Researchers disclosed that one of Norway’s Hopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago witnessed its first walrus death due to Bird Flu (H5N1).
AboutHopen Island in the Svalbard Archipelago
Hopen Island is situated in the southern part of the Svalbard Archipelago, between the Barents Sea and the Greenland Sea.
The island covers an area of about 47 square km, making it one of the smaller islands in the Svalbard group.
The landscape mainly consists of low-lying tundra, rocky outcrops, and coastal cliffs.
Like the rest of Svalbard, Hopen Island experiences a harsh Arctic climate. Winters are long, dark, and extremely cold, while summers are short and cool.
It serves as an important breeding groundfor seabirds such as guillemots, puffins, and kittiwakes. Polar bears are also occasionally spotted on the island, along with walruses, seals, and Arctic foxes.
It is uninhabited and largely inaccessible to humans due to its remote location and extreme weather conditions.
Historically, Hopen Island has been of strategic importance due to its location between the Barents Sea and the Greenland Sea.
H5N1 Bird Flu: Details
H5N1 originated from a virus outbreak on a goose farm in China in 1996 and has since evolved into a highly pathogenic strain.
The virus quickly spread from Europe to Africa, Asia, North America, and South America, and most recently, it reached mainland Antarctica.
H5N1 is a subtype of the influenza A virus that causes severe respiratory disease in birds, known as avian influenza or “bird flu”.
Influenza A viruses are classified by subtypes based on the properties of their surface proteins, with H5N1 being one subtype.
How widespread is it?
The virus has affected birds in over 80 countries, resulting in mass culling of poultry and wild birds.
Furthermore, it has now begun infecting mammals, including seals, sea lions, and marine mammals.
While humans rarely contract bird flu, those at risk are typically individuals who have extensive contact with infected birds at poultry farms.
Bird flu first broke out in Maharashtra in 2006.
The H5N1 virus led to the culling of millions of poultry so as to contain the virus. But it has resurfaced from time to time.
PYQ:
[2014] Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’?
Q) To achieve the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of experiences in the recent past. (UPSC IAS/2015)
Q) The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in the overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify. (UPSC IAS/2013)
Note4Students:
Prelims: Standard Essential Patents (SEP);
Mains: The effect of judicial lethargy and activism on Standard essential patents (SEP);
Mentor comments:There is a possible crisis brewing in India over how certain technology companies are wielding ‘standard essential patents’ (SEP) against the telecom manufacturing sector in India. This is a complex policy issue that has direct ramifications for India’s effort to build a domestic manufacturing industry for cellular phones. So far, the issues of regulating SEPs have been left to the judiciary, which, as an institution, has mostly missed the ball.
Let’s learn
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Why in the News?
The government must put in place measures to regulate Standard Essential Patents before the judiciary causes further damage to India’s manufacturing dreams.
What are ‘Standard Essential Patents’ (SEP)?
These are the types of patents that cover technologies that are adopted by the industry as “standards”. For example, technologies such as CDMA, GSM, and LTE are all industry standards in the telecom sector.
Technological standards are especially important to ensure the interoperability of different brands of cellular phones manufactured by different companies.
For example, once GSM was adopted as a standard, all manufacturers had to ensure that the handsets that they manufactured were compatible with GSM.
The Opaque Model:
Countries with little innovation in the telecom sector, such as India, have minimal influence over the setting of standards or the licensing of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs). This lack of influence contributes to the opacity of the process.
Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) are primarily run by private technology companies, leading to a concentration of power and decision-making among these entities.
Owners of SEPs can demand extortionary royalties or licensing terms from manufacturers due to the lack of alternatives. This practice can block competition and hinder market entry for smaller players.
The lack of alternatives and the necessity for manufacturers to license SEPs create a “patent holdup” problem, where owners of SEPs can exploit their position to extract higher licensing fees.
Despite the theoretical expectation that SSOs would prevent unfair practices, the self-regulation model has failed in practice. This failure is evidenced by the record fines imposed on some SEP owners for engaging in anti-competitive practices.
The Effect of Judicial Lethargy and Activism
Lack of Investigation into Abusive Licensing Practices: Due to judicial lethargy and delays, the Indian government has yet not investigated potentially abusive licensing practices of technology companies owning Standard Essential Patents (SEPs).
Protracted Litigation: Litigation surrounding competition law issues has been mired in delays and remained pending for an extended period, resulting in a lack of resolution. For instance, a case involving Ericsson challenging the Competition Commission of India’s power lasted for seven years before a judgment was delivered.
