individuals to challenge laws or executive actions that violate their fundamental rights. Eg: In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the court ruled that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be violated without just, fair, and reasonable procedure.
- Maintains Checks and Balances: Judicial review prevents arbitrary use of power by the legislature or executive, maintaining the balance of power among the three branches of government. Eg: In Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980), the court struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment that tried to limit the power of judicial review itself, preserving the judiciary’s role as a check on Parliament.
How is it related to Article 13?
- Declares Inconsistent Laws Void: Article 13(1) & (2) state that any law that violates Fundamental Rights is void to the extent of the violation. This empowers the judiciary to review and strike down such laws. Eg: In A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), although the court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, the case established the judiciary’s power to examine laws under Article 13.
- Forms the Basis for Judicial Review: Article 13 acts as the foundation for judicial review by mandating that all laws (past and future) must conform to Fundamental Rights. Eg: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the court used Article 13 to assert that even constitutional amendments are subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure or Fundamental Rights.
- Ensures Protection Against State Actions: Article 13 defines “law” to include ordinances, orders, bye-laws, rules, regulations, etc., thereby subjecting all state actions to judicial scrutiny. Eg: In State of West Bengal v. Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights (2010), the court affirmed that Article 13 covers all state actions, ensuring their consistency with Fundamental Rights.
How did the Supreme Court’s activism during the Emergency impact its role in protecting democracy?
- Judicial Abdication in the ADM Jabalpur Case: The Court failed to protect civil liberties by ruling that even the right to life could be suspended during the Emergency. Eg: ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976) – The majority held that citizens had no remedy if the state detained them illegally during Emergency, weakening democratic safeguards.
- Erosion of Public Faith in Judiciary: The decision in ADM Jabalpur was widely criticized and seen as the Court yielding to executive pressure, leading to a decline in public confidence. Eg: Justice H.R. Khanna’s lone dissent defending civil liberties became a symbol of judicial integrity, but the majority judgment damaged the Court’s image.
- Shift Towards Judicial Activism Post-Emergency: In response to its failure, the Court later adopted a more proactive role in defending rights through Public Interest Litigations (PILs). Eg: Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) – The Court expanded the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), overturning its narrow view in earlier cases.
- Strengthening of Basic Structure Doctrine: After the Emergency, the judiciary reinforced its role as a guardian of the Constitution, making it clear that even Parliament cannot amend the basic structure. Eg: Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) – The Court reaffirmed that judicial review is a part of the basic structure and cannot be taken away.
- Restoration of Accountability and Civil Rights: The Court became more vigilant in ensuring that executive actions respect democratic principles and individual freedoms. Eg: The growth of PILs in the 1980s allowed the judiciary to directly address the grievances of the marginalized and hold the state accountable.
Why is the Supreme Court’s power under Article 142 considered essential?
- Ensures Complete Justice in Exceptional Situations: Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order necessary for doing “complete justice” in any case before it, even if no specific law exists. Eg: Union Carbide Case (Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1989) – The Court invoked Article 142 to ensure compensation for victims, overriding procedural hurdles.
- Fills Legislative or Procedural Gaps Temporarily: It allows the Court to address legal voids until Parliament or the executive acts, ensuring justice is not delayed due to technicalities. Eg: Supreme Court guidelines on sexual harassment at workplaces (Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, 1997) – The Court framed guidelines under Article 142 in absence of legislation.
What are the concerns surrounding its misuse?
- Overreach and Violation of Separation of Powers: There is a risk that the Court might overstep its boundaries, encroaching on the domain of the executive or legislature, thus undermining the principle of separation of powers.Eg: Judicial intervention in policy matters – If the Court starts making decisions on matters that should be left to the government, like executive policies, it can be seen as an overreach.
- Potential for Arbitrary Decisions: The broad discretion granted by Article 142 can sometimes lead to arbitrary decisions, which may not align with established legal principles or may be seen as politically motivated. Eg: Judgment in the Babri Masjid Case (2019) – The Court’s intervention in the Babri case was criticized for favoring peace over legal principles, potentially opening doors for biased interpretations.
How does the judiciary uphold the Constitution without overstepping the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive?
- Judicial Review with Restraint: The judiciary exercises judicial review carefully, ensuring it only intervenes in cases where constitutional violations or fundamental rights are at stake, and refrains from delving into policy decisions better left to the executive or legislature. Eg: Right to Privacy Case (2017) – The Supreme Court upheld the right to privacy as a fundamental right, checking executive overreach but refraining from interfering with legislative or executive policy decisions.
- Respect for Legislative and Executive Domains: The judiciary respects the roles and powers of the legislature and executive, ensuring that it does not encroach on their function while interpreting the law within its constitutional framework. Eg: Constitutionality of the GST (2017) – The Supreme Court reviewed the constitutional validity of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) but did not interfere with the operational execution, leaving implementation to the executive.
Way forward:
- Ensure Judicial Independence: Strengthen mechanisms to safeguard the judiciary from executive and legislative influence, ensuring impartiality and constitutional integrity.
- Foster Collaborative Governance: Encourage constructive dialogue between the judiciary, legislature, and executive to maintain balance and prevent unnecessary judicial overreach.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.
Linkage: In this article, evaluate judicial activism. Some people see it as essential for protecting the Constitution, while others think it goes too far, interfering with the roles of the legislature and executive, and might even lead to judges having too much power.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
In response to the Pahalgam Terror Attack, India has officially announced the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan.
About the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)
- IWT was signed between India and Pakistan on September 19, 1960, with mediation from the World Bank.
- The treaty allocates the Western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) to Pakistan, and the Eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) to India.
- Approximately 80% of the water is allocated to Pakistan, with 20% to India.
- The Permanent Indus Commission was established to facilitate communication and dispute resolution.
- The treaty includes a three-step process for resolving disputes, which involves the Permanent Indus Commission, Neutral Experts (appointed by World Bank), and a Court of Arbitration if needed.
Implications of Suspension:
- India’s Opportunities:
- Though not immediately, but India can now control the water flow from the Indus River system, allowing it to divert, stop, or alter the flow of water.
- India can expand hydroelectric projects on the Western rivers, such as the Kishanganga and Ratle Hydroelectric Projects, with more projects under scrutiny.
- Impact on Pakistan:
- Agriculture: Pakistan’s agricultural sector heavily depends on the Indus River, and any disruption could cause food insecurity and economic distress for millions of farmers.
