PYQ Relevance:
Question: “Although, India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.” (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question looks at how useful India’s intellectual work is. It focuses on patents instead of research papers but raises a similar point—whether filing many patents leads to real-world applications. Here, commercialization means using intellectual property, which also reflects the quality of India’s research output. |
Mentor’s Comment: At a National Science Day event in February 2025, the Union Science Minister stated that India could surpass the U.S. in scientific publications by 2029. China leads with 8,98,949 papers, followed by the U.S. (4,57,335) and India (2,07,390). He emphasized the need for large-scale investments in education and R&D to match China’s long-term scientific growth.
Today’s editorial analyzes India’s scientific publications and compares them with developed countries like the USA and China. This analysis is useful for writing answers in GS Paper 3 (UPSC Mains)
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Science officials should focus on improving the quality of India’s research publications instead of just being satisfied with the increasing number of papers.
What are the quality issues in Indian publications?
- High Presence in Predatory Journals: Many Indian researchers publish in low-quality or predatory journals that lack proper peer review. Example: A 2018 study found that 35% of papers in predatory journals came from India, reducing credibility.
- Low Citation Impact: Indian research papers often have fewer citations, indicating limited global influence and impact. Example: While China contributes heavily to high-impact journals like Nature and Science, India lags in such publications.
- Plagiarism & Research Misconduct: Cases of plagiarism, data fabrication, and duplicate publications undermine research integrity. Example: In 2019, over 1,000 Indian research papers were retracted due to ethical violations.
- Weak Industry-Academia Linkages: Research often lacks practical applications, with minimal collaboration between academia and industry. Example: Unlike China, where AI and 5G research directly benefit Huawei and Tencent, India’s industry-research link is weak.
- Limited Breakthrough Research in Frontier Technologies: India lags in deep-tech areas like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology due to inadequate funding and infrastructure. Example: While Google (USA) and Alibaba (China) lead in quantum computing, India mostly imports technology.
|
What are the key factors contributing to China’s dominance in scientific research output compared to India?
| Key Factor |
China’s Strength |
Example |
| Heavy Investment in R&D |
2.4% of GDP spent on R&D, significantly higher than India’s 0.67% |
Medium-to-Long-Term Plan (2006-2020) led to advancements in AI, biotechnology, and materials science. |
| Strong University and Institutional Support |
Massive government funding and autonomy for research institutions |
Tsinghua University, Peking University, and CAS contribute thousands of high-impact research papers annually. |
| Focus on High-Quality Publications |
Researchers publish extensively in top journals like Nature, Science, and JACS |
CAS alone contributed 444 papers in JACS (2017–2024), while all CSIR labs in India contributed only 29. |
| Strategic Talent Development and Global Collaboration |
Attracts global talent and fosters domestic researchers through international partnerships |
Thousand Talents Plan recruited top global scientists, boosting innovation. |
| Industry-Academia Linkages and Patent Filing |
Strong collaboration between research institutions and industries, leading to high patent filings |
China dominates AI, quantum computing, and 5G, with companies like Huawei, Baidu, and Tencent integrating research into industry applications. |
How does India’s research spending compare to other advanced nations, and what are the effects?
- Low R&D Expenditure as % of GDP: India spends ~0.67% of GDP on R&D, significantly lower than USA (3.4%), China (2.4%), Germany (3.1%), South Korea (4.8%), and Israel (5.6%). This leads to slower technological advancements and reduced global competitiveness. Example: India lags behind in semiconductor manufacturing, relying on imports instead of domestic production like China, Taiwan, and the US.
- Dominance of Government Funding: Government funds ~56% of R&D in India, whereas in advanced nations, private sector contributes 70-80%. The limited commercialization of research and weaker industry-academia collaboration hinder innovation.Example: ISRO’s space research is globally recognized, but private sector participation in space technology is still nascent compared to SpaceX (USA) or CASC (China).
- Lower Patent Filings & Innovation Output: India’s patent filings are much lower than leading economies. In 2023, India filed ~58,502 patents, whereas China filed 1.58 million. The slow innovation cycle increases reliance on foreign technologies. Example: China dominates 5G patents (~40%), while India relies on foreign telecom firms like Nokia and Ericsson for 5G deployment.
- Brain Drain and Researcher Exodus: Indian researchers often migrate abroad due to limited funding, better salaries, and superior research infrastructure. The talent loss weakens India’s domestic research ecosystem. Example: Many IIT and IISc graduates move to the US, UK, or Europe for research positions in top institutions like MIT, Stanford, or Oxford.
- Limited Breakthroughs in Deep-Tech & Frontier Research: India has limited presence in deep-tech areas like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology, where the US, China, and EU invest heavily. Dependence on foreign companies for cutting-edge technology continues to grow. Example: India imports most quantum computing hardware, while Google (US) and Alibaba (China) lead the sector.
What are the major ethical concerns in Indian research, and where does India stand in research integrity?
- Plagiarism & Research Misconduct: Cases of plagiarism, data fabrication, and duplicate publications are prevalent in Indian academia. Weak enforcement of ethical guidelines leads to compromised research integrity. Example: In 2019, a major controversy arose when over 1,000 Indian research papers were retracted due to ethical violations.
- Predatory Journals & Substandard Publications: Many Indian researchers publish in low-quality or predatory journals due to pressure for academic promotions. This dilutes the credibility of Indian research on the global stage. Example: A 2018 study found that over 35% of papers in predatory journals were from India, raising concerns about academic standards.
- Lack of Strong Ethical Oversight & Whistleblower Protection: Institutional Ethics Committees (IECs) often lack independence and fail to take strict action against misconduct. Whistleblowers face retaliation, discouraging the reporting of unethical practices. Example: In cases like the AIIMS ethics review controversies, concerns were raised over conflicts of interest and leniency towards fraudulent research.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Increased R&D Funding & Policy Initiatives: The government has launched schemes like National Research Foundation (NRF) with a ₹50,000 crore corpus to boost R&D across sectors. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) promotes startups, research incubation, and industry-academia collaboration. Example: IMPRINT (Impacting Research Innovation and Technology) supports research in key areas like healthcare, AI, and advanced materials.
- Strengthening Research Ethics & Quality Publications: UGC-CARE List was introduced to ensure publication in quality journals and curb predatory publishing. Draft National Policy on Research and Development (2023) aims to streamline ethical research guidelines. Example: AIIMS and IITs have implemented stricter plagiarism checks and ethical review mechanisms.
- Boosting Deep-Tech & Patent Ecosystem: The National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to position India as a global leader in quantum computing and communication. Simplified patent filing processes and incentives under Start-up India & Make in India encourage innovation. Example: India’s patent filing growth (58,502 in 2023), with initiatives like Mission on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to develop AI, robotics, and IoT.
|
Way forward:
- Increase R&D Investment & Industry Collaboration: Raise India’s R&D spending to at least 2% of GDP, with a greater role for private sector funding. Strengthen industry-academia linkages to boost innovation and commercialization, similar to China’s model.
- Enhance Research Integrity & Quality Standards: Implement stricter regulations to curb plagiarism, predatory publishing, and unethical practices. Strengthen peer review mechanisms, independent ethics committees, and whistleblower protections to uphold research credibility.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian education system;
Why in the News?
Recently, CBSE plans to let Class 10 students take their board exams twice a year (in February/March and May) from 2026. This change is meant to help students and follows the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
What are the key objectives of the CBSE’s proposed two-examination policy for Class 10 students starting from 2026?
- Provide a Second Chance: Students can take board exams twice in an academic year (February/March & May) to improve their scores. Example: A student who performs poorly in the first attempt due to illness can appear again without waiting a full year.
- Promote Competency-Based Learning: Shift from rote memorization to testing conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Example: Instead of asking students to memorize historical dates, the exam may include analytical questions on historical events’ impact.
- Align with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Encourage a flexible, student-friendly assessment model focused on continuous learning. Example: Like international systems (e.g., SAT in the U.S.), students get multiple opportunities to improve scores without excessive pressure.
Why does the policy raise concerns about increased student stress instead of reducing examination pressure?
- Short Remediation Window: The gap between the first (Feb/March) and second (May) exams is too short for meaningful improvement in weak areas. Example: A student struggling with math concepts in February may not get enough time to improve before the second attempt in May.
- Double the Exam Preparation Pressure: Instead of easing stress, students may feel pressured to prepare for two board exams in a short span. Example: Students may end up studying rigorously for both exams, fearing they might need a second attempt.
- Coaching-Centric Approach: The risk of coaching institutes exploiting the two-exam format may increase, leading to more emphasis on exam-focused learning rather than conceptual understanding. Example: Coaching centers may start specialized crash courses for the second attempt, pushing students into additional preparation cycles.
How could the proposed policy impact students from economically weaker sections?
