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  • Why terrorist activity has shifted from Kashmir to Poonch-Rajouri

    Solved] Where is the Pir Panjal Range located?

    Central idea 

    The recent surge in terrorist activity in the Poonch-Rajouri sector challenges the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations. This shift is attributed to the path of least resistance as Kashmir becomes less conducive, prompting a need for a strategic reassessment and adaptation of deployment and operational strategies to address emerging challenges. Transparent investigations into civilian deaths and a balanced approach in public statements are crucial to maintaining public trust and stability in the region.

    Key Highlights:

    • Recent encounters in the Poonch-Rajouri sector challenge the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations.
    • Shift of terrorist activity to Poonch-Rajouri is due to the path of least resistance, with Kashmir facing strong counter-terrorism measures.
    • Dilution of local support, abrogation of Article 370, and focus on Pir Panjal (South) indicate a strategic shift in the region’s dynamics.
    • Questions arise about the redeployment of formations and potential dilution of optimum deployment in the sector.

    Key Challenges:

    • Losses for the Indian Army in recent encounters raise concerns about the effectiveness of current strategies and the need for potential adjustments.
    • Shift in terrorist activity to Poonch-Rajouri poses a challenge to the Army’s counter-terrorism efforts.
    • Allegations surrounding the deaths of three local civilians in suspicious circumstances require thorough investigations and pose a challenge to maintaining public trust.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Poonch-Rajouri sector
    • Counter-terrorism operations
    • Proxy hybrid war
    • Counter-infiltration (CI) and counter-terrorism (CT) grid
    • Article 370
    • Pir Panjal (South)
    • Redeployment
    • Rashtriya Rifles troops

    Key Quotes:

    • “Terrorism is like water; it takes the path of least resistance.”
    • “The abrogation of Article 370 has also made Kashmir less conducive to separatist trends.”
    • “The Indian government’s demonstrated capability for retaliation when an undetermined threshold is crossed will keep Pakistan on tenterhooks.”

    Key Statements:

    • Recent encounters challenge the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations.
    • The strategic shift of terrorist activity to the Poonch-Rajouri sector necessitates a reassessment of deployment and operational strategies.

    Key Examples/References:

    • Shift in terrorist tactics and focus from Kashmir to the Poonch-Rajouri sector.
    • Allegations surrounding the deaths of three local civilians.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Recent encounters in the Poonch-Rajouri sector resulted in more losses for the Army than terrorists.
    • Redeployment of troops from the Jammu sector since May 2020.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Losses in recent encounters raise questions about the effectiveness of the Army’s current strategies.
    • Shift in terrorist activity indicates the need for adaptability in response strategies.
    • Allegations surrounding civilian deaths require transparent investigations to maintain public trust.

    Way Forward:

    • Conduct a thorough review of identified weaknesses in convoy security, vehicle hardening, and reinforcement movements.
    • Adapt drills, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and minor tactics to address current challenges.
    • Ensure transparent investigations into civilian deaths, with suitable disciplinary action if mistakes are identified.
    • Conduct brigade-sized operations in Pir Panjal with drone support, reinforced by strong public outreach to address local sentiments.
    • Maintain a balanced approach in public statements to prevent speculation and unrest, and continue precautionary measures in the Kashmir Valley.

  • The evolving role of the Colombo Security Conclave

    Colombo Security Conclave

    Key Highlights:

    • The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) aims to promote a safe, secure, and stable Indian Ocean, with India playing a leadership role.
    • The CSC’s revival in 2020, after a standstill since 2014, reflects India’s evolving strategic vision for the Indian Ocean.
    • India seeks to institutionalize its role in the region, addressing security challenges and emerging threats through the CSC.
    • China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean is a significant factor driving the CSC’s revival, with Beijing investing in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and establishing a presence in key locations.

