Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement
Why in the News?
On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and Bhagat Singh’s paternal uncle.
About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)
- The Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement was a peasant uprising in Punjab against the oppressive British land laws that exploited farmers.
- The movement was led by Ajit Singh, Kishan Singh (Bhagat Singh’s father), and Lala Lajpat Rai, who mobilized farmers to resist these unfair policies.
- Farmers protested against three major British laws:
- Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 – Restricted farmers from selling or mortgaging their land, favoring landlords and moneylenders.
- Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906 – Allowed the British to take control of farmers’ land after their death instead of passing it to their heirs.
- Doab Bari Act, 1907 – Deprived farmers of ownership rights and reduced them to contract workers.
- The British also raised taxes on agricultural land and irrigation, making it harder for farmers to sustain themselves.
- The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta“, meaning “Take care of your turban, O farmer,” was coined by Banke Dayal, a nationalist poet, and became a symbol of self-respect and protest.
- The movement resulted in mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, forcing the British to roll back some clauses of these laws.
- Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai were arrested in May 1907 and exiled to Burma. Due to public pressure, they were released in November 1907.
- Fearing further persecution, Ajit Singh fled to Persia and later lived in Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he worked with other revolutionaries against British rule.
- The movement became a landmark in India’s freedom struggle, inspiring future farmers’ agitations, the Ghadar Movement, and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.
Who was Ajit Singh?
- Ajit Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and nationalist leader who played a crucial role in India’s independence movement.
- He was born on February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, which is now part of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district.
- He was the elder brother of Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh, and played a key role in shaping Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary ideals.
- Ajit Singh co-founded the Bharat Mata Society, an organization that aimed to unite farmers and revolutionaries against British exploitation.
- Due to his active role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, he became a prime target of British authorities and was forced into exile for 38 years (1909-1947).
- He lived in Persia, Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he continued his revolutionary activities and worked with Lala Hardayal and Madame Cama.
- In March 1947, Ajit Singh returned to India, just a few months before India gained independence.
- However, due to prolonged illness, he passed away on August 15, 1947, the very day India became independent.
- Since 2021, February 23 has been observed as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honoring Ajit Singh’s contributions to India’s independence and farmers’ rights.
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PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement?
(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.
(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.
(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab Colonization Bill.
(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zonal Council
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune.
About Zonal Councils in India:
|
Details |
| Origin & Purpose |
- Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956 to promote cooperation among states after reorganization.
- Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, with the goal of resolving inter-state disputes and ensuring balanced socio-economic development.
|
| Composition & Structure |
- Five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council (NEC).
- Chairperson: Union Home Minister.
- Vice-Chairperson: Chief Ministers (rotating one-year term).
- Each state is represented by its Chief Minister + 2 ministers, with NITI Aayog participation.
- Standing Committees of Chief Secretaries review issues before full meetings.
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| Zonal Councils & Member States |
- Northern: Haryana, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh.
- Central: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, UP, MP.
- Eastern: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal.
- Western: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu.
- Southern: AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry.
- North-Eastern Council (NEC): Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim (added in 2002).
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| Functions & Recent Developments |
- Resolves inter-state disputes, improves Centre-State coordination, addresses border issues, economic planning, transport, and linguistic minorities.
- Strengthens cooperative federalism and regional development.
- 2018: Union Home Minister became NEC Chairperson.
- Modi government transformed Zonal Councils from advisory bodies to action-oriented platforms.
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PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Odisha
Why in the News?
On December 1, 2024, a team of archaeologists, students, and laborers began excavation at the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Jajpur, Odisha.
About the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site
- Located in Jajpur district, Odisha, Ratnagiri is part of the “Diamond Triangle” along with Udayagiri and Lalitgiri.
- It flourished as a Vajrayana Buddhist center from the 5th to 13th century AD.
- It was first reported in 1906, with excavations conducted from 1958-1961 by Debala Mitra.
- It is identified as ‘Sri Ratnagiri Mahavihara Arya Bhikshu Sangha’ through inscriptions.
Key Findings at the Site:
- Largest Buddha Head in Odisha: 1.4 meters tall, made of Khondalite stone, featuring intricate carvings.
- Monolithic Elephant Sculpture: Likely part of an ancient shrine complex.
- Hundreds of Votive Stupas: Used for spiritual offerings, reflecting Vajrayana Buddhist traditions.
- Sanskrit Inscriptions in Kutila Script: Provide insights into monastic teachings and rituals.
- Stone Tablets and Masonry Structures: Indicate large, organized monastic settlements.
- Lion Pedestal (Simhasana) and Buddhist Deities: Includes Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava, Akshobhya, Amitabha, Tara, Marici, Padmapani, Cunda.
- Artefacts Used in Local Villages: Repurposed as decorations, Tulsi bases, and construction materials.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs :
Famous shrine: Location
- Tabo monastery and temple complex: Spiti Valley
- Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako: Zanskar Valley
- Alchi temple complex: Ladakh complex
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moon’s South Pole
Why in the News?
Astronomers are studying the first detailed geological map of the Moon’s South Pole, created by India’s Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.
About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:
- First High-Resolution Map:
- This map is created by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO, using data from Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover.
- It offers new insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.
- Confirmation of a Magma Ocean:
- Pragyan’s Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detected molten rock beneath the surface.
- This confirms a global magma ocean in the Moon’s early history.
- Age and Crater Mapping:
- Landing site estimated to be 3.7 billion years old, similar to Earth’s early evolution.
- Schomberger Crater identified as the primary source of impact debris.
- Importance for Lunar and Planetary Studies:
- Preserved craters help understand the history of asteroid impacts.
- Provides insights into the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?
- Water Ice Reserves:
- Permanently shadowed craters hold large water ice deposits, first confirmed by Chandrayaan-1 (2009).
- Crucial for future lunar colonies and deep-space missions.
- Harsh but Valuable Environment:
- Extreme cold (as low as -250°C) preserves ancient materials.
- Continuous sunlight in some areas makes it ideal for solar power.
- Scientific and Strategic Importance:
- Craters contain pristine material from the early Solar System.
- NASA, China, and Russia plan permanent research bases in the region.
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| PYQ Relevance:
Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
(UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Prelims have focused on ‘appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India’ (in 2017), and ‘Arbitration and Conciliation’ (2015).
Every Chief Justice of India and senior member of the higher judiciary faces the persistent challenge of case backlogs. Currently, the Supreme Court has around 82,000 pending cases, High Courts have over 62 lakh, and lower courts nearly five crores. About 50 lakh cases have been pending for over 10 years. India can address its legal backlog by adopting mediation as an effective solution for faster and amicable dispute resolution.
Today’s editorial discusses the pending cases in the Supreme Court and explores alternative solutions. This is useful for GS Paper 2 (Polity) in the UPSC Mains.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court has around 82,000 pending cases, High Courts have over 62 lakh, and lower courts have nearly five crores.
What is the status of case backlogs in India?
- Supreme court: As of recent data, there are approximately 45.3 million pending cases in lower courts across India, with 34.3 million being criminal cases and 10.9 million civil cases. The Supreme Court has a backlog of nearly 83,000 cases, while high courts collectively have about 5.9 million pending cases.