- Higher Examination Fees: Students must pay a non-refundable fee covering both attempts, even if they only take one exam. Example: A student from a low-income family who performs well in the first attempt still pays for the second, increasing financial burden.
- Increased Dependence on Coaching: Private coaching centers may exploit the two-exam system, making it harder for students without financial resources to compete. Example: Wealthier students might afford special coaching for the second attempt, while economically weaker students struggle with self-study.
- Limited Access to Remedial Support: Schools may not provide structured support between the two exams, leaving underprivileged students without proper guidance. Example: A government school student scoring low in February may not have access to extra tutoring before the May exam.
- Delayed Class 11 Admissions: If second-attempt results are declared late, students from poor backgrounds may struggle with securing admissions or scholarships in time. Example: A student awaiting May results might miss out on early admissions in better schools with financial aid opportunities.
- Increased Psychological Pressure: Financial struggles combined with the pressure of performing well in two exams may cause additional stress and anxiety. Example: A student from a single-income household may feel forced to clear the first attempt to avoid extra financial strain on their family.
What changes are needed to make sure the policy follows the NEP 2020 and supports skill-based learning? (Way forward)
- Shift from Rote Learning to Competency-Based Assessment: Redesign question papers to focus on conceptual understanding, application, and problem-solving rather than memorization. Example: Instead of asking students to recall historical dates, exams should test their ability to analyze historical events and their impact.
- Structured Remedial Support Between Exams: Schools should provide focused remedial classes for students who perform poorly in the first attempt, helping them improve their conceptual understanding. Example: If a student struggles with algebra in February, they should receive targeted math coaching before the May exam.
- Flexible Examination Fee Structure: Allow students to pay for only one attempt if they do not wish to appear for both, ensuring financial equity. Example: A student confident in their preparation should not be forced to pay for a second exam they do not intend to take.
- Staggered Implementation with Pilot Studies: Conduct phased trials in diverse school settings to identify logistical and pedagogical challenges before nationwide implementation. Example: A pilot program in rural and urban schools can reveal differences in access to resources and necessary adjustments.
- Integration of Continuous and Holistic Assessment: Move towards year-round assessments that evaluate practical skills, creativity, and critical thinking, reducing reliance on a single high-stakes test. Example: Schools can introduce project-based assessments in science subjects, testing real-world application rather than just theoretical knowledge.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.” (UPSC 2020)
Reason: This question is directly linked with NEP 2020, the same policy framework that the CBSE’s ‘two-exam scheme’ claims to align with.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender issues;
Why in the News?
On Wednesday, March 26, 2025, the Supreme Court put a hold on an Allahabad High Court ruling from March 17. The High Court had stated that just grabbing a minor girl’s breasts, breaking the string of her pyjama, and trying to pull down her lower garment were not enough to consider it an attempt to rape.
What was the basis of the Allahabad High Court’s March 17 order regarding the attempt to rape charge?
- Reclassification of the Offense to Lesser Charges: Instead of attempt to rape (Section 511 IPC, Section 18 POCSO Act), the High Court downgraded the charges to Section 354(b) IPC (assault with intent to disrobe) and Section 9 POCSO Act (aggravated sexual assault).
- “Thoughtful Consideration” Despite Clear Trauma: The judgment stated that the case had been reviewed with “thoughtful consideration and meticulous examination of facts”, yet concluded that the offense of attempt to rape was not prima facie made out.
Why did the Supreme Court find the High Court’s observations “insensitive” and “inhuman”?
- Contradiction Between Facts and Conclusion: The High Court acknowledged the victim’s trauma—that the accused grabbed her breasts, broke the string of her pyjama, and tried to drag her under a culvert—but still concluded that this did not amount to an attempt to rape.
- Example: A case where an accused undresses and assaults a victim but is not charged with an attempt to rape, despite clear intent, shows a failure to apply legal principles correctly.
- Failure to Recognize the Seriousness of the Crime: The judgment downplayed the gravity of the accused’s actions by modifying the charge from attempt to rape to mere sexual assault, despite the victim being a minor.
- Delayed Judgment Despite “Thoughtful Consideration”: The case was reserved for judgment in November 2024 but the order was passed in March 2025, showing deliberate and conscious decision-making. The insensitivity was not a spur-of-the-moment error but a considered opinion.
- Misinterpretation of “Determination” to Commit Rape: The High Court ruled that the lack of direct penetration or explicit intent meant there was no determination to commit rape, ignoring legal precedents where actions leading up to rape have been considered an attempt.
- Example: In State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Yakub (1980), the Supreme Court ruled that even preparatory acts leading to a crime can constitute an attempt. Here, forcibly undressing and dragging the minor away indicated clear criminal intent.
- Disregard for Judicial Responsibility and Victim’s Dignity: The Supreme Court highlighted that such remarks from a High Court judge could set a dangerous precedent, potentially discouraging victims from seeking justice.
What steps did the Supreme Court take after staying the Allahabad High Court’s order?
- Declared the High Court’s Observations “Insensitive and Inhuman”: The Supreme Court strongly criticized the Allahabad High Court’s order, stating that it displayed a “complete lack of sensitivity” and was “unknown to the tenets of law”. Example: Justice Gavai remarked that the judgment’s graphic description of the minor’s trauma only to dismiss the charge of attempt to rape was completely unjustified.
- Issued Notice to the Union Government and the State of Uttar Pradesh: The Court directed the Central and State governments to respond to the matter, ensuring a higher level of scrutiny and legal accountability. Example: By involving government authorities, the Supreme Court ensured that the prosecution and legal framework around sexual offenses against minors were properly examined.
- Allowed the Victim’s Mother to Join the Case: The Court granted liberty to the minor victim’s mother to implead herself in the case, ensuring that the victim’s family had a direct say in the proceedings. Example: This step allowed the victim’s mother to challenge the High Court’s dilution of charges and advocate for stronger legal action.
- Directed the Supreme Court Registry to Communicate the Order to the Allahabad High Court: The Court instructed its Registry to forward the stay order to the Allahabad High Court Chief Justice, urging necessary action against the Single Judge’s ruling. Example: This move signaled that the Supreme Court wanted the High Court’s Chief Justice to review and possibly take corrective measures on the judgment.
- Listed the Case for Further Hearing After Two Weeks: The Supreme Court scheduled the matter for further hearing, ensuring continuous judicial oversight and preventing any further miscarriage of justice. Example: This step kept the case active in the Supreme Court’s docket, preventing delays and allowing for immediate corrective action if required.
Way forward:
- Judicial Sensitization and Training on Gender Justice: Regular sensitization programs for judges, especially in cases involving sexual offenses, should be conducted to ensure judgments are aligned with the spirit of laws protecting women and minors.
- Strengthening Legal Precedents and Accountability Mechanisms: The Supreme Court should establish clear guidelines on what constitutes attempt to rape to prevent judicial misinterpretation. Review mechanisms should be in place to scrutinize judgments that dilute charges in serious offenses.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.” (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question directly relates to the broader theme of gender justice, which includes the protection of women and children from sexual violence. The Supreme Court’s intervention in the High Court’s order demonstrates its commitment to upholding gender justice and ensuring a sensitive interpretation of laws related to crimes against women and children.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)
Why in the News?
March 27 is the death anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a prominent 19th-century reformer and educationist who significantly advanced the social and educational development of Muslims.
About Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi, into a renowned Muslim family.
- He received education in Persian and Arabic and was well-versed in Islamic studies from an early age.
- Public Service and Recognition:
- He joined the British government’s judicial service in 1876 and was exposed to Western education and ideas, significantly influencing his later reforms.
- He served as a member of the Viceregal Council (1878-1883), the Lieutenant Governor’s Council of the North-Western Province (1887), and was involved in educational reforms as part of the Imperial Education Commission (1888) and the Royal Public Service Commission (1886).
- He was knighted by the British in 1888 for his contributions to social and educational reforms.
- Role During British Rule:
- After the 1857 revolt, Sir Syed helped change the British perception of Muslims, utilizing British support to improve Muslim progress.
- He focused on education and cultural reform within the British framework to improve Muslim society.
Key Contributions:
- Educational Reforms:
- Sir Syed founded Madrasatul Uloom in 1875, which later became Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College in 1877, laying the foundation for Aligarh Muslim University (AMU).
- He encouraged English education, believing it was essential for India’s progress. His visit to England in 1869-1870 further convinced him of its importance.
- Promotion of Critical Thinking and Modernity:
- Sir Syed advocated for the reconciliation of Islamic faith with modern scientific thought and believed Islamic principles could coexist with modernity and science.
- He emphasized reason and critical thinking, opposing blind tradition.
- Social and Religious Reforms:
- He supported women’s education, opposed purdah and polygamy, and advocated for easier divorce laws.
- He criticized the Piri and Muridi System and promoted self-discipline and independent thought.
