💥UPSC 2026, 2027, 2028 UAP Mentorship (March Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Archives: News

  • RBI Notifications

    RBI’s Proposed Framework to Administer Project Financing | Explained

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    The RBI has issued draft regulations for a Harmonized Prudential Framework and revised DCCO criteria, to enhance the Regulatory Framework for long-term (infrastructure, non-infrastructure, and commercial real estate sectors) project financing.

    • RBI’s purpose behind this is to regulate and supervise payment and settlement systems in the country, ensuring safe, secure, and efficient mechanisms for financial transactions.

    What is the Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations (DCCO)?

    The DCCO is a critical milestone for project loans, indicating the start of revenue-generating activities for the project.

    Banks maintain the DCCO for project loans for several key reasons:

    • Asset classification: The DCCO is crucial for determining the asset classification of a project loan. If the project fails to commence commercial operations by the stipulated DCCO, the loan may be classified as a Non-performing asset (NPA).
    • Restructuring: The DCCO is used as a reference point for allowing the restructuring of project loans without treating it as an NPA. RBI guidelines permit banks to extend the DCCO by up to 1 year for commercial real estate projects and up to 2 years for infrastructure projects, without downgrading the asset classification, provided certain conditions are met.
    • Viability assessment: When extending the DCCO, banks must satisfy themselves about the viability of the project and the restructuring plan.
    • Provisioning: If a loan remains in the pre-commencement of the commercial operations phase for an extended period, banks may need to make higher provisions, considering the risk involved.
    • Monitoring and control: Maintaining a clear DCCO allows banks to monitor the project’s progress and take timely action if there are delays or cost overruns. This helps in managing the bank’s exposure and mitigating risks.

    Key Highlights of the Proposed New Framework:

    • Income Recognition and Asset Classification: The draft framework outlines guidelines for Income Recognition, Asset Classification, and Provisioning of Advances for Projects Under Implementation (IRACP-PUIMP).
      • It emphasizes the importance of monitoring stress in projects and initiating resolution plans proactively.
      • Increase in general provisioning at the construction stage from 0.4% to 5% on all existing and fresh exposures, phased over three years (2% for FY25, 3.5% for FY26, and 5% for FY27).
    • Restructuring Norms: The RBI has prescribed norms for restructuring exposure in projects due to changes in the DCCO.
      • Lenders are required to have a board-approved policy for resolving stress in projects, triggered by a credit event during the construction phase.
      • Provisioning can be reduced to 2.5% and 1% at the operational phase if certain conditions are met.
    • Consortium Arrangements: In projects financed under consortium arrangements, specific exposure limits have been set based on the aggregate exposure of lenders.
      • Individual lenders must maintain a Minimum Exposure Percentage to ensure a balanced risk-sharing mechanism.
    • Financial Closure and Repayment Structure: The framework mandates that financial closure must be achieved before the disbursement of funds.
      • It discourages moratoriums on repayments beyond the DCCO period and sets guidelines for the repayment tenor not exceeding 85% of the economic life of the project.
      • Projects must demonstrate a positive net operating cash flow to cover all repayment obligations and a reduction in total long-term debt by at least 20%.
    • Net Present Value (NPV) Requirement: A positive NPV is a prerequisite for any project financed by lenders. The RBI stresses the importance of reevaluating the project NPV annually to ensure financial viability and address credit impairment risks.
      • Guidelines for a standby credit facility to fund cost overruns due to delays, with incremental funding of 10% of the original project cost.

    ICRA Observations:

    ICRA set up in 1991 is an independent and professional investment Information and Credit Rating Agency. It observed the proposed new framework could have the following implications:

    • Profitability Impact: Higher provisioning requirements for projects under implementation could impact the profitability of Non-banking Financial Companies and Infrastructure Financing Companies. The impact will be spread over 3 years.
    • Funding Costs: Estimated increase in funding costs by 20-40 basis points as lenders build additional risk premiums.
      • Major banks like SBI, Union Bank of India, and Bank of Baroda do not foresee significant impacts, although the pricing of loans may need adjustments.

