Archives: News

New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

Specie in news: Mauritian Dodo

Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Mauritian Dodo

Central Idea

Mauritian authorities are now working to resurrect the human-caused extinct bird ‘Dodo’.

About Mauritian Dodo

	Details
Scientific Name	Raphus cucullatus
Physical Characteristics	Large, flightless bird; about 1 meter tall, weighing 10-18 kg; large beak, stubby wings.
Habitat	Endemic to Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean; lived in forests and possibly coastal areas.
Discovery and Extinction	Discovered by Dutch Colonist in late 16th century; extinct by the late 17th century, last sighting around 1662.
Causes of Extinction	Human hunting and introduced species like rats, pigs, and monkeys.
Diet	Likely fruits, nuts, seeds, bulbs, and possibly small animals.
Behavior	Exhibited no fear of humans due to lack of natural predators.
Cultural Impact	Symbol of extinct and endangered species; featured in the phrase “as dead as a dodo.”
Representation	Depicted in literature and art, notably in Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.”

Science of De-Extinction

Genetic Blueprint: The first step in de-extinction is obtaining a complete and accurate genome of the species.
Genome Sequencing: Paleo-geneticists have successfully sequenced the dodo’s genome using DNA from a museum specimen.
Comparative Genomics: The dodo’s genome is being compared with that of its closest extinct and extant relatives to identify unique dodo traits.

Process of Resurrecting

Editing Genetic Material: The project involves editing the primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the Nicobar pigeon, the dodo’s closest living relative, to express dodo traits.
Interspecies Surrogacy: These edited PGCs will be inserted into chicken embryos, with chickens acting as interspecies surrogates to potentially birth a dodo offspring.
Physical Resemblance: The aim is to create a bird physically indistinguishable from historical accounts of the dodo.

Challenges and Concerns

Scientific Hurdles: Experts emphasize the complexity of recreating a species and the time required for selective breeding to achieve dodo-like characteristics.
Habitat Restoration: Mauritius’ transformed landscape poses challenges for reintroducing the dodo, necessitating the control or removal of invasive species.
Alternative Habitats: The project considers reintroducing dodos to more pristine, uninhabited islands like Round Island and Aigrettes.

Motivations behind the Project

Ecosystem Restoration: Reintroducing the dodo could help restore mutualistic relationships in Mauritius’ ecosystem, particularly in seed dispersal.
Conservation Technology: The techniques developed could aid in conserving and restoring other endangered avian species.
Symbolic Value: The project is driven by a desire to create ‘conservation optimism’, using the dodo as a symbol of hope in the face of human-caused extinctions.

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Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

Advisory issued against drug ‘Meftal’

Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

Central Idea

Pharma standard body Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has issued a drug safety alert for commonly used painkiller mefenamic acid, popularly sold under the brand name Meftal.

What is Meftal used for?

Meftal 500, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is usually prescribed in treatment for conditions like menstrual pain, headache, muscle, joint, or dental pain.
It has been advised to take the table with food.
The most common side effects of the medicine include mild vomiting, stomach pain, nausea, headache, and dizziness.

What does the alert against Meftal say?

IPC stated that a preliminary analysis of adverse drug reactions from the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) database revealed drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome.
DRESS, also known as drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome, is an adverse drug reaction that can even be life threatening.
It may cause damage to several organs, especially to the kidneys, heart, lungs, and pancreas.
The mortality rate is high and is about 10 per cent.

Back2Basics: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)

	Details
Establishment	1956, An autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Primary Objective	To promote public health by setting and updating standards for drug quality in India.
Key Publication	Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), a legally recognized book of drug standards.
Role in Drug Regulation	Standards set in the IP are enforceable by law, crucial for India’s drug regulatory framework.
International Recognition	Collaborates with WHO and aligns with global drug standards.
Pharmacovigilance Program	Involved in monitoring and analyzing adverse drug reactions through the PvPI.
Quality Control & Training	Engages in drug quality control and provides training to regulatory bodies and the pharmaceutical industry.
Publication Updates	Periodically updates the IP to include new drugs and revise existing standards.
Collaboration	Works with the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and regulatory bodies.
Global Harmonization	Aims to harmonize the IP with international pharmacopoeias like the USP and BP.

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Judicial Appointments Conundrum Post-NJAC Verdict

Why Parliament passed the Advocates Amendment Bill?