- Political Views:
- While involved in governance, Sir Syed was cautious about direct political engagement to avoid hostility from the British.
- Literary Contributions:
- Sir Syed launched 3 bilingual periodicals — The Loyal Mohammedans of India (1860), The Aligarh Institute Gazette (1866), and Tehzibul Akhlakh (1870) — to promote modernity, rational thought, and cultural pluralism, combating sectarianism and bigotry.
- Hindu-Muslim Unity:
- He once famously described Hindus and Muslims as “two eyes of the beautiful bride, that if any of the eyes hurt, made the bride ugly.” He had declared in 1884 at Gurdaspur that the Hindus and Muslims should try to become one heart and soul and act in unison.
- The Aligarh Movement:
- It aimed to modernize the Muslim community by promoting modern education while preserving Islamic values.
- It led to social reforms such as the abolition of purdah and polygamy, and the promotion of widow remarriage and women’s education.
| [UPSC 2000] Consider the following pairs:
Institution – Founder
1. Sanskrit College at Benaras – William Jones
2. Calcutta Madarsa – Warren Hastings
3. Fort William College – Arthur Wellesley
4. Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh – Syed Ahmad Khan
How many of the above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)
Why in the News?
The Centre has decided to discontinue the Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) starting from March 26, 2025, considering evolving market conditions.
The short-term deposits (1-3 years) will continue at the discretion of individual banks based on commercial viability, highlighting a shift towards flexible, shorter-term options.
About Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) and its Features
- The GMS was launched in November 2015 as an enhanced version of the Gold Deposit Scheme (GDS) and Gold Metal Loan (GML) Scheme.
- The main goal was to mobilize idle gold from households and institutions into the formal economy, thereby reducing the country’s reliance on gold imports and improving the current account deficit (CAD).
- Objectives: Aimed at mobilizing gold, reducing gold imports, and utilizing gold to generate interest as a financial asset, thereby strengthening the economy.
- The GMS included three deposit options:
- Short-Term Gold Deposit (STGD): 1-3 years
- Medium-Term Gold Deposit (MTGD): 5-7 years
- Long-Term Gold Deposit (LTGD): 12-15 years
- Interest and Redemption:
- Short-Term Deposits: Interest rates determined by individual banks; redemption could be in cash or gold.
- Medium- and Long-Term Deposits: Fixed interest rates at 2.25% (medium-term) and 2.5% (long-term), with cash redemption only.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Open to individuals, institutions, and government entities.
- Gold tendering accepted only at designated Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTC) or through GMS Mobilisation Agents.
- Deposits were accepted only if the value exceeded ₹1 lakh.
Reasons for Discontinuation
- The Finance Ministry discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Deposits due to changes in the gold market.
- Gold prices surged by 41.5% from ₹63,920 per 10 grams in January 2024 to ₹90,450 per 10 grams by March 2025.
- This rise in gold value reduced the attractiveness of schemes like GMS for both depositors and the government.
- With the closure of the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, the government aims to shift towards more market-oriented solutions for gold-related financial products.
| [UPSC 2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of the Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?
1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.
2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector
3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Finance Bill
Why in the News?
Initiating the debate on the Finance Bill in the Lok Sabha, Shashi Tharoor said south Indian States have been the engines of growth and revenue but don’t get their due share from the Central pool of revenue.
About Financial Bills:
- Article 117 of the Constitution governs financial bills. It stipulates special provisions for the introduction of financial bills, outlining their requirements and procedures.
- According to Rule 219 of the Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha, a Finance Bill is typically introduced to give effect to the financial proposals for the next financial year or to address supplementary financial proposals.
- A Finance Bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha after the annual budget has been presented.
- The Bill does not include provisions as per Article 110 but still involves expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- It follows the same legislative process as an ordinary bill, where:
- Rajya Sabha can reject or amend it.
- In case of a deadlock, a joint sitting of both Houses may be convened.
- The President can either assent to the Bill or return it for reconsideration.
- All money bills are financial bills, but not all financial bills are money bills.
- Only bills that exclusively deal with matters listed in Article 110 (such as taxes, borrowing, or the management of Consolidated Fund of India ) qualify as money bills.
Types of Financial Bills:
- Type-I: Financial Bills under Article 110
- These bills contain provisions related to matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (f), which include taxation, borrowing, and the expenditure of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI).
- These bills are a combination of both money bills and ordinary bills. They are treated like money bills but also include non-financial matters that do not strictly fit into Article 110.
- Type-II: Financial Bills under Article 117(3)
- These bills involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India but do not fall under the money bill category.
- They follow the same legislative procedure as an ordinary bill and may be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha. In the case of disagreement between the two Houses, the President can call a joint sitting to resolve the deadlock.
| [UPSC 2022] With reference to Finance Bill and Money Bill in the Indian Parliament, consider the following statements:
1. When the Lok Sabha transmits Finance Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it can amend or reject the Bill.
2. When the Lok Sabha transmits Money Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it cannot amend or reject the Bill, it can only make recommendations.
3. In the case of disagreement between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, there is no joint sitting for Money Bill, but a joint sitting becomes necessary for Finance Bill.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VLSRSAM
Why in the News?
The DRDO has successfully tested the Vertically- Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM) for the Indian Navy.
About VLSRSAM
- The VLSRSAM is a ship-borne surface-to-air missile designed to counter various aerial threats, particularly at short ranges.
- The missile is intended for neutralizing airborne threats at close ranges, including aircraft, helicopters, drones, and other incoming missiles, which are critical for naval defence operations.
- The VLSRSAM weighs around 170 kg and is powered by a solid propellant.
- The missile can reach a maximum speed of Mach 4.5.
- The missile can reach altitudes of 16 km and has a range sufficient to engage high-speed targets.
- Guidance System:
- Mid-course phase: The missile uses a fibre-optic gyroscope-based inertial guidance system, ensuring stable flight towards the target.
- Terminal phase: It switches to active radar homing for precise target acquisition and guidance, ensuring that it can engage targets with high accuracy even at low altitudes.
Strategic Significance
- With advanced guidance systems, the VLSRSAM demonstrates agility and precision in targeting, ensuring it is highly effective even against fast-moving, low-flying aerial threats.
- The missile has been tested for reliability and accuracy, successfully engaging targets at close range and low altitudes.
- It is seen as a force multiplier for the Indian Navy, significantly enhancing its air defence capabilities, particularly in protecting high-value assets in the maritime domain.
| [UPSC 2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news ?
(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Question: Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question discusses the role and power of the Supreme Court. Understanding the mechanisms the court has developed for internal accountability, like the in-house inquiry, provides a more complete picture of its functioning. |
Mentor’s Comment: Understanding the in-house inquiry process is essential for GS Paper 2 as it highlights judicial accountability and self-regulation. The inquiry against Justice Yashwant Varma underscores concerns over transparency, delays, and the lack of external oversight in handling judicial misconduct. This article helps aspirants analyze judicial independence, the need for reforms, and ways to enhance public trust, making it valuable for Mains questions on judicial accountability.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
A three-member committee will investigate the allegations of cash found at the official residence of Delhi High Court Judge Yashwant Varma.
What is the current issue involving Justice Yashwant Varma? What led to the in-house inquiry against him?
- Fire Incident and Discovery of Cash: A fire broke out at Justice Yashwant Varma’s residence (Delhi High Court) on March 14. Fire-control personnel discovered huge piles of burnt cash in a storeroom. Example: Similar cases in the past, like Justice Soumitra Sen’s impeachment (2011), highlight concerns over judicial integrity.
- Preliminary Inquiry and Response: The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court conducted a preliminary inquiry and recommended a deeper probe to the Chief Justice of India (CJI). Justice Varma denied any knowledge of the cash, stating that neither he nor his family had placed it in the storeroom. Example: In Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case (2011), allegations of corruption led to an investigation and resignation.
- Formation of an In-House Inquiry Committee: The CJI constituted a three-member committee as per the Supreme Court’s in-house procedure. Justice Varma’s judicial work was withdrawn, and he was transferred to the Allahabad High Court. Example: In 2019, Justice S.N. Shukla (Allahabad HC) was found guilty of misconduct by an in-house committee, leading to his removal process.
Why is there a need for reforms in the judicial inquiry process?
- Lack of Transparency in In-House Inquiries: The findings of judicial misconduct inquiries are not made public, reducing accountability and eroding public trust. The Supreme Court should disclose key findings to instill confidence in the process. Example: The Justice S.N. Shukla (2019) case remained confidential despite serious allegations of misconduct.
- Absence of Criminal Liability for Judges: Judges found guilty of misconduct are only asked to resign or face impeachment, with no criminal proceedings initiated. Judges found guilty of corruption or abuse of power should face legal prosecution, like other public officials. Example: Justice Soumitra Sen (2011) was impeached for financial misconduct but did not face any criminal charges.