    Way Forward:

    • Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance: Implement robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new regulations. Regularly review and update the prudential framework to adapt to evolving market conditions.
    • Capacity Building: Train bank staff and stakeholders on the new regulatory requirements and best practices for project financing.

    Prelims PYQ: 

    Q The Reserve Bank of India regulates the commercial banks in matters of:  (UPSC CSE 2013)

    1. liquidity of assets
    2. branch expansion
    3. merger of banks
    4. winding-up of banks

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    (a) 1 and 4 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 1, 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

    [pib] 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP)  

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News? 

    The 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) is set to be held in Kochi, Kerala.

    26th CEP Agenda

    • Review of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol).
    • Evaluation of the effectiveness of existing Environmental Protection Measures.
    • Identification of areas for potential enhancement or amendment to strengthen environmental conservation efforts.

    What is the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP?

      • It was formed as part of the Environmental Protocol (Madrid Protocol, 1991) to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into force in 1998.
      • Aim: To advice and formulate recommendations on environmental protection measures in the Antarctic region.
      • Composition: It consists of representatives from the consultative parties to the Antarctic Treaty, which includes countries active in Antarctic research and governance.

    • Functions:

    • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The CEP oversees the EIA process for activities conducted in the Antarctic region to ensure they minimize environmental impacts.
    • Site Inspections: It conducts inspections of Antarctic facilities and activities to verify compliance with environmental regulations.
    • Scientific Research: The CEP promotes scientific research on Antarctic ecosystems and advises on measures to conserve biodiversity.
    • Waste Management: It develops guidelines for waste management and pollution prevention in the Antarctic, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment.
    • Policy Formulation: The CEP formulates policies and guidelines related to environmental protection in the Antarctic Treaty.

    Back2Basics:  Madrid Protocol, 1991

    • The Madrid Protocol refers to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
    • It is an international agreement that was adopted in 1991 and entered into force in 1998.
    • Key aspects of the Madrid Protocol include:
    1. Environmental Principles: The Protocol outlines principles for the protection of the Antarctic environment, including the conservation of living resources, the prevention of pollution, and the protection of wilderness and scientific values.
    2. Designation of Protected Areas: It designates certain areas of Antarctica as specially protected areas (SPAs) and sites of special scientific interest (SSSI), where specific environmental protection measures apply to safeguard their ecological, scientific, and aesthetic values.
    3. Waste Management: It establishes guidelines and regulations for waste management and pollution prevention in Antarctica, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment and prevent pollution of the Antarctic ecosystem.
    4. Prohibition of Mineral Resource Activities: The Protocol prohibits all mineral resource activities, including exploration and exploitation, in Antarctica. This provision aims to preserve the pristine and fragile nature of the Antarctic environment and prevent the potential environmental damage associated with mineral extraction.
    5. Consultative Mechanisms: The Protocol establishes mechanisms for consultation and cooperation. This includes the CEP, which provides advice and recommendations on environmental matters to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM).

     

    PYQs:

    [2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain.

    [2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?

    (a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.

    (b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.

    (c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

    (d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Naegleria fowleri: the Brain-eating Amoeba

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news?

    • A five-year-old girl in Kozhikode, Kerala has succumbed to primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri.
      • India has recorded 20 reported cases of PAM, with the recent case marking the seventh infection in Kerala.

    What is Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?

    • PAM is a rare brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil worldwide.
      • An amoeba is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
      • Higher temperatures of up to 115°F (46°C) are conducive to its growth and it can survive for short periods in warm environments.
    • The amoeba enters the body through the nose, typically during activities like swimming, and travels to the brain, causing severe damage.
    • PAM is also non-communicable.
    • Symptoms: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.
      • According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with PAM die within 1 to 18 days after symptoms begin. It usually leads to coma and death after 5 days.

    Treatment Challenges

    • Currently, there are no established effective treatments for PAM.
    • Medical interventions typically involve a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Antarctic Parliament meets in Kochi: What’s on the table?

    IOCR | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    • India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), also known as the Antarctic Parliament, from May 20-30 in Kochi.
      • The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has organised the meeting, which will be attended by the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.

    What is the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM)?