Bills/Act/Laws | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary
Central Idea
- The primary aim of the recent legislative changes is to eliminate ‘touts’ from the legal system and streamline legal practice in India.
- The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879, a colonial-era law, and the Advocates Act, 1961, have been central to the regulation of legal practitioners in India.
- The Bill repeals the 1879 Act and amends the 1961 Act to reduce redundant laws and repeal obsolete ones.
The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879
- Inception and Scope: Enacted in 1880, it aimed to consolidate the law relating to legal practitioners in certain Indian provinces.
- Definition of Legal Practitioner: The Act defined legal practitioners as advocates, vakils, or attorneys of any High Court.
- Introduction of ‘Tout’: A significant aspect was the definition of ‘tout’, referring to individuals who procure clients for legal practitioners for remuneration.
The Advocates Act, 1961
- Consolidation of Legal Practice Laws: This Act was enacted to unify and amend laws relating to legal practitioners and establish Bar Councils and an All-India Bar.
- Pre-1961 Legal Framework: Previously, legal practitioners were governed by multiple acts, including the 1879 Act.
- Law Commission and All-India Bar Committee Recommendations: Post-independence, reforms were suggested by the Law Commission and the All-India Bar Committee, leading to the 1961 Act.
The Advocates Amendment Bill, 2023
- New Provisions: The Bill introduces a new section (Section 45A) in the 1961 Act, focusing on illegal practice and the regulation of touts.
- Punishment for Illegal Practice: It prescribes imprisonment for persons illegally practicing in courts and other authorities.
- Regulation of Touts: The Bill empowers High Courts and district judges to frame and publish lists of touts, ensuring due process before inclusion.
- Penalties for Touts: It includes provisions for punishing individuals acting as touts with imprisonment, fines, or both.
Rationale and Implications
- Streamlining Legal Enactments: The Bill aims to reduce superfluous laws and repeal those that have become obsolete.
- Government’s Policy on Obsolete Laws: In line with the government’s policy to repeal outdated pre-independence Acts, the Bill seeks to modernize legal practice regulations.
- Consultation with Bar Council of India: The amendments were made in consultation with the Bar Council of India, reflecting a collaborative approach to legal reform.
Conclusion
- Addressing Legal System Complexities: The Bill addresses long-standing issues in the legal system, particularly the exploitation of legal complexities by touts.
- Balancing Tradition and Modern Needs: By repealing outdated laws and amending existing ones, the Bill balances the need to respect legal traditions with the demands of contemporary legal practice.
- Future Outlook: These changes are expected to enhance the integrity and efficiency of legal practice in India, contributing to a more transparent and accessible legal system.
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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) and Its Implications

Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters
Central Idea
- The Odisha Government invoked its Essential Services (Maintenance) Act (ESMA) prohibiting strikes by paramedical staff, including nurses, pharmacists and technicians to ensure that medical services are not disrupted.
About Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)
- Description: The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) is a significant piece of legislation enacted by the Parliament in 1968.
- Constitutional Placement: It falls under list no. 33 in the 7th schedule under the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution.
- Purpose: ESMA is primarily used by states to manage strikes by employees, especially in essential services.
- Essential Services: The Act empowers the government to designate any economic activity or service as ‘essential’, where disruption would impact the normal life of people.
Provisions and Powers under ESMA
- Police Authority: The Act grants police the authority to arrest protestors without a warrant if they violate the provisions of ESMA.
- State-Specific Provisions: Each Indian state has its unique version and provisions of the ESMA.
Right to Strike in Context
- Worker’s Basic Right: Striking is a fundamental means for workers to legitimately promote and defend their economic and social interests.
- Legal Status: While the right to protest is a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the right to strike is a legal right with certain restrictions.
- Industrial Dispute Act 1947: This act outlines the legal framework and restrictions for strikes, especially in public sectors and essential services.
- Restrictions in Specific Sectors: Strikes are particularly restricted for public sector employees, banking, oil, metropolitan transport, and education sectors under state jurisdiction.
International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Right to Strike
- ILO’s Stance: The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association has established principles regarding the right to strike.
- Essential Services Definition: Essential services are those whose interruption could endanger the life, safety, or health of part or all of the population.
- Examples of Essential Services: The committee identifies sectors like hospitals, electricity, water supply, telephone services, and air traffic control as essential services.
- Restriction on Strikes: Employees in these essential services are generally not permitted to strike.
Problems and Criticisms of ESMA
- Irresponsible Use: The Act has been criticized for its sometimes irresponsible and unwise implementation.
- Suppression of Democratic Rights: ESMA is seen as monopolizing power and suppressing the democratic rights of stakeholders, particularly the right to protest or strike.
- Government’s Overpowering Role: Critics argue that ESMA dangerously skews the balance in industrial relations towards the government in the public sector.
Conclusion
- Debate on ESMA’s Role: The Essential Services Maintenance Act remains a contentious topic, balancing the need for uninterrupted essential services with the rights of workers to strike.
- Need for Responsible Implementation: Responsible and democratic application of ESMA is crucial to maintain this balance.
- Ongoing Discussions: The Act continues to spark debate about the extent of government power and the protection of workers’ rights in essential sectors.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Sri Lanka