Impact on Manufacturers: The prolonged litigation and uncertainty have adversely affected manufacturers, particularly Indian companies, who have been required to deposit substantial sums of money with the court during the pendency of trials. This has strained their financial resources and affected their ability to operate effectively.
Unprecedented Interim Orders: The Delhi High Court has issued unprecedented “deposit” orders, requiring manufacturers to deposit large sums of money with the court before trial.
These orders lack legal basis and are unfair to defendants, depriving them of working capital for the duration of the trial.
Impact on Investment and Manufacturing Sector: Judicial lethargy and activism have negative implications for the government’s efforts to attract investment in the manufacturing sector.
Delays and uncertainties in legal proceedings deter potential investors and undermine the effectiveness of government initiatives like the “production-linked incentives” scheme.
Questioning on the Policies of Government: The situation raises questions about the rationale behind government policies that incentivize manufacturing while overlooking issues related to abusive licensing practices by SEP owners. This inconsistency may hinder efforts to promote economic growth and job creation in the country.
Way Forward:
Need for Government Intervention: There is a pressing need for the Indian government to intervene and implement measures to regulate SEPs. The current judicial delays and uncertainties surrounding SEPs are hindering India’s manufacturing aspirations.
Ensuring Fairness and Equity: Regulatory measures would aim to ensure fairness and equity in the licensing of SEPs, preventing monopolistic practices and extortionate royalties that could hinder competition and innovation.
Many have announced an investigation into possible contamination of spice mixes sold by top Indian brands like MDH and Everest Masalas.
Delhi-based think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) in a recent note held, “With nearly $700 million worth of exports to critical markets at stake.”
What is Ethylene Oxide (ETO)?
Ethylene oxide is a flammable, colorless gas at temperature above 51.3 F (10.7 C). When used directly in the gaseous form or in non-explosive gaseous mixtures with nitrogen or carbon dioxide, ETO serves as a disinfectant, fumigant, sterilizing agent, and insecticide.
ETO has also been reported to be produced from natural sources. In certain plants, ethylene (a natural plant growth regulator) is degraded to ethylene oxide. ETO ia also generated from water – logged soil, manure and sewage sludge.
What are the health concerns?
ETO Usage and Contamination: ETO is a prohibited pesticide that is used as a sterilizing agent in the food industry, including spices.
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity: Residues of ETO can lead to the formation of toxic and carcinogenic compounds, such as ethylene glycol. Long-term exposure to ethylene oxide is associated with various health risks, including cancers like lymphoma and leukemia.
Previous Incidents: Indian-made products, including cough syrups, have been linked to incidents where ethylene glycol contamination resulted in fatalities, particularly among children in countries like Cameroon, Gambia, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan.
Regulatory Response: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has banned the use of ETO and has flagged contamination issues in Indian spices in the past. A recent EFSA report highlighted carcinogenic chemicals found in numerous products linked to India.
Which countries have flagged safety of Indian spices?
Hong Kong: Suspended the sale of three MDH spice blends and Everest fish curry masala due to high levels of ethylene oxide (ETO).
Singapore: Ordered a recall of Everest spice mix, stating that ethylene oxide makes the spices unfit for human consumption and poses a cancer risk.
United States: The FDA is aware of the reports and is gathering additional information about the situation.
Maldives: The Maldives FDA has suspended the sale of spices produced by Everest and MDH.
Australia: Food Standards of Australia and New Zealand is working with international counterparts to understand the issue and determine if further action is required.
Bangladesh: Gathering information on companies importing possibly contaminated products and plans to carry out examinations if necessary.
What are the operational challenges faced by the Indian government?
Lack of Standardized Protocol System: India’s diverse food landscape, the lack of standardised monitoring and intentional food fraud may prevent manufacturers from efficiently tracing ingredients and assessing potential risks.
Lack of Database: Many companies struggle to trace ingredients, especially raw agricultural commodities, due to the lack of standardised recordkeeping and intentional food fraud. This prevents manufacturers from assessing potential risks, compromising the safety of the entire food supply chain.
Traceability is particularly challenging for small and medium sized businesses with limited resources.
What steps is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) taking to improve the safety of spices?
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): The FSMA rules address both domestically produced and imported foods.
For example, the preventive controls rule requires food facilities, including those that manufacture spices, to conduct a hazard analysis, identify hazards reasonably likely to occur, and establish preventive controls for such hazards.
Spices Board and its Measures: The Spices Board announced mandatory testing of consignments shipped to Singapore and Hong Kong, and gathering technical details and analytical reports from relevant food and drug agencies.