- Power Supply: Pakistan’s hydroelectric power generation depends on the water flow, with Tarbela Dam (on the Indus River) and Mangla Dam (on the Jhelum River) facing reduced water supplies, leading to electricity shortages.
Alternatives for Pakistan:
- No Legal Exit: No legal exit clause in the treaty; also, India cannot unilaterally suspend it.
- Dispute Resolution: Pakistan can approach the Permanent Indus Commission, request Neutral Experts, or escalate to the World Bank’s Court of Arbitration.
- International Diplomacy: Pakistan may seek diplomatic solutions through international forums, including leveraging support from other nations.
| [UPSC 2009] Consider the following statements:
1. The Baglihar Power Project had been constructed within the parameters of the Indus Water Treaty.
2. The project was completely built by the Union Government with loans from Japan and the World Bank.
Options: (a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
[UPSC 2021] With reference to the Indus River system, among the following four rivers, one of them joins the Indus directly:
Options: (a) Chenab (b) Jhelum (c) Ravi (d) Sutlej |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Two decades since the demolition of Bamiyan Buddha, the Afghan Taliban are now convinced to restore it.
About Bamiyan Buddha:
- The Bamiyan Buddhas were located in the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan, about 130 km northwest of Kabul.
- The Western Buddha (Salsal) stood 55 meters tall, and the Eastern Buddha (Shah Mama) stood 38 meters tall, making them two of the largest standing Buddha statues in the world before their destruction.
- Construction:
- Built around 600 CE during the rule of the Hephthalites.
- Carved directly into sandstone cliffs with features made from mud and straw, and painted with bright colors, including carmine red for the larger Buddha.
- The style blends Greco-Buddhist art, Sasanian Persia, and Byzantine Empire influences.
- Historical Significance:
- Represented Vairocana and Sakyamuni (Gautama Buddha).
- Served as a major Buddhist religious centre along the Silk Road, hosting monasteries and playing a crucial role in religion, philosophy, and art.
- Survived invasions, including by Genghis Khan (1221 AD) and Aurangzeb (17th Century).
- In 2001, the Taliban destroyed the statues. The Buddhas had previously survived multiple attacks.
- The site is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its immense historical, religious, and cultural significance.
| [UPSC 2014] Which of the following Kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
1. Avanti 2. Gandhara 3. Kosala 4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 3 and 4 only * (d) 1, 3 and 4 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
India has introduced Akshvi, a unique e-digital wallet aimed at assisting in disaster relief and improving the accuracy of loss reporting.
About Akshvi: The E-Digital Wallet for Disasters
- Akshvi (Aapda Kshati Vivaran) is a unique e-digital wallet developed by SEEDS India to assist disaster-stricken communities in India.
- The platform allows people to self-report economic and non-economic losses during climate-induced events.
- It bridges the data gap in disaster reporting and enhancing relief distribution and climate resilience.
Key Features of Akshvi:
- Self-Reporting Mechanism: It enables affected communities to log their losses during disasters such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, and landslides, ensuring accurate and timely assessments.
- Localized Data Collection: The platform collects hyperlocal data, which is vital for tailoring disaster management strategies and relief efforts to the specific needs of affected communities.
- User-Friendly Interface:
- IVRS: Allows voice recording of losses.
- WhatsApp Chatbot: For tech-savvy users to log data.
- Assisted Data Entry: Available for those needing help with information entry.
- Traceability: The platform tracks the progress of relief, ensuring that aid reaches the affected households transparently.
- Integration with Government Schemes: Akshvi’s data links to social welfare schemes and index-based insurance programs, improving disaster response efforts.
| [UPSC 2004] In which one of the following countries did hundreds of people die in 2004 due to Tropical Storm Jeanne?
Options: (a) Colombia (b) Haiti (c) Sudan (d) Ghana |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
A recent report by the Central Zoo Authority (CZA), highlights the absence of any breeding programme for musk deer.
About Musk Deer:
- The Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) is an endangered species native to the Himalayas, found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and China.
- It inhabits altitudes of 2,200 to 4,300 meters, primarily in alpine forests and scrublands.
- Behaviour: Solitary, nocturnal, and territorial. Males have long, curved canine teeth and a musk gland, which is highly valued and targeted by poachers.
- It plays a key role in seed dispersal, helping maintain the balance of the alpine ecosystem.
- Threats: Poaching for their musk glands, habitat loss from deforestation, and genetic issues due to fragmented populations.
Conservation Initiatives:
- Protection Status:
- It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
- It is listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, offering the highest protection under Indian law.
- Protected Areas:
- Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary: Established in 1972, covering 975 km² in the western Himalayas, crucial for musk deer conservation.
- Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary: Located in Uttarakhand, dedicated specifically to musk deer conservation.
- Himalayan Musk Project (1982): Aimed at captive breeding within Kedarnath Sanctuary but faced setbacks due to disease, snake bites, and poor survival rates. The project was shut down in 2006.
| [UPSC 2020] Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?
1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas National Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
New research by CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad suggest that lipids (along with DNA), particularly in mitochondrial membranes, are not just structural elements but play an integral role in the function and evolution of proteins.
About Lipids and RC1 in Cells:
Lipids:
- Lipids, including fats, phospholipids, and sterols, make up to 30% of the dry weight of cells.
- They are crucial for membrane integrity and various biological processes.
- They vary in fatty acid composition and length, influenced by genetics, diet, and environmental factors.
- They form a bilayer in membranes, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward, providing stability and enabling protein function.
- Role of Lipids in Cells:
- Lipids form the bilayer, providing flexibility and stability for membrane proteins that perform functions like receptor binding and ion channelling.
- They like cardiolipin stabilize RC1 and other respiratory complexes, aiding energy production.
RC1 (Respiratory Complex 1):
- RC1 is a protein complex in the mitochondrial membrane, crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.
- It is composed of 44 proteins, some synthesized in the cytoplasm and others in mitochondria.
- Mutations in RC1 lead to diseases due to its vital role in respiration.
Lipid-Protein Co-evolution as per new Research:
- New research highlights the co-evolution of proteins and lipids, especially in mitochondrial membranes, where proteins interact with specific lipids from their own kingdom (plant or animal).
- Plant lipids, richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, are more flexible, aiding stress resistance, while animal lipids evolve differently to meet their needs.
- Lipid-protein co-evolution adds complexity to cellular evolution, with implications for human health and disease treatment.
| [UPSC 2001] Which of the following cell organelles play the most significant role in protein synthesis?
