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  • [30th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A picture of a growing economic divide in India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (UPSC CSE 2020)
    Q) How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: 

    “We cannot build a modern India without addressing the issue of poverty and inequality.” 

    – Dr. Manmohan Singh

    In a nation where the top 10% hold 77% of the wealth, true progress can only be measured by the upliftment of the bottom half. Addressing regional disparities is essential for a harmonious India; without it, growth becomes a privilege of the few rather than a right for all.

    Today’s editorial discusses the widening economic disparities among Indian states and the implications of this divide.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Household savings and private investments are increasingly concentrated in wealthier states, leading to a widening gap between rich and poor regions. These increasing economic disparities among Indian states have huge implications for Indian federalism.

    Current State of Economic Divide in India:

    • Per Capita Income Disparities: Wealthier states, primarily in the south and west, have significantly higher per capita incomes compared to poorer states in the north and east. As of 2019-20, per capita State Domestic Product (SDP) in wealthier states was approximately 2.5 times higher than in poorer states, up from a 1.7 times difference in 1990-91.
    • Sectoral Growth Gaps: The disparity is particularly pronounced in the manufacturing and services sectors. Wealthier states exhibit a much higher per capita SDP in manufacturing (3.6 times) and services (2.9 times) compared to their poorer counterparts.

    Primary factors contributing to the growing economic divide among Indian states

    • Sectoral Growth Disparities: Wealthier states have significantly higher outputs in manufacturing and services, leading to greater economic growth compared to poorer states.
      • As income rises, people spend less on food and more on manufactured goods and services. Secondly, India’s services sector has grown, but employment has been more modest.
    • Investment Patterns: A shift from public to private investment has favored wealthier states, resulting in concentrated resources and opportunities.
    • Infrastructure Gaps: Poorer states often lack adequate power supply and infrastructure, hindering their ability to attract industries and grow economically.
    • Educational Disparities: Access to quality education is uneven, with most higher education institutions in wealthier states, limiting skill development in poorer regions. 

    How does the economic divide affect federalism and governance in India?

    • Erosion of Federal Principles: Disparities challenge equitable resource distribution, leading to dissatisfaction among wealthier states that feel under-compensated.
    • Political Centralization: Increased control by the central government limits state autonomy, reducing their ability to address regional economic challenges.
    • Investment Disparities: Wealthier states attract more private investment, while poorer states struggle due to inadequate infrastructure, perpetuating inequality.
    • Governance Challenges: Poorer states face corruption and weak institutions, hindering effective policy implementation and further entrenching poverty.
    Initiatives taken by the Government:

    • Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP): Launched in 2018, this program aims to transform the performance of 112 districts lagging in key social indicators by promoting holistic development through targeted interventions in health, education, and infrastructure. This initiative focuses on blocks within districts that need special attention, aiming to improve governance and service delivery at the grassroots level.
    • Special Economic Zones (SEZs): The government has established SEZs to attract investment and promote industrial growth in underdeveloped regions, encouraging economic activities and job creation.
    • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: It focuses on improving rural road connectivity, which is crucial for economic development in remote areas.
    • FC Recommendations: The 15th Finance Commission has recommended increasing the share of tax revenues allocated to states, particularly those with greater needs, to help address regional disparities.

    What strategies can bridge the Economic Divide and promote Inclusive Growth?

    • Boost Entrepreneurship and Skill Development: Encourage entrepreneurship in poorer states through targeted support and training programs. Enhance skill development initiatives to equip the workforce with the necessary skills for emerging industries.
    • Upgrade Infrastructure: Invest in improving power supply and overall infrastructure in economically lagging regions, particularly in the Gangetic and eastern areas, to facilitate industrial growth and attract investment.
    • Expand Access to Education: Increase access to technical and vocational education in poorer states to improve employability and attract high-tech industries. Focus on creating educational opportunities that cater to local economic needs.
    • Form Interconnected National Value Chains: Develop value chains that link resources from wealthier states with the potential of poorer ones, fostering balanced economic growth across regions.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-picture-of-a-growing-economic-divide-in-india/article68811441.ece

  • [29th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The under-representation of women in the judiciary

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘The National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Mentor’s Comment:

    “Diversity is essential for effective institutionalization, bringing positivity and change.”