- Collegium System’s Lack of Oversight: The current system of judges appointing judges lacks external accountability, making disciplinary actions inconsistent. A broad-based Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) should oversee both appointments and misconduct inquiries. Example: The NJAC (2015) was struck down by the Supreme Court, keeping the opaque collegium system intact.
- No Independent Body for Judicial Discipline: India lacks an independent statutory authority to investigate judicial misconduct, leading to delays and conflicts of interest. Establishing a Judicial Conduct Investigations Office, similar to the UK’s model, would ensure impartial investigations.Example: The UK’s Judicial Conduct Investigations Office ensures independent scrutiny of complaints against judges.
- Slow and Ineffective Inquiry Process: Judicial misconduct cases often drag on for years, allowing judges to retire without consequences. Setting strict timelines for inquiries and fast-tracking disciplinary actions would improve efficiency. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case (alleged land grabbing) took years, and he resigned before impeachment proceedings could conclude.
What is the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (JCIO)?
The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (JCIO) is an independent body in the United Kingdom responsible for handling complaints of judicial misconduct. It ensures that judges, magistrates, and tribunal members adhere to ethical standards.
What is the In-House Inquiry Process?
- The In-House Inquiry Process is an internal disciplinary mechanism used by the judiciary to investigate allegations of misconduct against sitting judges.
- The In-House Inquiry Process is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution. Instead, it was formulated by the Supreme Court of India in 1997 as an internal mechanism to investigate allegations of misconduct against sitting judges.
|
How does the in-house inquiry process compare to international practices, such as the UK’s Judicial Conduct Investigations Office?
- Independence of Inquiry Process: The in-house inquiry is conducted by sitting judges, which may lead to conflicts of interest. The JCIO is an independent statutory body, separate from the judiciary, ensuring impartiality. Example: In India, inquiries against judges often lack external oversight, whereas in the UK, the JCIO investigates complaints independently.
- Transparency in Investigation and Findings: In-house inquiries are confidential, and findings are rarely made public. The JCIO publishes key details of misconduct cases, fostering transparency and public trust. Example: The dismissal of a UK judge for inappropriate behavior was publicly reported, whereas similar cases in India remain undisclosed.
- Consequences for Judicial Misconduct: Indian Judges found guilty may be asked to resign or face impeachment, but rarely face criminal action. The JCIO can recommend removal from office, financial penalties, or disciplinary actions, and misconduct can lead to legal prosecution. Example: In India, Justice Soumitra Sen was impeached but faced no criminal charges, whereas in the UK, judges have been removed for misconduct.
- Public Accessibility and Complaint Mechanism: In India, complaints against judges go through the Chief Justice and are not directly accessible to the public. UK Citizens can file complaints directly with the JCIO through an online portal, ensuring accessibility. Example: In the UK, public complaints against judges are reviewed transparently, while in India, the process is internal and often delayed.
- Time-bound investigation and Action: In India, no fixed timeline for in-house inquiries, leading to delays in disciplinary actions. In the UK, JCIO follows a structured timeline for investigations and ensures timely resolution. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case in India dragged on for years, whereas JCIO inquiries in the UK conclude within months.
Way forward:
- Establish an Independent Judicial Oversight Body: Create a statutory authority to investigate judicial misconduct, ensuring impartiality and timely resolution. Example: A model similar to the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office would enhance accountability.
- Enhance Transparency and Public Trust: Publish key findings of judicial inquiries and introduce structured timelines for investigations. Example: Releasing redacted reports on judicial misconduct can improve public confidence.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Economic growth in southern states lagged behind India’s overall growth in 2023-24. Despite a large working population, unemployment rates in these states remain a major concern, as seen in their Budget and Economic Surveys.
What are the key reasons behind the economic growth of southern states lagging behind India’s overall growth in 2023-24?
- Lower Growth Rates Compared to National Average – While India’s economy grew at 9.2%, southern states like Tamil Nadu (8.2%) and Telangana (7.4%) recorded slower growth, with Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh growing at over 6%.
- Regional Income Disparities – Economic advantages are concentrated in select districts, limiting broad-based growth. For example, only 8 of 38 districts in Tamil Nadu and 3 of 33 in Telangana had higher per capita income than their state averages.
- Unemployment and Labour Force Challenges – Despite a significant working population, labour force participation rates (LFPR) in Tamil Nadu (58.8%), Karnataka (56.8%), and Kerala (56.2%) were below the national average of 60.1%, affecting economic output.
- Shift Towards Self-Employment – There is a decline in casual labour and an increase in self-employment, often in household enterprises, leading to a lack of stable wage employment. Example: In Telangana, self-employment rose by 8% to 55.9%, while casual labour fell by 5.7% to 18.7%.
- Slower Industrial and Manufacturing Growth – Despite industrial pushes, manufacturing contributes less than 20% of southern states’ economies, limiting their overall economic expansion.
Which southern state has the most equitable distribution of per capita income across its districts?
- More Even Income Spread: Kerala has 7 out of 14 districts with a per capita income above the state average, making it the most balanced among southern states. In contrast, Tamil Nadu (8 out of 38), Telangana (3 out of 33), and Karnataka (4 out of 31) show higher income concentration in a few districts.
- Unlike Telangana, where Rangareddy district’s per capita income is more than three times the state average, Kerala’s income distribution is less skewed, ensuring better regional development and social welfare across the state.
Why is this significant?
- Reduced Regional Disparities: A more balanced income distribution ensures that economic benefits are spread across districts, preventing excessive wealth concentration in urban centers. Example: Unlike Telangana, where Rangareddy dominates income levels, Kerala’s development is more uniform, reducing economic inequalities.
- Better Social and Human Development Indicators: Equitable income distribution translates into better education, healthcare, and infrastructure across all districts, improving overall quality of life. Example: Kerala consistently ranks high in Human Development Index (HDI) due to its statewide access to education and healthcare.
- Sustainable and Inclusive Growth: A well-distributed economy supports long-term stability by ensuring that no district lags significantly behind, leading to lower migration pressures and balanced urbanization. Example: Unlike Tamil Nadu, where Chengalpattu’s income is double the state average, Kerala’s economy avoids overburdening specific urban hubs, leading to sustainable development.
Why is unemployment still a pressing concern in southern states?
- Higher Labour Force Participation but Fewer Job Opportunities – While more people are seeking work, the availability of stable, well-paying jobs remains limited. Example: In 2023-24, Tamil Nadu (58.8%), Karnataka (56.8%), and Kerala (56.2%) had labour force participation rates lower than the national average (60.1%), indicating fewer employment opportunities relative to job seekers.
- Shift from Casual Labour to Self-Employment Without Formal Jobs Growth – More people are moving away from casual labour towards self-employment, but the growth of regular salaried jobs remains stagnant. Example: In Telangana, the self-employed workforce increased by 8% (to 55.9%), while casual labour declined by 5.7%, reflecting a lack of structured employment.
- Dominance of the Services Sector with Limited Manufacturing Growth – The services sector contributes over 50% of economic output, but it often lacks the capacity to absorb large numbers of workers, especially in lower-income groups. Example: In Tamil Nadu, despite an industrial push, manufacturing has not significantly increased its share in the state economy, limiting job creation in this sector.
What role does the services sector play in the economies of southern states?
- Primary Driver of Economic Growth – The services sector contributes over 50% of economic output in most southern states, making it the main engine of economic expansion. Example: In Karnataka and Telangana, the IT and software services industry significantly boosts state GDP, with Bengaluru and Hyderabad being major global tech hubs.
- Uneven Job Creation Across Skill Levels – While the services sector creates high-value jobs in IT, finance, and healthcare, it does not generate enough employment for lower-skilled workers, contributing to persisting unemployment. Example: Kerala, despite its strong service-driven economy (tourism, healthcare, remittances), struggles with high unemployment rates due to a lack of blue-collar service jobs.
Way forward:
- Diversify Economic Growth Beyond Services – Strengthen manufacturing and industrial sectors to create stable, large-scale employment opportunities, especially for lower-skilled workers. Example: Expanding MSMEs and industrial corridors in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka can boost job creation.
- Enhance Skill Development and Labour Market Reforms – Improve vocational training and upskilling programs to align with industry demands, ensuring better job-market absorption. Example: Kerala can integrate its educated workforce into high-value sectors like healthcare and renewable energy.
Mains PYQ:
Question: What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India? (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question’s demand is directly linked with the regional inequality, which explains why economic growth is concentrated in certain parts of a state. Understanding this helps us see why some districts develop faster than others.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Afghanistan relations;
Why in the News?
The U.S. and Europe have stepped back from Afghanistan’s issues, and India should be concerned about losing influence among Afghans.
