💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Archives: News

  • ‘Silent demise’ of vast ‘Rangelands’ threatens climate, food, wellbeing of billions: UNCCD 

    Why in the News?

    The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) recently published the “Global Land Outlook Thematic Report” on Rangelands and Pastoralists, revealing that up to 50% of Rangelands are degraded.

    About UNCCD:

    • UNCCD adopted in 1994 (effectively from 1996),  is a legally binding agreement that aims to protect and restore land and combat desertification and drought.
    • It is one of the three Rio Conventions (the other two being – the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)).

    What is the Rangeland?

    • Rangeland, is any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores.

      • It may include tallgrass prairies, steppes (shortgrass prairies), desert shrublands, shrub woodlands, savannas, chaparrals, and tundras.
    • These lands constitute 54% of all land cover, account for 1/6th of global food production, and represent nearly 1/3rd of the planet’s carbon reservoir.

    World areas that are most acutely affected by Rangeland Degradation:

    • Central Asia, China, Mongolia: The replacement of government management with privatization and agricultural industrialization led to the abandonment of herders and reliance on insufficient natural resources, causing degradation.
    • North Africa and the Near East: Climate change is pushing pastoralists into poverty and degrading rangelands.
    • Sahel and West Africa: Conflict, power imbalances, and border issues have disrupted livestock mobility, leading to degradation.
    • South America: Climate change, deforestation from industrial agriculture, and land use conversion are primary drivers of degradation.
    • East Africa: Migration and forced displacement due to competing land uses are evicting pastoralists, causing degradation.
    • North America: Degradation of ancient grasslands and dry rangelands threatens biodiversity in ecosystems like tall-grass prairies and southern deserts.
    • Europe: Policies favoring industrial farming over pastoralism and misguided incentives are causing the abandonment and degradation of rangelands.
    • South Africa and Australia: Afforestation, mining, and land conversion are causing degradation and loss of rangelands.

    How does it impact the Food chain?

    • Over two billion people, including small-scale herders, ranchers, and farmers, depend on healthy rangelands for their livelihoods, underscoring the critical link between rangeland health and food chain cycle.
    • Up to 50% of rangelands are degraded due to various factors including overuse, misuse, climate change, and biodiversity loss, posing a severe threat to food security.

    The Economic significance of Rangelands:

    • Livestock Grazing and Agriculture: Rangelands are crucial for livestock production, providing natural forage for cattle, sheep, goats, and other herbivores. This grazing land supports the meat and dairy industries, which are vital to the global food supply and rural economies.
    • Eco-tourism and hunting: These areas support a wide range of wildlife, contributing to biodiversity and offering opportunities for eco-tourism and hunting, both of which generate significant income for local economies.
    • Ecosystem Services: Rangelands provide vital services like water filtration, carbon storage, and soil preservation, yielding economic advantages through climate regulation and conservation.
    • Income and employment opportunities: Harvesting these resources provides income and employment opportunities for rural populations. The economic contributions made by different countries are as follows:
      • Ethiopia: Livestock production from rangelands accounts for 19% of the country’s GDP.
      • India: Livestock from rangelands contributes 4% to the national GDP.
      • Brazil: As a major beef producer, Brazil generates one-third of its agribusiness GDP from cattle livestock, producing 16% of the world’s beef.

    What is the innovative approach presented by the UNCCD Report?

    • The past estimates by UNCCD of degraded rangeland of roughly 25% are significantly underestimated, where the actual loss of rangeland’s health and productivity was potentially reaching up to 50%.
    • Conceptual Approach: The report outlines a new conceptual approach designed to help policymakers stabilize, restore, and manage rangelands more effectively.
      • This new approach is supported by detailed case studies from nearly every world region, which provide important lessons from both the successes and failures in rangeland management.
    • Core Recommendation – Protect Pastoralism: The report emphasizes the importance of protecting pastoralism a traditional, mobile way of life based on pasture-based livestock production as a key strategy for sustainable rangeland management.

    Conclusion: Many countries like the U.S. and Canada makingare trying to reintroduce bison, an animal with significant cultural importance to indigenous peoples. This initiative aims to promote rangeland health and enhance food security.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.(UPSC IAS/2020)

  • SC to reconsider its 1995 judgement to include the medical profession under the Consumer Protection Act

    Why in the news?