Options: (a) Lysosome and Centrosome (b) Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosome* (c) Golgi apparatus and Mitochondria (d) Lysosome and Mitochondria |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region?
Linakge: India’s interest in the Arctic’s resources, which is a central theme in the Article. This article highlights the Arctic as a “critical energy source for the Global South” and mentions India’s potential stake in the “massive resources” of the region. |
Mentor’s Comment: Global trade is shifting due to U.S. pressures and climate change, prompting countries to explore new supply chains and routes. The Arctic, while warning of a climate crisis, offers major geopolitical and economic potential. As new trade paths open, India must ensure it has a role in future Arctic opportunities without harming the fragile environment.
Today’s editorial highlights why the Arctic region matters for the world and India. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (international relations) and GS Paper 3 (environment and economy) in the mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India should have a voice in the future economic opportunities of the Arctic, without rushing to exploit its resources recklessly.
![[ 23rd April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/arctic.jpg)
What is the Northern Sea Route (NSR)?
- The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a new Arctic sea route connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, running along the northern coast of Russia.
- It provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and Asia, significantly reducing shipping distances. Eg: Shipping from Rotterdam to Shanghai via the NSR cuts the journey by around 30%, reducing travel time by approximately 10 days.
|
How could it transform global trade?
- Reduced Freight Costs: By providing a more direct and shorter route, the NSR can substantially lower shipping costs, as vessels spend less time on the water and consume less fuel. Eg: The cost savings from the reduced travel time and fuel consumption can incentivize global shipping companies to shift their operations to the NSR, especially for bulk goods and high-value cargo.
- Expedited Global Trade: The NSR could drastically speed up the flow of goods, particularly for time-sensitive cargo like electronics, automotive parts, and perishable goods, thus improving global trade efficiency. Eg: In 2018, a Chinese cargo ship made a successful voyage through the NSR, delivering goods from China to Europe in a record time of 18 days, compared to the traditional 40+ days via the Suez Canal.
- Opening New Markets: The NSR could lead to the development of new ports and shipping routes in the Arctic, creating economic opportunities for the countries surrounding the region. It can also open up access to new markets that were previously difficult to reach. Eg: As traffic on the NSR increases, ports like Murmansk in Russia and Pevek in the Arctic will see growth, transforming them into significant maritime hubs.
Why is the Arctic region becoming geopolitically and economically important for India?
- New Trade Routes: The Northern Sea Route (NSR) opens shorter, more efficient shipping lanes between Europe and Asia, benefiting India’s trade by reducing shipping times and costs. Eg: The NSR offers India quicker access to European markets, enhancing trade competitiveness.
- Energy Resources: The Arctic region holds vast untapped oil and natural gas reserves, offering India potential access to energy resources vital for its growing needs. Eg: Arctic exploration could help diversify India’s energy sources, ensuring a more secure supply.
- Climate Research: The Arctic’s rapid changes influence global climate patterns, impacting India’s monsoon and agricultural productivity. Eg: Research on the Arctic’s climate helps India prepare for shifts in its monsoon patterns and protect food security.
- Geopolitical Influence: India’s involvement in Arctic governance could strengthen its global position and foster partnerships with key nations like Russia and the U.S. Eg: By engaging in Arctic policy, India enhances its diplomatic and strategic ties with major global players.
- Maritime Security: India’s access to the Arctic region can improve its maritime security and help protect vital trade routes. Eg: Strengthening Arctic partnerships can ensure India’s strategic interests in the region are safeguarded.
When did India formalise its Arctic policy, and what are its key goals?
| Focus Area |
Key Objectives |
| Scientific Research and Climate Understanding |
Enhance scientific knowledge about the Arctic’s effect on global climate, especially the Indian monsoon and agriculture. Strengthen research stations like Himadri and use space technology for Arctic studies. |
| Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development |
Promote protection of the Arctic environment and support sustainable development. Encourage responsible use of resources and partner with Arctic nations on green energy. |
| Enhanced International Cooperation and Capacity Building |
Actively participate in Arctic governance (e.g., Arctic Council), improve India’s expertise in Arctic studies, and collaborate on digital connectivity and indigenous knowledge exchange. |
Who are India’s potential strategic partners in the Arctic region?
- Russia: India sees Russia as a key partner in the Arctic due to its extensive Arctic coastline and expertise in Arctic navigation. The two countries have established a working group under the bilateral intergovernmental commission to explore opportunities in Arctic trade routes like the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and potential joint ventures. Eg, the Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor is seen as a bridge to the NSR.
- Japan and South Korea: Japan and South Korea are also critical partners due to shared concerns over China’s increasing influence in the Arctic. These nations and India aim to promote a more inclusive Arctic Council and ensure equitable access to Arctic resources, countering Chinese dominance in the region.
What are the challenges involved?
- Harsh Environmental Conditions: The Arctic’s extreme weather and icy waters present significant challenges for navigation and shipping. India will need to invest heavily in specialised ice-breaking fleets and infrastructure to ensure safe and efficient passage along the Northern Sea Route (NSR). Eg, the need for shipbuilding suited to Arctic conditions was highlighted in India’s 2025-26 Budget.
- Geopolitical Tensions: The Arctic region is becoming a battleground for global powers, with competing interests between the U.S., Russia, and China. India faces the dilemma of balancing relations with both Russia and the Western bloc while ensuring its interests in Arctic trade routes and resources. Eg, supporting Russia’s Arctic ambitions could align India with China’s Polar Silk Road, creating a potential conflict with U.S. interests.
- Environmental Impact and Climate Change: Exploiting Arctic resources poses risks to the fragile ecosystem, and climate change further exacerbates these concerns. India must balance its commercial interests with environmental responsibility, ensuring that Arctic exploration does not contribute to further ecological degradation. Eg, global temperatures breaching 1.5°C in 2024 highlight the urgency of sustainable development in the Arctic.
How should India balance environmental concerns with commercial interests in the Arctic? (Way forward)
- Sustainable Resource Management: India should advocate for responsible exploration and use of Arctic resources, ensuring that commercial activities do not harm the fragile environment. This includes supporting international regulations on sustainable practices and climate-resilient policies. Eg, India’s engagement in the Arctic Council can help influence global guidelines for Arctic resource extraction, focusing on minimal environmental disruption.