What are the key reasons behind India’s shift in its engagement policy with the Taliban government in Afghanistan?
- Geopolitical Realism and Regional Stability: India recognises that the Taliban regime is a reality and is engaging pragmatically to safeguard its interests.Example: India reopened its “technical mission” in Kabul (2022) to oversee humanitarian aid and maintain limited diplomatic channels.
- Countering Pakistan and China’s Influence: Pakistan and China have deepened their engagement with the Taliban, influencing Afghanistan’s policies. Example: China signed agreements with the Taliban on infrastructure and rare earth mining, pushing India to maintain a strategic foothold.
- Security Concerns and Terrorism Threats: Engagement allows India to monitor Taliban factions and ensure they do not support anti-India terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). Example: India’s quiet diplomacy with Taliban leaders like Sher Abbas Stanekzai helps in intelligence-sharing on terrorist threats.
- Economic and Infrastructure Interests: India has invested over $3 billion in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and Zaranj-Delaram Highway. Example: Talks on reviving Chabahar port connectivity and resuming development projects indicate India’s strategic economic interests.
- Humanitarian Assistance and People-to-People Ties: India’s aid and engagement help maintain goodwill among Afghan citizens, which could be useful in the long run. Example: India has sent 50,000 metric tonnes of wheat and medical supplies to Afghanistan despite diplomatic tensions.
Why is India hesitant to provide visas to Afghan refugees?
- Security Concerns and Risk of Infiltration: India fears that some refugees could have ties to terrorist groups like the Haqqani Network, LeT, or JeM, posing a national security risk. Example: Indian intelligence agencies raised concerns that Taliban-linked elements could exploit the visa process for entry.
- Political and Ideological Considerations: The government is cautious about allowing large-scale migration of Afghan refugees, aligning with its broader immigration policy.Example: India has prioritized granting visas to Hindus and Sikhs from Afghanistan while restricting others.
- Lack of a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, and its refugee policies are ad hoc and politically driven. Example: Unlike Germany or Canada, India lacks a legal framework for recognizing and resettling Afghan refugees.
- Diplomatic Calculations and Taliban Relations: India does not want to openly oppose the Taliban by granting asylum to its critics, as it seeks to maintain diplomatic engagement with the regime. Example: Unlike during the Northern Alliance era, India has not offered safe passage to anti-Taliban leaders.
- Economic and Logistical Constraints: Providing visas and long-term support for a large refugee influx would require financial and administrative resources that India is reluctant to allocate. Example: During the 2021 Taliban takeover, thousands of Afghans, including students and former Indian allies, applied for emergency visas, but only a small fraction were granted entry.
How can India balance its strategic interests in Afghanistan while ensuring support for Afghan civil society and opposition groups?
- Dual Engagement Strategy: India should maintain diplomatic ties with the Taliban government for security and economic interests while also engaging with Afghan opposition groups and civil society. Example: India’s past engagement with the Northern Alliance in the 1990s, alongside its outreach to the Afghan Republic (2001-2021), showcases a balanced approach.
- Humanitarian and Development Aid: Continuing humanitarian assistance such as food, medical supplies, and education programs can support Afghan civilians without directly endorsing the Taliban. Example: India has provided wheat, vaccines, and essential medicines to Afghanistan through international organizations like the UN.
- Support for Afghan Refugees and Students: Granting visas and scholarships to Afghan students, women, and activists can help sustain Afghanistan’s civil society and ensure long-term goodwill. Example: India’s ICCR scholarship program for Afghan students helped many pursue higher education in India before 2021.
- Leveraging Regional and International Partnerships: Engaging with like-minded countries (e.g., Iran, Russia, Central Asian nations) and multilateral forums (e.g., UN, SCO) to ensure a collective approach toward Afghan stability. Example: India’s participation in the Moscow Format Talks and its collaboration with Iran on the Chabahar port for trade connectivity.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Hosting Afghan cultural events, supporting Afghan media in exile, and fostering connections between Afghan intellectuals and Indian institutions can preserve historical ties. Example: India has previously hosted Afghan leaders and artists, maintaining its soft power influence despite regime changes.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Strategic and Humanitarian Engagement: India should expand its humanitarian assistance through trusted international organizations while exploring avenues for economic cooperation that align with its security interests.
- Institutionalizing a Long-Term Afghanistan Policy: India should formulate a structured Afghanistan policy that balances security, economic, and humanitarian interests while ensuring protection for Afghan civil society.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition. (UPSC 2024)
Reason: The demand of the question directly linked with the “why India’s relations with its neighbors are crucial for regional stability and its own security” for example the situation in Afghanistan after the “Great Abandonment” affects stability in the region, and India’s approach to its neighbors should be understood in this larger context.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vikramshila University
Why in the News?
A decade after the resurgence of Nalanda University, the Government of Bihar is now focusing on the revival of Vikramshila University.
About Vikramshila University
- Vikramshila University was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty in the 8th-9th century AD in Bhagalpur district, Bihar, near the Ganges River.
- It was established to address the decline in academic standards at Nalanda University.
- The university specialized in Tantric Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Subjects taught included philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and tantras.
- Notable scholars like Atisa Dipankara and Naropa were associated with Vikramshila.
- It housed over 1,000 students and employed more than 100 teachers.
- The university had 208 monastic cells, where monks studied and meditated.
- Administration was managed by a Kulpati, or Mahasthavir, overseeing both academics and operations.
- Key Features:
- The university’s iconic cruciform brick stupa stood at 15 meters.
- It also had a library with a unique cooling system to preserve manuscripts.
- The architecture included a square layout with gates at four cardinal directions and surrounding votive stupas.
- Decline and Destruction:
- It thrived for about 400 years before being destroyed by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1193 AD.
- The decline was due to the rise of Hinduism, the fall of Buddhism, and foreign invasions.
Cultural Significance of Vikramshila University
- Vikramshila was a major centre for Tantric and Vajrayana Buddhism, focusing on esoteric practices and rituals.
- The Cakrasamvara Tantra was developed here, with scholars like Buddhajnanapada contributing to its spread.
- The teachings from Vikramshila spread Buddhism across the Himalayas, Central Asia, and the Far East.
- Vikramshila represented the zenith of Buddhist scholarship in India and contributed significantly to Buddhist texts, some of which survived through Tibetan manuscripts.
| [UPSC 1998] Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
I. Lothal: Ancient dockyard
II. Sarnath: First Sermon of Buddha
III. Rajgir: Lion capital of Asoka
IV. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) III and IV (c) I, II and IV (d) I and II |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Priority Sector Lending (PSL)
Why in the News?
The RBI has issued revised guidelines for Priority Sector Lending (PSL), effective from April 1, 2025, to improve the targeting of bank credit to key sectors of the economy.
About Priority Sector Lending (PSL)
| What is it? |
- PSL refers to the portion of bank lending that must be directed to specific sectors identified as priorities for national development.
- The RBI mandates that banks must allocate a specified portion of their credit to these sectors to ensure inclusive growth.
Origin of PSL:
- PSL was introduced in India in the late 1960s.
- The term “priority sector” was first used in 1967 by Morarji Desai, then Deputy Prime Minister, and it led to legislative measures for social control over banks.
- In 1972, the RBI formally defined priority sectors, focusing initially on agriculture and small-scale industries.
|
| Which Banks are Covered Under PSL? |
1. Domestic Scheduled Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, and Foreign Banks: 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent Amount of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBSE), whichever is higher.
2. Small Finance Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): 75% of ANBC or CEOBSE, whichever is higher.
3. Payment Banks: NOT subject to PSL targets. |
| Priority Sector Categories |
• Agriculture • Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) • Export Credit • Education • Housing • Social Infrastructure • Renewable Energy
• Others, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Persons with Disabilities.
• Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) offering loans to individuals and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are also eligible for PSL classification. |
| Consequences of Failing to Meet PSL Norms |
1. Investment in Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): Banks falling short of PSL targets may be required to invest in the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), managed by NABARD, or other designated funds like those managed by SIDBI and NHB.
2. Purchase of PSL Certificates: Banks can purchase Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs) to meet their PSL targets. |
| Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs) |
- Tradable certificates issued against priority sector loans by banks.
- Banks can purchase PSLCs to meet PSL targets if they fall short, while incentivizing surplus banks to lend more to these sectors.
|
Revised PSL Guidelines for 2025:
- Revised PSL guidelines for 2025 will enhance the targeting of bank credit to priority sectors.
- Loan limits for housing have been increased, with differentiated limits based on population size: ₹50 lakh (population ≥ 50 lakh), ₹45 lakh (population 10-50 lakh), and ₹35 lakh (population < 10 lakh).
- Renewable energy loans: Up to ₹35 crore for power generators and public utilities, and ₹10 lakh for individual households.
- Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) have a revised PSL target of 60% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC).