Issuance of Guidelines: A circular dated April 30 contains guidelines to exporters on preventing ETO contamination, developed after discussions with the Indian spice industry.
Measures include voluntary testing of ETO during raw and final stages, storing ETO treated products separately, and incorporating critical control points in hazard analysis.
Way forward:
Enhanced Regulatory Oversight: Strengthen regulatory bodies such as the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to ensure strict adherence to food safety standards and regulations. Implement regular inspections, audits, and enforcement actions to monitor compliance with safety guidelines.
Improved Traceability Systems: Develop and implement robust traceability systems across the food supply chain to track the origin and movement of ingredients and products. Utilize technology such as blockchain and RFID tagging to enhance transparency and accountability.
Mains question for practice
Q Explain the health risks associated with ethylene oxide (ETO) contamination in spices.
Mains PYQ
Q Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Indian Health Care system faces a new set of complex problems that seem to be harder to solve because of their inherent complexity and the constraints they threaten to impose on resources.
Quick Problems versus Complex Problems in Health Care:
Healthcare is filled with complex problems. Consider scheduling in a hospital: assigning doctors and nurses to shifts, booking operating theatres for surgeries, and organizing patient appointments.
It is an intricate puzzle that requires considering various factors — staff availability, urgency of medical cases, etc. — and potential changes such as emergency cases and cancellations.
The Quick Problems vs Complex Problems in Health Care question is this: there can be a shortcut to solve ‘Complex Problems’ problems as quickly as ‘Quick Problems’ problems.
The implication is that if Quick Problems equals Complex Problems, we could quickly find the optimal solution to these scheduling problems, thus significantly improving patient care.
Implications for the Healthcare System:
Impact on Antibiotic Resistance: Quick analysis of bacterial genomes and prediction of resistance patterns could lead to more effective antibiotic prescriptions, improving patient outcomes and combating antibiotic resistance.
Advancement in Cancer Treatment: Swift identification of the optimal treatment for individual cancer patients could save lives by effectively tackling the complexity of cancer mutations and treatment options.
Optimization of Insurance Decision-Making: Insurance companies grappling with ‘NP’ problems in determining premiums and packages could benefit from a shortcut provided by solving the P versus NP problem. This could lead to fairer and more accurate premiums and conditions for customers.
Better utilization of Government health sector funding: Efficiently solving complex problems could lead to better utilization of government spending on healthcare, minimizing leakage and contributing to achieving universal health coverage.
Resource Constraint Reduction and Improved Health Outcomes: By solving complex healthcare problems more efficiently, there is the potential to dramatically reduce resource constraints and improve health outcomes broadly.
Way Forward: Governments can enact policies and regulations that promote the responsible use of technology in healthcare and incentivize the adoption of evidence-based practices. This includes establishing standards for data privacy and security, fostering transparency in algorithmic decision-making, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services.
Mains PYQ
Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
The DMK’s 2024 election manifesto in Tamil Nadu pledges to advocate for a law mandating menstrual leave for women, promoting gender equality and women’s welfare.
Tracking Regional Progress:
Indian States:
The Kerala Sahitya Academy published work, Kerala in 19th Century, mentions that Kerala was the first (in the Cochin State) to recognize the need for “ period leave” for students and allowed it during examinations in 1912.
Kerala, in January 2023, introduced menstrual and maternity leave to all students above the age of 18.
Bihar, in 1992, allowed government employees two-day menstrual leave.
Asian Countries:
Japan introduced menstrual leave in 1947, Indonesia in 1948, and South Korea. Taiwan and Vietnam have also implemented paid leave. But concerning the Asian countries, the progress made by the western world, except in Sweden and Spain, is still abysmal.
Global Scenario:
International Labour Organisation report, in 2003, asked nations to recognise menstrual leave.
The World Health Organization recognised a non-governmental organisation driven World Menstrual Hygiene Day on May 28 from 2014.
India’s new code on Social Security, 2020, passed by Parliament, which consolidated existing labour laws (yet to be notified), has not included the aspect of menstrual leave in its code.
Evidence related to impact:
Women laborers in the sugarcane fields of Maharashtra and agricultural laborers in Telangana have been documented to have hysterectomies as menstrual-related absences could endanger their livelihoods.
Legal Initiatives in India:
Bill in Tamil Nadu: In December 2021, S. Jothimani, Congress Member of Parliament (MP) from Tamil Nadu, had introduced a Private Member Bill named, ‘Right to Menstrual Hygiene and Paid Leave Bill, 2019’, which sought to bring menstrual leave into the ambit of the rights of a woman.