Bridge this deficit between India and Sri Lanka

op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India
Central idea

The central idea revolves around Sri Lanka’s renewed proposal for land connectivity with India, emphasizing economic integration. Despite historical challenges, the persisting vision, including a proposed bridge and power grid, highlights the potential for mutually beneficial ties.

Key Highlights:

Sri Lanka’s President Ranil Wickremesinghe proposed land connectivity with India for regional economic integration.

The idea dates back to 2003, with a proposed bridge between Rameswaram (India) and Talaimanar (Sri Lanka).

Despite opposition, the concept persisted, finding mention in a joint statement between Wickremesinghe and PM Modi in 2023.

Land connectivity aims to utilize ports in Colombo and Trincomalee for supply needs in southwest and southeast India.

Key Challenges:

Opposition from groups representing Sinhalese-Buddhists has historically hindered progress.

The power grid project, initiated in 1970, has faced delays, with no electricity transmitted despite a memorandum of understanding.

Slow progress in implementing the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, signed in 1998.

Tardiness in bilateral economic ties, despite India being the largest source of imports for Sri Lanka.

Key Terms:

Land Connectivity: Proposal for physical linkage between India and Sri Lanka for economic integration.

Free Trade Agreement: Trade deal signed in 1998 between India and Sri Lanka.

Power Grid: Project aiming to connect the electricity networks of India and Sri Lanka.

Key Phrases:

“Feasibility study for connectivity will be conducted at an early date” (Joint statement, 2023).

“Utilize Colombo port to meet the supply needs of southwest India and Trincomalee port for southeast India” (Budget address, 2023).

Key Quotes:

“We expect to utilize Colombo port to meet the supply needs of southwest India and Trincomalee port to meet the supply needs of southeast India” (Wickremesinghe, Budget address, 2023).

Key Statements:

“The relationship in infrastructure development should be deeper” (Author’s viewpoint).

“The progress of the transmission network project does not reflect well on the two countries” (Author’s observation).

Key Examples and References:

Nitin Gadkari’s announcement of the Asian Development Bank’s willingness to fund the bridge project in 2015.

India’s successful energy collaboration with Bangladesh, highlighting the contrast with Sri Lanka.

Key Facts and Data:

India-Sri Lanka bilateral trade in 2021: $5.45 billion.

Bangladesh-India bilateral trade in 2021: $18.14 billion.

Critical Analysis:

Despite historical challenges, Sri Lanka should capitalize on recent positive developments.

The comparison with Bangladesh emphasizes the potential for mutually-beneficial economic relationships.

Acknowledges the need for sustained momentum in economic ties.

Way Forward:

Overcome historical challenges and focus on mutually-beneficial economic relationships.

Prioritize the implementation of proposed projects, including land connectivity and the power grid.

Build on recent positive developments to enhance economic ties.

Address opposition through inclusive dialogue and communication.

Expedite the feasibility study for land connectivity and other collaborative projects.
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RBI Notifications

3 reasons why the RBI has held interest rates steady

op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy
Central idea

The RBI’s recent monetary policy decision maintains a cautious stance, driven by concerns over persistent food inflation and global central banks signaling higher interest rates. Despite a positive economic outlook, challenges include incomplete transmission of past rate hikes and potential risks from interconnectedness between banks and non-banks.