    Women’s meaningful representation in the judiciary is a crucial aspect of gender equality and justice. It is a precondition for bringing justice to those who need it the most.

    Although several states have established quotas for women in the lower judiciary, providing 30% to 35% of seats for female candidates during recruitment in recent years, significant disparities persist, particularly in higher courts.

    Today’s editorial explores the current state of women’s representation in the judiciary, the underlying reasons for their under-representation, and the importance of addressing these issues.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recent findings from a joint UN Women and UNDP study highlight the importance of women’s representation in the judiciary, particularly in Africa.

    • CJI Chandrachud has also emphasized the need for dignified working conditions for women in the judiciary, further underscoring the ongoing discussions around gender equality in legal systems globally.
    Current State of Women in the Judiciary:

    • Subordinate Courts: As of 2023, women constitute approximately 36.3% of judges in subordinate courts, up from 27.6% in 2018.
    • High Courts: The representation of women judges in High Courts has increased slightly from 10% in 2018 to 13.4% in 2023, with only 11.5% of judges being female.
    • Supreme Court: The Supreme Court remains the least representative, with only 9.4% (3 out of 32 judges) being women as of December 2023, a marginal increase from 4% in 2018.

    Regional Disparities: The High Courts of Punjab & Haryana, Delhi, and Bombay have the highest number of women judges. Conversely, states like Orissa, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have only one woman judge each, while Patna and several others have none.

    What are the systemic barriers contributing to the low representation of women in the judiciary?

    • Deeply rooted Patriarchy: A prevailing patriarchal culture limits women’s roles and opportunities in the legal field, leading to discrimination that hinders their judicial careers.
      • Societal expectations regarding domestic duties often lead women to prioritize family over career, causing them to decline promotions or judicial positions.
    • Hostile Work Environment: Women often face sexism and harassment, creating a challenging atmosphere that can result in high turnover rates and hinder career advancement.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of essential facilities, such as childcare and appropriate office space, disproportionately impacts women, complicating their ability to balance work and family.
    • Opaque Appointment Processes: The collegium system for appointing judges lacks transparency and tends to favor male candidates, reducing opportunities for qualified women.
    • Low Representation in Litigation: The under-representation of women in litigation results in fewer female candidates for judicial roles, perpetuating the cycle of inequality.
      • Women experience bias from colleagues and clients, which can undermine their credibility and limit their professional growth in the legal field.

    How does the under-representation of women impact the judicial system and society?

    1) Impact on the Judicial System

    • Justice Delivery: Fewer female judges can lead to biased rulings that overlook women’s unique experiences and needs.
    • Legitimacy: A diverse judiciary enhances public trust, signaling that the legal system is accessible and representative.
    • Diverse Perspectives: Women judges bring different viewpoints, enriching decision-making and improving legal outcomes.

    2) Impact on Society

    • Gender Equality: Low representation reinforces societal gender inequalities and limits women’s leadership roles.
    • Role Models: Fewer women in judicial positions discourage young women from pursuing careers in law.
    • Social Justice: A lack of gender diversity may hinder effective responses to issues affecting women, undermining social justice efforts.

    What measures can be implemented to promote greater inclusion of women in the judiciary?

    • Gender Quotas: Set minimum representation targets for women in judicial positions, especially in higher courts.
    • Transparent Appointment Processes: The judiciary needs to revise selection criteria and make the judicial appointments more clear and fair to include diverse candidates.
    • Supportive Programs and Policies: Create mentorship initiatives and support networks by linking aspiring female judges with experienced women in the field.
      • Introduce Family-friendly and flexible working hours and childcare support to help women manage family responsibilities.
    • Gender Sensitivity Training: Implement training for Judges to address biases and foster an inclusive environment within the judiciary.
    • Advocacy and Political Will: Promote and encourage advocacy from civil society organizations to push for women’s representation in the judiciary.

