Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to space debris;
Why in the News?
space startups from Japan and India announced a joint agreement to explore the use of laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit, addressing the growing issue of orbital congestion.
What is Space Debris?
- Space debris, often referred to as space junk, consists of non-functional spacecraft, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions or disintegration of satellites.
- These objects orbit the Earth at high speeds, posing significant risks to operational satellites and manned missions.
What are laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit?
- Laser-equipped satellites utilize focused laser beams to target and vaporize small parts of space debris, effectively stopping its rotation and making it easier for servicing spacecraft to rendezvous with and de-orbit defunct satellites. T
- Companies like Japan’s Orbital Lasers and India’s InspeCity are collaborating to explore business opportunities for these laser systems.
- They plan to demonstrate this technology in space, with potential deployment on satellites after meeting regulatory requirements in their respective countries, indicating a growing interest in international partnerships to tackle the issue of space debris.
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What are the concerns related to space debris?
- Collision Risks: The increasing amount of space debris raises the likelihood of collisions with active satellites and spacecraft, which can lead to further debris generation in a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome.
- Operational Challenges: Space debris complicates satellite operations and can disrupt services such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, and global positioning systems.
- Environmental Impact: The accumulation of debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) threatens the sustainability of space activities and could hinder future space exploration efforts.
What are the initiatives to tackle space debris globally?
- International Collaboration: Organizations like the United Nations have called for urgent action to track and manage space debris, emphasizing the need for global cooperation.
- Technological Innovations: Companies like Orbital Lasers are exploring innovative solutions such as using laser-equipped satellites to de-orbit defunct satellites and mitigate debris by vaporizing parts of their surfaces.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Various countries are developing regulations to ensure responsible satellite launches and operations, including guidelines for end-of-life satellite disposal to minimize future debris creation.
What are the measures should be taken by Satellite? (Way forward)
- Tracking and Monitoring: Satellites use onboard systems and ground-based tracking data to monitor the position of space debris and predict potential collision risks.
- Avoidance Maneuvers: Satellites perform preemptive orbital adjustments or “collision avoidance manoeuvres” to shift their trajectory away from debris.
- Shielding and Resilience: Some satellites are equipped with protective shielding to withstand minor debris impacts, minimizing potential damage in low-risk scenarios.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRIS²
Why in the News?
The European Union has signed a contract for IRIS², a network of 290 satellites aimed at improving resilience, connectivity, and security.
About IRIS²:
| Details |
- IRIS² stands for Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite.
- It consists of a 290-satellite constellation, including 264 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 18 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
- Collaboration between European Union and SpaceRISE.
- First satellite launch planned for 2029.
Key Features of IRIS²:
- Deployment of 264 satellites in LEO and 18 in MEO.
- Provide secure, high-speed broadband connectivity, particularly in underserved regions.
- Focus on Europe for secure satellite internet services.
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| Project Funding and Implementation |
- 12-year concession for IRIS² is funded by the EU, ESA, and private firms like SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus.
- Total cost: €10.6 billion (~$11 billion).
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| Applications of IRIS² |
- Governmental Use: Border surveillance, crisis management, infrastructure security, and defense.
- Civilian Use: Broadband access, smart energy, transportation, and remote healthcare.
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World’s Largest Earth Observation Programs: Take a look
- Copernicus Program (EU): Launched in 2014, the Copernicus Program is a European Union initiative with satellites like Sentinel to monitor land, ocean, and atmosphere, enhancing environmental management and disaster response.
- NASA Earth Observing System (EOS): Initiated in 1997, NASA’s EOS provides comprehensive Earth observation data from satellites like Terra and Aqua, focused on understanding Earth’s environment, climate change, and atmospheric composition.
- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Founded in 2005, GEOSS connects Earth observation systems globally to provide data on climate, water resources, biodiversity, and natural disasters, involving over 100 organizations.
- Landsat Program (USA): Launched in 1972 by NASA and USGS, Landsat is the longest-running satellite program offering continuous Earth surface monitoring, focusing on land cover, land use, and environmental changes.
Note:
In September, 2024, ISRO launched the Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 under the SSLV-D3/EOS-08 mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, with the satellite operating in a circular Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of 475 km and a mission life of 1 year. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)
Why in the News?
- Law Minister is proposing that the Bills on “One Nation, One Election” be referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for further examination.
- The committee will have 21 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha.
About Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC):
| What is a JPC? |
- JPC is a committee formed by both Houses of Parliament for scrutinizing a subject or Bill in detail.
- It includes members from both Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- Members represent both ruling parties and opposition.
- Number of members in a JPC can vary based on the task at hand and the members are decided by the Parliament.
- The JPC is dissolved once its task is completed or its term ends.
- A motion is passed in one House of Parliament, and the other House agrees to it.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate of a JPC is determined by the motion that forms it.
- Scrutinizing documents related to the subject.
- Summoning people for questioning.
- Submitting a report and making recommendations to the government.
- The proceedings and findings are confidential except in matters of public interest.
- Speaker of the House resolves any disputes regarding evidence.
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| Nature of JPC Recommendations |
- Recommendations are advisory and persuasive but not binding on the government.
- The government can choose whether or not to follow the recommendations.
- The government must submit an Action Taken Report to Parliament on the actions taken based on the JPC’s recommendations.
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| Notable JPCs in the Past |
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- Telecom Licenses and Spectrum Allocation (2011).
- Stock Market Scam (1992) and related matters.
- Irregularities in Securities and Banking Transactions.
- Bofors Contract Inquiry (1987).
- Constitutional and Legal Position Regarding the Office of Profit.
- Waqf (Amendment) Bill (2024).
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PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
(a) Committee on Government Assurances
(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation
(c) Rules Committee
(d) Business Advisory Committee |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)
Why in the News?
All 17,130 police stations in India are now connected through the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), a centralized online platform for filing FIRs, chargesheets, and investigation reports, accessible to law enforcement across the country.
About Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS):
| What is CCTNS? |
- A centralized online platform to file FIRs, charge-sheets, and investigation reports across 17,130 police stations.
- Launched in 2009 with a ₹2,000 crore budget under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Aimed at improving efficiency, transparency, and nationwide access to crime data.