- Collaborative Efforts with Like-minded Nations: India should collaborate with countries that share its concerns about environmental protection, such as Japan and South Korea, to promote sustainable Arctic governance. By forging partnerships focused on environmental preservation and responsible trade, India can secure both economic opportunities and environmental integrity. Eg, India, Japan, and South Korea have common interests in mitigating Chinese influence in Arctic policies, emphasising eco-friendly development.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is again trying to link Aadhaar with voter ID, claiming it will help remove fake voters, clean up the voter list, and make elections more fair. However, this move could put people’s right to vote at risk.
Why is Aadhaar-Voter ID linkage seen as a threat to voting rights?
- Risk of Mass Disenfranchisement: Linking Aadhaar with voter ID can lead to the wrongful deletion of genuine voters from electoral rolls due to data mismatches or errors in the Aadhaar database. Eg: In 2015, during the National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme, over 55 lakh voters were arbitrarily removed in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, causing many to discover their names missing only on election day.
- Violation of the Right to Privacy and Autonomy: The linkage forces citizens to part with their Aadhaar information, effectively making a voluntary scheme coercive. It exposes citizens to data misuse and profiling by political actors. Eg: Form 6B requires Aadhaar submission or a declaration of non-possession, with no real opt-out, pressuring citizens to comply.
- Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Groups: Groups like the elderly, disabled, migrant workers, and rural residents face practical challenges in appearing before Electoral Officers to justify not having Aadhaar, putting their right to vote at risk. Eg: The proposed requirement for in-person appearance imposes an unreasonable burden, especially for people in remote or underserved areas.
How does the linkage affect vulnerable groups?
- Imposes Unreasonable Physical Burden: The requirement for in-person appearances before Electoral Registration Officers disproportionately affects individuals who may not be able to travel easily. Eg: Elderly citizens or persons with disabilities may find it extremely difficult to justify their non-submission of Aadhaar physically, leading to potential exclusion from the voter list.
- Excludes Migrants and Remote Populations: Migrant workers and people living in remote or underdeveloped regions may not have updated documents or easy access to Aadhaar centers, making compliance difficult. Eg: Migrant laborers, often on the move, may not have consistent records, leading to their disenfranchisement due to Aadhaar mismatches or absence.
- Leads to Arbitrary Deletions from Electoral Rolls: Errors in Aadhaar data or failure to link properly can result in the deletion of legitimate voters, especially those lacking digital literacy or assistance. Eg: During the 2015 Aadhaar-linking exercise, many daily wage workers and marginalized citizens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana found their names deleted without prior notice.
Which past events highlight the risks of this linkage?
- 2015 Deletions under National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP): The Election Commission attempted Aadhaar-voter ID linkage in 2015, leading to large-scale deletion of genuine voters due to data mismatches. Eg: In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, over 55 lakh voters were removed from rolls. Many citizens discovered this only on polling day, causing mass disenfranchisement.
- Supreme Court Stay in August 2015: Following the backlash from the 2015 deletions, the Supreme Court stayed the Aadhaar-voter ID linkage to prevent further voter exclusion. Eg: The Court’s order halted the programme, citing privacy concerns and lack of legal backing, highlighting the constitutional risks involved.
- CAG Report on Aadhaar Database Flaws (2021): The Comptroller and Auditor General found serious flaws in the Aadhaar system, including duplications and unverifiable residency, raising concerns about its suitability for electoral verification. Eg: The CAG audit revealed that 4.75 lakh Aadhaar numbers were cancelled due to errors and duplication, showing how flawed data could wrongly affect voter rolls.
Way forward:
- Traditional Voter Verification Methods: Instead of relying on Aadhaar, the ECI should strengthen manual verification systems. Eg: Door-to-door verification by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and in-person checks help maintain accuracy and uphold voter rights without risking exclusions.
- Independent Audits and Social Oversight: Introducing social audits and independent reviews of electoral rolls can enhance transparency and trust in the system. Eg: Public grievance redressal mechanisms and independent monitoring can prevent politically motivated manipulation and ensure fairness.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle.
Linakege: “one nation-one election,” it falls under the broader theme of electoral reforms. The article discusses a specific electoral reform, the Aadhaar-voter ID linkage, and argues that it has negative consequences for the right to vote. Therefore, this PYQ, concerning the need for and nature of electoral reforms, is relevant as the Aadhaar linking initiative can be seen as a debated electoral reform with potential risks to the franchise.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
According to the India Meteorological Department’s first forecast for 2025, the country may receive around 105% of the average rainfall, with a possible variation of 5% more or less.
What is the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) forecast for the 2025 monsoon?
- Above Normal Rainfall Predicted: IMD forecasts 105% of the Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall for 2025, with a margin of ±5%. Eg: In 2024, India received 108% of LPA, which was categorized as ‘above normal’ rainfall.
- LPA Reference and Classification: The LPA for the period 1971–2020 is 87 cm. Based on this, rainfall is classified as: Above Normal: 105–110% of LPA. Eg: If the rainfall is 105% of LPA, it falls within the ‘above normal’ range.
- Improved Forecasting Methodology: Since 2021, IMD uses a multi-model ensemble system, combining global climate models with IMD’s own models, improving forecasting accuracy. Eg: Forecasts since the adoption of this system have shown improved accuracy, reducing error margins from previous years.
Why is rainfall distribution crucial for agriculture?
- Impact on Crop Growth: Uneven or poor rainfall distribution can lead to crop stress or failure. Plants depend on consistent water supply during different growth stages. Eg: In 2024, excess rainfall in Maharashtra led to the destruction of onion crops, while deficient rainfall in Punjab delayed paddy sowing, driving up food costs.
- Effect on Water Availability: Proper rainfall distribution ensures water availability throughout the growing season, which is essential for irrigation systems and groundwater recharge. Eg: If regions like Tamil Nadu receive excess rainfall while other areas like Uttar Pradesh experience drought, it can disrupt the balance, making water management challenging.
- Geographical Variability and Crop Suitability: Different crops require specific rainfall amounts at different times, so spatial distribution of rainfall is essential for crop selection and yield maximization. Eg: In 2023, Telangana and Puducherry received excess rainfall, benefiting crops like rice, but Bihar faced a below-normal monsoon, impacting food grain production.
When did IMD improve its forecasting model, and what changed?
- Improvement Began in 2021: IMD improved its forecasting model by adopting a multi-model ensemble dynamical system in 2021. Eg: Prior to 2021, IMD primarily relied on statistical models, but the new system incorporates global climate models along with IMD’s own models for better accuracy.
- Enhanced Accuracy with New Models: The introduction of the multi-model ensemble system improved forecast reliability, reducing errors in predictions. Eg: Forecasts post-2021 showed a significant improvement, with accurate predictions of rainfall in regions like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu during the 2024 monsoon.