    • ATCM is the primary forum for discussing and coordinating activities related to the Antarctic Treaty System.
    • It was established under the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 and entered into force in 1961.
      • It serves as the annual meeting of the parties to the Antarctic Treaty, known as Consultative Parties.
      • The ATCM adopts legally binding agreements, known as Antarctic Treaty Measures (ATMs), as well as non-binding recommendations on various matters.
      • Decisions within the ATCM are made by consensus among the Consultative Parties.
    • The ATCM established the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) as a subsidiary body to provide advice and recommendations on environmental matters.
    • India had last hosted the ATCM in New Delhi in 2007.

    India’s Agenda at ATCM 46

    • During the Kochi meet, India will table its plan to construct Maitri II before the members.
    • Any new construction or initiative in Antarctica requires the ATCM’s approval.

    About Antarctic Treaty

    Details
    Signing and Entry into Force
    • Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
    • Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
    • 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
    Objective Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord.
    Key Provisions
    • Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
    • Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
    • Art. III:  Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
    Territorial Claims
    • Prohibits new territorial claims.
    • Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
    Disarmament
    • Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
    • Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
    Consultative Meetings
    • Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS), established in 2004, serves as the administrative hub for the Antarctic Treaty System.
    • Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation.
    Environmental Protection
    • Promotes protection of the Antarctic environment.
    • Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
    Mineral Resource Exploitation
    • Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
    • Requires consensus for any review or modification
    Membership
    • 54 parties as of 2024.
    • 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
    • 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
    • India ratified the treaty in 1983.
    Madrid Protocol
    • Adopted in 1991.
    • Entered into force in 1998.
    • Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.

    India in Antarctica

    1. Governance:

    • Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty.
    • Of the 56 nations that are part of the Antarctic Treaty, 29 have consultative party status.
    • In this capacity, India votes and participates in all key decision-making processes regarding Antarctica.
    • India has undertaken scientific research in Antarctica since 1981.

    2. Scientific Expeditions:

    • The first Indian Antarctica research station, Dakshin Gangotri, was set up in 1983, some 2,500 km from the South Pole in Queen Maud Land. The station operated till 1990.
    • In 1989, India set up its second Antarctica research station, Maitri, in the Schirmacher Oasis, a 3-km wide ice-free plateau with over 100 freshwater lakes.
    • It is still operational and located about 5 km from Russia’s Novolazarevskaya Station, and 90 km from Dakshin Gangotri.
    • In 2012, India inaugurated Bharati, its third Antarctica research station, located around 3,000 km east of Maitri, on the Prydz Bay coast.
    • Although the station focuses on oceanographic and geologic study, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) utilises it for receiving Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS) data.
    • India plans to open a new station, Maitri II, a few kilometres from the ageing Maitri station. Operations are set to begin by 2029.
    • In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty.

    About the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)

    • NCPOR is an Indian research and development institution, situated in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
    • It is an autonomous institution of the Department of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, established in 1998.
    • It is responsible for scientific and strategic endeavors in the Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic), the Himalayas, and the Southern Ocean.

    PYQ:

    [2015] The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news is the name of

    (a) An indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence.

    (b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim.

    (c) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region.

    (d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    X chromosome revival in older Women increases Autoimmune Disease risk

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    The X chromosome influences biological functions and disease susceptibilities, affecting genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and Alzheimer’s, with research offering potential new treatments and therapies.

    Back2Basics: Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
    • These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
    • Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
    • Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.

    Types of Chromosomes:

    1. Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
    2. Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).

    Functions of Chromosomes

    • Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
    • Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
    • Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.

    Genetic Landscape of the X chromosome:

    • The human X chromosome encodes around 800 genes, producing proteins.
    • Loss of function in these genes can lead to various genetic diseases.
    • Diseases influenced by the X chromosome fall into three categories:
    1. X-linked genetic diseases
    2. Diseases influenced by XCI (X chromosome inactivation) escape
    3. Diseases linked to X-chromosome aneuploidy

    What is the X chromosome?

    • It is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans, the other being the Y chromosome.
    • Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
    • Significance:
      • Encodes around 800 genes that are crucial for various biological processes.
      • Plays a significant role in determining sex and influencing many physiological functions.
      • Loss of function or mutations in X chromosome genes can lead to several genetic disorders.