- Weaker Section borrowers expanded and the cap on loans to individual women beneficiaries has been removed.
| [UPSC 2012] The basic aim of Lead Bank Scheme is that the –
(a) big banks should try to open offices in each district
(b) there should be stiff competition among the various nationalized banks
(c) individual banks should adopt particular districts for intensive development
(d) all the banks should make intensive efforts to mobilize deposits |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BHIM 3.0
Why in the News?
NPCI BHIM Services Ltd. (NBSL), a subsidiary of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), launched BHIM 3.0 with new features aimed at enhancing the user experience and providing new offerings for businesses and banks.
About BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money):
- BHIM is a mobile payment app developed by NPCI, based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), aimed at promoting cashless transactions and digital payments directly through banks.
- Launched on December 30, 2016, BHIM facilitates instant money transfers between over 170 member banks using IMPS infrastructure.
- Unlike mobile wallets, BHIM transfers money directly between bank accounts, ensuring quick transactions at any time, including holidays.
- BHIM now supports Aadhaar-based authentication for easier digital payments.
- BHIM is available in more than 20 Indian languages and is designed to work effectively in areas with low or unstable internet connectivity.
- BHIM employs a robust three-factor authentication (3FA) process to ensure the security of transactions:
-
- Device ID and Mobile Number: The app binds with the user’s device ID and mobile number to verify the device.
- Bank Account Link: Users must sync their bank account (UPI-enabled or non-UPI-enabled) to the app for transactions.
- UPI PIN: A unique UPI PIN is required for completing transactions, which adds an extra layer of security.
- NPCI does not charge any fee for transactions between ₹1 and ₹100,000.
- Banks may charge fees for UPI or IMPS transfers, but there is no official information on BHIM-specific charges.
Key Features of BHIM 3.0
- Split Expenses: Users can now divide bills for shared expenses (e.g., rent, dining, group purchases) and settle payments instantly.
- Family Mode: Users can onboard family members, track shared expenses, and assign specific payments for better financial management.
- Spends Analytics: A new dashboard provides a detailed breakdown of monthly expenses, automatically categorizing them for easier budgeting.
- Action Needed Alerts: BHIM 3.0 includes reminders for pending bills, activation of UPI Lite, and low Lite balance alerts to help users stay updated.
- BHIM Vega: This feature allows merchants to accept in-app payments directly within the BHIM app, streamlining transactions without needing third-party apps.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements:
1.BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.
2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Equalization Levy
Why in the News?
The Centre is considering the withdrawal of the 6% Equalization Levy on online advertisement services provided by offshore digital economy firms to Indian businesses.
What is Equalization Levy?
- The Equalization Levy was introduced in 2016 under Section 165A of the Finance Act, primarily to tax digital transactions conducted by foreign e-commerce companies with Indian businesses.
- It was designed to ensure that foreign companies, particularly in the digital economy, pay taxes for benefiting from Indian markets without a physical presence in the country.
- It was primarily aimed at business-to-business (B2B) transactions, which is why it is often referred to as the “Google Tax”.
- The levy mechanism involves withholding the tax at the time of payment made by the Indian service recipient to a non-resident service provider.
- The annual payment threshold for the levy is ₹1,00,000 for a single service provider in a financial year.
- Services covered under the levy:
- Online advertisement services (effective from June 1, 2016).
- Provision of digital advertising space or sale of goods to Indian residents (effective from April 1, 2020).
- Tax Rates:
- 6% of the gross consideration is levied on online advertisement services.
- 2% of the gross consideration is levied on e-commerce transactions like the sale of goods or services.
- Exclusions:
- The levy does not apply if the non-resident has a permanent office in India related to the service.
- The payment for the service is below ₹1 lakh.
- Tax Withholding: The tax is withheld by the Indian service recipient at the time of payment.
Why it is being Abolished?
- This move is part of India’s attempt to reduce tensions with the US, which raised concerns over such taxes.
- Similarly, the UK is considering the abolition of its digital services tax by April 2025.
- In August 2024, the Indian government removed the 2% levy applied to offshore tech firms (e.g., cloud services, e-commerce).
- The 6% levy on online advertisements remained, impacting companies like Google and Meta.
- The Finance Bill 2025 proposes a sunset clause to phase out the 6% levy on online advertisements by April 1, 2025.
| [UPSC 2012] What is/are the recent policy initiative(s)of Government of India to promote the growth of manufacturing sector? Setting up of:
1. National Investment and Manufacturing Zones
2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’
3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
Question: How does the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (UPSC 2021)
Reason: It addresses the broader impact of melting ice on weather patterns and human activities, a theme relevant to the permafrost thaw in the Himalayas. |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains usually focus on the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers (2021) and the melting of Himalayan glaciers in 2020.
Permafrost, frozen for millennia, is now thawing due to global warming, releasing stored carbon, including methane, a potent greenhouse gas, leading to severe climatic and ecological consequences. It’s melting poses a growing environmental threat in the Kashmir Himalayas, endangering 193 km of roads, 2,415 households, 903 alpine lakes, and eight hydropower projects.
Today’s editorial discusses melting permafrost and its impacts, which is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
A study by researchers from the University of Kashmir and IIT-Bombay, published in Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, found that permafrost covers 64.8% of J&K and Ladakh in different forms.
What is Permafrost?
Permafrost is ground—comprising soil, rock, or sediment—that remains continuously frozen for at least two years. It is found in high-altitude and polar regions, stores carbon, and supports unique ecosystems. However, rising global temperatures are causing it to thaw, leading to infrastructure damage, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental disruptions. |
What are the major environmental and infrastructural challenges associated with permafrost melting in the Kashmir Himalayas?
- Increased Risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Thawing permafrost destabilizes moraines, increasing the likelihood of sudden lake outbursts. Example: The South Lhonak Lake outburst in Sikkim (October 2023) and the Chamoli disaster in Uttarakhand (February 2021).
- Damage to Roads and Infrastructure: Melting permafrost weakens the ground, causing landslides and road subsidence, disrupting connectivity. Example: Strategic roads in Ladakh, crucial for military operations, are at risk due to thaw-induced ground instability.
- Threat to Hydropower Projects: Permafrost degradation affects water availability and increases sediment flow, damaging dams and power plants. Example: 8 hydropower projects in J&K and Ladakh are vulnerable to thaw-induced landslides and reduced water flow.
- Loss of Permafrost-Dependent Ecosystems: Thawing disrupts alpine ecosystems, affecting vegetation, wildlife, and water cycles. Example: Decline of cold-adapted species and changing river flow patterns impacting local biodiversity.
- Release of Greenhouse Gases: Thawing permafrost releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accelerating climate change. Example: Increased methane emissions in permafrost-rich Ladakh contribute to global warming.
Where is permafrost most extensively found in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh?
- Ladakh Plateau & Karakoram Range: Cold-arid climate with high-altitude plateaus and glaciated mountains supports extensive permafrost. Example: Nubra Valley and Changthang Plateau have widespread permafrost due to sub-zero temperatures year-round.
- Drass & Zanskar Region: Known as the “Gateway to Ladakh,” Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places in India. Example: Drass (often recording temperatures below -30°C) and Zanskar Valley exhibit permafrost in high-altitude zones.
- Upper Indus River Basin: The cold, high-altitude valleys along the Indus River, particularly in the Leh region, have significant permafrost. Example: Permafrost is found in areas along the Indus near Leh, impacting groundwater storage and hydrology.
- Siachen Glacier & Surrounding Areas: One of the highest and coldest battlefields in the world, sustaining year-round permafrost. Example: Permafrost is critical in maintaining the stability of the Siachen Glacier and surrounding military outposts.
- Higher Reaches of Kargil: Some parts of Kargil, particularly in remote high-altitude areas, experience permafrost conditions. Example: Permafrost is found in higher elevations of Kargil, but lower valleys may lack continuous permafrost.
Which regions lack permafrost coverage?
- Kashmir Valley (Srinagar, Anantnag, Baramulla): Relatively lower altitude with temperate climate prevents permafrost formation. Example: Srinagar, despite cold winters, does not have permafrost due to warmer summer temperatures.
- Jammu Region (Jammu, Udhampur, Kathua): Lower altitude and subtropical climate make permafrost formation impossible. Example: Jammu city has hot summers and mild winters, ruling out any permafrost presence.
- Pir Panjal Range: Lower altitude than the Greater Himalayas, experiencing seasonal snow rather than permanent permafrost. Example: Gulmarg and Poonch receive heavy snowfall but do not sustain permafrost.
- Chenab and Jhelum River Valleys: Warmer valley temperatures prevent permafrost formation, though higher peaks may have seasonal ice. Example: Areas like Pahalgam and Kupwara experience snow cover but lack permafrost due to fluctuating temperatures.
