Central Idea

Union Home Minister recently criticized Jawaharlal Nehru’s handling of the Kashmir issue, citing two major blunders.
In response, opposition highlighted Nehru’s commitment to integrating Kashmir into India, contrasting with Sardar Patel’s initial willingness to cede Kashmir for Hyderabad.

Nehru, Patel, and the Accession Conundrum

Post-Colonial Challenges: After British departure in 1947, Jammu and Kashmir, and Hyderabad, with their distinct demographic compositions, initially sought independence.
Nehru’s Firm Stance on Kashmir: Nehru was resolute about Kashmir’s integration into India, differing from Patel’s initial stance, as noted in V Shankar’s “My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel.”
Shift in Patel’s Viewpoint: Patel’s perspective on Kashmir changed after Pakistan accepted Junagadh’s accession on September 13, 1947.

Nawab’s Decision and India’s Reaction: The Nawab of Junagadh opted for Pakistan in 1947, leading to India’s military intervention and a subsequent plebiscite in November, favouring India with 91% votes.
Influence on Kashmir Policy: Junagadh’s accession impacted India’s policy towards princely states, particularly Kashmir.

Suggested Hyderabad-Kashmir Barter: The idea of trading Hyderabad for Kashmir, citing Victoria Schofield’s “Kashmir in Conflict,” was deemed impractical.
Patel’s Approach to Hyderabad: Patel’s initial leniency towards Hyderabad’s Nizam was influenced by his international stature and the complex political landscape.
Military Action in Hyderabad: The Indian Army’s Operation Polo in September 1948 ended the Nizam’s rule amid growing internal dissent.

Maharaja Hari Singh’s Reluctance: Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, initially preferred independence.
Mounting Tensions and Pakistani Actions: Blockades and revolts in 1947, along with suspected Pakistani support for infiltrators, compelled Hari Singh to seek India’s assistance.
Conditional Accession to India: Hari Singh’s request for military aid led to Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India in October 1947.

UN Involvement Controversy: The minister’s critique centers on Nehru’s decision to involve the UN and agree to a ceasefire.
Factors Influencing Nehru’s Decisions: Nehru’s decisions were influenced by international diplomacy, financial constraints, and strategic considerations.
Perspectives on the Ceasefire: While some view the ceasefire as a missed chance, others regard it as a necessary measure under the circumstances.

The historical decisions regarding Kashmir’s accession continue to be a topic of debate in Indian politics.
The roles of Nehru and Patel in shaping India’s territorial integrity remain subjects of intricate historical scrutiny.
Understanding these historical events is essential for informed discussions on contemporary policies and political narratives.