- Reduction in Error Margins: The new approach resulted in reduced error margins, making the first forecasts closer to actual rainfall patterns. Eg: IMD’s first forecast for the 2024 monsoon had a relatively smaller error margin, improving the predictability of rainfall distribution across India compared to previous years.
How do El Niño, La Niña, and IOD affect the monsoon?
| Weather Phenomenon |
Effect on Monsoon |
Example |
| El Niño |
Weakens the monsoon due to warmer sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This leads to reduced rainfall. |
Eg: 2014, El Niño conditions led to below-normal rainfall, causing droughts and poor crop production in India. |
| La Niña |
Strengthens the monsoon due to cooler sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which can lead to excessive rainfall in some areas. |
Eg: 2017, La Niña conditions contributed to above-normal rainfall, causing floods in some regions like Assam. |
| Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) |
Positive IOD can enhance rainfall, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions, especially if combined with El Niño. |
Eg: 2019, a positive IOD helped in normal rainfall despite El Niño, while 2020 had a negative IOD, exacerbating the impact of weak monsoon rainfall. |
Which regions saw abnormal rainfall in 2023, and what was the impact?
- North and Northwest India: Excessive Rainfall: Heavy rainfall led to flash floods, landslides, and infrastructure damage. Eg: In Himachal Pradesh, intense rainfall triggered landslides and flash floods, resulting in at least 72 deaths and significant infrastructure damage.
- Northeast India: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Sudden release of water from glacial lakes caused severe flooding, destruction of infrastructure, and loss of life. Eg: In Sikkim, a GLOF resulted in the deaths of at least 31 people, destruction of over 270 houses, and damage to 11 bridges.
- Southern Peninsula: Deficient Rainfall: Reduced water availability affected agriculture, leading to crop stress and delayed sowing. Eg: In Tamil Nadu, deficient rainfall impacted the sowing of paddy, leading to concerns over food production.
Way forward:
- Enhance Climate Resilience: Promote water management, drought-resistant crops, and crop diversification to mitigate impacts of uneven rainfall.
- Improve Early Warning Systems: Strengthen forecasting and disaster preparedness to ensure timely responses to extreme weather events.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linakge: If the IMD’s prediction is accurate, a good monsoon could mitigate one of the key drivers of food inflation – erratic rainfall and lower agricultural output. This question asks about the causes of high food inflation; a good monsoon would work against these causes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
A recent petition in the Supreme Court has sought the invocation of Article 355 in West Bengal by deploying central armed forces, citing violence in Murshidabad.
Recent Case:
- Following violent protests in Murshidabad district against the Waqf (Amendment) Act, a petition was filed to invoke Article 355 in West Bengal.
- The petitioner argued that the state was experiencing internal disturbances warranting Union intervention.
- The Court declined to pass immediate directions but allowed the petitioner to file a detailed application for further consideration.
|
What is Article 355?
- Article 355 mandates that the Union Government has the duty to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbances and ensure that the state governments function in accordance with the Constitution.
- It places responsibilities on the Union Government to maintain constitutional governance in all states.
- It is often used alongside Article 356 to declare President’s Rule in a state.
- It does NOT grant separate powers; instead, it operates in conjunction with Article 356 and Article 357.
- Initially introduced as Article 277A in the Draft Constitution (1949), it clarified the Union’s role in intervening in state matters during exceptional circumstances.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasised that such intervention should not be arbitrary but based on constitutional obligations.
- Judicial Interpretations:
-
- H.S. Jain v. Union of India (1996): The Supreme Court held that the Union is obligated under Article 355 to ensure state governments operate in line with the Constitution, quashing a state emergency declared under Article 356.
- S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994): The Court ruled that President’s Rule under Article 356 should be used sparingly and only when Union intervention is justified.
- Sarbananda Sonowal v. Union of India (2005): The Court upheld Union intervention under Article 355 due to illegal migration but cautioned against its use without substantial evidence.
Note: Article 355 does NOT grant separate powers; instead, it operates in conjunction with Articles 356 and 357.
- Article 356 allows the President to impose President’s Rule in a state if the governance in that state is not in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
- Article 357 authorizes the President to extend the powers of the Union government to a state under President’s Rule and allows the Union government to exercise executive authority in the state.
|
| [UPSC 2003] Which one of the following Articles of the Indian Constitution provides that ‘It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance’?
Options: (a) Article 215 (b) Article 275 (c) Article 325 (d) Article 355* |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope recently discovered the Bullseye Galaxy (LEDA 1313424), which contains 9 rings, an unprecedented number.
This finding offers new insights into galaxy evolution and the possibility of the galaxy evolving into a Giant Low Surface Brightness (GLSB) galaxy.
About the Bullseye Galaxy (LEDA 1313424):
- The Bullseye Galaxy is unique for containing 9 rings, an unprecedented number in the study of ringed galaxies.
- Most ringed galaxies typically have 2 or 3 rings, making this discovery significant.
- The rings are believed to have formed after a collision with a blue dwarf galaxy about 50 million years ago, causing ripples in the gas and creating star-forming regions that became the rings.
- While individual stars’ orbits stayed the same, groups of stars gathered, forming distinct rings over time.
- This discovery offers valuable insights into galaxy interactions and the rare formation of multiple rings.
What are Giant Low Surface Brightness (GLSB) Galaxies?
- GLSB Galaxies are large, diffuse galaxies with low surface brightness and fewer stars than typical galaxies, making them appear dimmer.
- These galaxies contain vast hydrogen disks, the fuel for star formation, but their low hydrogen density prevents many stars from forming.
- GLSB galaxies are believed to contain significant amounts of dark matter, affecting their mass distribution.
- They have less dense inner regions and challenge current cosmological models due to their hydrogen content and low surface brightness.
|
Bullseye Galaxy and Its Possible Evolution into a GLSB Galaxy:
- It shares traits with GLSB galaxies, such as its extended disk and hydrogen content.
- Researchers suggest that the Bullseye Galaxy might evolve into a GLSB galaxy, providing insights into the formation of such galaxies and the distribution of dark matter in the universe.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following phenomena:
1. Light is affected by gravity. 2. The Universe is constantly expanding. 3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in the media?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
NASA scientists have proposed using quantum technology to study gravitational changes on Earth by deploying a quantum gravity gradiometer (QGG) on a satellite in low-Earth orbit.