- Lower Altitudes of Kargil and Leh: While upper reaches have permafrost, lower valleys experience enough summer warmth to prevent it. Example: Kargil town itself does not have permafrost, but surrounding mountains do.
|
What are the causes of the thawing of permafrost?
- Rising Global Temperatures (Climate Change): Increased greenhouse gas emissions lead to higher atmospheric temperatures, accelerating permafrost thaw. Example: In Ladakh, rising temperatures have led to permafrost degradation in the Changthang Plateau, impacting traditional grazing lands.
- Infrastructure Development & Human Activities: Roads, buildings, and military installations generate heat, disrupting the thermal balance of permafrost. Example: The construction of roads like the Zojila Tunnel and military bases in Siachen has contributed to localized permafrost thaw.
- Reduced Snow Cover & Glacial Retreat: Snow acts as an insulating layer, preventing permafrost from direct exposure to warming air. Reduced snowfall accelerates melting. Example: The retreat of glaciers in Zanskar Valley has exposed underlying permafrost to warmer temperatures, leading to faster thawing.
- Increased Rainfall & Changing Precipitation Patterns: More rainfall instead of snowfall leads to surface warming, infiltrating the soil and speeding up permafrost thaw. Example: Parts of Drass have seen changing precipitation patterns, where more rain in summer accelerates permafrost degradation.
- Forest Fires & Loss of Vegetation Cover: Vegetation helps insulate the ground; its loss due to deforestation or fires exposes permafrost to direct heat. Example: In Ladakh, overgrazing by livestock in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary has led to soil erosion, increasing permafrost vulnerability.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Monitoring and Research Initiatives: The Indian government, in collaboration with research institutions like the Defence Geoinformatics Research Establishment (DGRE) and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), is conducting studies on permafrost dynamics in Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir. Example: DGRE has set up monitoring stations in Drass, Kargil, and Siachen to study permafrost stability and assess risks to infrastructure.
- Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development: The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is adopting new engineering techniques, such as thermosyphons and insulated road layers, to prevent permafrost degradation in road and tunnel construction. Example: In the construction of the Zojila Tunnel, special insulation techniques are being used to minimize heat impact on permafrost.
- Afforestation and Sustainable Land Management: Programs under CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority) and National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) aim to restore vegetation cover, which helps maintain permafrost stability. Example: Reforestation efforts in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary and Ladakh’s high-altitude areas help in reducing soil erosion and insulating the permafrost layer.
|
Way forward:
- Integrating Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Planning: Adopt permafrost-friendly construction techniques, such as thermosyphons and passive cooling methods, in strategic roads, hydropower projects, and military installations to minimize thawing-related damage.
- Strengthening Monitoring and Adaptive Strategies: Expand permafrost monitoring networks, enhance research on thaw impacts, and implement community-based adaptation measures, such as sustainable grazing and afforestation, to mitigate long-term environmental risks.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India’s policy towards China and USA;
Why in the News?
India is adopting a conciliatory approach towards China, with improving ties since the 2020 border clashes.
Why has India adopted a more conciliatory stance towards China in recent months?
- De-escalation of Border Tensions: India and China have gradually disengaged from multiple friction points along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) since the 2020 Galwan clashes. Example: In October 2023, both sides agreed to withdraw troops from the last two major standoff points in eastern Ladakh.
- Economic Considerations: China remains India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching record levels despite political tensions. Example: In 2023, India’s imports from China exceeded $100 billion, highlighting the economic interdependence.
- Strategic Uncertainty in U.S. Policy: With the U.S. showing unpredictability under the Trump administration, India may seek to hedge its bets by stabilizing ties with China. Example: Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine and potential shifts in U.S. Asia policy raise concerns about long-term American commitments.
- Focus on Domestic Growth and Development: India aims to maintain economic stability and avoid prolonged military confrontations that could divert resources from development. Example: Infrastructure projects like “Make in India” and semiconductor manufacturing require a stable geopolitical environment.
- Maintaining Diplomatic Leverage: A balanced approach allows India to engage with multiple global powers while keeping strategic options open. Example: While signaling reconciliation with China, India continues military exercises with the Quad (U.S., Japan, Australia) to maintain leverage.
|
How does the shifting U.S. foreign policy under the Trump administration impact India’s strategic choices regarding China?
- Uncertainty Over U.S. Security Commitments: Trump’s ambiguous stance on global security, including reduced support for Ukraine, raises doubts about America’s reliability in countering China’s aggression. Example: The U.S. halted intelligence sharing on Russian missile threats to Ukraine, signaling potential unpredictability in military alliances.
- Possibility of a U.S.-China Grand Bargain: Trump’s transactional diplomacy suggests he may prioritize economic deals with China over strategic containment, potentially sidelining India’s concerns. Example: His approach to Russia—offering compromises for economic gains—hints at a similar possibility with China, affecting Indo-U.S. strategic alignment.
- Pressure on India to Strengthen Self-Reliance: With the U.S. potentially scaling back its role in Asia, India must enhance its military capabilities and deepen partnerships with other allies. Example: India has intensified defense cooperation with Japan, Australia, and France while increasing indigenous military production (e.g., Tejas fighter jets, submarine projects).
What military limitations has India faced in recent years despite rising security challenges?
- Delayed Modernization and Declining Defense Budget: India’s defense spending as a share of GDP has steadily declined over the past decade, limiting critical investments in military modernization. Example: The Indian Air Force still operates outdated MiG-21 fighters, with delays in acquiring Rafale jets and indigenous Tejas aircraft.
- Slow Progress in Indigenous Defense Manufacturing: Despite initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India), India remains dependent on foreign arms suppliers, leading to procurement delays. Example: The Project 75I submarine program has seen repeated delays, affecting the Navy’s ability to counter China’s growing maritime presence.
- Limited Military Buildup Despite Border Tensions: After the 2020 Ladakh standoff, India disengaged from key incursion sites but did not significantly increase troop deployments or infrastructure in vulnerable areas. Example: While China rapidly built roads, bridges, and airstrips near the Line of Actual Control (LAC), India’s infrastructure development in border areas has lagged.
Who are India’s key partners in military cooperation?
- United States (U.S.): India and the U.S. have strengthened defense ties through agreements like COMCASA, BECA, and LEMOA, facilitating intelligence sharing and logistics support. Example: India participates in the Malabar naval exercise with the U.S., enhancing interoperability in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Russia: Russia remains a key defense supplier, providing advanced weaponry, including fighter jets, submarines, and missile systems. Example: India procured the S-400 air defense system from Russia despite U.S. pressure and CAATSA sanctions concerns.
- France: France is a crucial partner in aerospace and naval defense cooperation, supplying high-end military equipment. Example: India acquired Rafale fighter jets from France and is collaborating on Scorpene-class submarines under Project 75.
- Israel: India-Israel defense ties focus on advanced technology, particularly in missile defense, drones, and cyber warfare. Example: India procured Barak-8 missile defense systems and Heron UAVs from Israel for border security.
- Quad Partners (Japan & Australia): India’s partnerships with Japan and Australia focus on maritime security, intelligence sharing, and defense exercises. Example: The India-Japan 2+2 ministerial dialogue and AUSINDEX naval exercise with Australia boost strategic ties in the Indo-Pacific.
|
How can operational coordination help strengthen India’s strategic position? (Way forward)
- Enhanced Interoperability with Allies: Regular joint exercises improve coordination between India and its military partners, ensuring seamless cooperation in real-world conflicts. Example: The Malabar Naval Exercise with the U.S., Japan, and Australia enhances India’s naval capabilities in the Indo-Pacific.
- Force Multiplication through Intelligence Sharing: Coordinated intelligence sharing provides India with real-time situational awareness, helping in threat assessment and strategic planning. Example: BECA agreement with the U.S. enables India to access geospatial intelligence, improving precision targeting and surveillance.
- Deterrence Against Aggression: Strengthened operational coordination signals military preparedness, discouraging adversaries from engaging in aggressive actions. Example: Joint patrols with France in the Indian Ocean demonstrate India’s extended reach and deterrence capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Question: ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question directly addresses the strategic implications of China’s rise and India’s potential role in countering it, which is relevant to the theme of deterrence.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Food wastage and its impact;
Why in the News?
The UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024 shows that 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted in 2022, about 20% of the world’s food. India is a major contributor, making this a serious environmental and ethical issue.
What are the key differences between food waste and food loss as per the Food Waste Index Report (FWIR) 2024?
- Food Waste: It includes both edible and inedible parts discarded at the consumer and retail levels (households, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.). It happens due to over-purchasing, poor storage, and cultural habits of excess food preparation.
- Food Loss: It occurs earlier in the supply chain (from production to retail) due to inadequate storage, transportation, handling, and infrastructure failures.
|
Why does the food waste in India pose a significant environmental and social challenge?