  • Solar, a game changer in women’s empowerment 

    Why in the News?

    Rooftop solar (RTS) can transform India’s energy landscape by providing a sustainable, decentralized, and affordable solution for rising electricity needs and could empower consumers (women and other sections of society) toward greater self-reliance.

    How does solar energy contribute to women’s economic empowerment?

    • Income Generation and Financial Independence: Solar technology enables women to generate income directly, especially in rural areas where traditional energy sources are scarce or costly.
      • For instance, solar-powered pumps have empowered women salt farmers in Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch, who, after shifting from diesel to solar, saw a 94% income boost and lower CO₂ emissions.
    • Employment Opportunities: The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, employing around 4.9 million people in 2022, has been particularly impactful for women, who make up about 40% of its workforce.
    • Empowerment Programs: Initiatives like Barefoot College in India and Solar Sister in Africa train women as solar engineers. These programs enhance skills, improve self-reliance, and create employment in remote communities.

    What are the broader social implications of women’s involvement in the solar sector?

    • Community Well-being and Social Development: Women’s participation in the solar sector promotes local economic growth and strengthens social structures.
    • Leadership and Decision-Making: When women lead or actively participate in renewable energy projects, they often advocate for inclusive policies and better community engagement.
    • Gender-Sensitive Energy Policies: Women’s involvement highlights the need for energy policies that address the unique needs of women, improving both economic participation and social inclusion.

    What challenges do women face in the renewable energy sector, and how can these be addressed?

    • Access to Training and Financing: Women often face limited access to training and funding.
      • Overcoming these barriers requires accessible, affordable training programs in solar technology, as well as microfinance schemes specifically for women-led renewable energy projects.
    • Gender Bias and Occupational Segregation: The renewable energy sector, like many others, is affected by gender biases that can limit women’s roles to lower-level positions.
      • To address this, it’s important to promote women’s leadership and equal opportunities through gender-sensitive hiring practices and mentorship programs.
    • Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Energy access policies frequently lack a gender perspective, which limits their reach and inclusiveness.
      • Integrating gender-focused policies in energy and rural development sectors can enhance the socio-economic impacts of solar energy for women.

    Conclusion: Governments should integrate gender-focused policies within renewable energy frameworks, ensuring accessible financing options and training programs specifically for women. Microfinance schemes and subsidies for women-led solar projects can foster broader participation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • What challenges does India face in fertilizer imports?

    Why in the News?

    As the crises in Ukraine and Gaza persist, experts and policymakers are increasingly concerned about further rises in the costs of components essential for producing petroleum-based chemical fertilizers.

    Current Scenario of Fertilizer Imports:

    • India’s domestic fertilizer production capacity does not meet the full demand, requiring substantial imports to bridge the gap.
      • Urea: Approximately 20% of India’s urea requirement is met through imports.
      • Diammonium Phosphate (DAP): Around 50-60% of DAP demand is fulfilled by imports.
      • Muriate of Potassium (MOP or Potash): 100% of India’s MOP demand is met through imports, as there is no domestic production.
    • The Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers (August 2023) expressed concern about India’s dependence on imports for fertilizers, recommending an increase in domestic production capacity.

    How did the conflict in Ukraine impact the Global Fertilizer Market?

    • Market Instability: Ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza are disrupting the stability of the global fertilizer market, particularly affecting the prices of oil and petroleum-based fertilizers.
    • Supply Chain Disruptions: These conflicts affect global supply chains, particularly for fertilizer-producing countries such as Russia, which has been a significant source of fertilizer imports for India.
    • Price Volatility: Higher oil prices due to geopolitical tensions in Ukraine and Gaza indirectly drive up costs of fertilizers, as these are often by-products of petroleum.