    Recently, the apex court held that lawyers as ‘professionals’ could not be subjected to legal proceedings for providing faulty ‘service’ under the Consumer Protection Act 2019 (CPA). A similar case applies to Medical practitioners which is in high controversy.

    What is the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)?

    •  
    Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Consumer Protection Act, 2019
    Purpose Enacted to provide simpler and quicker access to redressal of consumer grievances. Repeals and replaces the CPA, 1986.
    Introduction of Concept Introduced the concept of ‘consumer’ and conferred additional rights on consumers. Expands the scope of the definition of ‘consumer’ to include transactions conducted offline or online through electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling, or multi-level marketing.
    Scope of Protection Protects individuals fitting the definition of ‘consumer’ as defined by the Act. Extends protection to a wider range of transactions, including those related to banking, insurance, transport, housing construction, entertainment, amusement, etc.

    About the previous case – Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995):

    • In 1995, a three-judge bench of the SC ruled, “Doctors would be covered under the consumer protection law, allowing the filing of several medical negligence lawsuits against doctors for deficiency in service”.
    • The court also acknowledged that medical professional occupations are often “skilled” work which differs from other occupations and the success usually depends on factors that are beyond the doctor’s control.

    Diversity of present Opinions:

    • What did the National Consumer Disputes Redressal (NCDR) Commission say?
        • In 2007, the NCDR Commission held that lawyers provide a service to their clients and hence they can be sued for deficiency of service.
        • This case ultimately reached the apex court where the judgement was passed recently.
    • What did the Apex court say?
      • The court said that the objective principle of the CPA 2019 was to protect consumers from unfair trade practices and unethical business practices (the law was not intended to include professionals).
      • The court noted that the legal profession is unique and cannot be compared with any other profession.
      • According to the SC, hiring or availing of an advocate is “a contract of personal service” and is therefore exempted from the scope of the consumer protection law.

    About the Consumer Redressal Commissions in India:

    • Legal proceedings under the CPA are heard by the Commissions which are constituted at all the 3 tier- District, State, and National levels (According to the CPA, 1986).
      • The President of each Commission would be a person who was/ is qualified to be a judge at the District, High Court, and Supreme Court resp.
      • The other individuals who have the knowledge, experience, or capacity to deal with problems relating to economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industry, public affairs or administration.
      • Since there is no requirement for commission members to have knowledge in medical matters, they are not suited to deal with complex medical issues.
    • In 2024, another SC bench appeared to be more sympathetic to the medical practitioners and held that these professionals should not be held to the same standard as other occupations.

    Why does the Apex Court not Exempt Medical Profession from the Purview of CPA?

    • Firstly, doctors have specific duties to their patients, such as deciding on treatment and its administration.
    • Secondly, if a doctor breaches these duties by failing to provide a reasonable standard of care, they can be held liable under the CPA.
    • Additionally, the court believes requiring commission members to have case-specific knowledge would be impractical and burdensome.

    Conclusion: This decision aims to prevent potential imbalances between District and State Commissions in handling cases and places the responsibility on parties to provide evidence for informed decisions.

  • A vegetable triumvirate, inflation, and the takeaway

    Why in the News?

    The price fluctuations and Inflation trends in recent market underscore the necessity for Targeted Policy Interventions and a comprehensive grasp of Agricultural Supply Chains.

    The Significance of Vegetable Triumvirate (trio):

    • Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) aren’t just statistical entities but essential ingredients in Indian cuisine, forming the backbone of many dishes.
    • These vegetables represent more than just a portion of the CPI basket; they embody cultural and dietary preferences deeply ingrained in Indian culinary traditions.

    Volatility and its role in shaping Inflation trends by TOP vegetables:

    Vegetable prices in India rose by approximately 15% year-on-year, indicating significant inflation in this category.

    • Highly Volatile: There was notable volatility in vegetable prices, with a sharp decrease of 0.7% in June followed by a substantial increase of 37.4% in July.
    • High Contribution to Inflation: Despite vegetables weighing only 6% in the total CPI basket, their contribution to inflation was about 30% in Feb/March 2024.
      • For example, Tomatoes having a weight of only 0.6% in the CPI basket, prices soared by 202% in July 2023, contributing to 18.1% of the total headline inflation.
      • The contribution of vegetables to headline inflation was 31.9%, with TOP (tomato, onion, and potato) contributing 17.2%, further highlighting their substantial impact on inflation trends.