    Key Challenges:

    • Domestic political changes in member-states can impact the CSC’s effectiveness, as seen with the Maldives’ absence from a recent meeting.
    • The nationalist and pro-China sentiments in member-states may hinder collaboration, affecting the CSC’s ability to address regional challenges.
    • Despite concerns about China’s actions in the Indian Ocean, some regional countries may not view China as a threat, limiting the CSC’s collective response.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)
    • Indian Ocean
    • Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
    • Maritime security
    • Regional collaboration
    • Extra-regional powers
    • Indo-Pacific
    • National Security Adviser (NSA)

    Key Quotes:

    • “The lack of capacity of island nations to secure the seas and counter transnational threats has continued to motivate India.”
    • “China’s outreach to the Indian Ocean is to control crucial sea lines of communication and trade, limiting India’s influence.”

    Key Statements:

    • “The CSC offers India an opportunity to institutionalize its role, shape the regional security architecture, and better address existing and emerging threats.”
    • “The strategic accommodation and flexibility of the CSC contribute to the security of the Indian Ocean.”

    Key Examples/References:

    • China’s naval capabilities, defense relationships, and infrastructure projects in the Indian Ocean.
    • Maldives’ absence from a recent CSC meeting due to preferences for a close relationship with China or nationalist sentiments.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • The CSC was revived in 2020, with the inclusion of Mauritius, Seychelles, and Bangladesh.
    • China’s investments in the Indian Ocean include the Belt and Road Initiative projects and control of Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The vulnerability of the CSC to domestic political changes highlights challenges in maintaining consistent regional collaboration.
    • The balance between addressing security concerns and managing relationships with China is crucial for the CSC’s success.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthen institutional mechanisms within the CSC to mitigate the impact of domestic political changes.
    • Continue to focus on the five pillars of cooperation, addressing maritime security, counter-terrorism, cyber-security, humanitarian aid, and disaster relief.
    • Enhance efforts to build trust among member-states and address concerns related to nationalist and pro-China sentiments.

  • In news: Mediterranean Sea

    Central Idea

    • Iranian Revolutionary Guards has warned that the Mediterranean Sea could be closed if the US and its allies continued to commit “crimes” in Gaza.

    About Mediterranean Sea

    Details
    Location Between Europe, Africa, and Asia
    Size Approximately 2.5 million square kilometers
    Depth Average depth 1,500 meters ; Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea, over 5,000 meters deep
    Climate Predominantly Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters
    Bordering Countries Europe: Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey

    Asia: Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel

    Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco
    Major Water Bodies Connected Connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar; links to the Black Sea via the Dardanelles Strait
    Islands and Archipelagos Includes several islands and archipelagos like Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Cyprus, and the Balearic Islands

     

  • Nematocysts in Aquatic Ecosystems

    Central Idea

    • Evolution has crafted unique defense mechanisms in the animal kingdom, one of which is the nematocyst.

    Understanding Nematocysts

    • Structural Composition: A nematocyst comprises a capsule with a coiled tubule and a toxin-filled bulbous structure.
    • Rapid Deployment: Upon stimulation, the nematocyst ejects its tubule at an incredibly high acceleration, comparable to a bullet’s speed.
    • Fastest Biological Mechanisms: This ejection process is among the quickest in the animal kingdom.
    • Found in: Nematocysts are particularly prevalent in jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras, serving as effective tools for hunting and protection.

    Role in Cnidarians’ Survival

    • Cnidarians and Cnidocytes: Cnidarians, a group of animals characterized by cnidocytes (specialized cells), heavily rely on nematocysts for feeding and defense.
    • Activation Process: Contact with potential prey triggers sensory structures on cnidocytes, leading to the nematocyst’s release and subsequent prey immobilization or toxin injection.

    Diversity of Toxins in Nematocysts

    • Variety of Effects: Nematocyst toxins can be paralytic, halting prey movement, or cytolytic, breaking down cells.
    • Strategic Use: Cnidarians often employ a mix of toxins to enhance the effectiveness of their predatory and defensive actions.
    • Contribution to Cnidarians’ Success: The complexity and efficiency of nematocysts play a vital role in the survival and dominance of cnidarians in aquatic habitats.
    • Formidable Aquatic Predators: The presence of nematocysts makes cnidarians formidable entities in their ecosystems.