    Its effects on India

    • Rising Import Costs: Increased global fertilizer prices lead to higher import costs for India, putting pressure on the fertilizer subsidy budget.
    • Potential Supply Constraints: India’s reliance on imports from conflict-affected regions like Russia and West Asia (including the Middle East) poses risks of reduced fertilizer availability.
    • Budget Strain: India’s fertilizer subsidy allocation for 2023-24 was ₹1.79 lakh crore, with substantial amounts dedicated to both indigenous and imported fertilizers.
    • Need for Self-Reliance: The conflicts underscore the importance for India to reduce dependency on imports by increasing domestic production capacity, promoting alternatives like nano urea, and exploring sustainable practices like natural farming.

    Steps taken by the government: 

    • New Investment Policy (NIP): NIP supports new urea manufacturing units by PSUs and private companies, boosting production capacity from 207.54 LMTPA in 2014-15 to 283.74 LMTPA.
    • Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS): The government included Potash from Molasses under NBS in 2021, encouraging local production and reducing import dependency.
    • Public-Private Joint Ventures: PSUs and private firms collaborate in urea production, establishing units like the Ramagundam Fertilizers in Telangana and Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan plants in northern states.

    Way forward: 

    • Boost Domestic Production: Increase India’s fertilizer production capacity through investment in domestic infrastructure and support for nano urea and alternative sustainable fertilizers to reduce import dependency.
    • Adopt Policy Reforms: Implement policies promoting self-reliance in fertilizers, with targeted subsidies and incentives for private, public, and cooperative sectors to enhance production and ensure affordable supply amidst global market volatility.

  • India and Spain slam attacks on UN troops in Lebanon

    Why in the News?

    During mid-October, 34 UNIFIL troop-contributing Nations condemned attacks on peacekeepers and urged respect for UNIFIL’s mission. Although not listed, India expressed full alignment with the joint statement.

    About UNIFIL: 

    UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) is a peacekeeping mission established in 1978, focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, supporting Lebanese stability, and ensuring security along the Lebanon-Israel Blue Line.

    What prompted the condemnation from India and Spain regarding the attacks on UN peacekeepers?

    • Repeated Targeting of Peacekeepers: Peacekeepers, including Indian personnel, faced direct attacks, such as IDF tank fire on UNIFIL positions and deliberate disabling of surveillance systems. Spain, along with other European countries, condemned these attacks as “unjustifiable.”
    • Violation of International Norms: These attacks on UN peacekeeping personnel and facilities violated the UN mandate, undermining the peacekeepers’ protection under international humanitarian law. Both India and Spain view this as a significant breach of norms that safeguard the sanctity of UN missions.
    • Response to Escalating Risk to Peacekeepers: Statements from both India and Spain emphasized the need for respecting UN premises’ “inviolability” and maintaining safety for peacekeepers amidst escalations, underscoring the importance of ensuring the protection and security of peacekeepers.

    What is the significance of UNIFIL’s role in Lebanon, and how do India and Spain view it?

    • Peacekeeping and Stability: UNIFIL is crucial in mediating and maintaining peace along the Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon. Its presence serves as a stabilizing force, helping prevent spillovers of conflict, which is essential for regional peace.
    • India’s Role as a Major Contributor: With 903 personnel deployed, India plays a substantial role in peacekeeping efforts, reflecting its commitment to UN missions and highlighting the need for global respect toward UN mandates.
    • Spain’s Support for UNIFIL’s Mission: Spain aligns with other European countries in reinforcing UNIFIL’s role in regional stability. By condemning attacks, Spain emphasizes the importance of this mission in Lebanon and, by extension, its support for UN peacekeeping mandates globally.

    How do these events relate to broader geopolitical tensions in the region?

    • Regional Escalations and Proxy Conflicts: The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, particularly in Lebanon, feeds into broader geopolitical dynamics involving Israeli security concerns, Lebanese stability, and Iran’s influence through Hezbollah.
    • Impact on Global Diplomacy: The hostilities and targeting of UN peacekeepers may strain diplomatic relations, as countries urge Israel to respect international norms and safeguard peacekeepers. This may influence the UN Security Council’s approach, emphasizing a unified international stance against actions threatening UN missions.
    • Pressure on Multinational Cooperation and Regional Security: The events underscore the risks of operating in volatile zones where multinational peacekeeping efforts face direct threats.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Engagement: India should actively engage with the UN Security Council and regional stakeholders to advocate for stringent measures ensuring the protection of UN peacekeepers and upholding the sanctity of UN mandates in conflict zones.
    • Enhance Contingency Protocols for Peacekeepers: India should work with UNIFIL and other troop-contributing countries to strengthen on-ground security protocols and response mechanisms.

