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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    World Polio Day: How India managed to eradicate polio?

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    October 24 is recognized as World Polio Day, a commemoration established by Rotary International to honor the birth of Jonas Salk, who spearheaded the development of the first vaccine against polio in the 1950s.

    What key strategies contributed to the successful eradication of polio in India?

    • Comprehensive Vaccination Campaigns: India implemented large-scale vaccination drives starting in 1972, which expanded under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) in 1985.
    • Community Engagement and Awareness: Targeted awareness campaigns were crucial, utilizing local health workers to administer oral polio drops, which made vaccination accessible.
    • Effective Messaging: The slogan “do boond zindagi ki” (two drops of life) resonated well with the public. Utilizing celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan and integrating health messages into popular media further amplified awareness.
    • Robust Surveillance System: A multilayered surveillance mechanism was developed to monitor acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, enabling prompt immunisation of affected populations. This system involved local informers, including community health workers and doctors.
    • Targeted Interventions for High-Risk Areas: By 2009, efforts were concentrated in specific regions, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, where most cases were reported. This targeted approach was critical in reducing transmission rates.
    • Collaboration with International Agencies: The eradication campaign was supported by various international bodies such as WHO, UNICEF, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, ensuring financial and logistical backing.

    How did India address the challenges of vaccine hesitancy among specific communities?

    • Engagement with Community Leaders: To address religious concerns and misinformation, influential figures such as imams and local leaders were involved. Their endorsements played a significant role in countering myths about the vaccine.
    • Targeted Communication Strategies: Awareness efforts were tailored to specific communities, focusing on dispelling myths surrounding the vaccine, such as fears about impotence and cultural taboos against its ingredients.
    • Culturally Sensitive Messaging: Messaging was crafted in local languages and through community-specific narratives, ensuring that it resonated with the cultural context of various groups.

    What lessons can be learned from India’s polio eradication efforts for future public health campaigns?

    • Importance of Community Involvement: Engaging local leaders and community members is vital for building trust and addressing vaccine hesitancy effectively.
    • Flexibility in Implementation: Tailoring vaccination drives to accommodate local cultural practices, work schedules, and geographic challenges can enhance participation rates.
    • Sustained Awareness Efforts: Continuous education and awareness campaigns are essential, especially in the face of evolving misinformation and cultural resistance.
    • Data-Driven Decision Making: The use of robust surveillance systems and data analytics to identify and target high-risk areas can help streamline public health interventions.
    • Collaboration with Multiple Stakeholders: Building partnerships between government agencies, international organizations, and local communities can strengthen public health responses and resource mobilization.

    Conclusion: Need to establish sustainable platforms for continuous dialogue between healthcare providers and community leaders to address health concerns, build trust, and ensure community-specific health initiatives are effectively communicated and implemented.

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Cyclone Dana

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the News?

    West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.

    What are Cyclones?

    • Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
    • Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
    1. Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
    2. Coriolis Force,
    3. Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
    4. Small vertical wind speed differences, and
    5. Upper air divergence.

    Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

    • They form over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
    • Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
    • By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.

    What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?

    • Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
    • As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
    • Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
    • According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.

    How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?

    • The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
    • For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
    • Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
    • While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?

    (a) Sea Surface temperature are low

    (b) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

    (c) Coriolis force is too weak

    (d) Absence of land in those regions

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  • Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

    [pib] PM-YASASVI Scheme

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has implemented the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI).

    About PM-YASASVI Scheme  

    Details
    Launch Year 2021-22
    Purpose To provide financial assistance and educational support to students from Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and De-notified Tribes (DNT).
    Eligibility Criteria • Students from OBC, EBC, and DNT(Denotified Tribes) categories
    • Annual family income up to ₹2.50 lakh
    • Additional criteria may apply based on specific schemes.
    Benefits • Scholarships for pre-matriculation (Class 9-10) and post-matriculation (higher studies)
    • Covers tuition, hostel expenses, and academic costs
    • Hostel facilities for OBC students
    • Promotes educational advancement for marginalized communities.
    Scholarship Amounts • Class 9 and Class 10: ₹75,000 annually
    • Class 11 and Class 12: ₹1,25,000 annually
    Selection Criteria • Based on performance in the YASASVI Entrance Test (YET) conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA)
    Application Process • Applications submitted online through the National Scholarship Portal (scholarships.gov.in)
    Significance Promotes inclusivity and social progress by supporting students from OBC, EBC, and DNT backgrounds in their educational pursuits.