About Gravity Gradiometer & Quantum Gravity Gradiometer (QGG):
- A gravity gradiometer measures small variations in gravitational force over short distances.
- How It Works: It detects differences in the acceleration of falling objects, indicating the density of materials below the surface, such as hydrocarbon deposits or geological structures.
- Applications:
- Oil Exploration: Detects underground hydrocarbon deposits by measuring gravitational differences.
- Geological Studies: Used to explore subterranean features like minerals and fault lines.
- A Quantum Gravity Gradiometer (QGG) uses quantum technology to achieve much higher precision than traditional gravity gradiometers.
-
- How It Works: Atoms are cooled to near absolute zero and manipulated with lasers. The phase shifts of these atoms, proportional to gravitational force, detect tiny changes in gravitational acceleration.
- It can detect changes as small as 10^-15 m/s² over just 1 meter, offering much finer measurements than traditional instruments.
- Specifications: Weighs 125 kg, has a volume like a 250-liter oil drum, and consumes 350 watts of power (comparable to an older Intel CPU).
Applications of QGG in Space:
- Studying Gravitational Variations: Measures small changes in Earth’s gravitational field, aiding climate change studies, such as melting ice caps and shifting water reserves.
- Earth’s Gravitational Field Mapping: Improves understanding of Earth’s internal structure and seismic activities.
- Dark Matter Research: Provides insights into dark matter by detecting gravitational anomalies.
- Satellite Navigation: Enhances space navigation and satellite positioning.
- Mapping Underground Features: Used to map structures like mineral deposits and fault lines.
- Security: Detects underground structures like military bunkers and natural disasters, offering valuable security information.
| [UPSC 2003] If the radius of the Earth were to shrink by one per cent, its mass remaining the same, the value of ‘g’ on the Earth’s surface would:
Options: (a) Increase by 0.5% (b) Increase by 2% (c) Decrease by 0.5% (d) Decrease by 2% |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel
Why in the News?
India has marked a significant achievement in its railway infrastructure development with the “tunnel breakthrough” of Tunnel No. 8 on the Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Line.
About Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel:
- Tunnel No. 8 is a major part of the Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway project, spanning 14.58 km, making it the longest transport tunnel under construction in India.
- The tunnel is the first railway tunnel in the Himalayan region to use a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) (combining with the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)) which reduces environmental disruption and increases efficiency compared to traditional blasting methods.
- It is located on the Devprayag to Janasu stretch, which is part of the larger Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line project in Uttarakhand.
- It is part of a larger plan to build a 125.20 km rail link, with 83% of the line to be tunnelled.
- It will feature 12 new stations, 16 tunnels, and 19 bridges across five districts of Uttarakhand.
- Safety measures include 12 escape tunnels and 7.05 km of cross passages to ensure passenger safety in case of emergencies.
- This link will significantly improve connectivity to Uttarakhand’s hilly areas, reduce travel time, and boost economic activity in the region.
| [UPSC 2005] Consider the following statements concerning the Indian Railways:
1. The Head Quarters of the North Western Railway are located at Jodhpur.
2. ‘Indrail pass’ – a travel-as-you-please ticket has been created especially for freedom fighters and sportspersons who have represented India in any game/sport.
3. Fairy Queen is a train using the world’s oldest working engine and the Indian Railways conduct a journey of wildlife and heritage sites on it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 (d) None* |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: The strategic dimension of India’s position in relation to China and the West. This article also touches upon this aspect, noting the potential pressure on India to align more closely with the U.S. to counter China. |
Mentor’s Comment: China is now the biggest external influence on India’s foreign policy. From border issues to trade and defence, every move is shaped by the “China lens.” Tensions remain high at the LAC since the 2020 Galwan clash. While India stays alert militarily, trade ties continue, showing a paradox—India deters China at the border but relies on it economically.
Today’s editorial explains how China affects India’s foreign policy, especially in areas like trade and border tensions. It highlights how India is trying to manage both security concerns and economic ties with China. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (Mains) under International Relations.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
As India and China mark 75 years of ties, their relationship faces border tensions and rivalry, yet offers chances for cooperation, economic links, and shared responsibility in ensuring regional peace.
What are the key challenges in India-China relations, especially regarding borders and strategic rivalry?
- Contested Borders and Military Tensions: The Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains heavily militarized, with both countries having stationed thousands of troops in sensitive regions like Eastern Ladakh. Eg: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash resulted in casualties on both sides and highlighted the vulnerability of the LAC to conflict and miscalculation.
- Historical Border Disputes: The unresolved boundary dispute, particularly over regions like Aksai Chin (claimed by India) and Arunachal Pradesh (claimed by China), continues to strain relations. Eg: The 1962 Sino-Indian War remains a traumatic event in India-China relations, and its legacy still influences border security strategies.
- Strategic Rivalry in South Asia: China’s growing presence in South Asia through infrastructure projects and loans has directly challenged India’s regional influence. Eg: China’s involvement in Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port and infrastructure projects in Nepal and the Maldives are seen as part of China’s strategic push into India’s traditional sphere of influence.
- Economic Interdependence vs. National Security: Despite military tensions, India remains economically tied to China, particularly in trade, electronics, and pharmaceuticals, creating a paradox between economic cooperation and security concerns. Eg: China is India’s largest trading partner, but India faces a trade imbalance of around $100 billion in favor of China, raising concerns over economic over-dependence.
- China’s Regional Ambitions and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and growing influence in neighboring countries challenge India’s leadership role in the region.Eg: China’s infrastructure investments in Pakistan through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) pass through contested regions like Gilgit-Baltistan, which India claims as part of Jammu and Kashmir.
Why does the “China lens shape India’s foreign policy”?
- Security and Border Infrastructure Concerns: China poses the most significant military threat to India, especially along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), necessitating constant vigilance and preparedness. Eg: The permanent deployment of over 60,000 Indian troops in Eastern Ladakh after the 2020 Galwan clash reflects how China shapes India’s defense planning.
- Economic Dependencies and Trade Imbalance: India relies heavily on Chinese imports for critical sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and machinery, creating a dilemma between strategic autonomy and economic needs. Eg: In 2024-25, India’s trade deficit with China approached $100 billion, despite efforts to diversify supply chains and ban certain Chinese apps.
- Geopolitical and Strategic Competition in the Region: China’s growing influence in South Asia and its partnerships with India’s neighbors challenge India’s regional leadership and influence. Eg: China’s funding of Pokhara Airport in Nepal and strategic ties with countries like Bangladesh and Maldives push India to recalibrate its diplomacy and regional engagement strategies.