  • Project PRAYAS to help Indian youth migrate abroad

    Central Idea

    • The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) introduced Project PRAYAS (Promoting Regular & Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals) to facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students.

    What is Project PRAYAS?

    Details
    Project Name Project PRAYAS
    Introduced By International Organization for Migration (IOM)
    Partnership Ministry of External Affairs, India
    Objective To facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students
    Key Focus Enhancing coordination between state and central governments

    Addressing India’s growing role in international migration

    Providing policy recommendations for migration governance
    IOM’s Role Promoting humane and orderly migration as a United Nations agency
    Significance Represents a consolidation of state-level efforts for well-managed international migration
    Focus Areas and Activities Conducting comprehensive studies on migration trends

    Launching awareness programs for safe and orderly migration processes

    Back2Basics: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

    Details
    Establishment 1951
    Initial Purpose To assist in the resettlement of people displaced by World War II
    Current Role Providing services and advice on migration to governments and migrants, including various displaced persons
    Type Intergovernmental Organization
    Membership 173 member states, 8 observer states
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Key Objectives Promote humane and orderly migration Emergency response

    Link migration with development Health and support for migrants

    Facilitate managed labor migration Counter human trafficking
    UN Relationship Became a related organization of the United Nations in 2016
    India and IOM India has been a member of IOM since 1992.

  • Bab El-Mandeb: A Strategic Choke Point

    Bab El-Mandeb

    Central Idea

    • The war between Israel and Hamas in October raised concerns about Hezbollah’s involvement, but the focus shifted when the Houthis in Yemen expanded the conflict to the Red Sea.
    • Despite tensions, Hezbollah and Israel avoided full-scale war, with Israel concentrating on Gaza.

    Houthi Involvement and Shift in Tactics

    • Initial Actions: The Houthis, aligned with Iran, initially targeted Israel in solidarity with Palestinians, using drones and missiles, which were intercepted.
    • Change in Strategy: Later, they shifted focus to attacking commercial ships in the Red Sea, threatening global shipping routes.

    Understanding the Houthis

    • Background: The Houthis, known formally as Ansar Allah, are a Shia militia group in Yemen, named after their late leaders Badr al-Din al-Houthi and Hussein al-Houthi.
    • Iranian Support: They receive direct support from Iran and have significant military capabilities, including drones and ballistic missiles.

    Strategic Importance of Bab el-Mandeb Strait

    • Geographical Significance: The Strait of Bab el-Mandeb is a crucial maritime chokepoint, connecting the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean.
    • Impact on Global Shipping: Houthi actions near the strait have led to a significant decrease in Red Sea traffic and increased shipping costs.

    Global and Regional Consequences

    • Effect on Israel: Israel’s southern port traffic, particularly in Eilat, has been severely impacted.
    • Broader Trade Implications: Approximately 12% of global maritime trade passes through the strait. Disruptions here could exacerbate inflationary pressures worldwide.
    • Alternative Routes: Shipping companies are rerouting around Africa, significantly increasing travel time and costs.

    International Response

    • US Naval Task Force: The U.S. has established a naval force to counter the Houthi threat.
    • Arab World’s Stance: Many Red Sea countries, including Egypt, have not joined the U.S. task force, reflecting regional discontent with U.S. policies.
    • Potential Offensive Measures: The U.S. has not ruled out bombing Houthi targets in response to continued attacks on shipping lanes.

    Conclusion

    • Continued Houthi Threat: The Houthis vow to persist in their actions as long as Israel’s conflict with Gaza continues.
    • Challenges for Global Trade: The situation underscores the fragility of global shipping routes and the potential for regional conflicts to have far-reaching economic impacts.
    • Need for Diplomatic Solutions: This complex scenario highlights the importance of diplomatic efforts to resolve regional tensions and protect vital maritime trade routes.