- High Court: As of recent data, there are approximately 62.39 lakh (6.24 million) pending cases across all High Courts in India, with a significant portion being more than a year old6. This includes both civil and criminal cases.
- Nearly 62,000 cases have been pending for over 30 years in various High Courts, including some dating back to the early 1950s. This highlights the chronic issue of long-standing pendency affecting the judicial system.
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How can court case backlogs be transformed into valuable resources?
- Promoting Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Identify and refer suitable cases (e.g., family disputes, commercial disagreements) for mediation to reduce court workload. Example: The Delhi High Court Mediation and Conciliation Centre has successfully resolved thousands of cases through mediation, reducing pendency and fostering amicable settlements.
- Leveraging Data Analytics for Case Management: Use AI and data analytics to categorize cases by complexity, urgency, and likelihood of settlement for faster resolution. Example: The Supreme Court’s SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency) uses AI to assist judges in analyzing and prioritizing cases.
- Expanding Fast-Track and Special Courts: Establish dedicated courts for high-pendency areas like cheque-bouncing cases (Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act) and sexual offenses. Example: Fast-track courts for rape cases under the POCSO Act have expedited justice delivery in many states, reducing backlog in sensitive matters.
- Implementing E-Courts and Digital Filing: Shift to e-filing and virtual hearings to streamline processes and reduce procedural delays. Example: The E-Courts Project has enabled online case filing and digital record management, reducing paperwork and improving case tracking.
- Imposing Costs for Frivolous Litigation: Introduce punitive costs for unnecessary appeals and frivolous cases to discourage misuse of the judicial system. Example: The Supreme Court has imposed heavy fines in cases of “Public Interest Litigations” (PILs) found to be motivated by personal agendas.
Should India consider adopting mediation as a dispute resolution method?
- Faster and Cost-Effective Resolution: Mediation is quicker and less expensive than prolonged litigation, saving time and financial resources for both parties. Example: In commercial disputes, companies like Tata and Reliance have used mediation to resolve conflicts, avoiding lengthy and costly legal battles.
- Preserving Relationships: Mediation focuses on mutual agreement, fostering cooperation and maintaining relationships, which is crucial in family and business matters. Example: Matrimonial disputes in family courts are often referred to mediation, leading to amicable settlements and reducing emotional distress.
- Encouraging Confidentiality and Flexibility: Mediation proceedings are confidential, protecting sensitive information and offering flexible solutions tailored to the parties’ needs. Example: Intellectual Property (IP) disputes in the Bombay High Court have been successfully mediated, protecting trade secrets while resolving conflicts.
- Global Best Practice Alignment: Many countries, including the United States and Singapore, prioritize mediation to resolve civil and commercial disputes efficiently. Example: India’s Commercial Courts Act, 2015, mandates pre-institution mediation for commercial cases, aligning with international standards and reducing case influx.
- Reducing Judicial Backlog: Mediation can significantly reduce the burden on courts by resolving disputes outside the formal judicial system. Example: The Delhi Dispute Resolution Society has successfully mediated thousands of civil and matrimonial disputes, easing pressure on the Delhi High Court.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Enactment of the Mediation Act, 2023: The Mediation Act provides a statutory framework for mediation, aiming to encourage institutional mediation and enforce mediated settlement agreements. It also establishes a body for registering mediators and promotes community and online mediation.
- Introduction of Court-Annexed Mediation Centres: Mediation centres have been set up in various High Courts and District Courts to facilitate dispute resolution. Example: The Delhi High Court Mediation Centre (Samadhan) and Bangalore Mediation Centre successfully mediate thousands of cases annually.
- Incorporating Mediation in Specific Laws: Laws like the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 mandate pre-institution mediation for commercial disputes, promoting early settlements.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Mediation Infrastructure: Expand court-annexed mediation centres, train mediators, and promote online dispute resolution (ODR) to enhance accessibility and efficiency.
- Policy and Public Awareness: Implement awareness campaigns to encourage mediation adoption and introduce incentives for parties choosing alternative dispute resolution methods.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Foreign Funding; India USA relation;
Why in the News?
Recently the Indian government said that it is seriously investigating claims made by the U.S. government that USAID planned to spend $21 million to influence voter turnout in India.
What is USAID, and how did it originate?
- USAID (United States Agency for International Development) was founded in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy through the Foreign Assistance Act to promote global development and humanitarian assistance.
- To advance U.S. foreign policy by providing economic, developmental, and humanitarian aid worldwide. It operates under the U.S. Department of State, managing a diverse range of global programs in health, education, and economic growth.
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What are the recent issues related to USAID?
- Allegations of Interference in India: The Indian government is investigating claims that USAID allocated $21 million to influence voter turnout in India. This follows a report by the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk. Indian authorities are concerned about potential foreign interference in domestic affairs.
- Global Funding Cuts: President Trump’s administration has frozen USAID funds and withdrawn from the World Health Organization, critically affecting health sectors in African nations. Countries like Rwanda are seeking alternative partnerships, notably with China, to fill the void left by U.S. aid reductions.
- Dismantling of USAID Operations: A federal judge has permitted the Trump administration to proceed with plans to dismantle USAID. This includes placing staff on administrative leave and recalling foreign aid workers, actions that have faced legal challenges and raised concerns about the future of U.S. foreign aid programs.
How has USAID impacted the world through its programs and initiatives?
- Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns: In Venezuela (2019), USAID’s humanitarian aid was viewed as a political tool to undermine the Maduro government, leading to accusations of U.S. interference in domestic affairs.
- Dependency on Foreign Aid: In Haiti, decades of USAID assistance in agriculture and disaster relief created a dependency culture, weakening local institutions and undermining self-sufficiency.
- Distortion of Local Economies: In African nations, large-scale food aid under USAID programs has often disrupted local markets, making local farmers less competitive due to the influx of free or subsidized goods.
- Lack of Cultural Sensitivity and Misaligned Priorities: In Afghanistan, USAID’s focus on infrastructure projects (e.g., road-building) often ignored local customs and community needs, leading to wasteful spending and resentment toward U.S. initiatives.
- Lack of Accountability and Corruption Risks: In Iraq (2003-2010), USAID-funded reconstruction projects faced allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and incomplete infrastructure, raising concerns about transparency and financial misuse.
What is the significance of USAID in global development and diplomacy?
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: USAID provides emergency aid during crises, such as delivering medical supplies and food after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake, helping millions affected by natural disasters.
- Promoting Global Health Initiatives: USAID supports health programs to combat diseases. For instance, through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), it has provided HIV/AIDS treatment to millions in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Advancing Economic Development: USAID helps countries build economic resilience. In India, USAID has funded clean energy projects, promoting sustainable growth and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Strengthening Democratic Governance: USAID promotes democracy and human rights. In Ukraine, it supported electoral reforms and civil society organizations to enhance transparent governance and free elections.
- Enhancing U.S. Strategic Interests: USAID’s programs foster diplomatic ties. In Southeast Asia, its infrastructure and education initiatives strengthen regional stability and counterbalance the influence of other global powers.