    Navigating Culinary and Economic Realities (Challenges):

    • Policy Challenges: The volatility in TOP prices underscores the need for effective policy interventions, including agricultural value chain reforms and improved storage facilities to stabilize prices and support farmers.
    • Farmers’ Plight: Farmers, who are often net buyers of these crops, bear the brunt of price fluctuations, necessitating measures like Minimum Support Prices to ensure their livelihoods are protected.
    • Government Response: Despite protests and demands from farmers, policy responses have been inconsistent, relying on short-term measures like export bans rather than addressing underlying structural issues in the agricultural sector.

    Way forward:

    • Need for Value Chain Reforms: Implement reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and resilience of agricultural value chains for TOP vegetables.
    • Need Price Stabilization Mechanisms: Introduce mechanisms to stabilize prices of TOP vegetables, such as market interventions, buffer stocks, or price ceilings during periods of extreme volatility. This can help mitigate the impact of price fluctuations on consumers and farmers alike.
    • Minimum Support Prices (MSPs): Establish MSPs for TOP vegetables to provide farmers with a guaranteed floor price for their produce.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.(UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Blue Sheep (Bharal) and Himalayan Ibex (Tangor) Census in Himachal

    Why in the News?

    • Wildlife authorities in Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul & Spiti district have initiated surveys to estimate the population of Blue Sheep (bharal) and Himalayan Ibex (Tangor), vital prey species for the iconic snow leopard.
      • This move aims to assess the region’s biodiversity and promote conservation efforts.

    About the Species Mentioned

    Bharal (Blue Sheep)

    Himalayan Ibex (Tangor)
    Scientific Name Pseudois nayaur Capra sibirica hemalayanus
    Genus Pseudois Capra
    Distribution India, Bhutan, China (Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Himalayan region of India, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal
    Features
    • Slate grey coat with bluish shine
    • Horns grow upwards, curve out, and then towards the back
    • Large curved horns with notches on the front
    • Light brown to reddish-brown coat, white belly, black and white markings on legs
    • Thick, woolly coat in winter, shed in early summer
    Behavior Active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on grassy mountain slopes
    • Usually found in small herds, sometimes around 50 together;
    • Can run at speeds of up to 50 km/h
    Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Least Concern

    Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule 1

    		 IUCN Red List: Near Threatened

    Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule 1

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Consider the following fauna of India :

    1. Gharial

    2. Leatherback turtle

    3. Swamp deer

    Which of the above is/are endangered?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1, 2 and 3

    (d) None

  • EU activated Copernicus EMS to Locate Crashed Iranian Helicopter

    Why in the News?

    • In response to the helicopter crash involving Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, the European Union had activated its Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) to aid in search and rescue efforts.

    About the Copernicus Programme

    • This Programme was launched in 1998 by the European Union’s earth observation
    • Named for Copernicus, it uses satellites and ground systems for environmental data.
    • It is implemented by EU member states with support from entities like the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA).

    Utility of GMES: Rapid Response Mapping Service

    • The Copernicus EMS offers rapid response mapping, a crucial component activated during emergencies like natural disasters or accidents.

    How Rapid Mapping Works?

    • Rapid mapping involves acquiring, processing, and analyzing satellite images and relevant data to provide timely information.
    • It offers several products, including pre-event reference and post-event assessments like first estimates, delineation, and grading of the impacted area.

    Application in the Iranian President’s Case

    • In the case of the Iranian President’s helicopter crash, the EU activated the rapid response mapping service to aid search and rescue operations.
    • This technology helps locate the crash site and assess the extent of the impact, facilitating swift response efforts.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements:

    1. IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
    2. IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
    3. India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2021.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) None

  • PM WANI Wi-Fi Scheme: All you need to know

    Why in the News?

    • Under the PM-WANI scheme, India witnesses a swift rise in public Wi-Fi hotspots, reaching approximately 1,99,896 hotspots nationwide, according to government data.

    What is the PM WANI Initiative?