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| Key Features |
- Nationwide integration, with 100% connectivity across 28 states and 8 Union Territories.
- Stores data on criminals, habitual offenders, missing persons, stolen vehicles, etc.
- Generates analytical crime reports and detailed case statistics.
- Integrated with the ICJS (Integrated Criminal Justice System) for coordination with courts, forensics, and other criminal justice pillars.
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| Recent Modifications for New Criminal Laws |
- Incorporates the 2024 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (erstwhile IPC), Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Indian Evidence Act), and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (CrPC).
- Introduces mandatory videography for crime scenes in serious cases, forensic investigations, and arrest transparency (including officer approval and informing relatives).
- Updates include timely progress reports and digital reporting of daily diaries.
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| Impact and Implementation |
- Facilitates efficient investigations by providing access to comprehensive crime data and analytical tools.
- Improves police coordination across states and law enforcement agencies.
- Enhanced citizen services with online tracking of complaints and case updates.
- Supported by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and integrated with other public safety platforms for better coordination and resource management.
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PYQ:
[2014] We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kailash Mansarovar
Why in the News?
- India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra.
- The pilgrimage has been suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and non-renewal of arrangements by China.
India-China Talks on Border Management:
- Disengagement and De-escalation: Agreed to continue implementing the October 2024 disengagement agreements for safe patrolling and grazing in certain areas.
- Peace and Tranquility: Both sides agreed to maintain peace along the border and implement effective border management mechanisms.
- Resolution of Boundary Dispute: Continued efforts toward a mutually acceptable solution to the boundary dispute.
- Cross-Border Cooperation: Discussions included river cooperation, Nathula border trade, and other exchanges to strengthen bilateral relations.
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About Kailash Mansarovar:
- Kailash Mansarovar is a sacred religious site located in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, near the borders of India, Nepal, and Tibet.
- It consists of Mount Kailash, a peak considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hinduism, and Mansarovar Lake, a high-altitude freshwater lake revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon traditions.
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- Mount Kailash stands at an elevation of 6,638 meters (21,778 feet), making it one of the most difficult and revered peaks to approach.
- The Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of 4,556 meters (14,950 feet) and spans approximately 88 square kilometers.
- The region lies in the Tibetan Plateau.
Religious Significance:
- Hinduism:
- Mount Kailash is considered the abode of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati. Pilgrims believe that a pilgrimage to Kailash is essential for liberation and salvation (Moksha).
- Mansarovar Lake is believed to have been created by Lord Brahma. Bathing in its holy waters is believed to cleanse sins and grant spiritual merit.
- Buddhism:
- The region is sacred as it is believed to be the home of Buddha Demchok, who represents supreme bliss.
- The lake is also linked to the Jambhala, the god of wealth in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Jainism:
- Jain tradition holds that Lord Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, attained Nirvana at the peak of Mount Kailash.
- Bon Religion:
- For practitioners of Bon, an ancient religion indigenous to Tibet, Kailash is regarded as the sacred center of the universe.
Route and Access:
- India to Kailash Mansarovar: The pilgrimage is generally undertaken through the Lipulekh Pass, a high-altitude pass that connects Uttarakhand (India) with Tibet.
- Pilgrims usually travel through Nepal, and the journey is conducted via Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
- Travel to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake is restricted, and permits are required from the Chinese government.
- Pilgrims from India are primarily facilitated through the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra organized by the Government of India and other authorized agencies.
PYQ:
[2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health care sector;
Why in the News?
India’s decentralised drug regulation system dominated by State Drug Regulatory Authorities causes inconsistent quality standards. Strengthening oversight is essential to ensure generics are as affordable and effective as branded drugs.
How Reliable Are Generic Medicines?
- Bioequivalence to Innovators: Generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand-name drugs, meaning they have the same active ingredient and are intended to work the same way.
- Affordability and Accessibility: Generics significantly lower healthcare costs, making treatment more accessible, especially for low-income populations.
- Challenges in Quality: Despite their potential, the reliability of generics has been questioned due to variability in therapeutic outcomes, often caused by differences in excipients, manufacturing processes, and bioequivalence thresholds.
What are the main quality concerns associated with it?
- Efficacy and Bioavailability: Studies have shown that while generics are bioequivalent to branded drugs, they may not always achieve the same therapeutic levels.
- For example, a study on itraconazole showed that only 29% of patients using generic versions achieved the right drug levels in their body within two weeks, compared to 73% of patients using the original branded drug.
- Manufacturing Variability: The manufacturing processes for generics can differ significantly from those of branded drugs. Variations in excipients (binders, fillers) and production methods can lead to differences in tablet hardness, dissolution rates, and overall drug stability. This variability can result in inconsistent therapeutic outcomes.
- Regulatory Oversight: India’s decentralized drug regulation system contributes to inconsistent quality standards across states.
- The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has limited authority over State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAs), leading to regulatory arbitrage where manufacturers exploit weaker oversight. Moreover, the lack of stringent enforcement of stability testing further jeopardizes the quality of generics available in the market.
What regulatory reforms are needed?
- Centralisation of Drug Regulation: A comprehensive overhaul of India’s drug regulation system is necessary. Centralising oversight under the CDSCO would help enforce consistent quality standards across all states and reduce the risk of substandard drugs entering the market.
- Enhanced Stability Testing Protocols: Uniform stability testing protocols should be established to ensure that all generics maintain their quality under various climatic conditions. This would involve periodic reassessment of approved generics to uphold their efficacy over time.
- Stricter Impurity Standards: Aligning India’s Pharmacopoeia with international standards regarding permissible impurity levels would improve the overall quality of generic medicines available in the market.
How can patient and healthcare provider perceptions of generics be improved? (Way forward)
To enhance patient and healthcare provider confidence in generic medicines, several strategies can be employed:
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating patients about the efficacy and safety of generics compared to branded drugs can help dispel misconceptions that higher-priced medications are superior.
- Incentives for Healthcare Providers: Offering incentives for prescribing generics can encourage healthcare professionals to recommend these cost-effective alternatives more frequently.