How has India’s approach to China evolved since the 1962 war and the 2020 Galwan clash?
- From Idealism to Realism in Diplomacy: The early vision of Asian solidarity post-1947 has given way to a more cautious and pragmatic approach, shaped by hard security realities. Eg: After the 1962 war, India abandoned Nehruvian idealism and began strengthening its military and forging new alliances.
- Shift from Engagement to Strategic Deterrence: Post-Galwan, India has moved away from soft engagement to a policy of firm deterrence and military preparedness. Eg: Permanent deployment of troops and infrastructure upgrades in Eastern Ladakh reflect a proactive defense posture.
- Emergence of “Competitive Coexistence”: India now balances economic engagement with strategic competition, avoiding full decoupling while safeguarding national interests. Eg: Despite border tensions, India continues trade with China, participates in platforms like SCO and BRICS, and simultaneously deepens ties with the Quad.
What does “competitive coexistence” mean?
“Competitive coexistence” refers to India’s strategy of managing its complex relationship with China by simultaneously competing in strategic and regional influence while maintaining economic and diplomatic engagement. It balances military vigilance with dialogue, allowing India to protect its interests without complete decoupling, fostering stability amid rivalry and interdependence. |
How does it balance India’s strategy with economic ties to China?
- Selective Economic Engagement: India continues trade in non-strategic sectors (like consumer goods, raw materials) while restricting Chinese influence in critical infrastructure and tech. Eg: India imports electronics and machinery from China, but bans Chinese apps like TikTok and restricts Huawei from 5G rollout.
- Investment Scrutiny with Trade Continuity:India tightens FDI rules from neighboring countries (especially China) post-Galwan (2020), while not blocking trade outright. Eg: Chinese firms need government approval to invest in Indian startups, but bilateral trade crossed $135 billion in 2023.
- Self-Reliance Push (Atmanirbhar Bharat): India reduces dependence on Chinese imports by incentivizing local manufacturing and diversifying suppliers. Eg: Through the PLI Scheme, India promotes domestic production of electronics, APIs (for pharma), and solar panels.
- Strategic Dialogue + Border Vigilance: India engages diplomatically with China (e.g., 19th Corps Commander-level talks) while reinforcing military presence at LAC. Eg: Border patrol protocols resumed in Jan 2025 in Eastern Ladakh, showing balance between dialogue and deterrence.
- Multilateral Cooperation Without Alignment: India cooperates with China in BRICS and SCO, while counterbalancing through Quad and Indo-Pacific strategies. Eg: India joins China-led New Development Bank, yet also conducts Malabar naval exercises with the U.S., Japan, and Australia.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Diplomatic Engagement with Strategic Boundaries: India should continue to strengthen diplomatic channels while ensuring border security through regular high-level talks, establishing confidence-building measures to reduce tensions along the LAC.
- Diversification of Economic Partnerships and Technological Independence: India should further reduce economic dependency on China by promoting indigenous industries and exploring alternative trade routes and partnerships with other countries to balance economic growth with national security concerns.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the news?
After over three years and 13 rounds of meetings, countries that are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) have agreed on steps to help stop, get ready for, and deal with future pandemics.
What are the key provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, and how do they aim to prevent future pandemics?
- Protection of Healthcare Workers: Countries have committed to better protection and support for healthcare workers during pandemics. Eg: Ensuring adequate PPE, mental health support, and fair compensation during crisis response.
- Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS): A system is established to ensure that countries sharing pathogen samples or genome sequences are guaranteed access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines developed from them. Eg: If an African country shares a new virus strain, it will receive vaccines developed using that strain.
- Equitable Distribution Commitments by Pharma Companies: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of pandemic-related products to WHO and provide another 10% at affordable prices. Eg: During a future pandemic, WHO can allocate donated vaccine doses to low-income countries.
- Technology Transfer Under Mutually Agreed Terms: Countries must promote and facilitate vaccine technology and know-how transfer under fair conditions (not just voluntary). Eg: mRNA vaccine technology being transferred to a developing country to scale up local production.
- Promotion of Local Manufacturing Capacity: The treaty encourages countries to build domestic capabilities to manufacture diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Eg: WHO supporting the setup of vaccine production hubs in South America and Africa.
Why did developed and developing countries have differing priorities during the negotiations?
| Key Issue |
Developing Countries’ Perspective |
Developed Countries’ Perspective |
Example |
| Access vs. Control Over Resources |
Sought equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments developed from shared pathogen data. |
Focused on retaining control over innovations and resources. |
India sought vaccine access in return for sharing virus data; EU hesitated on binding terms. |
| Technology Transfer vs. IP Rights |
Demanded mandatory tech transfer to build local manufacturing capacity. |
Preferred voluntary sharing; feared loss of profit and intellectual property rights. |
African nations pushed for mRNA tech; pharma firms resisted to protect patents. |
| Historical Inequities & Trust Deficit |
Skeptical due to past incidents like vaccine hoarding; demanded enforceable commitments. |
Reluctant to agree to binding mechanisms fearing risks to their own supply chains. |
U.S. and EU pre-booked vaccines during COVID-19, delaying access for African countries. |
How does the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system ensure equitable access to vaccines and treatments for developing countries?
- Guaranteed Access to Medical Countermeasures: Countries that share pathogen samples and genome data are guaranteed access to the diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments developed from them. Eg: If Nigeria shares Ebola virus samples, it will receive vaccines or treatments developed from those samples.
- Donation and Affordable Pricing Commitments: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of their production to WHO and offer another 10% at affordable prices to low- and middle-income countries. Eg: During a future pandemic, India or Kenya would receive a share of vaccines even if they can’t pay market rates.
- Legally Binding Mechanism for Fair Distribution: The system is designed to move beyond goodwill by creating structured and fair distribution frameworks, preventing vaccine hoarding. Eg: Unlike COVID-19, where Africa was left behind, the new system mandates early and fair distribution.
What commitments have pharma companies made on vaccine sharing, and how does it address COVID-19 inequities?
- Production-Based Donation Quota: Pharma companies have committed to donate 10% of their total vaccine production to WHO. Eg: If a company like Pfizer produces 1 billion doses during a future pandemic, 100 million doses must be donated for global distribution.
- Affordable Pricing for Developing Countries: Companies will offer an additional 10% of vaccines at affordable prices to ensure access for low- and middle-income countries. Eg: Countries like Bangladesh or Ethiopia could buy vaccines at reduced prices instead of being priced out like during early COVID-19 waves.