How has USAID impacted India?
- Public Health Improvement: USAID has supported tuberculosis (TB) and HIV programs, improving detection and treatment. For example, it partnered with the Ministry of Health to reduce TB incidence and strengthen healthcare systems.
- Clean Energy and Climate Action: USAID’s PACE-D 2.0 initiative promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency in India, helping to expand solar power and reduce carbon emissions.
- Disaster Management and Resilience: USAID partnered with India’s National Disaster Management Authority to improve disaster preparedness and provide training for better emergency response, especially during floods and cyclones.
- Education and Skill Development: USAID collaborates with the Ministry of Education to support STEM education and fund IIT Gandhinagar, enhancing research and technical innovation in India.
- Agriculture and Rural Development: USAID has worked with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve farm productivity by providing advanced farming techniques and enhancing food security in rural areas.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight Mechanisms: Implement robust regulatory frameworks to monitor foreign aid and ensure alignment with national interests and policies.
- Enhance Domestic Capacities: Invest in local infrastructure, research, and development to reduce reliance on external funding and promote sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender equality;
Why in the News?
On Friday (February 21, 2025), the Supreme Court told the Centre that schools should teach students about gender equality and how men should treat women with respect.
Is the lack of basic education about gender equality the root cause of the surge in rape cases and crimes against women?
- Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes: Without education promoting gender equality, traditional gender norms that view women as inferior or subordinate to men persist. These stereotypes normalize the control and objectification of women.
- Example: In many societies, women are still expected to conform to rigid gender roles (e.g., being submissive or confined to domestic spaces), leading to a culture where violence against women is excused or ignored.
- Lack of Consent Education: Education about bodily autonomy and consent is often missing from curricula, leading to misunderstandings about boundaries and mutual respect in relationships.
- Example: In the 2012 Nirbhaya case in India, public outrage highlighted how a lack of understanding of consent and gender respect contributed to the brutal crime and called for reforms in legal and educational frameworks.
- Normalization of Violence: In the absence of gender-sensitive education, violence against women is often normalized or trivialized, reducing the social stigma against perpetrators and discouraging survivors from seeking justice.
- Example: A 2018 NCRB report indicated that a significant number of rape cases were committed by individuals known to the victim, reflecting how intimate violence is often overlooked due to cultural acceptance.
- Failure to Challenge Patriarchal Mindsets: Without education to challenge patriarchal beliefs, young minds are conditioned to accept gender hierarchies, reinforcing power imbalances that enable violence.
- Example: In rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, deeply entrenched patriarchal values have led to frequent reports of gender-based violence, underscoring the need for education to disrupt these harmful norms.
- Ineffective Implementation of Gender Sensitization Programs: Despite legal mandates like the POSH Act (2013) and initiatives for gender education, the absence of comprehensive implementation limits public understanding and societal change.
- Example: In workplaces across India, the lack of proper sensitization and training programs on gender equality has resulted in underreporting of sexual harassment cases.
Should schools include gender equality and respectful behavior in curricula?
- Promotes Mutual Respect and Empathy: Teaching gender equality helps students understand and respect diverse identities, fostering empathy and reducing discriminatory attitudes.
- Example: Programs like UNICEF’s “Life Skills Education” in schools across India teach students about gender sensitivity, helping reduce bullying and promoting inclusive behavior.
- Prevents Gender-Based Violence: Educating students about consent, boundaries, and respectful communication helps prevent harassment and violence from an early age.
- Example: Countries like Sweden have implemented comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), resulting in lower rates of sexual harassment among teenagers.
- Challenges Gender Stereotypes: Curricula that question traditional gender roles empower students to pursue diverse career paths and challenge social biases.
- Example: “Breakthrough India” runs school-based campaigns that challenge stereotypes, encouraging both girls and boys to engage in activities beyond gender norms (e.g., encouraging girls in STEM fields).
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
At legislative level:
- Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Enacted after the Nirbhaya case to expand the definition of rape, introduce stricter punishments, and criminalize stalking and voyeurism.
- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides legal protection to children against sexual abuse and exploitation.
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (POSH) Act, 2013: Mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces to address sexual harassment cases.
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Replaces the Indian Penal Code, with enhanced provisions for sexual offenses and crimes against women.
At policy level:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), 2015: Aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and welfare of girls.
- One Stop Centres (OSCs), 2015: Provides integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, including legal aid and medical assistance.
- NIRBHAYA Fund, 2013: Supports initiatives for the safety and security of women, including emergency response systems and the creation of women’s help desks in police stations.
- Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV) Scheme: Facilitates community-level support for women by appointing volunteers to assist victims in reporting crimes.
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Way forward:
- Integrate Comprehensive Gender Education: Mandate gender equality and consent education across all educational levels to challenge stereotypes, promote mutual respect, and prevent gender-based violence.
- Strengthen Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of gender-sensitive laws and policies through regular audits, awareness campaigns, and robust monitoring mechanisms to improve accountability and support for survivors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission
Why in the News?
In a historic judgment, the Supreme Court of India has ruled that prisoners eligible for remission under state policies must be considered for release even if they do not apply for it.
This decision comes as part of the suo motu case “In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail”, initiated in 2021 to address prison overcrowding.
Supreme Court’s Ruling: Key Takeaways
- The SC overruled its earlier stance in:
- Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) – Held that remission was not automatic and required a convict’s application.
- Mohinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2013) – Ruled that courts cannot grant remission suo motu.
- The new ruling recognizes the existence of remission policies in states and holds that:
- Prison superintendents must initiate remission proceedings for eligible convicts.
- Failure to consider eligible prisoners for remission violates Article 14 (Right to Equality).
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What is Remission?
- Remission refers to the reduction of a prison sentence without altering the conviction.
- It is different from pardon or commutation, which may involve modifying or canceling the sentence entirely.
Legal Provisions on Remission
- The power of remission is governed by:
- Section 473 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 (formerly Section 432 of CrPC) – Grants state governments the power to remit sentences at any time under specific conditions.
- Section 475 of BNSS (formerly Section 433A of CrPC) – Prevents remission for life convicts guilty of crimes punishable by death until they serve at least 14 years.
- Articles 72 & 161 of the Constitution – Provide remission powers to the President and Governors at the Union and State levels.
- Earlier, remission was initiated only when a prisoner applied for it, but the new ruling removes this necessity if states already have structured remission policies.
Impact of the Ruling on Prison Reforms
- India’s prison population far exceeds capacity, with a 131.4% occupancy rate (2022 NCRB data).
- Over 75% of prisoners are undertrials—this ruling may not directly help them, but it could ease congestion by enabling timely release of eligible convicts.
- The new ruling ensures all eligible prisoners get equal consideration, preventing biases in prison administration.
- International standards (like UN Nelson Mandela Rules) emphasize prisoner rights and rehabilitation.
- The judgment upholds fairness and reintegration into society.
PYQ:
[2014] Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major and Minor Minerals
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines has reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals, aligning with the National Critical Mineral Mission to boost India’s industrial growth.