- Strengthening Quality Assurance: Implementing stronger regulatory frameworks and ensuring compliance with quality standards can build trust among both patients and providers regarding the reliability of generics.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Carbon Market;
Why in the News?
In India, current carbon credit projects by private organisations should be reviewed to ensure they are fair and work effectively.
What are the current carbon credit projects?
- Collaborative Initiatives: NABARD, ICAR, and State Universities have listed five agricultural carbon credit projects in the Verra registry to promote sustainable agriculture.
- Carbon Farming Projects: Over 50 projects targeting 1.6 million hectares aim to generate 4.7 million carbon credits annually, but none are registered, leaving farmers without financial benefits.
Note: Verra is a carbon credit registry that manages the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), ensuring high-quality carbon credit projects and facilitating transparent trading of carbon credits. |
What are the key challenges facing agricultural carbon markets?
- Lack of Communication and Training: A significant portion of farmers (45%) reported inadequate communication regarding carbon farming practices, and over 60% lacked training in new techniques. This gap in knowledge can hinder the effective implementation of sustainable practices necessary for generating carbon credits.
- Exclusion of Marginalized Communities: Many existing carbon farming projects have not adequately included smallholders and marginalized communities, with women representing only 4% of participants. This lack of inclusivity limits the socioeconomic benefits that carbon markets could provide to a broader segment of the farming population.
- Financial Incentives: A notable 28% of farmers discontinued sustainable practices by the second year due to insufficient financial incentives. The absence of timely payments for carbon credits further discourages participation and undermines project sustainability.
- Unregistered Projects: Despite over 50 agricultural carbon farming projects being listed in the Verra registry, none have been officially registered, meaning no carbon credits have been issued and farmers have not received any financial compensation.
- Quality Assurance: Ensuring that projects deliver reliable environmental benefits is crucial. If projects fail to produce credible carbon credits, it may lead to a loss of confidence among buyers, which would ultimately deprive farmers of income and discourage sustainable practices.
How can farmers be incentivized to participate in carbon markets?
- Higher Prices for Inclusive Projects: Offering premium prices for carbon credits from projects that actively include smallholders and marginalized communities can encourage broader participation and ensure equitable benefits.
- Effective Communication and Training Programs: Establishing robust communication channels and providing regular training on sustainable agricultural practices will empower farmers to adopt new techniques confidently.
- Guaranteed Timely Payments: Implementing a system that ensures farmers receive prompt payments for their carbon credits will enhance trust in the market and encourage ongoing participation in sustainable practices.
- Collaboration with Research Institutions: Partnering with national and international research organizations can help identify suitable regions for carbon farming, ensuring that interventions are effective and do not compromise food security.
- Bundling Small Farmers into Cooperatives: Creating Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) can help reduce transaction costs, improve bargaining power, and facilitate easier access to carbon markets for smallholder farmers.
What role do technological advancements play in enhancing agri-carbon markets?
- Improved Measurement Techniques: Advances in digital technologies such as remote sensing, satellite imagery, drones, and sensors will enhance the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) processes essential for assessing soil carbon levels and GHG emissions accurately.
- Data Accessibility: The increasing availability of technology will allow farmers to access real-time data on their farming practices, enabling them to make informed decisions that align with sustainable methods required for carbon credit generation.
- Enhanced Project Implementation: Technology can streamline project management by facilitating better communication between stakeholders, tracking progress, and ensuring compliance with additionality and permanence criteria necessary for successful carbon credit projects.
- Scalability of Projects: Digital tools can help scale successful carbon farming initiatives by providing frameworks that can be replicated across different regions, thus expanding the reach of agricultural carbon markets in India.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Inclusivity and Farmer Incentives: Promote inclusive projects that actively engage smallholders and marginalized communities by offering premium prices for carbon credits, ensuring timely payments, and bundling farmers into cooperatives for better market access.
- Leverage Technology for Efficiency: Utilize advanced digital tools like remote sensing and real-time data systems to improve monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) processes, enhance project scalability, and ensure effective implementation of carbon credit initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan
Why in the News?
Since its launch, PM-AASHA has significantly benefitted farmers, contributing to the procurement of 195.39 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) of agricultural commodities, valued at ₹1,07,433.73 crore, from over 99 lakh farmers.
Procurement Details:
- In the Rabi 2023-24 season, 6.41 LMT of pulses, valued at ₹4,820 crore, were procured from 2.75 lakh farmers. This included:
- 2.49 LMT of Masoor
- 43,000 metric tonnes of Chana
- LMT of Moong
- In addition, 12.19 LMT of oilseeds, valued at ₹6,900 crore, were procured from 5.29 lakh farmers.
- In the ongoing Kharif season, the government has procured 5.62 LMT of Soyabean, valued at ₹2,700 crore, benefiting 2.42 lakh farmers.
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About the PM-AASHA Scheme
| Details |
Launched in 2018, PM-AASHA is an umbrella scheme encompassing various components to ensure farmers receive fair prices for their produce. |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Ensuring fair prices for farmers by providing price support when market prices fall below the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
- Stabilize the prices of essential commodities, benefiting both farmers and consumers.
- Addressing price fluctuations and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices for crops like pulses, oilseeds, and copra.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Type: Central Sector Scheme (Fully funded by the Centre).
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
- Fund Allocation: Rs. 35,000 crore during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (up to 2025-26).
- Central Nodal Agencies (CNA):
- Guarantees to lender banks for extending cash credit facilities to agencies like NAFED (National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Limited) and NCCF (National Co-operative Consumer’s Federation of India Limited) for MSP procurement.
- Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) will procure pulses at market price from pre-registered farmers on eSamridhi Portal of NAFED and eSamyukti Portal of NCCF when prices exceed MSP.
Key Components:
- Price Support Scheme (PSS):
- The PSS is the core component of PM-AASHA, operating through state governments to procure notified commodities at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) levels.
- It provides financial relief to farmers when market prices fall below MSP, offering remunerative prices and promoting investment in agriculture.
- The government fixes the MSP for 24 crops at 1.5 times the Cost of Production (CoP) to ensure a fair income for farmers.
- Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS):
- Under PDPS, farmers are provided direct payments if the market prices of oilseeds fall below the MSP.