- Prevents Vaccine Hoarding by Rich Nations: By ensuring early and guaranteed supply to WHO, this system prevents stockpiling by high-income countries as seen in COVID-19. Eg: Unlike the situation where Europe secured vaccines ahead of Africa, all regions will get equitable shares based on need.
Who facilitates the technology transfer for vaccine production, and under what terms will it occur?
- Facilitated by Countries Under WHO Framework: Technology transfer will be facilitated by countries through the WHO, promoting collaboration and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: India can partner with African nations to help build local vaccine production units using WHO-coordinated support.
- Occurs on Mutually Agreed Terms (Not Voluntary): Technology sharing will happen on “mutually agreed terms”, not just voluntary basis, ensuring fair negotiations between parties. Eg: A pharma firm like Moderna will negotiate terms with countries like Indonesia to share mRNA vaccine tech under WHO oversight.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Global Compliance and Monitoring: Establish an independent WHO-led mechanism to ensure countries and pharma companies adhere to commitments on access, donations, and tech transfer.
- Invest in Regional Manufacturing Hubs: Support the creation of regional facilities for vaccine and diagnostic production in developing countries to reduce dependency and enhance preparedness.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Linkage: The role of the World Health Organization in global health security, which is the very organization that finalized the Pandemic Agreement encompassing the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system. The experiences and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding equitable access to vaccines, heavily influenced the negotiations for this agreement.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the news?
India has a rich history of creativity across fields like art, science, and medicine. To achieve its $5 trillion goal, it must refresh its innovation approach by encouraging creativity everywhere.
What is the creative economy?
The creative economy includes industries driven by creativity, culture, knowledge, and innovation, like art, design, media, software, and research, generating income, jobs, and exports through intellectual and cultural capital.
What is the situation of the Global creative Economy?
- Global Creative Economy (2022): Creative services exports reached $1.4 trillion (29% rise since 2017), goods at $713 billion, together generating over $2 trillion annually and supporting 50 million jobs.
- Key Sectors (UNCTAD 2024): Software services (41.3%), research and development (30.7%), and advertising, market research, and architecture (15.5%) are major contributors to the global creative economy.
- India’s Contribution: In 2019, India’s creative exports totaled $121 billion, with services making up $100 billion. As of 2024, the sector is valued at $30 billion, employs 8% of the workforce, and saw a 20% growth in exports.
|
What factors drive India’s growing creative economy and its $5 trillion ambition?
- Diverse Creative Sectors: India has a rich tradition of creativity across various fields such as arts, design, science, medicine, and technology. This diverse pool of creativity serves as a foundation for innovation. Eg: The design sector, accounting for 87.5% of India’s creative goods exports, showcases India’s global leadership in design innovation.
- Increasing Global Demand for Creative Goods and Services: The global market for creative services has surged, and India’s growing export of creative goods and services is capitalizing on this demand. Eg: In 2022, India’s creative exports grew by 20%, reaching over $11 billion, indicating the sector’s expanding international reach.
- Technological Advancements: Investment in technology and software services is one of the primary contributors to India’s creative economy. As technology integrates into creative fields, it opens up new possibilities for innovation. Eg: Software services make up 41.3% of the global creative economy, positioning India as a leader in IT and creative technological services.
- Grassroots Innovations: India’s grassroots innovations, often solving local challenges, are a significant driver of the creative economy. These innovations have the potential to scale up and contribute to economic growth. Eg: Innovations like the “mitti cool clay refrigerator” and pedal-operated washing machines showcase India’s strength in developing frugal, sustainable innovations that can be scaled.
- Government Initiatives and Investments: The Indian government’s support for creative industries, such as through initiatives like “One District One Innovation,” helps nurture local creativity and turn it into large-scale economic impact. Eg: The government’s focus on intellectual property protection and encouraging local creative ideas through programs like GIAN (Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network) enables broader commercialization of grassroots innovations.
Why is bridging the gap between creativity and innovation essential in India?
- Ideas to Scalable Products: Creativity generates ideas, but innovation turns them into products. Bridging the gap ensures ideas are transformed into commercially viable solutions. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs innovation for mass production.
- Maximizing Economic Impact: Bridging the gap helps scale innovations, creating jobs and boosting economic growth. Eg: The pedal-operated washing machine requires innovation to reach larger markets.
- Enhancing Global Competitiveness: Converting creative ideas into innovative products boosts India’s global market presence. Eg: India’s design sector can thrive by innovating creative concepts into market-ready products.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- One District One Product (ODOP) & One District One Innovation (ODOI): Promotes unique local products and innovations from each district to boost local economies and generate employment. Eg: ODOP has helped districts like Bhadohi in Uttar Pradesh gain recognition for carpet weaving, integrating traditional creativity with global markets.
- Startup India and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): These initiatives foster innovation by supporting startups with funding, mentorship, and infrastructure. Eg: AIM’s Atal Tinkering Labs in schools promote problem-solving and innovation from a young age, nurturing future innovators.
- Support for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Government has simplified patent filing, reduced fees for startups, and launched awareness programs to protect grassroots innovations. Eg: The National IPR Policy 2016 encourages creators, especially in rural India, to safeguard and monetise their innovations.
|
How can grassroots innovations be scaled up for commercial success? (Way forward)
- Improved Manufacturing Processes: To scale grassroots innovations, cost-effective and efficient manufacturing processes must be developed to meet larger market demands. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs affordable mass production techniques to reduce costs and increase accessibility.
- Protection of Intellectual Property: Innovators need intellectual property (IP) protection to prevent replication and ensure fair returns from their ideas. Eg: IP protection for local innovations like the “amphibious bicycle” ensures exclusive market rights and encourages investment.
- Market Research and Consumer Feedback: Conducting market research and incorporating consumer feedback helps tailor grassroots innovations to meet the needs of a broader audience. Eg: The “mitti cool” refrigerator could be adapted to different regional needs based on customer feedback.
- Government Support and Policy Frameworks: Government policies and initiatives can help create an ecosystem for scaling grassroots innovations by providing infrastructure, legal support, and incentives for innovation. Eg: Programs like “One District One Innovation” could support scaling local innovations like sustainable farming tools across regions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.
Linkage: The concept of industrial corridors emphasizes infrastructure development and sector-specific growth. Similarly, developing robust ecosystems and infrastructure for creative industries is a crucial pathway for the growth of India’s creative economy, aligning with the need for support and formalization discussed in the article.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now