Key Highlights:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its pause on monetary policy and retained the withdrawal-of-accommodation stance.
- Reasons for the decision include ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items, despite a recent decrease.
- Influences from systemically important central banks, such as the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, impact India’s monetary policy.
Key Challenges:
- Persistent risks from food inflation, driven by factors like an uneven monsoon and global food supply uncertainties.
- Impact of higher interest rates signaled by central banks like the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank on India’s economy.
- Incomplete transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates poses challenges for the RBI.
Key Terms:
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): A committee responsible for framing India’s monetary policy.
- Core CPI Inflation: Consumer Price Index inflation excluding volatile food and fuel components.
- Macroprudential Tools: Measures used by central banks to ensure the stability of the financial system.
Key Phrases:
- “The battle against inflation is far from over.”
- “Systemically important central banks signal higher-for-longer interest rates.”
- “Transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates remains incomplete.”
Key Quotes:
- “The RBI expects consumer inflation at 5.4 per cent this fiscal, while our forecast is slightly higher at 5.5 per cent.” (Authors)
- “The RBI Governor flagged increasing interconnectedness between banks and non-banks, raising the possibility of stress contagion.” (RBI Governor)
Key Statements:
- “Despite rate increases, bank credit growth has sustained over 15 per cent this fiscal, unchanged from last year.”
- “India will continue to be a growth outperformer among large economies this fiscal.”
Key Examples and References:
- Influence of US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank’s higher interest rates on global monetary policies.
- RBI’s use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity.
Key Facts and Data:
- RBI’s forecast for consumer inflation: 5.4 per cent.
- GDP growth forecast lifted to 7 per cent for the fiscal year.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasizes ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items.
- Highlights the impact of global central banks’ policies on India’s monetary decisions.
- Raises the challenge of incomplete transmission of rate hikes into lending rates.
Way Forward:
- Monitor and address risks related to food inflation and global interest rate dynamics.
- Continue using measures like liquidity management and macroprudential tools for financial stability.
- Assess and manage potential challenges arising from the interconnectedness of banks and non-banks.
- Anticipate and address the impact of rising interest rates on India’s economy.
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Antibiotics Resistance

India’s alarming ‘fixed dose combination’ problem

op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education
Central idea

The study reveals a startling prevalence of unapproved and banned Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics in India, posing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The pharmaceutical industry’s exploitation of FDCs to evade regulations, coupled with regulatory inefficiencies, calls for urgent interventions to safeguard public health

Key Highlights:
- Alarming Prevalence: In 2020, 60.5% of antibiotics in India were unapproved FDCs, with an additional 9.9% banned, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance.
- Patient Compliance vs. Risks: FDCs, aimed at improving patient adherence, pose risks due to potential interactions between combined drugs, necessitating a stringent approval process.
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Strategy: Exploitation of FDCs allows the industry to evade drug price regulations, contributing to the proliferation of irrational combinations.
Key Challenges:
- Regulatory Framework Inefficiency: Continued sale of unapproved FDCs highlights regulatory inefficiency, allowing non-compliance despite existing legal provisions.
- Reactive Regulatory Measures: Reliance on Section 26A orders reveals a reactive rather than proactive regulatory approach, indicating systemic challenges.
Key Terms:
- Fixed Dose Combination (FDC): Combinations of multiple drugs in a single dosage form, potentially affecting drug interactions and therapeutic efficacy.
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of medications, posing a global health threat.
Key Phrases:
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Exploitation: The strategic use of FDCs to avoid regulatory scrutiny undermines the integrity of drug pricing and quality.
- Ineffectiveness of Regulatory Measures: Despite legal provisions, the regulatory system relies on reactive prohibitions rather than proactive prevention.
Key Quotes:
- “Unapproved FDCs may contribute to the AMR problem in India.”
- “The pharmaceutical industry gets to provide its own standards for government testing of FDCs.”
Key Statements:
- Extent of the Issue: The study underscores the alarming prevalence of unapproved and banned FDCs in India, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory intervention.
- Industry Motives: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s profit-driven motives, exposing the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Key Examples and References:
- Academic Study: Reference to the academic study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice (2023) highlighting the extent of unapproved FDCs.
- Historical Context: Tracing the issue back to 1978 and subsequent regulatory amendments provides context to the ongoing challenges.
Critical Analysis:
- Industry Practices: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s motives, highlighting the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Way Forward:
- Urgent Regulatory Actions: Emphasizes the need for regulatory actions to address the menace of unapproved and banned FDCs, preventing potential contributions to antimicrobial resistance.
- Proactive Regulatory Framework: Calls for a proactive regulatory framework that prioritizes public health over industry interests and plugs existing legal loopholes.
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New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

Specie in news: Megamouth Shark

Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Central Idea

In a historic moment for marine biology, a pregnant megamouth shark, a rare and elusive deepwater species, was discovered washed up on a beach in the Philippines.
This is only the 60th ever seen and the first ever observed to be pregnant.