- Worsens Hunger and Food Insecurity: Despite being a major food producer, over 20 crore Indians go to bed hungry while 78 million tonnes of food are wasted annually. Example: Tons of edible surplus food from weddings and restaurants are discarded instead of being redistributed to the needy.
- Increases Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Food waste in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than CO₂. Example: India’s food waste contributes 10%-12% of total municipal waste, significantly impacting climate change.
- Wastage of Natural Resources: Food production requires land, water, and energy. Wasting food means wasting these scarce resources. Example: It takes 1,800 liters of water to produce just 1 kg of rice—if wasted, all that water is also wasted.
- Economic Loss and Financial Burden: Wasting food leads to huge financial losses for households, businesses, and the economy. Example: Retailers discard unsold perishable foods like dairy and fruits due to short shelf life, leading to billions of rupees in losses annually.
- Aggravates Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Increased food demand due to waste leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and excessive water usage, worsening environmental crises. Example: Rising extreme weather events (droughts, floods) impact crop production, making food security more vulnerable.
Where in the food supply chain do inefficiencies lead to high levels of food wastage in India?
- Post-Harvest Losses (Farm Level): Poor harvesting techniques and lack of proper drying/storage cause significant losses. Example: Grains left in open fields get damaged by rain, pests, or rodents due to inadequate storage facilities.
- Storage and Transportation Issues: Inadequate cold storage and poor transportation infrastructure lead to spoilage, especially for perishable goods. Example: Fruits and vegetables rot in transit due to a lack of refrigerated trucks, particularly in rural areas.
- Retail and Market-Level Losses: Supermarkets and local markets discard unsold food due to short shelf life, improper handling, and strict quality standards. Example: Bruised or oddly shaped vegetables and fruits are rejected and thrown away by vendors, even if they are edible.
- Household-Level Waste: Over-purchasing, improper meal planning, and poor storage lead to significant food waste in homes. Example: Families discard leftovers or expired groceries because they were not consumed in time.
- Food Service Industry (Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterers): Large-scale food preparation for events, hotels, and restaurants results in excess food being thrown away. Example: Buffet-style dining in weddings and hotels often leads to tons of uneaten food being discarded instead of redistributed.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- “Save Food, Share Food” Initiative: A program launched to redistribute surplus food from individuals, businesses, and organizations to the needy. Example: Collaboration with NGOs and food banks ensures excess food from weddings, hotels, and events is shared rather than wasted.
- Strengthening Cold Storage and Supply Chain Infrastructure: Investment in cold storage facilities and refrigerated transport to reduce post-harvest losses. Example: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana supports food processing industries to improve storage and preservation.
- Amendments in Food Safety and Standards Regulations: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) encourages supermarkets and restaurants to donate surplus food instead of discarding it.Example: The Food Sharing Guidelines (2019) enable food redistribution through certified food banks and NGOs.
- Awareness Campaigns and Behavioral Change Initiatives: Government-led campaigns promote responsible food consumption, meal planning, and waste reduction. Example: The Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA), launched by FSSAI, connects food businesses and NGOs to reduce waste.
- Support for Food Processing and Preservation: Encouraging food processing industries to convert surplus produce into value-added products like dried, frozen, or packaged foods. Example: The government provides subsidies and incentives for food processing units under schemes like the Mega Food Parks Scheme to reduce waste.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Food Redistribution Networks: Expand and streamline food donation mechanisms through digital platforms connecting surplus food sources (hotels, supermarkets, households) with NGOs and food banks. Example: A nationwide food-sharing app can help track surplus food and ensure efficient redistribution to the needy.
- Improving Supply Chain Efficiency with Technology: Leverage AI, IoT, and blockchain for real-time monitoring of food storage, transport conditions, and expiry tracking to reduce wastage. Example: Smart sensors in cold storage and logistics can alert businesses to temperature fluctuations, preventing spoilage of perishable items.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (UPSC 2017)
Reason: This question connects climate change to food security, a situation that could be exacerbated by food wastage.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
Why in the News?
The 20th meeting of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20) is currently underway in Rome.
About Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
- The CGRFA is the only permanent intergovernmental body addressing all components of biodiversity-related to food and agriculture.
- It was established in 1983 as the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
- It operates under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- It aims to create international consensus on managing biodiversity in food systems and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from these genetic resources.
- Membership: 179 countries (including India) and the European Union
- Focus: Coordinates global efforts on biodiversity affecting agriculture, forestry, livestock, and aquatic species, including pollinators, soil organisms, and other vital species for food production.
Structure and Mandate
- Structure:
- Governed by a biennial session where member countries discuss and make decisions.
- A bureau, elected by member states, guides the Commission’s work.
- The CGRFA Secretariat, hosted by FAO, offers technical and logistical support.
- Mandate:
- Policy Formulation: Develops global action plans, codes of conduct, and policy instruments for sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
- Global Assessments: Guides preparation of periodic assessments to monitor the status and trends of genetic resources and biodiversity.
- Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Promotes biodiversity use for food security, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation.
- Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: Ensures fair distribution of benefits from genetic resources, especially plant materials under international treaties.
-
- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA): Adopted in 2001, it recognizes farmers’ contributions to crop diversity and provides a global system for accessing plant genetic materials for breeders, farmers, and scientists.
| [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:
1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3. The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Farakka Barrage
Why in the News?
It was nearly 50 years ago, that India had completed the construction of the Farakka Barrage.
About Farakka Barrage
- The Farakka Barrage is located on the Ganges River in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India, about 18 km from the Bangladesh border.
- The barrage measures 2,304 meters (7,559 feet) in length.
- Its construction began in 1962 and was completed in 1970 at a cost of 1 billion dollars. It became operational on April 21, 1975.
- The Feeder Canal is approximately 42 km long, connecting the barrage to the Hooghly River.
- Purpose:
- It diverts water to the Hooghly River to maintain the navigability of Kolkata Port and to flush out sediment from the river.
- It diverts 1,800 cubic meters per second of water from the Ganges.
- Construction Details:
- Built by Hindustan Construction Company, it consists of 109 gates, with 108 over the river and one over low-lying land as a precaution.
- Supports the Farakka Super Thermal Power Station.
- The 1996 Ganges Water Sharing Treaty ensured fair water distribution:
- 70,000 cusecs or less: 50% to both India and Bangladesh.
- 70,000 – 75,000 cusecs: India gets 35,000 cusecs, Bangladesh the balance.
- 75,000 cusecs or more: India receives 40,000 cusecs, Bangladesh gets the remainder.
Significance in India-Bangladesh Water Sharing:
- The Farakka Barrage is crucial for irrigation in West Bengal, supporting agriculture during the dry season.
- Bangladesh, particularly Mongla and Khulna, depends on the Ganges for water.
- The diverted water has led to water scarcity, impacting agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods in Bangladesh, causing diplomatic tensions.
- This treaty ensures equitable distribution and guarantees a minimum flow for Bangladesh.
-
- Water diversion has led to salinization and soil degradation in Bangladesh, affecting agriculture and freshwater supplies.
- Biodiversity loss and damage to the Sundarbans mangrove forests have been significant environmental impacts.
| [UPSC 1997] The canal-carrying capacity of Farakka is:
(a) 40,000 cusecs (b) 60,000 cusecs (c) 80,000 cusecs (d) 100,000 cusecs |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Aikeyme
Why in the News?
India is set to strengthen its military and maritime ties with African nations through two significant initiatives—Exercise Aikeyme (Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement) and IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship Sagar).
About Exercise Aikeyme
- Aikeyme is India’s first-ever multilateral naval exercise with 10 African nations, aimed at improving maritime cooperation, enhancing maritime security, and addressing regional threats.
- It will be held off Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, from April 13 to 18, 2025.
- The nations taking part include Tanzania (co-host), Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
- It is aimed at increasing interoperability between the Indian Navy and African navies, with a focus on combating common threats like piracy and drug trafficking.
- The goal is to make this exercise a biennial event and expand participation in future editions to include West African nations.
- Key Features:
- Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) drills.
- Arms firing exercises.
- Helicopter operations.
- Search and rescue missions.
- Table-top and command post exercises on anti-piracy operations and information-sharing.
IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship) Initiative
- The IOS Sagar initiative focuses on deepening India’s maritime cooperation with IOR countries.
- It involves the deployment of the Indian Navy’s INS Sunayna, which will be manned by a combined crew of Indian sailors and 44 personnel from nine African countries.
- The initiative will take place from April 5 to May 8, 2025.
- Key Participating Countries: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
- Activities:
- The ship will undertake port calls at Dar-es-Salaam, Nacala, Port Louis, Port Victoria, and Male.
- The ship will also engage in joint surveillance of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
- The personnel will undergo two-week training capsules at Kochi, including sea training, watchkeeping, and other professional naval activities.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now