- It helps bridge the gap between MSP and market prices, ensuring that farmers still get a fair return.
- Market Intervention Scheme (MIS):
- The MIS provides financial assistance to states for price stabilization of perishable agricultural commodities like Tomato, Onion, and Potato, which are not covered under MSP.
- This scheme helps manage price volatility and benefits both farmers and consumers by stabilizing prices.
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PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CTDP, Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN);
Why in the News?
The Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan for North Eastern Region (NER) funded from Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) aims to provide mobile coverage to uncovered villages and National Highways
About the Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan (CTDP):
| Overview |
- CTDP aims to enhance telecommunications infrastructure in India’s North Eastern Region (NER) by improving mobile and broadband access.
- The plan is funded by the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) programme.
Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN):
- Established under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
- Replaces the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).
- USOF was created to provide telecom services in remote and rural areas at affordable prices.
- Funded by a 5% Universal Service Levy on the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) of telecom operators.
- Aimed to expand telecom networks in low-profit remote and rural areas.
- Statutory Status: Granted in December 2003 through amendments to the Indian Telegraph Act (now superseded by the Telecom Act, 2023).
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| Salient Features |
- Mobile Coverage Expansion: Extend mobile coverage to previously uncovered villages and National Highways in NER.
- Enhanced Connectivity: Installation of 2,619 mobile towers, covering 3,223 villages and 286 highway locations.
- 4G Saturation: Providing 4G connectivity to remote villages.
- Support for Socio-Economic Development: Empower citizens through ICTs for development.
- Digital Inclusion: Help bridge the digital divide in NER.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Funding: Primarily funded by the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) programme.
- Implementation: Coordinated through DBN-funded schemes focusing on mobile towers, 4G coverage, and broadband development.
- Agencies Involved:
- Ministry of Communication: Oversees implementation, ensures spectrum and policy approvals.
- DBN: Provides funding and operational support.
- Telecom Service Providers: Deploy infrastructure like towers and 4G networks.
- State Governments of NER: Facilitate local implementation.
- Project Management Agencies: Involved in setting up towers and maintenance.
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PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following is/are the aims/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?
- Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
- Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
- Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Why in the News?
- With Donald Trump potentially returning to the White House, OPEC+ delegates express concern over higher US oil production.
- His administration’s focus on deregulating the energy sector could lead to increased oil output, contributing to a further erosion of OPEC+’s market share.
About ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries’ Plus (OPEC+)
| What is OPEC+? |
Formation and Purpose:
- OPEC+ is a coalition of OPEC members and non-OPEC oil-producing nations that work together to manage oil production and stabilize global oil prices.
- The alliance was formed in 2016 in response to increasing oil production in the United States, particularly from shale oil, which led to falling oil prices.
OPEC Members:
- OPEC was founded in 1960 and includes 12 member countries:
Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Venezuela.
Non-OPEC Members in OPEC+:
- OPEC+ includes 10 non-OPEC members:
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan.
Global Influence:
OPEC+ countries together produce approximately 40% of the world’s crude oil and control about 80% of the world’s proven oil reserves. |
| Factors are influencing OPEC+’s oil production cuts |
- Rising US oil production: The shale boom in the US has increased its market share, impacting OPEC+’s influence.
- Global price stability: OPEC+ implements production cuts to prevent oil prices from falling too low.
- Weak global demand: Extended cuts due to low demand, especially in major economies.
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| Implications of OPEC+’s policies |
- Reduced market share: OPEC+’s global oil share dropped from 55% in 2016 to 48% in 2024.
- Price volatility: OPEC+’s production cuts aim to stabilize prices, but increasing US production affects this goal.
- Economic stability: Production cuts help sustain favorable prices for oil-producing economies.
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PYQ:
[2009] Other than Venezuela, which one among the following from South America is a member of OPEC?
(a) Argentina
(b) Bolivia
(c) Ecuador
(d) Brazil |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ganges River Dolphin
Why in the News?
- The first-ever Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) has been tagged in Assam, marking a major achievement in wildlife conservation.
About Ganges River Dolphin:
| Details |
-
- Ganga River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) – Known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” discovered in 1801.
- Declared National Aquatic Animal in 2009 and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
- The announcement was made at the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).
- Habitat: Around 90% of the species live in India, primarily in the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli river systems.
- Features: Blind, lives in freshwater, uses ultrasonic sounds to hunt, travels in small groups, and surface every 30-120 seconds for breathing.
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| Importance and Threats |
- Acts as an indicator of river ecosystem health (being the apex predator).
- Threats: Unintentional killing through fishing gear, poaching for oil, habitat destruction, pollution (industrial waste, pesticides, noise).
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| Protection Status and Government Initiatives |
Protection Status:
- IUCN: Endangered
- Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I
- CITES: Appendix I
- CMS: Appendix I
Conservation Initiatives: Project Dolphin, Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary (Bihar), National Ganga River Dolphin Day (October 5).
What is Project Dolphin?
- Launch: Announced by PM Narendra Modi on 15th August 2020.
- Objective: Conservation of India’s riverine and oceanic dolphins.
- Duration: 10-year initiative.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change.
- Key Objectives:
- Safeguard India’s dolphin population by mitigating threats to riverine and oceanic species.
- Address conservation challenges while engaging stakeholders in dolphin conservation efforts.
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PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India Sri Lanka Relations;
Why in the News?
Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s visit to India, his first international trip as per tradition, underscores the continuity in India-Sri Lanka bilateral relations.
What are the current China-related challenges in India-Sri Lanka relations?
- Geopolitical Tensions: Sri Lanka’s historical ties with China, particularly during the Mahinda Rajapaksa regime, have raised concerns in India regarding potential Chinese influence in the region.
- China’s investment in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Hambantota Port, is closely tied to its broader String of Pearls strategy.
- Economic Dependency: Sri Lanka’s reliance on Chinese investments has created a “debt trap” scenario, limiting its ability to align with Indian interests fully. The need for economic assistance from both nations complicates Sri Lanka’s foreign policy decisions, as it seeks support without alienating either side.
- Balancing Act: Sri Lanka is attempting to navigate its relationships with India and China, which often puts it in a difficult position.