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  • Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

    [pib] Environmental Ship Index (ESI)

    IOCR | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    • Mormugao Port Authority has gained global recognition as an incentive provider on the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) platform.
      • It is the first port in India to implement Green Ship Incentives under the ESI, promoting eco-friendly practices in shipping.
      • The port launched the “Harit Shrey” scheme in October 2023, offering port fee discounts based on ESI ratings of commercial vessels.

    About the Environmental Ship Index (ESI):

    Details
    What is it? A scoring system that measures the environmental performance of ships, specifically their air pollution emissions.
    Establishment Launched in 2011 by the World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP) under the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH).
    Scope ESI evaluates emissions of:
    • Sulfur oxides (SOx)
    • Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
    • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
    • Particulate matter from seagoing vessels.
    Purpose To encourage ships to adopt technologies and practices that minimize emissions, contributing to air quality improvement and climate change mitigation.

    How effective is ESI to reduce emissions, and what metrics are used to evaluate this effectiveness?

    • The ESI provides a framework for incentivizing ships based on their environmental performance, specifically targeting reductions in air emissions such as CO2, SOx, and NOx.  
    • The effectiveness of the ESI is evaluated using specific metrics, including a ship’s ESI score, which is derived from factors such as engine efficiency, fuel quality, and the implementation of emission reduction technologies.
    • The ESI enables ports to analyze the overall impact of green shipping initiatives through aggregated data on participating vessels.

    What are the future developments planned for the ESI?

    • Future plans include expanding metrics to cover additional pollutants and carbon intensity for a more comprehensive environmental assessment.
    • Enhancements in digital reporting for easier tracking of emissions data and performance analytics.
    • Planned updates will aim to support the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2050 decarbonization targets, including zero-emission technology.

    How will they align with global maritime regulations aimed at decarbonization?

    • ESI updates will align with IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI regulations on pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG).
    • ESI’s future adaptations will address carbon intensity targets and promote alternative fuels like ammonia and hydrogen, in line with IMO’s goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
    • The ESI is part of the broader World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP), promoting sustainability in port operations and low-carbon maritime trade.
    • ESI aims to further incentivize the adoption of energy-efficient engines, battery systems, and hybrid propulsion to support long-term emission reduction.

    PYQ:

    [2015] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements:

    1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.
    2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Betelgeuse, one of the Brightest Stars predicted to Explode

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

    Why in the News?

    Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

    About Betelgeuse

    • Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
    • It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
    • The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
    • Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
    • Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
      • A short-term cycle of about one year.
      • A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
    • Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.

    Indicators and Scientific Evidence

    • Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
    • Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
    • Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
    • Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
    • An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.

    Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System

    • Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
    • At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
    • Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
    • The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
    • The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.

    PYQ:

    [2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:

    (a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

    (b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

    (c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

    (d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    [pib] 200 Years of Kittur Vijayotsava

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Why in the News?

    A commemorative postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage within the Kittur Fort premises to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava.

    About Kittur Rani Chennamma

    • Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now Karnataka).
    • She was trained in horse riding, sword fighting, and archery from an early age.
    • She married Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a small principality in Karnataka.
    • The Kittur Uprising (1824):
      • The British East India Company refused to recognize her adopted son, Shivalingappa, as the rightful successor under the Doctrine of Lapse.
      • She declared war on the British in response to their annexation attempt.
      • In October 1824, she led the Kittur army against 20,000 British soldiers stationed near the Kittur Fort.
      • During the battle, British official John Thackery was killed, and the Company forces faced significant losses.
      • After initial resistance, British forces returned in December 1824 with a larger army.
      • Despite her courageous efforts, Rani Chennamma was captured along with her forces and imprisoned.
      • She was held captive in Bailhongal Fort, where she spent her remaining years. She died in captivity in 1829.

    Legacy and Significance

    • Rani Chennamma is celebrated as one of the first women in Indian history to lead an anti-colonial uprising.
    • She is revered as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and resistance against colonial oppression.
    • She is honored in Kannada folklore, particularly through lavani (folk songs) that celebrate her bravery and sacrifice.
    • Statues have been erected across Karnataka, including a prominent one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House.

    Doctrine of Lapse

    • Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine aimed at expanding British territories in India.
    • The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
    • Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
    • The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
    • Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
    • Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
    • The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.

    [2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?

    1. To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
    2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
    3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Madarsa Education Act: SC reserves order on appeals against Allahabad HC’s ‘Unconstitutional’ verdict

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court reserved its decision on appeals challenging the Allahabad HC’s verdict, which declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 as ‘Unconstitutional’.

    What is the UP Madarsa Education Act of 2004?