    What are Autoimmune Diseases?

    • Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues.
    • Normally, the immune system defends against infections by targeting harmful pathogens.
    • Common Autoimmune Diseases:
      • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic inflammation affecting various body parts.
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues.
      • Sjogren’s Syndrome: Affects glands that produce moisture, leading to dry mouth and eyes.

    How does the X chromosome cause Autoimmune Diseases?

    • X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI):
      • In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development to balance gene expression between males and females.
      • This process is crucial to prevent overexpression of X-linked genes.
    • XCI Escape:
      • Not all genes on the inactive X chromosome are completely silenced.
      • Up to a fourth of these genes may escape inactivation and continue to be expressed.
    • Link to Autoimmune Diseases:
      • Skewed XCI: Uneven inactivation of X chromosomes may lead to an imbalance in gene expression, contributing to autoimmune disorders.
      • Incomplete XCI: Reactivation of genes that should be silenced can result in abnormal immune responses.

    Studies, such as one published in Science Advances (May 3, 2023), have shown that reactivation of X-linked genes in immune cells can lead to lupus-like symptoms in mice.

    Linkage between X chromosome and Alzheimer’s disease

    • Sex Bias in Alzheimer’s:
      • Women are almost twice as likely as men to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
    • Role of X-Linked Genes:
      • Researchers have identified a gene called ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) on the X chromosome.
      • USP11 Gene: Involved in protein modification processes and thought to influence the accumulation of tau proteins in the brain.
      • XCI Escape: USP11 may escape XCI in females, leading to higher expression levels and contributing to Alzheimer’s pathology.
      • A study from Case Western Reserve University (Cell, October 2022) highlighted this mechanism, suggesting it as a target for new treatments.

    PYQ:

    [2011] At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?

    1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
    2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
    3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    India-China consumption comparison

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the news?

    In 2023, India became the world’s most populous country, contrasting China’s declining birth rate. This prompts a comparison of their consumption patterns and geopolitical implications.

    Consumer size of India and China 

    Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE):

    • India’s PFCE as a percentage of GDP is significantly higher than China’s, with India spending over 58% of its GDP on consumption compared to China’s 38%.
    • Final consumption, including government expenditure, constitutes 68% of India’s GDP and 53% of China’s GDP.
    • Despite China’s larger economy, its PFCE is only about 3.5 times that of India’s, indicating a higher contribution of consumption to India’s GDP.

    Expenditure by Categories:

    • India’s consumption expenditure is characterized by higher spending on food, clothing, footwear, and transport, typical of a developing market.
    • In contrast, China’s consumption basket represents a relatively developed market, with higher spending on housing, white goods, recreation, education, and healthcare.
    • India spends approximately half of what China spends on food, transport, and clothing and footwear, despite being a fifth of China’s economy.
    • Real growth rates of individual consumption categories in India often outperform nominal growth rates observed in China.

    Conclusion: India’s higher PFCE as a percentage of GDP reflects a greater reliance on consumption-driven growth compared to China.The composition of consumption expenditure in India and China highlights differences in market maturity and consumer behavior.Despite China’s larger economy, India’s consumption expenditure is relatively significant, indicating the potential for continued growth and economic development.

    Mains PYQ

    Q The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Radical Democracy: why is it still relevant today?

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the News?

    The ongoing socio-political and economic crises highlight the need for societal reorganization.

    • Manabendra Nath Roy and colleagues proposed a theory reconciling Freedom with justice, countering the failures of Liberal democracy and modern dictatorship.
    • They highlighted crises on the following grounds:
      • 19th Century Liberal Democracy and Capitalist Exploitation.
      • Degeneration of Communism and Rise of Fascism.
      • World Wars and Global Conflict.

    What is Radical Democracy?

    • Radical democracy is a form of democracy that advocates for an extensive expansion of equality and liberty. It views democracy as an ongoing, inclusive, and reflexive process.
    • Radical democracy differs from traditional democracy’s approach to equality, liberty, and the democratic process.
    • Traditional democracy typically focuses on established structures and procedures, aiming for consensus and stability.