- President Anura Kumara Dissanayake has expressed intentions to strengthen ties with India while maintaining relations with China, indicating a desire for a balanced approach. However, this balancing act is complicated by India’s concerns over Chinese influence and activities in the Indian Ocean.
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How can India and Sri Lanka enhance their economic and strategic partnerships?
- Trade Agreements: There is a push for an upgraded India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to facilitate bilateral trade and investment. This could include provisions for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) protection and expanded coverage of goods and services.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Implementing a regional PLI scheme could encourage Indian businesses to invest in Sri Lanka, particularly in sectors like renewable energy and electronics. This initiative would help build regional supply chains and reduce dependency on imports.
- B2B Engagement: Strengthening business-to-business ties, especially between smaller enterprises, could enhance economic collaboration. This involves increasing participation in trade fairs and fostering connections between businesses in southern Indian states and Sri Lanka.
What role does regional stability play? (Way forward)
- Security Cooperation: Regional stability is crucial for both nations as they address external threats, particularly from China. Dissanayake’s assurance that Sri Lankan territory will not be used against Indian interests is vital for maintaining security cooperation and trust between the two countries.
- Economic Recovery: As Sri Lanka recovers from its recent economic crisis, stable relations with India are essential for securing ongoing support from international financial institutions like the IMF. Enhanced cooperation can serve as a model for regional partnerships that promote stability and economic growth across South Asia.
- Geopolitical Balance: A collaborative approach can help mitigate risks associated with external influences and ensure that both nations can pursue their national interests without compromising sovereignty.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regional geo-politics in Asia and western countries; China's 'Debt Trap Policy;
Why in the News?
By the end of 2023, China emerged as the leading debt collector, holding over 25% of the world’s bilateral external debt.
- Two decades ago, Japan, followed by Germany, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom, dominated global lending, with China rarely extending loans.
What is China’s ‘Debt Trap Policy’?
- China’s “Debt Trap Policy” (also known as the ‘slicing strategy’) refers to a strategy where it provides excessive loans to developing countries, often for large infrastructure projects, which these nations struggle to repay. This policy is primarily associated with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- When countries default on their loans, they may be forced to cede control of critical assets to China, effectively creating a debt-for-equity swap.
- Notable examples include Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port, which was leased to China for 99 years after the country failed to meet repayment obligations.
Which countries have been affected by China’s debt trap policy?
- Sri Lanka: Struggled with $8 billion in debt, leading to the leasing of the Hambantota port.
- Pakistan: Owes approximately $22 billion, close to 60% of its bilateral debt.
- Laos: Faces significant economic challenges with $6 billion owed to China, over 75% of its bilateral debt.
- Angola: Owes $17 billion, about 58% of its external debt.
These countries often find themselves in financial distress due to high interest rates and the burden of debt repayments consuming essential public resources.
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How are developing countries managing their debt to China?
Developing countries are employing various strategies to manage their debts to China:
- Debt Restructuring: Nations like Zambia are negotiating terms to restructure their debts in light of economic difficulties.
- Attracting Investment: Countries are seeking new foreign investments or loans from other nations or institutions to alleviate their financial burdens.
- Engaging in Bilateral Talks: Some nations are attempting to engage China in discussions aimed at debt forgiveness or more favourable repayment terms. However, China’s reluctance to forgive debt complicates these negotiations.
What are the implications of this debt burden on regional and global geopolitics?
The implications of China’s debt policies extend beyond economics into geopolitics:
- Increased Influence: By becoming the largest creditor, China gains substantial leverage over debtor nations, potentially influencing their foreign policy and strategic decisions. This is particularly evident in South Asia and Africa, where countries may align more closely with Chinese interests due to their indebtedness.
- Economic Dependency: Nations heavily reliant on Chinese loans risk becoming economically dependent on China, which can limit their sovereignty and decision-making capabilities. This dependency can also lead to geopolitical tensions with other powers, such as India or the United States.
- Potential Instability: The growing debt burden could lead to financial crises in several nations, resulting in political instability. The inability of countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan to manage their debts raises concerns about broader regional stability and economic health.
What are the challenges to India due to this policy?
- Rising Chinese Influence and Strategic Risks: China’s lending practices are expanding its influence in South Asia, particularly in nations like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, undermining India’s role as a regional leader.
- This includes control over strategic assets such as Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port and infrastructure under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the POK region, which poses direct security threats to India.
- Geopolitical and Economic Competition: China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region, coupled with favorable loan terms, challenges India’s investments and diplomatic efforts.
- Regional Instability and Spillover Effects: Debt-driven economic instability in countries like Sri Lanka results in political unrest and humanitarian crises, which can spill over into India, necessitating responses to refugee inflows and potential destabilization in the region.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Regional Partnerships: India should enhance economic and strategic cooperation with neighbouring countries through competitive financing, capacity-building initiatives, and infrastructure projects under transparent terms to counter China’s influence and foster regional stability.
- Promoting Multilateral Solutions: India can collaborate with global institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and Quad partners to offer alternative financial support.
Mains PYQ:
Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to gold;
Why in the News?
Sovereign gold bonds provide a safer and more cost-effective alternative to holding physical gold, as they reduce risks and storage expenses. However, the central government is considering discontinuing the SGB scheme.
What is the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme?
| About |
GOI launched it on October 30, 2015. |
| Structural Mandate |
Nodal Agency: Ministry of Finance;
Issued by RBI on behalf of the GOI. |
| Aims and Objectives |
To reduce dependence on gold imports and shift savings from physical gold to paper form. |
| Targeted Beneficiaries |
Residents of India, including individuals, HUFs, trusts, universities, and charitable institutions. |
| Funding Mechanism |
- The Sovereign Gold Bonds are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of India. This ensures a sovereign guarantee for both the principal and interest payments.
- The bonds are made available for subscription in tranches. The RBI notifies the terms and conditions for each tranche, including the subscription dates and issue price, which is based on the average closing price of gold of 999 purity published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association (IBJA).
- SGBs are sold through various channels, including scheduled commercial banks (excluding small finance banks), designated post offices, Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL), and recognized stock exchanges like NSE and BSE.
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| Features |
- Sovereign gold Bonds are issued in 1-gram denominations with an 8-year tenure and early exit from the 5th year.