  • India’s Textile Crisis amid Rising MMF Fabric Imports

    Central Idea

    • Major textile hubs in India, including Ludhiana, Surat, and Erode, are grappling with the surge in imports of man-made fibre (MMF) fabrics, impacting a sector worth about $60 billion.
    • Fabric processors and weavers across these hubs express concerns over the influx of cheaper imports, primarily from China, affecting their businesses.

    Impact of Imported MMF Fabrics

    • Market Dominance: Imported fabrics, especially from China, are increasingly found in Indian markets, leading to unsold stocks and production cuts by local weavers.
    • Price Disparity: Indian weavers face competition from cheaper imported yarns, compelling them to import materials like viscose yarn from China to remain competitive.

    Statistical Overview of MMF Fabric Imports

    • Doubling of Imports: In the last three years, MMF fabric imports have doubled, with a significant portion being knitted synthetic fabrics.
    • Import Data: Daily imports from China increased from 325 tonnes in 2019-2020 to 887 tonnes in the April-June quarter of the current fiscal year, with a notable drop in average value per kg.

    Under-Invoicing and Quality Control Issues

    • Under-Invoicing Concerns: The practice of under-invoicing imported finished fabrics poses a major challenge, leading to calls for stricter customs regulations.
    • Quality Control Orders (QCOs): The government’s introduction of QCOs on MMF fibres and products, requiring BIS certification, has impacted the entire value chain.

    Consequences for Local Industry and Global Trade

    • Operational Capacity: The downstream industry is reportedly operating at only 70% capacity due to these challenges.
    • Export Decline: Exports of man-made yarn, fabrics, and made-ups have seen a year-on-year decline.
    • Global MMF Trade: India’s share in global MMF trade was 2.7% in 2019, with fabrics and yarn being major export components.

    Industry Perspectives and Government Policies

    • Innovation Gap: Industry experts highlight a lack of innovation in MMF products in India compared to countries like China, Thailand, and Korea.
    • Impact of QCOs: The introduction of QCOs, particularly at the fibre stage, is criticized for disrupting the industry, with calls for implementing quality controls at the garment stage instead.
    • Challenges for MSMEs: Small and medium enterprises face financial strain due to declining orders, high prices, and increased operational costs.
    • GST Issues and Financial Relief Demands
      • GST Refund Delays: The introduction of GST led to higher taxes on MMF fibre and yarn, with delayed refunds causing financial burdens for weavers.
      • Refund Controversy: Weavers contend that they are owed significant refunds due to the inverted duty structure, with the government potentially owing around ₹1,000 crore to the sector.

    Conclusion

    • Need for Strategic Measures: Addressing the challenges in India’s textile industry requires a balanced approach, considering both domestic capabilities and global market dynamics.
    • Government’s Role: Effective policy measures, including rationalizing import duties and quality controls, are essential to support the industry and enhance its competitiveness.
    • Future Outlook: The textile sector’s resilience and adaptability will be key in overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on potential opportunities in the global market.

  • Time Measurement and Role of Ujjain in Ancient Astronomy

    ujjain

    Central Idea

    • The newly elected Madhya Pradesh CM asserted that Ujjain, was the reference for world time 300 years ago, before the Prime Meridian shifted to Paris and then Greenwich.
    • For UPSC aspirants, understanding these nuances is essential for a comprehensive grasp of India’s scientific heritage and its global context.

    Time Measurement and Ujjain’s Role

    • Ujjain’s Central Meridian: Before Greenwich’s establishment in 1884, Ujjain was the central meridian for time in India, influencing Hindu almanac calculations.
    • Vedshala Observatory: The Vedshala or Government Jiwaji Observatory in Ujjain offers insights into ancient Indian timekeeping methods.