  • 9th National Ayurveda Day

    Why in the News?

    • On the occasion of the 9th Ayurveda Day, Prime Minister will launch several healthcare projects valued at Rs 12,850 crore.
      • The focal theme for Ayurveda day-2024 has been decided as ‘Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health’.

    About Ayurveda:

    Details
    Origins   • Rooted in four Vedas (5000–1000 BCE).
    • References in Ramayana and Mahabharata epics.
    • Fully developed by 1000 BCE with Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita.
    Foundational Texts   • Brhattrayi (Three Major Treatises):
    • Caraka Samhita (internal medicine)
    • Susruta Samhita (surgery)
    • Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya (Vrddha Vagbhata and Vagbhata, 6th-7th century CE).
    • Takshashila and Nalanda universities attracted foreign students.
    Global Influence • Spread through Buddhism to Tibetan and Chinese medicine.
    • Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adopted concepts via trade and interactions.
    • 8th century CE saw Nagarjuna study medicinal use of metals.
    Integration of Modern Techniques • 16th century saw inclusion of modern diagnostics and treatment for new diseases.
    Revival in India (19th-20th Cent.) • 1827: First Ayurveda course at Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
    • 20th Century: Ayurveda colleges spread under regional patronage.
    • 1970s: Ayurveda revived, with academic research, publications, and global symposia.
    Current Status   • Structured undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral education.
    • Strong network of practitioners and manufacturers.
    • Developed infrastructure for community outreach.
    Global Influence  24 countries recognize Ayurveda legally.
    Collaborative platforms include:
    • SCO Expert Working Group on Traditional Medicine
    • BIMSTEC Taskforce on Traditional Medicine
    • BRICS High-Level Forum on Traditional Medicine.
    • Ayurveda products exported to 100+ countries.
    WHO Standards and Milestones • ICD-11 Integration: WHO included Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani in ICD-11 TM Module 2.
    • WHO set global standards for practice and training.
    • GCTM, Jamnagar (Gujarat): Focuses on Ayurveda research, education, and practice.
    Philosophical Foundations • Historical evidence dates to the first millennium BCE.
    • Knowledge passed from gods to sages and then to human physicians.
    • Central concepts align with Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Buddhism, and Jainism.
    • Emphasis on balance and maintaining natural urges.

    Initiatives and Programs by the Govt.

    • National Ayush Mission (2014): Aimed at promoting the development and growth of Ayush systems (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in the country, focusing on strengthening educational institutions and enhancing the quality of services.
    • Ayurveda Research Portal (2021): Promotes research in Ayurveda by providing a digital platform for researchers, practitioners, and institutions to access data, funding opportunities, and collaborative initiatives.
    • Ayush Grid (2020): A digital initiative aimed at enhancing the accessibility of Ayush services and information through online platforms, connecting practitioners, patients, and educational institutions.

    PYQ:

    [2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

  • Similipal Tiger Reserve

    Why in the News?

    The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the State’s largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.

    Similipal Tiger Reserve

    Why discuss this?

    • The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
    • A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
      • Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.

    About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):

    Details
    Location Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
    Highest Peak Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
    Designation Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
    UNESCO Recognition Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
    Terrain Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
    Vegetation A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
    Tribal Communities Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
    Flora Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
    Fauna Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

  • [pib] Raigad Fort

    [pib] Raigad Fort

    Why in the News?

    The Raigad Fort is among 12 forts nominated for UNESCO World Heritage status under the title “Maratha Military Landscapes of India.”

    Why Raigad Fort is Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage?