- The minimum investment is 1 gram, a maximum 4 kg for individuals, and 20 kg for trusts.
- Benefits include security, interest, and loan collateral.
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What are the concerns regarding sovereign gold bonds?
- High Cost of Financing: The government perceives the cost of financing its fiscal deficit through SGBs as disproportionately high compared to the benefits provided to investors. This perception has led to a significant reduction in the issuance of SGBs, dropping from ten tranches annually to just two.
- Limited Issuance in Current Financial Year: In the financial year 2024-25, no new sovereign gold bonds have been issued so far, and net borrowing through these bonds has been significantly reduced from previous estimates.
- Market Competition from Physical Gold: The recent reduction in customs duty on gold from 15% to 6% has led to a surge in demand for physical gold. Investors may prefer holding physical gold over waiting for returns from debt securities like SGBs, which require maturity periods before realizing gains.
What are the challenges due to the import of Gold?
- Impact on Trade Deficit: Gold imports are a major contributor to India’s trade deficit, with a record $14.8 billion spent in November 2024, which weakened the rupee. Between 2016 and 2020, gold imports made up 86% of the country’s gold supply, leading to significant foreign exchange outflows and economic instability.
- Encouragement of Smuggling: High import duties on gold have driven a rise in smuggling, with 65% to 75% of smuggled gold entering India through air routes. This illegal trade undermines government revenue and complicates market regulation.
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Way forward:
- Increase Liquidity and Accessibility: Similar to gold-backed ETFs in the U.S. and Gold Bullion Securities in Australia, India can enhance the liquidity of SGBs by allowing them to be traded on stock exchanges, providing easy access and better market engagement for investors.
- Encourage Regular Investments: Drawing inspiration from Germany’s gold savings plans, India can introduce flexible investment options such as monthly or quarterly contributions, enabling dollar-cost averaging and attracting retail investors over time.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Wildlife Health Policy
Why in the News?
The Central Zoo Authority has initiated the development of the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP) through a consultative workshop held in New Delhi.
About the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP):
| Details |
- An initiative launched by the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) to improve wildlife health and control zoonotic diseases.
- CZA, established in 1992 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, is a statutory autonomous body under the MoEFCCC.
- Part of the National Wildlife Action Plan (2017-31) and follows the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Prevent and Control Zoonotic Diseases: Strengthen monitoring and control of diseases.
- Improve Disease Surveillance: Develop systems for early epidemic detection.
- Promote One Health Principles: Integrate human, animal, and environmental health.
- Community Advocacy: Increase awareness on wildlife health and conservation.
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| Programs/Initiatives Under the Policy |
- Wildlife Health Management Unit (WHMU): A dedicated unit to implement wildlife health programs.
- Disease Surveillance and Early Detection: Early detection of diseases, especially in protected areas.
- Biosecurity Protocols: Strengthen measures to minimize disease risks.
- Epidemic Preparedness and Response: Response strategies for wildlife disease outbreaks.
- One Health Approach Integration: Coordination between health sectors for better management.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Wildlife Health Management Unit (WHMU) (proposed) to oversee wildlife health programs.
- Collaboration Across Agencies: Coordination with MoEF&CC, Wildlife Institutes, and state wildlife authorities.
- Surveillance and Monitoring: Monitor and track wildlife diseases, with research support from Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI).
- Capacity Building: Training programs for wildlife health professionals.
- Funding and Resources: Significant resources for surveillance, research, and capacity building.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IPBES Report, 2024
Why in the News?
The 11th plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) took place in Namibia to discuss key scientific findings and evidence addressing the global biodiversity crisis.
About IPBES
- IPBES aims to improve the interface between science and policy on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
- Membership: Comprises over 130 member governments.
- Purpose: Provides scientific assessments to guide governments, the private sector, and civil society in decision-making on biodiversity and ecosystems.
- Establishment:
- Formally established in April 2012 when 90 countries signed its founding statement.
- Originated from a 2010 UN General Assembly resolution urging the UN Environment Programme to convene a meeting for its formation.
- Structural Mandate:
- Led by a Plenary (main decision-making body) with representatives from member states.
- Operates on a consensus principle, meeting annually to decide on work programs, budgets, and reports.
- Key Functions:
- Assessments: Develop global and regional assessments on biodiversity themes.
- Policy Support: Provide tools and methodologies for policymakers.
- Capacity Building: Enhance knowledge and capabilities among members.
- Outreach: Ensure effective communication and impact.
- Notable Achievements:
- 2019: Released the Global Assessment Report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
- 2020: Preliminary report on international cooperation to reduce pandemic risks.
- 2021: Co-sponsored a biodiversity and climate change workshop report with IPCC.
- 2022: Awarded the Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity, shared with IPCC.
- Unique Contributions:
- Introduced the term “Nature’s Contributions to People” (NCPs) as an alternative to ecosystem services.
- Compiles knowledge from diverse sources, including scientific literature, indigenous knowledge, and local expertise.
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Key Highlights on the Global Environment:
- Biodiversity Loss: 1 million species face extinction due to habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution.
- Climate Change Impact: Global warming is significantly threatening ecosystems and species.
- Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation disrupts ecosystems and contributes to carbon emissions.
- Water Scarcity: Freshwater ecosystems are under threat from pollution and over-extraction.
- Ecosystem Services: Decline in vital services like clean air, water, and food.
- Global Cooperation: Urgent need for global action to address climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable development.
- Biodiversity and Health: Emphasis on the One Health approach to link human, animal, and environmental health.
Key Highlights on the Asian Region:
- Biodiversity: Asia hosts half the world’s biodiversity but faces major threats from habitat loss and climate change.
- Pollution and Urbanization: Rapid urbanization is increasing pollution, affecting health and the environment.
- Climate Change: Vulnerable to floods, droughts, and rising sea levels impacting agriculture and settlements.
- Forest Loss: Deforestation, especially in Indonesia, India, and Malaysia, threatens ecosystems.
- Marine Biodiversity: Marine life is under pressure from overfishing and pollution.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting sustainable farming to reduce environmental impact.
- Protected Areas: Despite progress, conservation management remains a challenge.