    • PM Modi launched the Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM WANI) in December 2020.
    • It is an initiative under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
    • It takes forward the goal of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 (NDCP) of creating a robust digital communications infrastructure.
      • Objective: To democratize internet access, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
      • Implementation: Leverages Public Data Offices (PDOs) established in public spaces like railway stations, banks, post offices, and more. Users can access the internet via Wi-Fi at these locations without requiring a SIM card.

    PM-WANI ecosystem consists of four parts: 

    1. Public Data Office (PDO): It establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users
    2. Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA):  It provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
    3. App Provider: It displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
    4. Central Registry: This overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.

    How to Utilize PM WANI?

    • To access PM WANI services, users must install the Data PM WANI app on their smartphones.
    • Through the app, users can connect to nearby public Wi-Fi PDOs.
    • This application facilitates seamless connectivity to PM-WANI-compliant Wi-Fi hotspots, empowering users to access broadband services conveniently.

    Data Plans Offered

    PM WANI offers various data plans to suit different usage needs:

    • Rs 6 plan: 1GB data for 1 day
    • Rs 9 plan: 2GB data for 2 days
    • Rs 18 plan: 5GB data for 3 days
    • Rs 25 plan: 20GB data for 7 days
    • Rs 49 plan: 40GB data for 14 days
    • Rs 99 plan: 100GB data for 30 days

    Role of Public Data Offices (PDOs)

    • The PM-WANI scheme includes a provision for establishing Public Data Offices (PDOs) by rural entrepreneurs in remote regions.
    • These PDOs procure internet bandwidth from telecom service providers or ISPs to offer Wi-Fi services at minimal charges.
    • This model enables individuals to access the internet even in areas with limited or no data connectivity.

    PYQ:

    [2018] Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?

    1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
    2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
    3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourists.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • No Legal Mandate to share Voter Turnout Data: ECI to Supreme Court

    Why in the News?

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) told the Supreme Court that there is no legal mandate to provide Form 17C (account of votes recorded) to any other person other than the candidate or his agent.

    What does Article 329(b) say?

    • It specifically bars courts from intervening in any disputes related to the electoral process during the active phase of an election—from its notification to the final declaration of results.
    • This is to prevent any potential delays or disruptions caused by litigation during the election.

    About Forms 17A and 17C  

    As per the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, there are two forms that have data on the number of electors and voters — Forms 17A and 17C.

    1. Form 17A: This document, compiled by the Returning Officer for each constituency, lists contesting candidates and registers voter information, including names and symbols.
    2. Form 17C: Form 17C contains the account of votes recorded at each polling station during the election. It is prepared by the Presiding Officer of the polling station after the conclusion of polling. It includes:
    • EVM identification numbers.
    • Total number of electors and voters at the polling station.
    • Number of voters who did not record their votes after signing the register.
    • Number of voters not allowed to vote.
    • Total number of votes recorded per EVM.
    • Part-II of Form 17C: It carries counting results entered on counting day. This form is crucial for any legal challenges to the election results and for candidates to verify results on counting day.

    Why is there a Demand to Make Form 17C Data Public?

    • Activists advocate for greater transparency in election processes.
    • The high number of polling stations makes it hard for candidates to compile all data.
    • The Election Commission of India (ECI) is not legally required to publish aggregate voter turnout data.
    • The ECI ensures that all statutory requirements, including providing Form 17C to candidates, are met.
    • Discrepancies noted in Form 17C can be contested to maintain election integrity.

    Back2Basics: Conduct of Election Rules, 1961

    • The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, commonly referred to as the 1961 Rules, outline the procedural framework governing various aspects of the electoral process in India.
    • These rules were formulated under the authority of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
    • It serves as the foundational legislation for conducting elections in the country.
      • Activities covered: Preparation of electoral rolls, the nomination of candidates, the conduct of polling, counting of votes, and the declaration of results.
    • Regulatory Function: The 1961 Rules incorporate provisions for addressing electoral malpractices, disputes, and grievances, thereby safeguarding the sanctity of elections.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by

    (a) Anyone residing in India.

    (b) A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.

    (c) Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.

    (d) Any citizen of India.