Major and Minor Minerals in India
What are Major Minerals?
- Major minerals are those with high economic value, used in industrial applications, energy production, and metallurgy.
- Regulation: Controlled by the Central Government under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act).
- Examples:
- Metallic Minerals: Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Gold, Manganese, Zinc, Lead.
- Energy Minerals: Coal, Lignite, Uranium.
- Industrial Minerals: Limestone, Rare Earth Elements, Graphite, Gypsum.
What are Minor Minerals?
- Minor minerals have lower economic value and are mainly used in construction, local industries, and ornamental purposes.
- Regulation: Controlled by State Governments under the MMDR Act, which gives them the power to grant leases and regulate mining activities.
- Examples:
- Building Materials: Sand, Gravel, Stone, Marble.
- Non-Metallic Minerals: Dolomite, Mica, Quartz, Felspar, Clay (until reclassified as major minerals).
Key Reasons for Reclassification:
- Extraction of Critical Minerals: These minerals are found with Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tin, and Tantalum, essential for energy transition, space, and healthcare industries.
- Industrial & Strategic Importance: Barytes is used in oil drilling, electronics, radiation shielding, while Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are crucial for ceramics, glass, and semiconductor industries.
- Improved Regulation & Transparency: Reclassification ensures scientific mining, reporting, and compliance under Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), reducing illegal extraction and enhancing exploration.
- No Impact on Existing Leases: Current leases remain valid for 50 years, allowing miners to adapt to new rules without disruption, with revenue continuing to benefit State Governments.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following minerals:
- Bentonite
- Chromite
- Kyanite
- Sillimanite
In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bathou Faith and its Philosophy
Why in the News?
The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government in Assam has officially included ‘Bathouism’ as an option in the religion column of key application forms, including admission forms, birth and death certificates.
What is Bathouism?
- Bathouism is the traditional faith of the Bodo people, primarily practiced in Assam and the foothills of Bhutan.
- It is a nature-centric religion that worships Bathoubwrai, the supreme deity believed to govern the universe.
- The central symbol of Bathouism is the Sijou plant (Euphorbia antiquorum), representing Bathoubwrai and planted in sacred enclosures (Bathou Thansali).
- Bathou Puja is performed to seek divine blessings for prosperity, health, and well-being.
- The Assam government has recently recognized Bathouism as a distinct faith, allowing its inclusion in official documents.
Philosophy of Bathouism
- Bathouism is based on five fundamental elements, known as Ba (five) Thou (deep thought), representing natural forces:
- Bar (Air) – Symbolizes breath, movement, and life force.
- San (Sun) – Represents light, energy, and warmth.
- Ha (Earth) – Stands for stability, fertility, and sustenance.
- Or (Fire) – Denotes transformation and purification.
- Okhrang (Sky) – Represents infinite wisdom and cosmic balance.
- Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai) is considered almighty, omniscient, and eternal, beyond time and space. He is indestructible—fire cannot burn him, water cannot moisten him, air cannot dry him, and weapons cannot pierce him.
- Bathouism promotes:
- Truthfulness, honesty, and righteousness.
- Respect for elders, ancestors, and nature.
- Peaceful coexistence and non-violence.
- Gratitude through rituals and pujas.
- Bathou rituals involve five bamboo sticks symbolizing the five elements, with offerings of rice beer, milk, flowers, and incense.
- Ancestral veneration and community harmony are integral aspects of the faith.
PYQ:
[2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?
(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
(c) Lokayata and Kapalika
(d) Sankhya and Yoga |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SOUL Conclave
Why in the News?
Prime Minister inaugurated the first edition of the School of Ultimate Leadership (SOUL) Leadership Conclave at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
Bhutan’s PM Tshering Tobgay was the keynote speaker, emphasizing India’s leadership role in shaping governance and public service.
What is the SOUL Leadership Conclave?
- The SOUL Leadership Conclave (School of Ultimate Leadership Conclave) is a premier leadership summit inaugurated by PM Modi.
- It is aimed at cultivating transformational leaders beyond traditional political hierarchies.
- The event is designed to bring together leaders from diverse sectors, including politics, business, sports, media, spirituality, and public policy, to share their insights and experiences on leadership.
- The conclave serves as the foundation for the upcoming SOUL Leadership Institution, an exclusive leadership training academy in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Key Features of SOUL Conclave:
- Multi-Sector Leadership: Brings together leaders from various fields to promote cross-sector collaboration and knowledge-sharing.
- Training & Development: Focuses on nurturing ethical and globally competent leaders, beyond traditional political dynasties.
- SOUL Leadership Institute: A 22-acre, ₹150 crore campus is being developed in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, for formal leadership training.
- Global Leadership Insights: Discusses policymaking, governance, and leadership challenges with national and international leaders.
- Strengthening India’s Leadership Pipeline: Aims to train future leaders in governance, economics, diplomacy, and innovation.
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Explain the difference between the computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s Gross Domestic Product (2021), and India from realizing its potential GDP (2020).
An economy grows through two key factors: supply (production of goods and services) and demand (spending on these goods and services). Among demand sources, investment is crucial as it creates a multiplier effect, boosting jobs and income. Consumption follows growth but cannot drive it alone, as sustainable expansion requires strong investment and production.
Today’s editorial talks about India’s GDP growth factors based on demand and supply. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
An economy’s growth is like navigating two interconnected boats—one representing the supply or production of goods and services.
Is consumption enough to drive growth?
Consumption plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, but it is not sufficient on its own for sustainable long-term growth.
- Consumption-Led Growth is Slower: While consumption boosts demand, it does not create long-term productive capacity. Example: India’s GDP growth in recent years has been driven by consumption (60.3% of GDP in 2023), but it lags behind China’s investment-driven growth.
- Limited Multiplier Effect: Unlike investment, increased consumption has a weaker impact on overall income and job creation. Example: If people buy more smartphones, it benefits retailers but does not significantly boost domestic production if phones are imported.
- Investment is Crucial for Sustainable Growth: Higher investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology leads to job creation and productivity gains. Example: China’s high investment rate (41.3% of GDP in 2023) has helped it achieve rapid economic growth and higher per capita income than India.
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Why is economic growth dependent on two factors?
- Balanced Growth Requires Both Supply & Demand: Economic growth happens when goods and services are produced (supply) and purchased (demand) in a balanced manner.
- Example: A country increasing factory production (supply) must also have enough consumers to buy the products (demand), ensuring sustainable growth.
- Mismatch Leads to Economic Problems
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- If demand > supply, inflation rises due to excessive spending with limited goods.
- If supply > demand, businesses suffer from unsold stock, leading to job losses.
- Example: Post-pandemic, supply chain disruptions led to high demand but low supply, causing inflation.
- Investment Drives Long-Term Growth: Investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology increases production capacity (supply) while also creating jobs, which boosts spending power (demand).
- Example: China’s high investment in infrastructure and manufacturing led to rapid economic growth by expanding both supply and demand.
- Government Policies Impact Both Sides: Fiscal and monetary policies help balance supply-side growth (e.g., industrial incentives) and demand-side expansion (e.g., tax cuts or subsidies).
- Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme boosts manufacturing (supply), while government social schemes increase purchasing power (demand).
- Exports and Imports Affect Domestic Growth: A strong export sector increases supply, bringing foreign exchange, while controlled imports ensure domestic industries remain competitive.
- Example: India’s IT exports generate revenue (supply), while consumer imports like electronics influence domestic demand.
What role does investment play in economic growth?
- Boosts Production Capacity: Investment in factories, infrastructure, and technology increases the ability to produce goods and services, leading to higher GDP. Example: China’s heavy investment in manufacturing and infrastructure helped it become the world’s largest exporter.
- Creates Employment Opportunities: New industries and infrastructure projects generate jobs, increasing income and overall demand in the economy. Example: India’s road and metro projects have created millions of direct and indirect jobs, boosting economic activity.
- Multiplier Effect on Demand & GDP: Investment leads to increased income, which in turn increases consumption and demand, further driving growth. Example: A ₹100 investment in building highways can create ₹125 in overall economic output due to increased business activities along the route.
- Encourages Private Sector Confidence: When the government invests in key sectors, it builds confidence among private businesses to invest further. Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing has attracted global tech firms to set up production units.
- Leads to Technological and Industrial Development: Investments in research, innovation, and new industries enhance productivity and global competitiveness. Example: South Korea’s investment in R&D and technology made it a leader in electronics and automobile industries.
How have India and China experienced changes in per capita income?
- Similar Per Capita Incomes in the Early 1990s: In the early 1990s, India and China had nearly equal per capita incomes, with both countries being 1.5% of the U.S. average. Example: In 1992, both nations were considered low-income economies with similar economic structures.
- China’s Investment-Led Growth Model: China prioritized high investment rates, focusing on infrastructure, state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing. Example: In 1992, China’s investment rate was 39.1% of GDP, much higher than India’s 27.4%.
- Diverging Growth Post-2000s: India’s investment rate rose to 35.8% in 2007, almost matching China’s, but declined after 2012 due to policy uncertainty and global economic slowdown.Example: By 2013, China’s investment rate increased to 44.5%, while India’s fell to 31.3%.
- China’s Faster Rise in Per Capita Income: By 2023, China’s per capita income was 5 times India’s in nominal terms and 2.4 times higher in purchasing power parity (PPP). Example: As a percentage of U.S. per capita income in 2023: China: 15%, India: 3%.
- India’s Consumption-Driven Growth Model: India’s economic growth has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, while China maintained higher investment levels. Example: In 2023, consumption was 60.3% of India’s GDP, compared to 39.1% in China.
- Long-Term Impact on Growth and Inequality: India’s lower investment and trade deficits have led to slower per capita income growth, affecting job creation and economic equality. Example: China’s investment rate in 2023 was 41.3%, whereas India’s was only 30.8%, limiting economic expansion.
What measures has the Indian government taken to promote investment in India?
- Infrastructure Development: The government has launched massive infrastructure projects to boost investment and improve connectivity. Example: PM Gati Shakti (National Master Plan) aims to integrate multi-modal transport networks and reduce logistics costs.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced to boost manufacturing and attract foreign and domestic investments in key sectors. Example: PLI schemes for electronics, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy have encouraged global firms to set up production in India.
- Corporate Tax Reforms: India reduced corporate tax rates to make the investment climate more competitive. Example: In 2019, the corporate tax rate was slashed to 22% for existing companies and 15% for new manufacturing firms.
- Ease of Doing Business & FDI Reforms: Simplified regulatory processes, digital approvals, and single-window clearances to attract investments. Example: 100% FDI allowed in sectors like defense, telecom, and insurance under automatic route.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Investment-Led Growth: India should focus on increasing capital formation by boosting infrastructure, industrial productivity, and R&D investments. Strengthening public-private partnerships (PPPs) and expanding the PLI scheme to emerging sectors can accelerate long-term economic growth.
- Balancing Consumption and Supply-Side Expansion: While consumption remains a key driver, policies should encourage domestic manufacturing and export competitiveness to reduce reliance on imports. Strengthening skill development and labour market reforms will enhance productivity and job creation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court recently halted a Lokpal order that sought to include High Court judges under its jurisdiction, calling the anti-corruption body’s interpretation “very disturbing.”
Why did the Supreme Court stay the Lokpal order?
- Violation of Judicial Independence (Article 50 & Article 121): The Supreme Court held that bringing High Court judges under Lokpal’s jurisdiction undermines judicial independence, which is a part of the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive, preventing interference in judicial functioning.
- Article 121 prohibits Parliament from discussing the conduct of judges except in matters of impeachment, reinforcing judicial autonomy.
- Judges Are Appointed Under the Constitution (Article 124 & Article 217): The Supreme Court rejected Lokpal’s argument that High Courts were created by British laws, emphasizing that all judges are appointed under the Constitution.
- Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court, while Article 217 governs the appointment of High Court judges, ensuring their independence from executive control.
- Judicial Oversight Is an Internal Process (Article 124(4) & Article 217(1)(b)): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that judicial misconduct should be handled internally, either through the in-house procedure or the impeachment process.
- Article 124(4) (for Supreme Court judges) and Article 217(1)(b) (for High Court judges) provide for removal only through Parliamentary impeachment, making external investigations by the Lokpal unconstitutional.
What is suo motu case?
Suo motu (Latin: on its own motion) refers to the Supreme Court or High Courts taking up a case on their own initiative, without a formal petition being filed.
In which circumstances do courts in India exercise suo motu powers?
- Constitutional Concerns (Separation of Powers, Judicial Independence): Courts intervene suo motu when an issue threatens constitutional principles like the separation of powers or judicial independence.
- Example: In re: Article 370 of the Constitution (2023) – The Supreme Court took up the matter of abrogation of Article 370 to examine whether the Union government’s decision upheld constitutional principles.
- Fundamental Rights Violations: Courts act suo motu when fundamental rights under Articles 14 (equality), 19 (freedom), and 21 (right to life) are violated.
- Example: Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) No.1 of 2020 – The Supreme Court intervened during COVID-19 migrant crisis, directing the government to provide food, shelter, and transport to stranded workers.
- Public Interest or Institutional Integrity: Courts take suo motu cognizance to protect public interest and prevent harm to democratic institutions.
- Example: Suo Motu Cognizance of Lakhimpur Kheri Violence (2021) – The Supreme Court intervened to monitor the UP government’s investigation into the killing of protesting farmers, ensuring transparency and accountability.
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Why did the Lokpal order bring High Court judges under its jurisdiction?
- Interpretation of ‘Public Servants’ Under Lokpal Act: The Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, making them subject to its jurisdiction.
- Reliance on Section 14(1)(f) of the Lokpal Act: This section grants Lokpal jurisdiction over any body or authority established by an Act of Parliament.
- The Lokpal argued that High Courts were established by British Parliamentary Acts (Indian High Courts Act, 1861 & Government of India Act, 1935), making them fall within this clause.
- Distinction Between High Courts and Supreme Court: The Lokpal reasoned that Article 124 of the Constitution explicitly established the Supreme Court, but Article 214 only recognized High Courts, implying that High Courts were not directly created by the Constitution.