PYQ:
[2012] The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?
(a) Production of food and water
(b) Control of climate and disease
(c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination
(d) Maintenance of diversity |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: US Bitcoin Strategic Reserve
Why in the News?
Bitcoin surged to a record high of over $107,000 after President-elect Donald Trump reaffirmed plans to create a US bitcoin reserve, boosting investor excitement.
Do you know?
- The legal status of cryptocurrency in India is uncertain.
- RBI has warned against cryptocurrencies, citing risks to investors and confirming they are not legal tender.
- In 2018, the Supreme Court overturned an RBI ban on financial institutions dealing with cryptocurrencies.
- In the 2022-23 Union Budget, the Government of India announced a 30% tax on cryptocurrency transfers.
- Additionally, a panel has been formed to explore blockchain technology and the potential for a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).
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What is a Strategic Reserve?
| Details |
- A strategic reserve is a stockpile of critical resources, used in times of crisis or disruptions in supply.
- Examples:
- US Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Largest global emergency oil stockpile, created in 1975 after the 1973-74 oil embargo.
- Canada’s Maple Syrup Reserve: The only global strategic reserve for maple syrup.
- China’s Reserves: Includes resources like metals, grains, and pork.
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| How Would a U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Work? |
- Establishing the Reserve: Unclear if it would require executive powers or Congress approval. Some suggest an executive order to manage bitcoin through the U.S. Treasury’s Exchange Stabilization Fund.
- Content of the Reserve: Includes seized bitcoin (200,000 tokens, worth approx. $21 billion).
- Additional Purchases: Possible purchase of more bitcoin from the open market.
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| Benefits and Risks of a Bitcoin Reserve |
Benefits:
- Global Market Dominance: Could enhance U.S. control over the global bitcoin market, especially against competitors like China.
- Economic Advantages: Could reduce U.S. fiscal deficit and strengthen the U.S. dollar.
Risks:
- Volatility: Bitcoin’s value is uncertain due to volatility and lack of intrinsic use.
- Security: Vulnerability to cyber-attacks and market fluctuations.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Tundra
Why in the News?
- The Arctic Tundra, a frozen treeless biome, has traditionally served as a carbon sink, storing vast amounts of carbon for thousands of years.
- However, recent changes in this ecosystem are turning it into a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
What is Arctic Tundra?
- Arctic Tundra is cold, treeless biome located in the northernmost regions of Earth, primarily within the Arctic Circle.
- Climate:
- Experiences long, harsh winters and short, cool summers.
- Temperatures range from -28°C in winter to 3°C in summer.
- Ground is permanently frozen, restricting plant root growth and shaping the ecosystem.
- Experiences 24-hour daylight in summer and long polar nights in winter.
- Biodiversity and Vegetation:
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- Limited to low-growing vegetation like mosses, lichens, grasses, and small shrubs, adapted to short growing seasons.
- Hosts animals like Arctic foxes, polar bears, caribou, and migratory birds, though overall biodiversity is low.
- Adaptations:
- Animals: Thick fur and fat layers in species like polar bears to survive extreme cold.
- Plants: Shallow roots for quick nutrient absorption during short summers.
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How does the Arctic Tundra store Carbon?
- The Arctic tundra stores carbon primarily through a process where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere via photosynthesis.
- This carbon gets trapped in the soil and organic matter (plants and animals) that accumulate over time.
- The cold Arctic climate slows the decomposition of plant and animal remains, meaning that organic materials, including carbon, remain locked in the permafrost.
- This permafrost acts as a natural storage system, preventing CO2 from being released back into the atmosphere.
- Scientists estimate that the Arctic tundra holds about 1.6 trillion metric tonnes of carbon, which is roughly double the amount of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Why is the Arctic Tundra emitting more carbon than absorbing it?
- Rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing the permafrost to thaw at an accelerated rate.
- When permafrost thaws, microbes in the soil become active, breaking down the organic material trapped in the frozen ground, which results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), two potent greenhouse gases.
- The Arctic has been warming at a rate four times faster than the global average.
- 2024 was the second-warmest year on record for the region, contributing significantly to the thawing of the permafrost.
- Wildfires in the Arctic have become more frequent and intense, further accelerating the thawing of permafrost. Wildfire smoke also contributes to the release of greenhouse gases.
- Between 2001 and 2020, the combination of rising temperatures and increased wildfires led to the Arctic tundra releasing more carbon than it absorbed, marking a significant shift in its role from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter.
PYQ:
[2012] Climate is extreme, rainfall is scanty and the people used to be nomadic herders. The above statement best describes which of the following regions?
(a) African Savanna
(b) Central Asian Steppe
(c) North American Prairie
(d) Siberian Tundra |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to employment;
Why in the news?
India’s Rural low wages pose a significant challenge, but adopting a ground-level perspective on employers’ daily realities highlights policy measures to increase the number of high-productivity employers.
What are the root causes of the current wage stagnation in India?
- Economic Structure: The shift from agriculture to non-farm jobs has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in productivity. Despite significant government spending, the flow of jobs since 1991 has not reduced farm employment, leading to wage stagnation in rural areas.
- Skill Mismatch: There is a disparity between the skills available in the labour market and those demanded by employers. Many workers remain under-skilled for the higher-paying jobs that are available, perpetuating low wages.
- Economic growth vs wage stagnation: Despite India’s GDP growing at a strong rate, averaging 7.8% in recent years, this growth has not led to substantial wage increases for rural workers. In fact, real wages, when adjusted for inflation, have either remained stagnant or decreased. This disparity underscores a crucial issue: the underlying nature of economic growth.
- Shift to Capital-Intensive Growth: India’s recent economic growth is driven by capital-intensive sectors, which create fewer jobs, limiting the demand for rural labour and keeping wages low.
- Inflation vs. Wage Growth: While nominal wages have risen, inflation has outpaced wage growth, reducing the real purchasing power of rural workers. For example, rural wages grew by 5.2% nominally, but real wage growth was negative at -0.4%.
- Increased Labour Supply: Government schemes like Ujjwala and Har Ghar Jal have increased rural women’s workforce participation, intensifying competition for jobs and putting downward pressure on wages.