  • [23 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A ‘No-Limit’ bromance that is not just a bilateral matter

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) What is the significance of Indo-US defense deals over Indo-Russian defense deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Prelims:

    With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:  (UPSC CSE 2016)
    1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
    2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Global Issues;

    Mains: Global Issues; Multipolar World; Russia-China Relations;

    Mentor comment: The article discusses the present “no-limits” friendship declared between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping, and how it is a defining feature of the emerging multipolar world order. During World War II, the world was divided into – Allied (UK, USSR, US, and China)  and Axis (Germany, Italy, and Japan). Eventually after WW II, there was again a division between the US and the USSR which came to be known as the ‘Cold War’ where India adopted its Non-aligned stand. Taking today’s article view i.e. the Russia-China Friendship, the relations between both countries date back to the 17th century, with historical conflicts and territorial disputes. However, the relationship improved significantly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations and the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001. In the present context, we need to study what impact it will have on World order and of course our India also.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin declared their ‘no-limits’ friendship just days before the Ukraine war began.

    • Putin, who was sworn in for his new term recently, will spend two days in China.
    • The Putin-Xi bromance is not just a bilateral affair, but a harbinger of a new world order. 

    What are the common grounds for ‘no limits’ friendship?

    • A Shared Anti-West Sentiment: Both leaders believe the West is trying to hold them back and undermine their influence. This shared grievance has brought them closer together, with Putin and Xi presenting a united front against what they see as a hostile Western world.
    • Military Cooperation: The two leaders have celebrated military cooperation, particularly during times of heightened tensions such as the US-China trade war. It includes security cooperation, emphasizing their mutual opposition to the Washington-led global consensus.
    • Economy and Trades: The structure of their bilateral trade shows that Russia mainly supplies raw materials, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, while importing manufacturing and technological products from China.
      • Russia has also been receiving loans and export credits, with the yuan’s share in the Russian central bank’s foreign currency reserves increasing significantly.
    • Strategic Partnership: The friendship between Putin and Xi is strategic, aiming to counterbalance U.S. global influence.
      • The two leaders have been attempting to put economics at the center of their strategic partnership, with Xi’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Putin’s Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) aiming to create a single market among Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. 

    Limitations on their ‘no limit’ friendship:

    • A Relationship of Unequals: Despite aiming for equal friendship, China’s growing economic and technological might dwarf Russia’s. This power imbalance could create tension in the relationship, especially as China’s dominance continues to grow in Central and West Asia.
      • Russia may struggle to maintain its status as an equal partner, potentially leading to friction in the alliance.
    • A Delicate Balance: Beijing may face pressure from its trading countries and internal critics to distance itself from Moscow, especially if Russia’s actions continue to attract international condemnation.

    What does it mean for the rest of the world?

    • New Multipolar System and Geoplotical Risks: Russia has recently shifted its Nuclers Policies making it questionable for European and other Western countries. This shift in power dynamics (Russia-China) could lead to a more fragmented and unstable world, with the West facing a united front from two of its most powerful adversaries. 
    • Potential Risks to Global Energy Security: Russia’s growing dependence on China as an energy export market could give China more leverage over Russia and influence global energy prices and supply.
      • Expanded Russia-China energy cooperation may undermine Western efforts to isolate Russia economically and limit its ability to wage war in Ukraine.
    • Implications for Global Gas Markets: If the power of the Siberia pipeline is completed, it could reshape global gas markets by providing a new major source of supply to China and reducing Russia’s dependence on European gas exports.
      • However, the fate of the pipeline remains uncertain, as China has refrained from committing to it so far, likely because it currently benefits from keeping the project in Limbo.

    What does it mean for India?

    • Strategic Concerns: Russia being a major supporter of the Indian defense system, India can face challenges in ensuring reliable defense supplies after the evolution of such “no limit” friendship and China-Russia cooperation.
    • Diplomatic Balancing: India aims to balance ties with Russia and West Asia to have a seamless connection with the European Union but faces challenges due to evolving Russia-China relations.
    • National Interests: India has always been a ‘big brother’ in the Asian region incorporating its Foreign Policies. Seeing the present context, India must navigate the changing geopolitical landscape, leveraging its diplomatic strengths and pursuing a clear long-term strategy.

    Conclusion: The economic interests and trade between Russia and China are critical components of their “no-limits” friendship. While their bilateral trade has grown significantly, the relationship is marked by an unequal dynamic, with China’s economic dominance over Russia growing. 