    • The UP Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004, was enacted to establish a regulatory framework for madrasas in the state.
    • Aim: To ensure the delivery of quality education in these institutions while aligning them with constitutional principles.
    • Key Provisions: The Act set up the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, responsible for prescribing curricula, conducting examinations, and certifying students in registered madrasas.
    • State Involvement: It allowed the government to provide grants, regulate the functioning of madrasas, and inspect their adherence to standards, ensuring uniformity and compliance with educational norms.

    On what grounds did the Allahabad HC declare the Madarsa Act as ‘Unconstitutional’?

    • Violation of Secularism: The Allahabad High Court ruled that the Act violated the principle of secularism, which is a fundamental aspect of the Indian Constitution.
      • The court held that the state’s direct involvement in the administration and funding of religious institutions like madrasas contradicted the secular character enshrined in the Constitution.
    • Equality Before Law: The Act was also found to contravene Article 14, which ensures equality before the law.
      • The court noted that providing special educational arrangements for madrasas amounted to favoring a particular religious community, which was deemed discriminatory against others.

    What are the key arguments on the Constitutionality of the Madarsa Education Act before the SC?

    • For the Act’s Constitutionality:
      • Promoting Educational Rights: Petitioners argued that the Act was intended to improve the quality of education in madrasas by incorporating modern subjects, thereby fulfilling the state’s obligation under Article 21A (Right to Education).
      • Minority Rights Protection: They contended that the Act safeguarded the rights of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice under Article 30.
    • Against the Act’s Constitutionality:
      • State Involvement in Religious Education: Critics argued that the state’s involvement in regulating and funding madrasas blurred the line between state and religion, thus it leads to violating the secular framework.
      • Discriminatory Approach: It was contended that the Act granted privileges to one community’s educational institutions, potentially discriminating against others.
      • Alternative Educational Models: The state’s direct regulation of madrasas was seen as unnecessary when secular education could be provided through other existing educational frameworks.

    What are the wider Implications of the SC’s decision on the Madarsa Education Act?

    • Impact on Minority Educational Rights: If the Supreme Court upholds the Act, it may strengthen the right of minorities to receive state support for their educational institutions.
      • Conversely, striking down the Act could set a precedent for limiting state involvement in religious institutions.
    • Revisiting the Secularism Principle: The ruling could lead to a reassessment of how secularism is interpreted, particularly concerning state interactions with minority educational institutions.
    • Implications for Other Religious Schools: The judgment could have broader ramifications for other religious institutions that receive government aid or regulation, potentially prompting similar legal challenges.
    • Integration of Madrasas into Mainstream Education: If the Act is declared unconstitutional, the state may need to find alternative ways to integrate madrasa students into the formal educational system without compromising on their cultural and religious needs.

    What reforms are necessary to modernize madrasa education and address public perceptions?

    • Curriculum Integration: Need to introduce a balanced curriculum that combines religious studies with modern subjects like science, mathematics, and social studies to make madrasa education more holistic and aligned with mainstream education standards.
    • Teacher Training and Certification: Ensure that madrasa teachers receive proper training in contemporary pedagogy and modern subjects.
    • Infrastructure Development: Improve madrasa facilities to provide a conducive learning environment. This includes better classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and access to technology for digital learning.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework to regularly assess and monitor the quality of education in madrasas.
    • Vocational and Skill-Based Training: Incorporate vocational courses and skill development programs to equip students with practical skills that can improve their employability.
    • Awareness Programs: Need to run awareness campaigns to inform the community about the value of modernizing madrasa education.

    Way forward: 

    • Reform the Act to Align with Secular Principles: Amend the Act to focus on educational standards without direct state involvement in religious affairs, ensuring compliance with constitutional values of secularism and equality.
    • Promote Inclusive Educational Models: Integrate madrasa education into the mainstream system by introducing modern subjects while respecting cultural and religious contexts, allowing students to benefit from both secular and religious education.

    Back2Basics: Minority Educational Institutions in India:

    Details
    Constitutional Provision Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India grants linguistic and religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    Legislative Framework National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 safeguards the educational rights of minorities as per Article 30(1).
    Definition A “Minority Educational Institution” is defined as a college or institution established or maintained by a person or group from amongst the minorities (Section 2(g) of the Act).
    Judicial Precedent In T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that minority status is determined by state demographics, not national population.
    Rights of Minority Institutions Article 29 protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture.