    The key principles of radical democracy in India (by M. N. Roy):

    • Decentralized Democracy: Radical democracy advocates for a highly decentralized democracy based on a network of people’s committees, enabling citizens to exercise democratic control over the state.
    • Economic Reorganization: It emphasizes the progressive satisfaction of material needs as a prerequisite for individuals to unfold their intellectual potential, with economic liberation being essential for advancing toward freedom.
    • Collective Efforts for Freedom: It envisions a world of freedom achieved through the collective efforts of intellectually free individuals who act as guides and friends of the people, promoting rational and ethical political practices.
    • Social Renaissance: Radical democracies stressed the importance of educating people on freedom and rational cooperative living to achieve social revolution, requiring an increasing number of individuals committed to freedom, reason, and social harmony.
    • Party-less Democracy Critique: Roy’s advocacy for party-less democracy is critiqued for potentially contradicting the fundamental democratic freedom of association, as political parties play a crucial role in democratic processes.

    Significance of Radical Approach towards Elections:

    • Empowerment of Citizens: Radical democracy emphasizes empowering citizens beyond mere voting, focusing on raising individuals’ dignity and enabling active participation in decision-making processes.
    • Critique of Traditional Democracy: Challenges the limitations of traditional liberal democracy, highlighting how parliamentary systems can lead to demagoguery and a loss of civil liberties, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals.
    • Decentralization and Local Participation: Advocates for decentralization of legislative power to local councils, promoting direct participation and accountability at the grassroots level, ensuring a more inclusive and responsive democratic process.
    • Protection Against Authoritarianism: Seeks to safeguard against authoritarianism and dictatorship by dispersing power and preventing monopolization by political parties or their leaders, fostering a more pluralistic and accountable political landscape.
    • Enhanced Democratic Culture: Promotes a vibrant democratic culture that goes beyond institutional arrangements, emphasizing citizen empowerment through critical thinking, and participatory politics, and cultivating a public ethos that values democratic principles and practices.

    How does a Radical Democracy provide a Humanist Economy?

    • Roy criticizes Capitalist and Nationalized economies for their centralization and failure to prioritize human needs.
      • He advocates for the modernization of agriculture through better irrigation, fertility improvement, and infrastructure development, emphasizing the cooperative organization of rural economies.
      • Economic policies should focus on social security, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and improving health, housing, and education.
    • Roy argues for a balanced approach to industrialization that addresses immediate needs and promotes social and economic justice, warning against rapid industrialization that benefits only a small fraction of the population.

    Significance of Radical Democracy:

    • Achieve true freedom and social justice: Radical democracy, according to Roy, is essential for achieving true freedom and social justice. Democracy should be viewed as a product of civilization, possible only in advanced societies where individual freedom is recognized as interconnected with the freedom of others.
    • Prevent totalitarianism:  Roy emphasizes that economic deprivation and social oppression pave the way for totalitarianism. To prevent this, democracy must be grounded in individual creativity, rationality, and collective efforts to transform society.
    • Humanism and moral radicalism: He advocates for a philosophy rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, asserting that humans are the creators of their world and emphasizing the need for a rational and scientific approach to societal development.

    Conclusion: Radical democracy, rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, is crucial for true freedom and social justice, requiring a rational, creative, and collective effort to transform society and prevent totalitarianism.

    Manabendra Nath Roy, better known as M. N. Roy, was a prominent 20th-century Indian revolutionary, philosopher, radical activist, and political theorist. He played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. Roy’s political career was marked by his involvement in various revolutionary activities, his advocacy for radical humanism, and his contributions to Marxist philosophy.

     

     

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (UPSC IAS/2014)

    Prelims PYQs

    Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?

    a)     Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C . George

    b)     Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Day al Upadhyay and M.N. Roy

    c)       C .P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu

    d)     Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    MSMEs have not been defined well — and micro enterprises pay the price for this

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    A parliamentary panel suggested separating micro-enterprises from the broader MSME category and recommended revising definitions every five years.