  • [22 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Climate Change: A Passing Cloud in Indian Politics

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)


    Prelims:
    Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
    1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United National Climate Change Conference in 2015.
    2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Climate change; Policies and Programs in India

    Mains: Climate change policies in India;

    Mentor comment: India, as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, faces significant challenges due to rising temperatures, changing weather patterns, and environmental degradation. The impact of climate change is evident in the reduction of monsoon duration and rainfall levels, melting Himalayan glaciers, and rising sea levels threatening coastal regions. These changes pose risks to agriculture, food security, water availability, and overall environmental sustainability in the country. This article presents the reasons behind the relative lack of political focus on climate change in India and the potential implications for the country’s future.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    Our Indian politics is overshadowed by merely immediate concerns and political agendas while leaving behind the major challenges like Climate Change and addressing its impacts.

    • This absence stands out even more when we consider the urgent need for sustainable development amidst worldwide environmental challenges.
    Current State of Climate Change in India

    According to India’s first-ever Climate Change Assessment Report carried out in 2020, the country’s average temperature is expected to rise by 4.4°C by the end of 2100.
    A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. A 2°C rise in global average temperatures will make India’s summer monsoon highly unpredictable.
    At 2.5°C warming, melting glaciers, and loss of snow cover are expected to threaten the stability and reliability of northern India’s glacier-fed rivers.
    Global sea level has risen about 8 inches in the last century, which is expected to nearly double in this century.

    The Present Dilemma: Prioritization of Economic Growth

    • As a developing nation, India prioritizes economic growth and development as a means to alleviate poverty and improve the standard of living for its citizens. 
    • This focus often leads to a trade-off between environmental protection and industrial expansion, with climate change considerations taking a lower priority in the political discourse.

    Challenges associated with generating political will and public support for climate action:

    • Lack of Immediate Visibility: The effects of climate change are often gradually visible to the general public. This lack of immediate consequences makes it challenging for politicians to garner public support for climate action, as voters tend to prioritize issues that directly impact their daily lives.
    • Competing Priorities and Short-term Thinking: Indian politics is often characterized by a focus on short-term goals and immediate concerns, such as job creation, infrastructure development, and social welfare schemes. Climate change, with its long-term implications, struggles to gain traction in a political landscape dominated by these pressing issues.
    • Perceived Conflict with Development Agenda: Some politicians and policymakers view climate action as a hindrance to economic development, fearing that it may limit industrial growth and restrict access to energy resources. This perception creates a barrier to implementing comprehensive climate policies.
    • Lack of Awareness and Education: Despite growing global awareness of climate change, there is still a need for greater education and understanding of the issue among the general public and political leaders in India.
    Government Policies to Address Climate ChangeInternational Solar Alliance (ISA):

    India collaborates with solar energy-rich countries to promote solar energy utilization and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources. 
    One Sun, One World, One Grid Project: This project seeks to provide energy (SDG 7 – affordable and clean energy) to around 140 countries through a common grid that transfers solar power. By promoting solar energy on a global scale, this initiative addresses energy challenges and supports sustainable development.
    Swachh Bharat Mission: It focuses on cleanliness and sanitation (SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation) across urban and rural areas in India. By ensuring access to sanitation facilities and promoting cleanliness, this initiative contributes to environmental health and sustainability.
    COP26 Glasgow Summit Commitments: During the COP26 summit, India made significant commitments to combat climate change, including achieving net zero emissions by 2070, meeting 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030, reducing carbon emissions, increasing non-fossil energy capacity, and decreasing carbon intensity by 2030. (SDG 13 – mitigating climate change).The Climate Action Tracker gives India an overall rating of “Highly Insufficient” in its policies and actions tracking, based on 2030 projections.
    Recent Judicial Stance: M.K. Ranjitsinh and Others vs Union of India (March 2024): The Supreme Court of India ruled that the people of India have the right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change by drawing upon Article 21 and Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. 
    Recent Legislations: Some important policies and laws covering the energy sector emerged, which included the National Electricity Plan 2023, the National Green Hydrogen Mission and the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022.