- Based on this, the Lokpal ruled that Supreme Court judges were outside its jurisdiction, but High Court judges were not.
- Lack of Explicit Exemption for Judges: The 2013 Lokpal Act does not explicitly exclude High Court judges from its jurisdiction, which the Lokpal interpreted as allowing it to investigate them.
- Case-Specific Justification: The complaint involved a High Court judge allegedly influencing judicial decisions for personal benefit. The Lokpal argued that since the judge was serving in a High Court of a State reorganized by an Act of Parliament, it had jurisdiction over the matter.
Way forward:
- Judicial Accountability Within Constitutional Framework: Strengthen in-house mechanisms for judicial oversight while ensuring compliance with constitutional provisions like Articles 124(4) and 217(1)(b), which mandate impeachment as the sole removal process for judges.
- Clarify Lokpal’s Jurisdiction Through Legislative Review: Amend the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to explicitly define its jurisdiction, ensuring it does not encroach upon judicial independence while maintaining transparency in the judiciary.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-China relation;
Why in the News?
India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited China in January 2025, where both countries made important announcements about their future relationship.
What are the latest diplomatic discussions between India and China?
- Resumption of Direct Air Services: After nearly five years, both nations agreed to restart direct flights, aiming to enhance connectivity and facilitate people-to-people exchanges.
- Facilitation of Journalist Exchanges: The two countries decided to ease the process for journalists to operate in each other’s territories, promoting better mutual understanding and media cooperation.
- Revival of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra: Plans were made to resume the annual pilgrimage to Mount Kailash in Tibet, a significant site for Hindu devotees, which had been suspended since 2020 due to the pandemic and border tensions.
- Addressing Economic and Trade Issues: Both sides discussed specific concerns in economic and trade areas, aiming to resolve issues and promote long-term policy transparency and predictability.
- Commitment to Strengthening Bilateral Relations: High-level meetings underscored the importance of mutual support and understanding, with both nations expressing a desire to move beyond past disputes and enhance cooperation across various sectors.
What are the challenges between India and China?
- Border Disputes and Military Standoff: The unresolved Line of Actual Control (LAC) dispute remains a major flashpoint. Example: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash led to casualties on both sides and heightened tensions, leading to prolonged military deployments in Ladakh.
- Trade Imbalance and Economic Restrictions: India faces a significant trade deficit with China, as it imports more than it exports. Example: In 2023, India’s trade deficit with China exceeded $100 billion, prompting India to impose restrictions on Chinese investments and apps.
- Geopolitical Rivalry and Strategic Alliances: Both countries compete for influence in South Asia, the Indian Ocean, and global institutions. Example: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which India opposes, includes projects in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, challenging India’s regional influence.
- China’s Support to Pakistan and India’s Response: China’s close ties with Pakistan, including military and economic aid, pose security concerns for India. Example: China’s role in developing Gwadar Port in Pakistan and supplying weapons to Pakistan’s military affects India’s security calculus.
- Tensions in Multilateral Forums: India and China often clash diplomatically in international organizations. Example: China has blocked India’s bid for UNSC permanent membership and has repeatedly blocked India’s attempts to list Pakistan-based terrorists in the UN.
What measures has the Indian government taken after the Galwan clash?
- Strengthening Military Presence and Infrastructure at LAC: India rapidly deployed additional troops, upgraded surveillance, and enhanced military infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Example: India constructed all-weather roads, bridges, and airstrips, such as the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldi (DSDBO) road in Ladakh, to improve troop movement.
- Ban on Chinese Apps and Economic Restrictions: The government banned over 300 Chinese apps, citing security concerns and took steps to reduce economic dependence on China.
- Example: TikTok, PUBG Mobile, WeChat, and AliExpress were among the banned apps, impacting China’s digital market in India.
- Increased Focus on Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India): India pushed for domestic manufacturing in defense, telecom, and electronics to reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
- Example: The government placed restrictions on Chinese firms participating in 5G trials, and promoted Indian alternatives in the telecom sector.
- Diplomatic and Strategic Realignments: India strengthened partnerships with like-minded countries to counterbalance China’s influence.
- Example: India reinforced ties with the Quad alliance (U.S., Japan, Australia, India), holding Malabar naval exercises to enhance security cooperation.
- Revised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policies: India introduced stricter FDI regulations, requiring government approval for investments from China and other neighboring countries.
- Example: The new FDI rules in 2020 prevented automatic approvals for Chinese investments in Indian startups and infrastructure projects.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Diplomatic and Strategic Engagement: India and China should prioritize sustained diplomatic dialogue and confidence-building measures to prevent conflicts and enhance cooperation in multilateral forums.
- Example: Establishing a structured mechanism for LAC dispute resolution and expanding bilateral trade dialogues to address economic concerns.
- Enhancing Economic and Technological Self-Reliance: India should continue efforts toward Atmanirbhar Bharat by boosting domestic manufacturing, diversifying supply chains, and strengthening critical sectors like semiconductors and defence.
- Example: Expanding the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to reduce dependency on Chinese imports and developing strategic alliances for tech collaborations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 101(4)
Why in the News?
Amritpal Singh’s detention has raised concerns over his parliamentary position, as Article 101(4) states that an MP’s seat can be vacated after 60 consecutive absences without permission. He has missed 46 sittings so far.
About Article 101(4) and its Feature
- Article 101(4) states that if a Member of Parliament (MP) is absent from all meetings of the House for a period of 60 days, their seat may be declared vacant.
- The 60-day period is counted continuously (excluding adjournments but including recess).
- If the MP remains absent without prior permission from the House, the seat can be vacated under Article 101(4).
- No MP has ever lost a seat under Article 101(4) in practice.
- The House may grant condonation (excuse the absence) if a valid reason is provided.
- This provision ensures active participation of MPs and prevents prolonged absenteeism.
- If an MP does not attend any session of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha for 60 days without permission, the House can initiate proceedings to declare the seat vacant.
Legal Options
- Like past MPs, Amritpal can formally request permission to remain absent due to his incarceration.
- Former MP from Uttar Pradesh Atul Rai received similar permission in 2023 while in jail.
- The Lok Sabha must formally vote to declare his seat vacant, making disqualification unlikely unless actively pursued.
PYQ:
[2012] Regarding the office of the Lok Sabha speaker, consider the following statements:
- He/She holds the office during the pleasure of the President.
- He/She need not be a member of the House at the time of his/her election but has to become a member of the House within six months from the date of his/her election.
- If he/she intends to resign, the letter of his/her resignation has to be addressed to the Deputy Speaker.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Consumer Helpline (NCH)
Why in the News?
The National Consumer Helpline (NCH) has seen a 300% rise in complaints in Arunachal Pradesh, reflecting increased awareness and trust in consumer grievance redressal.
What is National Consumer Helpline (NCH)?
- NCH is an initiative of the Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution to provide a nationwide grievance redressal system for consumers.
- It offers advice, guidance, and assistance to consumers facing issues with products, services, and unfair trade practices.