    • A government order for timely MSME payments has exposed knowledge gaps and unintentionally marginalized smaller enterprises, highlighting issues in understanding their structure and operations.

    Present Status:

    • According to the National Sample Survey Organisations (NSSO) Unorganised Enterprise Survey 2016, 95% of the enterprises surveyed reported revenues under Rs 50 lakh per annum. Of them, 89% reported an annual revenue of under Rs 12 lakh.
    • In the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), more than 66% of the enterprises reported an annual revenue of less than Rs 50 lakh, and of them, 45% reported annual revenues of Rs 12 lakh.

    What are the Categories of Micro-Enterprises?

    • Category 1 – Micro: More than 98% of the MSMEs are within this category, with reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh and less.
    • Category 2 – Small: The MSMEs that are reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh to Rs 5 crore.

    Present Ambiguity and structural Gap in defining MSMEs

    • Lack of Clarity and Consistency in defination: In India, the MSMED Act of 2006 categorized MSMEs based on investment in plants and machinery, which led to industries keeping their plants small to maintain MSME advantages.
      • However, the MSMED Amendment Bill, 2018 proposed defining MSMEs solely based on yearly turnover, which has been criticized for under-reporting of qualifying enterprises.
    • Quantitative vs. Qualitative Approaches: There are two main techniques for defining MSMEs: quantitative and qualitative, with MSMEs typically defined using a quantitative approach. Quantitative criteria like number of employees, total assets, and yearly revenue have limitations as they vary by industry and sector.
    • Impact on Micro Enterprises: The ambiguity in defining MSMEs negatively impacts micro-enterprises, leading to issues like delayed payments and limited access to benefits and support schemes.
      • Moreover, the unregistered micro-enterprises have been worse hit by the COVID-19 pandemic than small and medium enterprises, with micro-enterprises accounting for more than two-thirds of all MSMEs and having a higher rate of informality.

    Way forward:

    • Enhanced Data Collection: Conduct regular and comprehensive surveys to gather detailed data on MSMEs, particularly focusing on micro-enterprises.
    • Further Classification within Micro-Enterprises: Establish sub-categories within the micro-enterprise category based on revenue thresholds (e.g., below Rs 10 lakh, Rs 10-25 lakh, Rs 25-50 lakh).
    • Revenue Diversity: Significant variation in revenue among micro-enterprises necessitates further classification.
    • Targeted Policies: Addressing classification gaps can enhance policy effectiveness, supporting micro-enterprise growth and sustainability.

    BACK2BASICS
    Program and Policies Explanation
    MSME Development Act, 2006 Provides the legal framework for defining MSMEs and their classification into micro, small, and medium enterprises.
    Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises Provides credit guarantee cover of up to 75% of the credit to micro and small enterprises.
    Udyog Aadhaar A simple online process for MSME registration, requiring only the Aadhaar number and a self-declaration.
    MSME Samadhaan Mechanism to facilitate the promotion and development of MSMEs, including Khadi, Village, and Coir Industries.
    Mudra Yojana Provides loans up to 10 lakh to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.
    ZED Scheme Aims to enhance the manufacturing capabilities and competitiveness of MSMEs through Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED) certification.
    Stand-Up India Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch

     

    Make in India: Focuses on making India a global manufacturing hub, with MSMEs playing a crucial role.

    Stand-Up India: Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    Why worker housing is the key to unlocking India’s manufacturing ambitions

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    The emphasis on workers’ accommodation in the manufacturing sector is gaining traction in the news due to its potential to address key challenges and unlock India’s manufacturing ambitions.

    About  India’s goal to $10 trillion by 2035

    India aims to grow its economy to $10 trillion by 2035, with a specific focus on transforming the manufacturing sector to increase its GDP share from 15% to 25%. This ambitious goal involves a four-fold growth in manufacturing to enhance employment elasticity.