About Megamouth Shark

	Details
Scientific Name	Megachasma pelagios
Discovery	First discovered in 1976 off the coast of Hawaii.
Appearance	Large mouth, bulbous head, rubbery lip, dark grey/black body with a white underbelly.
Size	Up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length.
Diet	Filter feeder, consuming plankton, jellyfish, and small fish.
Habitat	Deepwater species, found at depths of 150 to 1,000 meters (490 to 3,280 feet).
Behavior	Rarely seen, swims with mouth open to filter food.
Reproduction	Presumed to be ovoviviparous, but details are largely unknown.
Distribution	Wide but rare distribution in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
Conservation Status	Least Concerned (IUCN)
Scientific Interest	Valued for its unique anatomy and role in the deep-sea ecosystem.

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Sugar Industry – FRP, SAP, Rangarajan Committee, EBP, MIEQ, etc.

Ethanol Production Policy: New Directive on Sugarcane Usage

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a directive to sugar mills and distilleries, not to use sugarcane juice or syrup for ethanol production in the ethanol year 2023-2024.
No Sugarcane Juice for Ethanol Production
- Continuation of Existing Supplies: The directive allows the continued supply of ethanol from B-Heavy molasses based on existing offers received by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).
- Regulatory Oversight: The Department of Food and Public Distribution, responsible for monitoring sugar production and availability, implements this directive under the Sugar (Control) Order.
Rationale behind the Directive
- Ensuring Sugar Availability: The government’s decision aims to ensure sufficient sugar availability in India, considering the lower sugar production in the country.
- Food vs. Fuel Consideration: Businesses highlighted this move as a balance between food security and fuel production.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Targets: The directive is significant in the context of India’s goal of achieving 20% ethanol blending by the 2025-2026 ethanol year.
Implications for Industry
- ISMA’s Response: The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) is assessing the implications of the order.
- Effect on Domestic Sugar Supply: Industry sources indicate that this decision will ensure adequate sugar supply domestically, especially with reduced sugarcane production in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Program: The restriction is likely to affect the ethanol blending program, which is a key component of India’s renewable energy strategy.
- Consequences for Ethanol-Only Units: Facilities dedicated solely to ethanol production may face challenges due to this new policy.
Conclusion
- The directive represents a strategic decision by the Indian government to prioritize domestic sugar availability over ethanol production from sugarcane.
- Monitoring the impact of this directive on both the sugar industry and the ethanol blending program will be crucial in the coming years.
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Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

SC affirms “Group of Companies’ Doctrine

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

Central Idea

The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling, expanding the scope of arbitration agreements to include non-signatories under specific conditions.
This ruling centers on the “group of companies” doctrine within the framework of arbitration agreements.

‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine

	Details
Essence	Non-signatory entities in a corporate group can be bound by an arbitration agreement if part of the same group as a signatory.
Basis on Mutual Intent	Relies on the mutual intention to bind both signatories and non-signatory group members.
Arbitration as a Tool	Offers an alternative to court litigation, with enforceable decisions by neutral arbitrators.
Root in International Jurisprudence	Based more on international arbitration practices than domestic law.
Indian Legal Precedent	Established by Chloro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. case (2013).
Criteria for Application	Set by the Indian Supreme Court, includes mutual intent, relationship between entities, common subject matter, transaction nature, and contract performance.
Objective	Aims to prevent dispute fragmentation in complex, multi-party transactions.
Recent Supreme Court Ruling	Clarified conditions under which non-signatories can be bound by arbitration agreements, focusing on legal relationships and demonstrated intentions.

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Archives: News

Central Idea

About Mauritian Dodo

Science of De-Extinction

Process of Resurrecting

Challenges and Concerns

Motivations behind the Project

Central Idea

What is Meftal used for?

What does the alert against Meftal say?

Back2Basics: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)

Central Idea

The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879

The Advocates Act, 1961

The Advocates Amendment Bill, 2023

Rationale and Implications

Conclusion

Central Idea

About Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)

Provisions and Powers under ESMA

Right to Strike in Context

International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Right to Strike

Problems and Criticisms of ESMA

Conclusion

Central Idea

About Megamouth Shark

Details

Central Idea

No Sugarcane Juice for Ethanol Production

Rationale behind the Directive

Implications for Industry

Conclusion

Central Idea

‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine

Join the Community