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- Toll-Free Consumer Helpline: 1800-11-4000 / 1915 (Available from 9:30 AM – 5:30 PM, except national holidays).
- Multi-Channel Complaint Registration: Website, mobile app, email, WhatsApp, and SMS-based complaint filing.
- Covers a Wide Range of Sectors: E-commerce, telecom, banking, insurance, transport, healthcare, digital payments, etc.
- Operated under: The Centre for Consumer Studies at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA).
How has the NCH succeeded in Northeast India?
- Complaints rose from 9,162 in 2020 to 36,609 in 2024, with Arunachal Pradesh seeing a 50-fold rise in consumer grievances.
- 517% increase in online complaint registrations; introduction of regional language assistance to enhance accessibility.
- Workshops, SHG partnerships, and NGO collaborations helped rural and tribal communities understand consumer rights.
- “Jago Grahak Jago” initiatives, grants to NE states, and Panchayat training programs increased consumer participation.
- Consumers experienced faster redressal in cases like e-commerce refunds, delayed product deliveries, and service-related issues.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.
2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.
3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Majorana 1 Chip
Why in the News?
Microsoft has unveiled Majorana 1, a groundbreaking quantum chip that introduces a more stable and scalable approach to quantum computing.
What is Microsoft’s Majorana 1 Chip?
- Majorana 1 is Microsoft’s latest quantum processor that introduces a new type of stable and scalable qubit based on Majorana fermions.
- Microsoft believes that this breakthrough could enable practical quantum computing by 2027-29.
- Majorana Fermions:
- First theorized by Ettore Majorana in 1937.
- Exotic particles that act as their own antiparticles.
- Microsoft engineered them using topological conductors, making qubits more stable and resistant to errors.
Features of Majorana 1 Chip:
- Uses topological qubits, which require less error correction compared to traditional superconducting qubits.
- More scalable, allowing the quantum chip to reach up to 1 million qubits in the future.
- Built from indium arsenide-aluminum topo-conductors, unlike conventional silicon-based quantum chips.
- Operates at near absolute zero temperature, tuned with magnetic fields to create a stable quantum environment.
- Currently an 8-qubit chip, but designed with an architecture that supports significant expansion.
What is Quantum Computing?
- Quantum computing is a new approach to computation based on the principles of quantum mechanics that allows computers to process information exponentially faster than classical computers.
- Unlike classical computers that use binary bits (0 or 1), quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in both 0 and 1 simultaneously (superposition).
- Key Principles of Quantum Computing:
- Superposition: Qubits exist in multiple states at once.
- Entanglement: –Qubits can be linked, meaning a change in one affects the other instantly.
- Quantum Tunneling: Qubits can pass through energy barriers.
- Quantum Interference: Enhances correct probabilities while canceling out incorrect ones.
- Quantum computers solve complex problems that are impossible for classical computers, such as simulating molecules, optimizing logistics, and advancing AI.
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PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOD
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has raised concerns over the water quality of the Ganga at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The river is failing to meet bathing standards due to high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and faecal coliform contamination.
Key Findings of the Ganga Water Quality Assessment at Triveni Sangam:
- Water is unsafe for bathing as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards.
- BOD levels exceeded the permissible limit of 3 mg/L on multiple days in January 2025.
- Government releasing 10,000-11,000 cusecs of fresh water to improve quality.
- Faecal coliform levels (E. coli) far exceed safe limits due to sewage contamination.
- Safe limit: 2,500 MPN/100 ml; Detected levels: 49,000 MPN/100 ml (Ganga) and 33,000 MPN/100 ml (Yamuna).
What is Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
- BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down organic matter in water.
- Higher BOD levels indicate higher organic pollution, which can lead to oxygen depletion and aquatic life destruction.
- Safe limit for bathing water is below 3 mg/L.
- Excessive BOD levels suggest sewage, industrial waste, or decomposing organic matter contamination.
- BOD levels above safe limits can cause waterborne diseases and disrupt aquatic ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2017] Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for:
(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (2013)
Q) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (CSP 2022)
(a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people.
(b) This would create a local self-governing body in that area.
(c) This would convert that area into a Union Territory.
(d) The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on internal security challenges linked with border management (2013), and Fifth Schedule (2022).
The India-Myanmar borderlands lack reliable data despite ongoing conflicts and crises. In Manipur, restricted access and security issues make it hard to document humanitarian needs. Misinformation worsens the situation. Around 58,000 people live in relief camps, while 12,000 fled to Mizoram and 7,000 to Nagaland, Assam, and Meghalaya. Data collection remains fragmented.
Today’s editorial discusses issues related to Manipur, which are relevant for GS Paper 3 (Mains) under the Security section.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Manipur conflict is complex, and security issues make it hard to access certain areas leads to major gaps in tracking humanitarian needs.
How has the complexity of the conflict contributed to significant gaps in documenting humanitarian needs?
- Restricted Access and Security Concerns: The conflict’s complexity leads to restricted access for humanitarian organizations and data collectors due to security risks. Example: Adverse security conditions hinder the ability to thoroughly assess needs in certain areas.
- Breakdown of Information Chains: The physical and social separation of communities (like the Meitei and Kuki-Zomi) disrupts the flow of accurate information. Example: The separation makes it difficult to get a comprehensive understanding of the needs of both communities, as information does not flow freely between them.
- Unaccounted Populations: Official counts often only consider those in registered relief camps, overlooking unregistered individuals living with relatives, in temporary shelters, or displaced across multiple locations. Example: Many individuals displaced outside of registered camps or those who have left the State entirely are not included in official estimates, leading to underreporting.
- Altered Healthcare Access and Documentation: The conflict changes how people seek medical care, especially in conflicted regions, making it difficult to track health-related issues. Example: Residents of Kuki-Zomi-dominated hill districts can no longer easily access major hospitals in Imphal, leading to indirect routes and potentially undocumented health crises.
- Misinformation and Disinformation: The spread of inaccurate information clouds the true picture, making it difficult to form an empirical understanding of the conflict’s impact. Example: The text mentions that misinformation and disinformation cloud an empirical understanding of the conflict.
Why do the India-Myanmar borderlands remain a data-deficient region despite their long history of armed conflict, displacement, and humanitarian crises?
- Challenging Geography: The region’s complex topography, characterized by rugged mountains and dense forests, complicates access for data collection efforts. For example, the difficult terrain has hindered the effective implementation of border initiatives such as fencing, which has faced significant logistical challenges over the years.
- Inadequate Infrastructure: There is a lack of basic infrastructure, including roads and communication networks, which impedes the movement of researchers and humanitarian workers.
- The Moreh Integrated Check Post (ICP) in Manipur, intended to facilitate trade and connectivity, has experienced slow construction and inadequate facilities, reflecting broader infrastructural deficiencies in the region.
- Political Sensitivities: The presence of various insurgent groups and ongoing conflicts creates a volatile environment that discourages data collection. Security concerns often prevent researchers and NGOs from engaging with local communities to gather necessary information on humanitarian needs.