     

    Present Challenges:

    • Inadequate Infrastructure: Many factories currently lack the necessary infrastructure to support large-scale manufacturing, particularly in terms of workers’ accommodation.
    • Land Regulation: Existing industrial land allocation regulations do not typically account for worker housing, necessitating regulatory changes at the state level.
    • Commute and Productivity: Workers often face long commutes, with studies showing travel times of up to two hours each way, leading to exhaustion and reduced productivity.
    • Living Conditions: Many workers live in ad hoc accommodations, which are not ideal for maintaining a stable and productive workforce.
    • Skill Gaps: There is a need for more targeted skill development programs to enhance worker productivity and adaptability to new manufacturing processes and technologies.
    • Lack of Coordinated Policy: There is a need for a more coordinated approach between state and central governments to provide the necessary fiscal and policy support.

    Economic Factors that will steer Enlightened Self-Interest:

    • Transportation Savings: By providing on-premises or factory-adjacent accommodation, companies can significantly reduce transportation costs, estimated at over Rs 5,000 per worker per month.
    • Increased Productivity: Reduced commute times and better living conditions can lead to increased worker productivity.
    • Reduced Attrition: Better living conditions and reduced commuting stress can decrease workforce attrition, ensuring a more stable and experienced workforce.
    • Better Training Facilities: On-site accommodation can facilitate better training programs, enhancing workers’ skills and productivity.
    • Lower Carbon Footprint: Reducing the need for long commutes can lower the overall carbon footprint of manufacturing operations.

    Way forward:

    • Tax and Fiscal Incentives: The Union government can catalyze investment in workers’ accommodation through tax incentives, GST reductions, and other fiscal benefits.
    • Priority Sector Tagging: Tagging workers’ accommodation as a priority sector for construction finance can attract more investment.
    • Collaborative Financing: Leveraging vehicles like the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) to finance credible worker housing projects can boost infrastructure development.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    10th World Water Forum

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    • The World Bank report, titled “Water for Shared Prosperity,” was released at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia.
      • It underscores the widening gap in access to water resources and services, exacerbated by factors like population growth, urbanization, and climate change.

    Water for Shared Prosperity: Key Highlights of the Report

    • In 2022, 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water services, while 3.5 billion lacked access to safely managed sanitation.
    • Over 800 million people globally are at high risk of drought, with double that number living in flood-prone areas.
    • Low-income countries have seen a regression in access to safe drinking water, with an additional 197 million people lacking access since 2000.
    • Rural-urban access gaps in low-income countries have remained largely unchanged over the last two decades.
    • Hotspots in regions like the Sahel, Southeastern Africa, and South and Central Asia experience the highest water stress.
    • The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds over half of Africa’s total water resources.

    About World Water Forum:

    • It is a large-scale international event that focuses on the discussion and development of solutions to global water-related challenges. 
    • It is held every three years. The first forum took place in took place in Marrakesh, Morocco in March 1997.
    • It is organized by the World Water Council, an international organization.
    • It brings together stakeholders from various sectors including governments, organizations, businesses, and academia to promote awareness, build political commitment, and trigger action on critical water issues at all levels.

    What is the World Water Council (WWC)?

    • The World Water Council was founded in 1996.
    • The idea for the WWC emerged from discussions during the International Water and Sanitation Congress & Exhibition in 1994 and the subsequent Ministerial Conference on Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation in 1996.
    • WWC’s activities focus on targets related to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), among others.
    • The Council was established by renowned water specialists and international organizations, including academic institutions, private companies, governments, and NGOs etc.
    • Objective: The primary aim of the Council is to raise awareness about critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making levels, to facilitate efficient conservation, protection, development, planning, management, and use of water resources globally.
    • Membership: The WWC boasts a diverse membership base comprising over 300 member organizations in approximately 50 countries.

    Key Functions and Contributions:

    • World Water Forums:  It is the world’s largest event on water and gathers participants from various sectors to discuss and collaborate on water issues.
    • Policy Influence: The WWC works to influence policy by facilitating discussions among political and economic decision-makers.
    • Research and Advocacy: Through its publications, policy papers, and strategic projects, the WWC fosters greater understanding and awareness of water issues.

    PYQ:

    [2016] The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain.

    [2012] If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country?

    1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste water.
    2. The water requirement of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for use of ocean water.
    3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India.
    4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore wells and for installing motors and pump sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the Government.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Join the Community

Join us across Social Media platforms.