Bioaugumentation refers introduction of microorganisms
to contaminated site to enhance degradation process.Phytodegradation is the breakdown of contaminants by plant
roots. So statement 2 wrong.Mycoremedition is a form of bioremediation in which fungus
used for decontamination. So statement 3 wrong.

Eco-Sensitive Zones are notified by Union Government of India under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

According to guidelines of Eco-sensitive zones, rain water harvesting, organic farming etc. should be highly promoted in ECZ.

On-going Agricultural activities and horticulture practices by local communities are permitted but excessive expansion should be regulated.

Statement 1 is wrong as Sea grasses are specialised
angiosperms (marine flowering plants) that resemble grass in appearance.Statement 2 and 3 are correct as sea grasses grow in coastal
shallow water and requires comparatively calm areas and they are only group
adapted to life in salt water.Additional some facts in India sea grasses occur along the
south east coast of Tamil Nadu and in the lagoons of a few Lakshadweep islands.
There are few grass beds along Andaman and Nicobar islands also.

A greenhouse gas (abbrev. GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth’s surface would be about öÕ18 ¡C (0 ¡F), rather than the present average of 15 ¡C (59 ¡F). In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect.

gas should or Neither, although they are important in the process of creation of tropospheric ozone which is a Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (taken as sometime between the years 1740 and 1754) have produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017. This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural “sinks” involved in the carbon cycle. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (i.e., emissions produced by human activities) come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, along with deforestation, soil erosion and animal agriculture

Vertebrates are animals with backbones and spinal columns. Vertebrates are the most advanced organisms on Earth. Although vertebrates represent only a very small percentage of all animals, their size and mobility often allow them to dominate their environment.

The backbone is a column of bones that supports the body, and also protects the spinal cord. The back is made up of many separate bones, called vertebrae. The backbone is part of a vertebrates have two pairs of limbs. In fish these take the form of fins, but in other vertebrates they are legs, arms, flippers, or wings. Some vertebrates, such as snakes, have no external limbs. Animal with backbones include mammals, birds , reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Realms: Biogeographic realms are large spatial regions within which ecosystems share a broadly similar biota unifying features of geographyand fauna & flora.

Biomes: The term biome means the main groups of plants and animals living in areas of certain climate patterns. It includes the way in which animals, vegetation and soil interact together. The plants and animals of that area have adapted to that environment.

All of them are correct

Photochemical smog (smog) is a term used to describe
air pollution that is a result of the interaction of sunlight with certain
chemicals in the atmosphere. One of the primary components of photochemical á. smog is
ozone. While ozone in the stratosphere protects earth á from
harmful UV radiation, ozone on the ground is hazardous to human health. Ground-level ozone is formed when vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxides (primarily from vehicle exhaust) and volatile organic á compounds (from paints, solvents, printing inks, petroleum products,
vehicles, etc.) interact in the presence of sunlight. Heavy smog greatly decreases ultraviolet radiation.

It occurs naturally in the upper layers of the
atmosphere. This important gas shield the earth from the harmful
ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at-the ground level, it is a pollutant
with highly toxic effects. vehicles and industries are the major source of
ground-level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, bum, and water. It lowers our
resistance to cold and pneumonia.

The nutrient-enrichment of the lakes promotes the growth of algae, aquatic plants and various fauna. This process is known as natural eutrophication.Similar nutrient enrichment of lakes at an accelerated rate is caused by human activities (discharge of wastewaters or agricultural runoff) and the consequent ageing phenomenon is known as ‘cultural eutrophication’. Over periods spanning millennia, ‘ageing’ occurs as the lakes accumulate mineral and organic matter and gradually, get filled up On the basis of their nutrient content, they are categorized as Oligotrophic (very low nutrients), Mesotrophic (moderate nutrients) and Eutrophic (highly nutrient rich). Vast majority of lakes in India are either eutrophic or mesotrophic because of the nutrients derived from their surroundings or organic wastes entering them.

Option (b), is about Bioaccumulation.Bioaccumulation: It refers to how pollutants enter a food
chain.In bioaccumulation there is an increase in concentration of
a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain.

Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) has notified new Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017 to
prohibit range of activities in wetlands. The new rules will replace earlier
rules notified in 2010. Highlights of new rules.á State Wetlands Authority (SWA): It stipulates
setting up of SWA in each State/UTs headed by Stateªs environment minister and
include range of government officials. State government will also nominate one
expert each in fields of wetland ecology, hydrology, fisheries, landscape
planning and socio-economics.á Functions of SWA: It will develop comprehensive
list of activities to be regulated and permitted within notified wetlands and
their zone of influence it will also recommend additional prohibited activities
for specific wetlands, define strategies wise use of wetlands and its
conservation and undertake measures to enhance awareness within stakeholders
and local communities on values and functions of wetlands. In this case, wise
use has been defined as principle of sustainable uses that is compatible with
conservation.á Prohibited Activities: The rules prohibit
activities like conversion of wetland for non-wetland uses including
encroachment of any kind, setting up and expansion of industries, waste dumping
and discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities, towns,
villages and other human settlements.á Digital inventory of all wetlands: Mandatory for
state authorities to prepare list of all wetlands and list of wetlands to be
notified within six months. Based on it, a comprehensive digital inventory of
all wetlands will be created and will be updated every ten years.National Wetlands Committee (NWC): The rules stipulates for
setting up of NWC, headed by MoEFCC Secretary, to monitor implementation of
these rules and oversee work carried out by States. NCW will also advise
Central Government on appropriate policies and action programmes for
conservation and wise use of wetlands, recommend designation of wetlands of
international importance under Ramsar Convention, advise on collaboration with
international agencies on issues related to wetlands etc.

Mega diversity Countries is a term used to refer to the world top biodiversity-rich countries.

The principle criterion is endemism, first at the species level and then at higher taxonomic levels such as genus and family.

To qualify as a Mega diverse Country, a country must:

Have at least 5000 of the world plants as endemics

Have marine ecosystems within its borders.

The focus on endemism is in line with the IUCN doctrine of ultimate responsibility, which holds that a country with the only populations of an endangered species has ultimate responsibility for ensuring the survival of that particular species. Other secondary criteria have also been taken into consideration, such as animal and invertebrate endemism, species diversity, higher-level diversity, ecosystem diversity and presence of tropical rainforest ecosystems. 2 Despite endemism being the main criterion, thresholds for the criteria are flexible and countries have been considered individually based on all criteria.

The identified Mega diverse Countries are: United States of America, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Madagascar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, China, and Australia.

Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements fOt obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.

Dry tillage: Dry tillage is practiced for crops that are sown or planted in dry land condition having sufficient moisture for germination of seeds. This is suitable for crops like broadcasted paddy, jute, wheat; oilseed crops, pulses, potato and vegetable crops.

The Theme of recently concluded Global Wildlife
Programme Conference held in New Delhi was Peoples participation in wildlife
conservation.

An Act to provide for strict liability for damages arising out of any accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance and for the establishment of a National Environment Tribunal for effective and expeditious disposal of cases arising from such accident.

Provides relief and compensation for damages to persons, property and the environment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

taken at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de Janeiro in June, 1992, in which India participated, calling upon the States to develop national laws regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damages.

It is not bound by code of civil procedure but subject to principle of natural justice.

The following characteristics may qualify for inclusion
as BHS under section 37 of the biodiversity act: Areas that contain a mosaic of natural,
semi-natural, and man made habitats, which together contain a significant
diversity of life forms. Areas that contain significant domesticated
biodiversity component and /or representative agro-ecosystems with ongoing
agricultural practices that sustain this diversity. Areas that are significant from a biodiversity
point of view as also are important cultural spaces such as sacred groves/trees
and sites, or other large community conserved areas. Areas including very small ones that offer refuge or corridors for threatened and endemic fauna and flora, such as community
conserved areas or urban greens and wetlands.All kinds of legal land uses whether government, community or private land could be considered under the above categories. As far as possible those sites may be considered which are not covered under Protected Area network under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 as amended. Areas that provide habitats, aquatic or
terrestrial, for seasonal migrantSpecies for feeding and breeding. Areas that are maintained as preservation plots by the research win of Forest department. Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas. Tikdam : By eliminating one option you can reach the answer. In this question if one knows Biodiversity Heritage sites are not
covered under protected area network then by eliminating 3 in all options one
can select option a.

Statement 1 and 3 correct. Wetlands are not good for delta formation because they filter the sediments which essential for delta formation. So, statement 2 is incorrect.