Bill in Arunachal Pradesh: Congress MP from Arunachal Pradesh, introduced a private member Bill on menstrual leave in 2017 (the Menstruation Benefit Bill, 2017).
Bill in Kerala: Shashi Tharoor, Congress MP from Kerala, introducing a similar Bill named The Women’s Sexual, Reproductive and Menstrual Rights Bill, 2018.
The Supreme Court of India, early in 2023, refused to entertain a public interest litigation in Shailendra Mani Tripathi vs Union of India which sought direction to the state on menstrual leave; it thought that it is in the policy domain of the government.
Way Forward:
Legislation and Policy Implementation: Advocate for the passage of bills at both the state and national levels that mandate menstrual leave for women. Additionally, ensure effective implementation and enforcement of these policies to guarantee that women can avail themselves of their entitled leave without fear of discrimination or repercussions.
Awareness and Education: Launch comprehensive awareness campaigns to remove shame of menstruation and promote understanding of its biological, social, and cultural aspects.
Mains PYQ
Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context?
The Antarctic Treaty has sparked debates among policymakers, scientists, and the public, as they weigh the balance between environmental conservation, economic interests, and geopolitical concerns in Antarctica.
About Antarctica
Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, covering an area of approximately 14 million square km.
It is situated entirely within the Antarctic Circle, with its geographic center near the South Pole.
It is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth.
The interior of Antarctica is a polar desert, receiving very little precipitation, mostly in the form of snow.
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, containing approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater.
Geographical Features:
Description
Mountains
The continent is home to several mountain ranges, including the Transantarctic Mountains.
Vinson Massif is the highest peak at 4,892 meters (16,050 feet) above sea level.
Ice Shelves
Large floating ice shelves extend along the coast, formed by glaciers flowing from the interior, crucial for stabilizing the Antarctic ice sheet.
Glaciers
Numerous glaciers flow from the high interior to the coast, including Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier, among the largest and fastest-moving in the world.
Icebergs
Glaciers calve off large chunks of ice, forming icebergs of various sizes.
Antarctic Iceberg A-68, which broke off from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in 2017, was one of the largest recorded.
Plateaus
Much of Antarctica’s interior consists of high, flat plateaus covered by ice, reaching elevations over 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) above sea level.
Ice-Free Areas
Despite being predominantly ice-covered, some ice-free areas exist along the coastlines and in the Antarctic Peninsula region, supporting limited vegetation and wildlife.
Territorial Claims on Antarctica:
The countries with territorial claims in Antarctica are:
Argentina: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Argentine Antarctica.
Australia: Claims the Australian Antarctic Territory.
Chile: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Chilean Antarctic Territory.
France: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Adélie Land.
New Zealand: Claims the Ross Dependency.
Norway: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land.
United Kingdom: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the British Antarctic Territory.
United States: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the Marie Byrd Land.
India’s Antarctic Outreach
Initiated in 1981, India’s Antarctic Program, managed by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, encompasses multi-disciplinary research expeditions.
With the establishment of research bases like Dakshin Gangotri (1983) (now decommissioned), Maitri (1989), and Bharati (2012), India contributes significantly to Antarctic exploration.
Notably, India’s presence in Antarctica includes a Post Office established in 1984, facilitating communication and research logistics.
PYQ:
[2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?
(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons
(b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric’: Clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons
(c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons
(d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.
The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), India, recently concluded its #PlayTrue Campaign, commemorating WADA’s Play True Day.
The campaign aimed to raise awareness about clean sport and anti-doping practices across India.
National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):
Established in November 2005 by the Government of India with the objective of ensuring dope-free sports.
Formed as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
Functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
It follows the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the Prohibited List published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
Primary functions include:
Conducting In-Competition and Out-of-Competition dope testing of athletes across various sports disciplines.
Educating athletes, coaches, and support personnel about the dangers of doping and the importance of clean sports through awareness programs and workshops.
Implementing a robust anti-doping policy framework in line with international standards.
Investigating and prosecuting anti-doping ruleviolations in accordance with the WADA Code.
Collaborating with international anti-doping organizations and agencies to ensure harmonization of anti-doping efforts globally.
Providing support and guidance to National Sports Federations (NSFs), State Sports Associations (SSAs), and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective anti-doping measures.
Key Function: Dope Testing
NADA conducts both in-competition and out-of-competition dope testing of athletes participating in various national and international sports events.