    Ujjain’s Geographical and Astronomical Significance

    • Surya Siddhanta’s Contributions: This 4th-century astronomical treatise positions Ujjain at the intersection of the zero meridian of longitude and the Tropic of Cancer, highlighting its global importance.
    • Astronomical Landmarks: Ujjain’s location on the Tropic of Cancer, intersecting significant temples, underscores its historical and religious significance in Hindu cosmogony.

    Legacy of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II and the Vedshala

    • Observatory’s Origins: Built between 1725-1730 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the Vedshala was inspired by the observatory in Samarkand and predates those in Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, and Varanasi.
    • Motivation for Construction: Jai Singh’s initiative to educate the country in astronomy was sparked by a debate in the Mughal court over astronomical calculations.

    Ujjain’s Astronomical Heritage and Contributions

    • Center for Ancient Astronomy: Ujjain was a hub for astronomical and mathematical studies, home to scholars like Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskaracharya.
    • Vikram Samvat Calendar: King Vikramaditya’s establishment of the Vikram Samvat calendar around 58–56 B.C. further cements Ujjain’s historical importance.

    Exploring the Vedshala’s Instruments and Functions

    • Yantras and Their Uses: The observatory houses various instruments (yantras) for measuring time, celestial altitudes, planetary motions, and eclipses.
    • Unique Instruments: The Shankhu Yantra, Samrat Yantra, Digansha Yantra, Nadi Valay Yantra, and Bhitti Yantra demonstrate the sophistication of ancient Indian astronomical tools.
    • Taramandel Shows: The observatory also features a planetarium offering educational shows about celestial bodies.

    Ongoing Astronomical Research and Preservation

    • Renovation and Continuation of Studies: Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia of Gwalior renovated the observatory in 1923, ensuring the continuation of astronomical research.
    • Annual Ephemeris Publication: The observatory publishes an ephemeris, detailing the daily positions and movements of planets.

    Conclusion

    • Balancing Historical Pride and Scientific Accuracy: While appreciating Ujjain’s rich astronomical heritage, it’s crucial to distinguish between historical significance and contemporary scientific standards.
    • Insights for UPSC Aspirants: Understanding Ujjain’s role in ancient timekeeping and astronomy offers UPSC aspirants a nuanced perspective on India’s scientific contributions and cultural heritage.
    • Enduring Legacy: Ujjain’s astronomical legacy, exemplified by the Vedshala Observatory, continues to be a testament to India’s historical advancements in science and time measurement.

  • Tribunals cannot direct Government to frame policy: SC

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court clarified that tribunals, bound by their governing legislations, cannot compel the government to formulate policy.
    • It emphasized the separation of powers, stating that policy-making is outside the judiciary’s domain, including quasi-judicial bodies like tribunals.

    What are Tribunals?

    Details
    Nature Judicial or quasi-judicial institutions established by law
    Purpose Provide faster adjudication compared to traditional courts

    Offer expertise on specific subject matters
    Functions Adjudicating disputes

    Determining rights between parties

    Making administrative decisions

    Reviewing existing administrative decisions
    Constitutional Recognition 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 introduced Articles 323-A and 323-B in the Constitution
    Article 323A Empowers Parliament to constitute administrative Tribunals for public service matters
    Article 323B Allows Parliament or state legislatures to constitute tribunals for specific subjects like taxation, land reforms
    Composition Comprises expert (technical) members and judicial members
    Expert Members Selected from various fields, including central government departments
    Judicial Members Persons with a judicial background, such as High Court judges or eligible lawyers
    Supreme Court’s Stance Technical members not required if tribunal’s aim is expeditious disposal of matters

    Case in Focus: Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) and Policy Direction

    • Specific Case Reviewed: The Bench addressed whether the AFT could direct the government to create a policy for appointing the Judge Advocate General (Air).
    • General Observation: It has been consistently observed that courts cannot mandate the government to enact legislation or develop a policy.

    Judicial Analysis and Reasoning

    • Justice Karol’s Observations: Justice Sanjay Karol noted that the AFT, with powers akin to a civil court, lacks the authority of the Supreme Court or High Courts.
    • High Courts’ Limitations: Even High Courts, under Article 226 of the Constitution, cannot order the government or its departments to establish specific policies.
    • Government’s Prerogative: The judgment reinforced that policy creation, especially concerning defense personnel services or their regularization, is exclusively the government’s responsibility.