    The Way Forward: To elevate climate change as a priority in Indian politics, a multi-pronged approach is necessary:

    • Emphasizing the economic benefits of climate action: Highlighting the potential for green jobs, sustainable development, and long-term cost savings can help align climate action with economic interests.
    • Promoting public awareness and engagement: Investing in education campaigns and fostering grassroots movements can help raise awareness and generate public pressure for climate action.
    • Incorporating climate change into political manifestos: Encouraging political parties to include climate change as a key issue in their election manifestos can help mainstream the topic and ensure its prominence in the political discourse.
    • Fostering cross-party collaboration: Building consensus and cooperation across political parties on climate change can help ensure continuity and long-term commitment to climate action, regardless of which party is in power.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/climate-change-a-passing-cloud-in-indian-politics/article68201128.ece

  • Spotlighting Pre-eclampsia, ensuring safe motherhood

    Why in the News?

    The prevalence of Congenital Anomalies and Neurological Challenges in newborns highlights the need for adequate Antenatal and Perinatal care to address them.

    Key observations made by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5):

    Perinatal mortality rates stand at 32 for 1,000 pregnancies, neonatal mortality rates at 25 for 1,000 live births, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal death.

    • Cause of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality: Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with early onset PE posing higher risks.  
    • Combination of Maternal factors and Biomarkers: Screening based on maternal risk factors alone has suboptimal performance, while a combination of maternal factors and biomarkers like mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, and serum placental growth factor can improve detection rates significantly.
    • Early Intervention with Aspirin Prophylaxis: First-trimester screening models, like the FMF prediction algorithm, have been effective in identifying high-risk pregnancies for preterm PE, allowing for early intervention with aspirin prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia.

    What is Pre-eclampsia?

    • Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia, high blood pressure, and high levels of protein in urine indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage. 
    • Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.

     

    Challenges to cure Pre-eclampsia (PE):

    • Complex Screening Protocols: Effective screening requires a combination of maternal history, demographics, color Doppler ultrasound, mean arterial pressure, and placental biomarkers, which may not be uniformly available or implemented.
    • Limited Resources: Not all healthcare facilities have access to advanced screening tools and technologies like color Doppler ultrasound and placental biomarker testing.
    • Lack of Awareness: Pregnant women may not be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with pre-eclampsia, leading to delayed presentation and diagnosis.
    • Delayed Intervention: Identifying high-risk pregnancies early is crucial, but delays in screening and diagnosis can lead to missed opportunities for timely intervention.
    • Pharmacological Challenges: Ensuring timely pharmacological intervention, such as aspirin prophylaxis, requires adherence to established protocols, which may only sometimes be followed.
    • Logistical Issues: Implementing widespread screening and management protocols involves logistical challenges, including training healthcare providers and ensuring the availability of necessary equipment.
    • Complexity of the Disorder: The systemic nature of pre-eclampsia, affecting multiple organs, complicates its management and requires a multidisciplinary approach.

    Programs in India:

    • “Samrakshan” program: The Indian Radiological and Imaging Association’s (IRIA) “Samrakshan” program aims to reduce pre-eclampsia from 8%-10% to 3% and fetal growth restriction from 25%-30% to 10% by the end of the decade.
    • The program focuses on spreading awareness, screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, and ensuring comprehensive care throughout pregnancy.

    Way Forward: 

    • Early Detection and Management: Early detection through regular prenatal care, including blood pressure monitoring and urine testing for protein, is crucial in managing pre-eclampsia.
      • Timely intervention can help prevent severe complications and ensure the well-being of both mother and baby.
    • Promoting Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women is essential for early recognition and prompt action.
      • Education on risk factors, preventive measures, and the importance of regular antenatal check-ups can significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes.
    • Ensuring Access to Quality Maternal Healthcare: Access to quality maternal healthcare services, including skilled antenatal care, monitoring, and timely interventions, is vital in addressing pre-eclampsia and reducing maternal mortality rates.
      • Empowering healthcare providers with the knowledge and resources to manage pre-eclampsia effectively is key to ensuring safe motherhood.
    • Collaborative Efforts for Maternal Health: Collaboration between governments, healthcare institutions, non-profit organisations, and the private sector is essential in implementing comprehensive maternal health programs that prioritise the prevention, early detection, and management of pre-eclampsia.

    Conclusion: By spotlighting pre-eclampsia and emphasising the importance of early detection, awareness, access to quality care, and collaborative efforts, we can strive towards ensuring safe motherhood for all women, safeguarding the health and well-being of mothers and their babies.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.(UPSC IAS/2013)