NADA employs trained Doping Control Officers (DCOs) who are responsible for conducting dope testing at sports events and collecting samples from athletes.
These officers are trained to adhere to international standards and protocols during sample collection.
NADA works towards ensuring compliance with the WADA Code and the National Anti-Doping Rules by all stakeholders involved in Indian sports, including athletes, coaches, NSFs, and SSAs.
Allowed Substances and Methods:
Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs): Athletes can apply for TUEs to use otherwise prohibited substances for legitimate medical reasons. TUEs are granted based on the assessment of medical documentation by anti-doping authorities.
Specified Substances: Some substances, such as certain beta-2 agonists and glucocorticoids, are permitted in specific dosages or routes of administration and may require a TUE depending on the circumstances.
PROHIBITED: Prohibited substances and methods include anabolic agents, peptide hormones, beta-2 agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, blood doping, and gene doping.
Back2Basics: World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
WADA was established in 1999 and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
It was set up as a foundation under the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
It was formed pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne Declaration (1999), which provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping
WADA is responsible for the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by more than 650 sports organizations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping organizations, the IOC, and the International Paralympic Committee
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000:
1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.
2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.
3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.
The Supreme Court recently emphasized the sacredness of Hindu marriage, stating it is not merely a social event but a ‘samskara’ and a sacrament of significant value in Indian society.
The court’s observations came in response to a case involving two commercial pilots seeking a divorce decree without a valid Hindu marriage ceremony.
About Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
Details
Enactment
Passed by the Parliament of India on May 18, 1955.
Purpose
Amendment and codification of laws related to marriage among Hindus and others.
Applicability
Applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others NOT governed by Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jewish laws.
NOTE: The Special Marriage Act, 1954 applies to all citizens of India, irrespective of religion, faith, or belief. It facilitates inter-religious and inter-caste marriages.
Conditions for Marriage
Section 5 specifies conditions including age, mental capacity, consent, and absence of prohibited relationships.
Features of the HMA
Guardianship for Marriage
Section 6 outlines the persons entitled to give consent for a bride’s marriage.
Solemnization of Marriage
Section 7 recognizes customary rites and ceremonies for Hindu marriage.
Registration of Marriage
Section 8 allows for the registration of Hindu marriages for facilitating proof.
Ceremonies for a Hindu Marriage
Explains the special varieties of ceremonies that may be done to solemnize a Hindu marriage. Ex. ‘Saptapadi’
It acknowledges each conventional and court-registered marriage.
Restitution of Conjugal Rights
Section 9 permits application for restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without excuse.
Judicial Separation
Section 10 provides for judicial separation based on certain grounds.
Nullity of Marriage and Divorce
Grounds for voidable marriages and divorce specified in Sections 11-13.
Mutual Divorce
Section 13B allows mutual divorce by consent of both parties.
Alimony and Maintenance
Sections 24-25 enable spouses to seek maintenance and alimony post-divorce.
Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010
Proposed amendments for easier divorce on grounds of irretrievable breakdown.
Judicial Review
Supreme Court rulings on divorce petitions and exercise of powers under Article 142.
Essence of Hindu Marriage: Supreme Courts’ Observations
Denouncement of Unrecognized Marriages:
The Supreme Court denounced the practice of seeking marital status without a valid ceremony.
Emphasized that marriage is a lifelong commitment and not to be treated lightly.
Sacred Character of Hindu Marriage:
Hindu marriage is termed as a ‘sacrament’ with a sacred character.
It symbolizes the unity of two individuals into a dignified, equal, and consensual union.
Institutional Importance:
Viewed as a vital institution for procreation, family consolidation, and fostering fraternity within communities.
Adherence to Rites and Ceremonies:
The court reiterated that a Hindu marriage must adhere to the rites and ceremonies prescribed under the Hindu Marriage Act.
For instance, the ‘saptapadi’ ceremony is essential for validity.
Role of Marriage Registration:
Marriage registration aids in providing evidence of the wedding.
However, it does not confer legitimacy if the marriage is not solemnized according to the Hindu Marriage Act.
PYQ:
[2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
[2015] Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.
About Antares (Jyeshtha)
Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
What is Occultation?
An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.
PYQ:
[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.
India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
AboutCommission on Population and Development (CPD)
Details
Establishment
Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues.
Mandate
Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Membership
Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
Meetings
Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
Themes
Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality.
Reports and Resolutions
Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Linkage to SDGs
Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
Regional Collaboration
Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.
PYQ:
[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.
[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
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