    Implications of the Judgment

    • Tribunals’ Restricted Powers: Tribunals must operate within the confines of their governing legislation and lack the jurisdiction to influence policy formation.
    • Judiciary’s Role in Policy Matters: The judgment highlights the judiciary’s limited role in policy-making, even in cases where fundamental rights might be at stake.
    • Separation of Powers: This ruling underscores the principle of separation of powers, delineating the distinct functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

    Conclusion

    • Respecting Institutional Boundaries: The judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting the boundaries and roles of different government institutions in a democratic setup.
    • Broader Implications: This decision has significant implications for how tribunals and courts interact with policy-making processes, emphasizing judicial restraint and adherence to the constitutional framework.

  • Explained: Creating new Districts

    Central Idea

    • Amid reports that Odisha may create a few more districts before the end of the year, the Orissa High Court has directed the government not to issue any final order in this regard without its permission.

    Districts in India

    • Historical Background: Districts, as local administrative units, are a legacy from the British Raj era.
    • Administrative Hierarchy: Positioned below the state and territory level, districts are crucial in India’s local governance structure.
    • Leadership and Responsibilities: A Deputy Commissioner or Collector, often from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), heads a district, overseeing administration and maintaining law and order.
    • Subdivision of Districts: Districts are further divided into smaller units like tehsils, talukas, or mandals, varying by region.

    Mechanics of Creating New Districts

    • State Government’s Prerogative: The authority to create, modify, or abolish districts lies with State governments, executed via executive orders or state assembly legislation.
    • Preferred Methodology: States typically opt for the executive route, issuing official gazette notifications for these changes.

    Central Government’s Role in District Reconfiguration

    • Limited Involvement: The Central government’s role is minimal in district reformation, primarily concerning name changes.
    • Procedure for Name Changes: For renaming districts or railway stations, State governments seek clearances from central entities like the Home Ministry, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Posts, Geographical Survey of India, and the Railway Ministry.

    Trends in District Formation

    • Increase in Numbers: India’s district count has risen from 593 in 2011 to 718, as per the Government of India’s Know India website.
    • Factors Influencing Growth: This increase includes new districts formed between 2001-2011 and the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014.

    Rationale behind Creating New Districts

    • Benefits: Districts gain from government investments in local administration and development.
    • Infrastructure and Economic Development: New districts see enhanced infrastructure, attracting investments and boosting economic activities and employment.

    Challenges in District Formation

    • Limitations and Costs: The financial burden of establishing administrative infrastructure restricts rampant district creation.
    • Resource Allocation: The process involves setting up offices and deploying officers and public servants, impacting the state’s budget.

    Way Forward

    • Community Engagement: Involving local populations in the decision-making process is vital to align district formation with their aspirations and needs.
    • Conflict Resolution and Inclusive Growth: This approach can help mitigate conflicts and ensure decisions contribute to the inclusive growth of the state and nation.

    Back2Basics: History of Districts in India

    Details
    Early Administration Initiated by the British East India Company post-Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764)
    Collectorate System Introduced by Warren Hastings in 1772; District Collector as key revenue, judicial, and administrative authority
    Transition to Crown Rule Post-1857 Revolt, direct British Crown rule led to formalization of district system
    Role of District Collector Central figure in district administration, responsible for revenue, law, and order
    Revenue Systems Implementation of Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems for land revenue collection
    Survey and Settlement Extensive land surveys for revenue assessment
    Judicial Functions Initially, Collectors (District Magistrate) handled judicial roles; later, separate judicial offices were established
    Law Enforcement Establishment of modern police system with districts as key units
    Impact on Indian Society Centralized control, introduction of bureaucracy
    Post-Independence Legacy Retained district system with evolved role of District Collector