Dear Aspirants,
This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.
You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here
Session Details
YouTube LIVE with Parth sir – 1 PM – Prelims Spotlight Session
Evening 04 PM – Daily Mini Tests
Telegram LIVE with Sukanya ma’am – 06 PM – Current Affairs Session
Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here
14th Mar 2023
Financial Markets
FINANCIAL MARKETS
- Financial Markets refers to the system consisting of financial institutions, financial instruments, regulatory bodies and organisations
- It facilitates flow of debt and equity capital.
- Financial Institutions (Banks), Development financial Institutions (NABARD, SIDBI, IDBI etc.) and Non-Banking Financial Institutions form Financial Institutions. Ø Financial Instruments are shares, bonds, debentures etc.
Financial markets consist of two major segments:
(l) Money Market: the market for short term funds;
(2) Capital Market: the market for long and medium term funds.
MONEY MARKET
According to the RBI, “The money market is the centre for dealing mainly of short character, in monetary assets; it meets the short term requirements of borrowers and provides liquidity or cash to the lenders.
It is a place where short term surplus investible funds at the disposal of financial and other institutions and individuals are bid by borrowers, again comprising institutions and individuals and also by the government.
Functions of Money Market
- To maintain monetary equilibrium: It means to keep a balance between the demand for and supply of money for short term monetary transactions.
- To promote economic growth: Money market can do this by making funds available to various units in the economy such as agriculture, small scale industries, etc.
- To provide help to Trade and Industry: Money market provides adequate finance to trade and industry. Similarly it also provides facility of discounting bills of exchange for trade and industry.
- To help in implementing Monetary Policy: It provides a mechanism for an effective implementation of the monetary policy.
- To help in Capital Formation: Money market makes available investment avenues for short term period. It helps in generating savings and investments in the economy.
- Money market provides non-inflationary sources of finance to government.
Instruments of money market
Treasury Bills: They are promissory notes issued by the RBI on behalf of the government as a short term liability and sold to banks and to the public. The maturity period ranges from 14 to 364 days. They are the negotiable instruments, i.e. they are freely transferable. No interest is paid on such bills but they are issued at a discount on their face value.
Commercial Bills: They are also called Trade Bills or Bills of Exchange. Commercial bills are drawn by one business firm to another in lieu of credit transaction. It is a written acknowledgement of debt by the maker directing to pay a specified sum of money to a particular person. They are short-term instruments generally issued for a period of 90 days. These are freely marketable. Banks provide working capital finance to firms by purchasing the commercial bills at a discount; this is called ‘discounting of bills’.
Commercial Paper (CP): The CP was introduced in 1990 on the recommendation of the Vaghul Committee. A commercial paper is an unsecured promissory note issued by corporate with net worth of atleast Rs 5 crore to the banks for short term loans. These are issued at discount on face value for a period of 14 days to 12 months. These are issued in multiples of Rs 1 lakh subject to a minimum of Rs 25 lakh.
Certificate of Deposit (CD): The CD was introduced in 1989 on the recommendation of the Vaghul Committee. These are issued by banks against deposits kept by individuals and institutions for a period of 15 days to 3 years. These are similar to Fixed Deposits but are negotiable and tradable. These are issued in multiples of Rs. 1 lakh subject to a minimum of Rs25 lakh.
CAPITAL MARKET
The capital market is the market, for medium and long term funds. It consists of all the financial institutions, organizations and instruments which deal in lending and borrowing transaction of over one year maturity.
It is of following two types:
|
Primary Market |
Secondary Market |
|
It issues security for the first time. Example- Initial public offer and follow on public offer. |
Existing securities are bought and sold. |
|
Firms issue shares to public. |
One investor sells it to another investor. |
|
Price is fixed by the firms. |
Price is fixed on the basis of demand and supply. |
|
Firms raise money for long-term investment. |
Companies benefit from the secondary markets. |
|
There is no specific geographical location. |
There is no specific geographical location. |
|
SEBI is the regulator for this market. |
SEBI is the regulator for this market as well. |
GILT-EDGED MARKET
The Gilt-edged market refers to the market for government and semi government securities, backed by the RBI.
It is known so because the government securities do not suffer from the risk of default and are highly liquid.
The RBI is the sole supplier of such securities. These are demanded by commercial banks, insurance companies, provident funds and mutual funds.
The gilt-edged market may be divided into two parts- the Treasury bill market and the government bond market. Treasury bills are issued to meet short-term needs for funds of the government, while government bonds are issued to finance long-term developmental expenditure.