    • Historical and Strategic Importance: Raigad Fort served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha resilience and independence.
    • Architectural Excellence: The fort showcases Maratha military architecture, with well-developed structures adapted to the hilly terrain.
    • Role in Maratha Legacy: As a hill fort, Raigad is emblematic of the Marathas’ unique fortification style, designed to withstand invasions and safeguard autonomy.
    • Icon of Maratha Heritage: Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts), Raigad stands as a tribute to Shivaji Maharaj’s leadership and legacy and has become a pilgrimage site for Shivbhakts.
    • Natural Defense and Innovation: The fort’s natural fortifications, steep escarpments, and strategic location atop an isolated hill embody military ingenuity and make it a model of Maratha defense architecture.

    History of Raigad Fort:

    Details
    Location   • Situated in the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, India.
    • Elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level.
    • Surrounded by natural cliffs and 1,500-foot escarpments.
    Background • Originally known as Rairi.
    • Captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1653 CE.
    • Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674 CE.
    • Served as the capital of the Maratha Empire until 1680 CE.
    Significance • Part of the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
    • Referred to as the “Gibraltar of the East” by Grant Duff.
    Architectural Highlights • Includes the Royal Complex with key structures like Ranivasa and Rajsadar.
    • Jagadishwar Mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva.
    • Samadhi (final resting place) of Shivaji Maharaj located nearby.
    Features • Accessible mainly through Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja.
    • Features well-designed drainage systems and secret chambers.
    Ecology • Surrounded by valleys shaped by the Kal and Gandhari rivers.
    • Supported limited agriculture and had a self-sustained ecosystem.
    Cultural Significance • Known as the Durgaraj (King of Forts), symbolizing Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy.
    • Hosts annual celebrations for Shivrajyabhishek and Punyatithi.

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] What was the immediate reason for Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and fight the Third Battle of Panipat?

    (a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from Lahore

    (b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina Beg Khan invited him to invade Punjab

    (c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration for non-payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (Gujarat, Aurangabad, Sialkot & Pasrur)

    (d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of Punjab up to the borders of Delhi to his kingdom

  • 2024 Global Nature Conservation Index

    Why in the News?

    India has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out of 100, placing it among the five worst performers alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).

    Reasons for India’s Low Ranking:

    • High Rate of Land Conversion: 53% of India’s land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes, contributing to deforestation and habitat fragmentation that severely impact biodiversity.
    • Soil Pollution: India’s sustainable nitrogen index is 0.77, indicating high levels of soil pollution primarily due to extensive pesticide use, threatening soil health and agricultural sustainability.
    • Minimal Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected, with no protected areas in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlighting limited efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.
    • Illegal Wildlife Trade: India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion, putting added pressure on vulnerable wildlife species.

    About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):

    Details
    Developed By Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
    Purpose To assess each country’s progress in balancing conservation and development through data-driven analysis.
    Aim To help governments, researchers, and organizations identify concerns and enhance conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection.
    Launch Date Launched on October 24, 2024.
    Scope Ranks 180 countries based on their conservation efforts.
    Pillars of the Index • Managing Protected Areas
    • Addressing Threats Against Biodiversity
    • Nature and Conservation Governance
    • Future Trends in Natural Resource Management
    Significance Provides insights into conservation policies and practices, aiding in the global effort to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development.

    Key highlights of the reports:

    • Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Costa Rica, and New Zealand ranked highest, showing strong conservation practices and governance.
    • Nations with advanced climate adaptation policies (e.g., Sweden and Denmark) are better positioned to mitigate biodiversity risks from climate change.
    • Despite Protected Areas, 46.9% of terrestrial and 67.5% of marine species are in decline worldwide.
    • High-density nations such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands face intense biodiversity pressures, driving them to implement urban greening and sustainable practices.

    PYQ:

    [2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:

    (a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

    (b) The UNEP Secretariat

    (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat

    (d) The World Meteorological Organisation

  • [28th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The private sector holds the key to India’s e-bus push

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public – Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Q) Adoption of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free of criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Mentor’s Comment: The Indian government, through NITI Aayog, is developing an incentive scheme tailored for private bus operators, who currently account for about 90% of the bus fleet in India. This move is crucial for achieving the target of 40% e-bus penetration by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070.