- Shared Ethnic Ties and Cross-Border Dynamics: The interconnectedness of ethnic communities across the border complicates the situation further. Policies such as the cancellation of the Free Regime Movement (FMR) agreement have disrupted traditional social networks, making it difficult to assess the socio-economic conditions on both sides effectively.
- Restricted Access for Humanitarian Organizations: Government-imposed restrictions and logistical challenges prevent humanitarian agencies from collecting and reporting crucial data.
- Example: After Myanmar’s 2021 military coup, aid organizations faced severe restrictions in conflict-hit areas like the Sagaing Region, resulting in major data gaps on displacement and food insecurity.
Why does Manipur need a shift towards ‘greater common good’ politics?
- Ethnic Divisions and Communal Tensions: The conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zomi communities has created deep mistrust and segregation, making governance difficult. A politics of “greater common good” would prioritize reconciliation and collective welfare over ethnic identity-based politics.
- Humanitarian Crisis and Governance Failures: Prolonged displacement, lack of adequate relief measures, and deteriorating healthcare require governance focused on inclusive development rather than ethnic-based power struggles.
- Example: Over 58,000 displaced individuals are still in relief camps, struggling with food, water, and medical shortages due to lack of coordinated efforts.
- Economic and Social Stability: Manipur’s economic potential is hindered by violence, blockades, and an unstable law-and-order situation. A governance approach focused on the “greater common good” would foster investment, economic recovery, and social stability.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Imposition of President’s Rule: On February 13, 2025, Manipur was placed under President’s Rule following the resignation of Chief Minister. This decision was made due to nearly two years of ethnic violence and political turmoil that had resulted in over 250 deaths and widespread unrest.
- Suspension of the State Assembly: The state assembly has been put under suspended animation, which means it will not function until the situation stabilizes. This is the 11th instance of President’s Rule being imposed in Manipur since its statehood.
- Security Measures: The central government has directed security forces to take all necessary steps to restore order in Manipur. This includes deploying additional military and paramilitary forces to manage the fragile security situation, which has seen recent escalations in violence.
- Appointment of a Security Advisor: Following the invocation of Article 355 of the Indian Constitution, a security advisor was appointed to assist the Chief Minister in managing law and order.
- Investigation into Violence: The Ministry of Home Affairs has handed over important cases related to the violence to the National Investigation Agency (NIA) for effective investigation, indicating a commitment to addressing the root causes of the unrest.
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Way forward:
- Inclusive Dialogue and Reconciliation: Establish a truth and reconciliation commission involving all ethnic communities to foster trust, address grievances, and create a roadmap for long-term peace and stability.
- Sustainable Development and Governance Reforms: Focus on infrastructure development, livelihood generation, and transparent governance to ensure equitable growth, reduce ethnic tensions, and rebuild public confidence in state institutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Telecom sector;
Why in the News?
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), a global organization launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, recently released a report assessing how well Indian telecom networks can handle disasters.
What does the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure report state?
- Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment: The report conducted a comprehensive risk assessment across 0.77 million telecom towers, evaluating vulnerabilities to various disasters such as floods, cyclones, and earthquakes, which informs infrastructure planning and resilience strategies.
- Disaster Risk and Resilience Index: A new index was developed to assess the vulnerability of telecom infrastructure based on factors like disaster intensity and frequency, enabling targeted risk management efforts.
- Technical and Governance Enhancements: Recommendations include improving technical planning and design of telecom infrastructure to withstand disasters, as well as integrating disaster resilience into sectoral policies through risk-informed governance.
- Financial Instruments and Collaboration: The report advocates for establishing risk-sharing mechanisms to protect telecom operators financially, alongside promoting cross-sectoral collaboration for coordinated disaster response efforts.
- Last-Mile Connectivity and Digital Solutions: Emphasizing the importance of inclusive emergency responses, the report calls for enhancing last-mile connectivity and leveraging digital solutions to ensure rapid service restoration during crises.
Why do telecom networks face elevated risks in coastal regions in times of disaster and calamity?
- High Exposure to Cyclones & Storm Surges: Coastal areas frequently experience high-speed winds and storm surges, which can damage telecom towers and disrupt communication. Example: During Cyclone Amphan (2020), telecom networks in West Bengal and Odisha were severely impacted due to tower collapses and flooding.
- Vulnerability of Undersea Cable Landing Stations: Undersea cables connect India to global internet infrastructure, and their landing stations are located in coastal regions. Damage to these stations can cause widespread internet outages. Example: In 2023, a disruption in undersea cables near the Red Sea affected internet speeds in South Asia, including India.
- Power Failures Due to Flooding & Infrastructure Damage: Coastal disasters often lead to massive power outages, affecting telecom towers and network operating centres that rely on continuous electricity. Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021), heavy rainfall and flooding in Mumbai led to prolonged telecom disruptions due to power cuts and submerged backup generators.
Why are undersea cables better than overland cables?
- Higher Capacity: Undersea cables can carry vast amounts of data, with total capacities reaching terabits per second, significantly surpassing the capabilities of satellite communications, which typically offer much lower bandwidth (around 1 gigabit per second).
- Lower Latency: The signal transmission time is considerably shorter with undersea cables than with satellite links. For example, latency over a fibre submarine cable is around 120 milliseconds, while satellite communications can introduce delays of approximately 650 milliseconds due to the long distances signals must travel to and from space.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Laying undersea cables is generally more economical than deploying satellite systems for large-scale data transmission. The initial investment in submarine cables, while significant, is offset by their capacity and reliability, making them a more sustainable option for long-term infrastructure.
- Reliability and Stability: Undersea cables are less susceptible to environmental factors that can disrupt overland cables, such as weather conditions or physical damage from construction activities. Their placement on the seabed provides a level of protection against many potential hazards.
- Global Connectivity: Submarine cables are essential for connecting continents and regions that are separated by water. They facilitate international data traffic and play a critical role in global communications, making them indispensable for the functioning of the Internet and other communication networks.
Does power failure create major problems?
- Disrupts Communication During Emergencies: Telecom towers and network operating centres require continuous power to function. When electricity is cut off, mobile networks and internet services fail, hindering disaster response.
- Example: During Cyclone Fani (2019), Odisha experienced massive power outages, causing mobile networks to shut down, and delaying rescue operations.
- Limits Functionality of Backup Systems: Most telecom towers rely on battery or diesel generators, but these backups last only a few hours. If the fuel supply is disrupted, networks remain down for extended periods.
- Example: In the Assam floods (2022), fuel shortages prevented telecom towers from running generators, prolonging communication blackouts.
- Affects Undersea & Land-based Network Infrastructure: Power failures at undersea cable landing stations and data centres can cause large-scale internet outages, affecting national and global connectivity.
- Example: A power failure at a Chennai cable landing station in 2021 disrupted international internet traffic.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Resilient Power Solutions: Deploy renewable energy sources like solar-powered telecom towers and battery storage systems to ensure uninterrupted network operations during disasters.
- Enhancing Risk-Informed Governance: Integrate disaster resilience planning into telecom policies, mandate robust backup power solutions, and establish coordinated emergency response frameworks for rapid service restoration.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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