    • Minority institutions do not have an absolute right to appoint staff;
    • This was upheld in the context of the West Bengal Madrasah Service Commission Act, 2008.
    Recognized Minority Communities Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) are recognized as minority communities under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992.
    Significance Minority educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of minority communities while providing access to education.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q National Education Policy 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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  • Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

    Biodiversity COP16

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    For the upcoming Annual Climate Change meeting set to take place in Baku (Azerbaijan), on November 11, countries are currently gathered in Cali, Colombia, for the biennial UN Biodiversity Conference.

    What is the significance of COP16 in the context of Global biodiversity?

    • Post-Kunming-Montreal Framework Implementation: COP16 is the first meeting after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in 2022, which set ambitious targets for biodiversity conservation, including the 30 x 30 initiative (conserving 30% of lands and oceans by 2030).
    • Elevated Focus on Biodiversity: The conference seeks to bring biodiversity discussions to the forefront, similar to climate change negotiations, acknowledging the interconnectedness of biodiversity and climate crises.
    • Strengthening Global Commitments: COP16 aims to accelerate actions to halt biodiversity loss and set the stage for tracking the implementation of the GBF’s goals and targets, emphasizing the urgency of reversing ecosystem degradation.

    Key Agendas for COP16:

    • 30 x 30 Targets: A key focus will be expediting progress on the 30 x 30 goals, ensuring protected areas cover at least 30% of lands and oceans, and initiating restoration in at least 30% of degraded ecosystems.
    • National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs): Countries will discuss and submit their NBSAPs, outlining time-bound actions to achieve GBF targets. Only 32 out of 196 countries have submitted NBSAPs so far.
    • Access and Benefit Sharing (Nagoya Protocol): Negotiations will continue on sharing the benefits from genetic resources, particularly the use of digital genetic information, ensuring fair distribution of profits, especially to indigenous communities.
    • High Seas Treaty Alignment: Discussions will focus on the agreement for the conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions, including establishing protected marine areas and equitable sharing of resources.
    • Financing Biodiversity Conservation: Mobilizing $200 billion per year by 2030, including $20-30 billion annually from developed to developing countries, will be a key topic.

    How will countries align their NBSAPs with the Global Biodiversity Framework?

    • Time-Bound Action Plans: NBSAPs will mirror the approach of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, setting national goals aligned with the GBF’s targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
    • Monitoring and Reporting: Countries will have to ensure that their NBSAPs reflect the GBF’s goals and include mechanisms for tracking progress, adapting strategies, and reporting regularly to the CBD Secretariat.
    • Integrating Regional Priorities: The NBSAPs will need to account for country-specific biodiversity challenges and regional ecological characteristics while aligning with the global targets set under the Kunming-Montreal Framework.

    What role do various stakeholders play in achieving the objectives set out at COP16?

    • National Governments: Responsible for formulating and implementing NBSAPs, mobilizing financial resources, and creating policies that align with the GBF’s goals.
    • Indigenous and Local Communities: Vital for implementing conservation initiatives, especially in biodiversity-rich areas, and ensuring the fair sharing of benefits derived from traditional knowledge and resources.
    • Private Sector and Corporations: Expected to contribute to financing biodiversity conservation, adopt sustainable practices, and support the development of biodiversity credits and conservation-related projects.
    • International Organizations and NGOs: Will play a role in monitoring progress, providing technical assistance, advocating for biodiversity-friendly policies, and raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity conservation.
    • Scientific and Academic Institutions: Crucial for research, data collection, and providing evidence-based recommendations to guide biodiversity conservation strategies and the sustainable use of natural resources.

    Way forward: India needs to enhance it’s regulatory frameworks and establish robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of biodiversity conservation goals, including the 30 x 30 targets, and prevent the exploitation of ecosystems.

    Previous Years Question:

    Q). Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

     

    Q). Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC CSE 2021)

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  • Liquor Policy of States

    SC upholds State legislatures’ right to regulate Industrial Alcohol as an ‘Intoxicant’

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Seperation Of Power

    Why in the News?

    A nine-judge Constitution Bench, with an 8:1 majority, affirmed the authority of State legislatures to regulate industrial alcohol.

    What is the definition of “intoxicating liquor” with industrial alcohol?

    • The SC’s ruling established that the term “intoxicating liquor” in Entry 8 of the State List should be interpreted broadly to include not only potable alcohol but also industrial alcohol, such as rectified spirit, extra neutral alcohol (ENA), and denatured spirit.
      • This definition extends beyond the popular meaning of “intoxicating liquor” as alcoholic beverages meant for consumption.
    • Public Health Consideration: The ruling emphasized that alcohol, in any form, is a noxious substance prone to misuse. Hence, industrial alcohol, which can potentially be diverted for the production of illicit or harmful alcoholic beverages, falls under the regulatory domain of the States to protect public health and safety.
    • Legal Precedent: The Court cited previous decisions where the interpretation of “intoxicating liquor” was not confined to just alcoholic beverages but also included forms of alcohol that could be detrimental to health if used improperly.