    Despite existing support under the FAME-II scheme, which primarily benefits state transport undertakings (STUs), the high costs associated with e-buses deter private operators from making the switch. The forthcoming incentive scheme is seen as a potential game-changer that could facilitate the broader adoption of electric buses in public transportation.

    Today’s editorial discusses the role of the private sector in India’s electric bus (e-bus) initiative. Today’s discussions will focus more on creating a supportive environment for e-bus deployment beyond state-run services.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Despite the government’s push through schemes like FAME II and PM e-Bus Sewa, which have incentivized electric vehicles for public transport, private bus operators have seen little benefit.

    • Presently, the government is planning to introduce a new incentive scheme specifically aimed at encouraging private operators to invest in e-buses.
    Challenges Faced by Private Operators:

    • Lack of Financial Incentives: Current government schemes do not extend to private operators, making it difficult for them to invest in e-buses.
    • High Initial Costs: The substantial upfront investment required for electric buses is prohibitive for many small operators.
    • Charging Infrastructure: Limited access to charging stations and facilities further complicates the adoption of e-buses. Most charging infrastructure is designed for state-run units, leaving private operators without adequate support.
    • Operational Inefficiencies: Restrictions on parking and charging at government depots create logistical challenges for private bus operations.

    How can the private sector be incentivized to participate in the e-bus market?

    1) Financial Incentives: The incentivized schemes and subsidies could significantly lower the upfront costs associated with e-bus acquisition, which can be up to five times that of diesel buses.

    • Offering viability gap funding for charging infrastructure and land leases could attract private investment.
    • Implementing a payment security mechanism can protect private operators against payment delays from state transport undertakings (STUs).

    2) Infrastructure Development: Establishing a robust network of charging stations is crucial. Under the Gross Cost Contract (GCC) Model, STUs pay a fixed cost per kilometer, ensuring steady income for operators while minimizing their risk exposure without bearing the full financial burden upfront.

    • This Flexible Leasing model enables operators to access capital without high initial investments, as maintenance and operational responsibilities can be shared.

    What role does financing play in the adoption of electric buses?

    • High Initial Costs: The upfront costs of e-buses are significantly higher than those of traditional diesel buses, often up to five times more expensive, operators may find it challenging to justify the investment in e-buses despite their long-term operational savings.
    • Need for Dedicated Financing Facilities: Establishing a dedicated e-bus financing facility could provide concessional loans and grants, helping shield manufacturers and operators from the payment security risks posed by financially struggling state road transport undertakings (SRTUs). 
    • Interest Rate Subventions: To encourage private operators to invest in e-buses, interest rate subventions of 4-6% on loans can be implemented. Lower interest rates can significantly ease the financial burden during the repayment period, making financing more accessible.
    • Leasing Models: Financing institutions can offer leasing options that include maintenance and battery replacement, thus sharing operational risks with bus operators. This approach not only lowers upfront costs but also allows operators to manage cash flow more effectively.

    What infrastructure improvements are necessary for successful e-bus deployment?

    • Installation of Charging Stations: Establishing charging points within bus depots is crucial. A widespread infrastructure network will alleviate concerns about range and downtime, making e-buses a more viable option for operators.
    • Depot Charging Facilities: Private operators currently face restrictions in accessing government bus depots for parking and charging. Granting them access would streamline operations and improve efficiency by reducing the distance drivers must travel to pick up their buses.
    • Power Supply Management: The increased demand for electricity from charging e-buses can strain local power grids. Therefore, collaboration between bus operators and electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) is vital for planning and managing this demand effectively. 
    • Pilot Projects: Implementing pilot projects in tier-2 and tier-3 cities can help assess infrastructure requirements and operational challenges before scaling up to larger urban areas.
      • For example, electrifying a specific route, such as Delhi-Mumbai, could provide valuable insights into the necessary specifications for e-bus deployment.

    Conclusion: The future of India’s e-bus initiative depends on a united effort between government bodies and private stakeholders to create an inclusive framework that fosters growth and innovation in the electric mobility sector.