- Agricultural Wage Stagnation: Despite steady agricultural growth (4.2% and 3.6% in recent years), wages in agriculture have not increased proportionally, limiting overall wage growth in rural areas.
How can India effectively implement a living wage system?
A living wage system ensures workers earn enough to meet basic needs like food, housing, healthcare, and education, enabling a decent standard of living beyond mere subsistence wages.
- Policy Framework: Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes a living wage based on local cost of living metrics is essential. This framework should be adaptable to different regions and sectors.
- Incentives for Employers: Providing tax breaks or subsidies for businesses that pay living wages can encourage compliance and support workers’ livelihoods.
- Strengthening Labor Rights: Ensuring robust enforcement of labor laws that protect workers’ rights to fair wages and safe working conditions is crucial for implementing a living wage system effectively.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating both employers and employees about the benefits of a living wage can help shift perceptions and practices within the workforce.
What are the wage disparities in India?
- Gender Wage Gap: According to the Global Gender Gap Index 2024, Indian women earn only ₹40 for every ₹100 earned by men, highlighting a significant gender pay disparity.
- The economic gender parity level in India is recorded at 39.8%, indicating that while some progress has been made, substantial gaps remain in economic participation and remuneration between genders.
- Regional Wage Disparities: The average daily wage for casual workers in rural areas is approximately ₹104, significantly lower than the national average of ₹247 per day for all workers.
- Wage Inequality Metrics: The Gini coefficient for wages in India stands at 0.49, indicating a high level of wage inequality. The D9/D1 wage ratio, which compares the earnings of the top 10% to the bottom 10%, is 6.7, underscoring the stark contrast in earnings across different segments of the workforce.
Note: The D9/D1 wage ratio is a measure of income inequality that compares the earnings of the top 10% of wage earners (D9) to the earnings of the bottom 10% (D1) within a given population |
What policy measures can be taken to address wage disparities and ensure fair compensation? (Way forward)
- Rationalisation of Regulations: Streamlining regulatory frameworks to reduce bureaucratic hurdles can encourage entrepreneurship and job creation. This includes removing unnecessary jail provisions that deter business operations.
- Investing in Human Capital: Prioritizing skill development programs aligned with market demands can boost employability and empower workers to secure higher-paying jobs.
- Encouraging Non-Farm Employment: Policies should focus on fostering private, productive non-farm jobs through digitisation and formalization, paving the way for better wages.
- Strengthening Redistribution Mechanisms: Adopting progressive taxation on higher profits can fund social programs designed to uplift wage levels across different sectors.
- Fostering Long-Term Economic Planning: Crafting a comprehensive economic strategy aligned with labour market needs is essential for ensuring sustainable wage growth and effectively addressing disparities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the electrification of transport;
Why in the news?
The ‘Mission 100% Electrification’ project is like chasing an unrealistic dream of becoming a green railway, leading to many usable diesel locomotives becoming unnecessary.
What are the key points of the report?
- Export of Repurposed Locomotives: RITES Ltd. is exporting six refurbished broad-gauge diesel locomotives to African railways after complex gauge conversion, marking a first in such re-engineering.
- Idle Diesel Locomotives: Around 760 diesel locomotives, with over 60% still serviceable, are redundant due to the rapid electrification of the railway network.
- Limited Environmental and Economic Gains: Electrification reduces only 2% of diesel consumption, while coal-powered electricity (50% of the total) negates environmental benefits, maintaining reliance on polluting sources.
- Strategic Contradictions: Despite targeting 100% electrification, Indian Railways plans to retain 3,500 diesel locomotives for disaster management and traffic needs, undercutting “green” claims.
- Policy and Financial Wastage: The rushed electrification drive has led to premature asset redundancy, wasting public funds without ensuring environmental or financial sustainability.
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What constitutes greenwashing in the context of Indian Railways?
- Misleading Claims of Environmental Benefits: The Indian Railways’ push for 100% electrification is framed as a move towards a “green railway.” However, this initiative overlooks the fact that a significant portion of the electricity generated in India comes from coal-fired power plants, which are environmentally harmful.
- Thus, the transition from diesel to electric locomotives may merely shift pollution from one source to another without achieving genuine environmental benefits.
- Redundancy of Serviceable Assets: The decision to electrify the railway network has led to the premature stabling of functional diesel locomotives, many of which have considerable residual life left.
- This not only represents a waste of resources but also raises questions about the actual motivations behind electrification efforts.
- Focus on Slogans Over Substance: The Mission 100% Electrification initiative appears to prioritize headline-grabbing goals over comprehensive and well-thought-out policies.
- This approach can be seen as greenwashing, as it promotes an image of environmental responsibility while failing to address the underlying issues related to energy sourcing and pollution.
How do greenwashing practices impact public perception and trust?
- Erosion of Credibility: When organizations like Indian Railways promote initiatives that are not genuinely sustainable, it can lead to public scepticism regarding their commitment to environmental issues.
- Misallocation of Resources: Public perception may shift towards viewing government initiatives as wasteful or misguided, leading to decreased support for future projects that could have real environmental benefits.
- Increased Public Scrutiny: Greenwashing practices often lead to increased scrutiny from activists, media, and the public.
- As stakeholders demand transparency and accountability, organizations may face backlash for failing to deliver on their environmental promises.
What regulatory measures can be implemented to combat greenwashing in the transportation sector? (Way forward)
- Clear Guidelines for Environmental Claims: Establishing stringent regulations that define what constitutes legitimate environmental benefits can help prevent misleading claims.
- Organizations should be required to substantiate their claims with verifiable data and transparent reporting.
- Mandatory Sustainability Reporting: Implementing requirements for regular sustainability audits and reporting can ensure that transportation entities disclose their actual environmental impact, including emissions data and energy sources used.
- Public Accountability Mechanisms: Creating independent bodies to assess and review claims made by transportation sectors regarding sustainability initiatives can enhance accountability.
- These bodies could provide certifications or ratings based on genuine environmental performance rather than promotional claims.
- Incentives for Genuine Sustainability Efforts: Providing financial incentives or recognition for organizations that implement effective sustainability measures can encourage genuine efforts rather than superficial compliance with green initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (2022)
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