    How does this ruling impact the balance of power between state and central governments?

    • Strengthening State Autonomy: The ruling affirms that States have the legislative competence to regulate industrial alcohol according to Entry 8 of the State List.
      • By upholding the States’ right to regulate industrial alcohol, the judgment reinforces federalism and the autonomy of State legislatures in matters that fall within the ambit of their constitutional authority.
      • This challenges the Centre’s claim to exclusive control over industrial alcohol under Entry 52 of the Union List, which pertains to industries regulated by the Union for public interest.
    • Restriction on Centre’s Authority: The judgment limits the Union government’s power and clarifies that Parliament’s control over industries under Entry 52 is limited and does not extend to regulating industrial alcohol in its entirety.

    How does it impact the state revenues and public health?

    • State Revenues: The ruling potentially enhances States’ power to levy taxes and fees related to the production, manufacture, and sale of industrial alcohol. This could result in increased revenue generation from excise duties on alcohol-based products and licensing fees.
    • Public Health Regulation: Having greater regulatory control over the production and distribution of industrial alcohol will help the states curb the misuse of substances like rectified spirit and ENA in the production of illicit liquor. This can improve public health outcomes by reducing instances of alcohol poisoning and illicit liquor-related deaths.
    • Policy Formulation: The judgment may prompt States to strengthen policies and enforcement mechanisms regarding alcohol regulation, ensuring that industrial alcohol is not diverted for unauthorized uses.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Regulatory Framework: States should enhance monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to prevent the diversion of industrial alcohol for illicit uses, ensuring strict compliance with safety standards and public health protections.
    • Collaborative Policy Development: The Centre and States should work together to harmonize regulations, balancing State autonomy with national interests, while focusing on safeguarding public health and optimizing revenue generation from alcohol-related activities.

    Previous Year Question:

    Q) It is a State where prohibition is in force. You are recently appointed as the Superintendent of Police of a district notorious for illicit distillation of liquor. The illicit liquor leads to many deaths, reported and unreported, and causes a major problem for the district authorities. The approach till now had been to view it as a law and order problem and tackle it accordingly. Raids, arrests, police cases, and criminal trials – all these had only limited impact. The problem remains as serious as ever. Your inspections show that the parts of the district where the distillation flourishes are economically, industrially, and educationally backward. Agriculture is badly affected by poor irrigation facilities. Frequent clashes among communities gave a boost to illicit distillation. No major initiatives had taken place in the past either from the government’s side or from social organizations to improve the lot of the people. Which new approach will you adopt to bring the problem under control? (UPSC CSE 2018)

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  • Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

    National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has overturned the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) order that approved a deal between an edtech firm and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to settle an overdue payment.

    Three-Judge Bench Observations in Byju’s Case

    • The Supreme Court’s bench, led by CJI, noted that there were procedural lapses in the settlement process between Byju’s and the BCCI.
    • The settlement occurred without the approval of the Insolvency Resolution Professional (IRP), who was responsible for overseeing Byju’s affairs following his appointment by the NCLT.
    • The bench ruled that the NCLAT’s approval of the settlement, issued in August 2024, was invalid due to the lack of necessary approvals from the IRP.

    About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT):

    Details
    Establishment Established on 1 June 2016 under the Companies Act, 2013.
    Purpose Serves as an appellate authority to hear appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
    Jurisdiction Hears appeals related to:
    – Decisions made by NCLT
    – Orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
    – Orders from the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
    Appeals to Supreme Court Decisions of NCLAT can be appealed to the Supreme Court of India.
    Composition Comprises a Chairperson and other members appointed by the central government, with the Chairperson typically being a retired judge of the Supreme Court or High Court.
    Functions Reviews and adjudicates matters related to company law and insolvency, ensuring justice against NCLT orders.
    Location Headquartered in New Delhi.
    Significance Plays a critical role in corporate governance, maintaining transparency and accountability in the corporate sector.
    Relationship with NCLT NCLT acts as the adjudicating authority, while NCLAT provides a platform for appeals, ensuring a checks-and-balances system.
    Integration with IBC Supports the objectives of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, streamlining insolvency resolution processes.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.

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