Why in the News?

This year’s edition of the Hornbill Festival has sparked a significant public debate regarding the relaxation of Nagaland’s liquor prohibition law, a subject that has been contentious for over three decades.

What is Hornbill Festival?

• The Hornbill Festival is a celebration held every year from 1 – 10 December, in Kohima, Nagaland.
• The festival was first held in the year 2000.
• It is named after Indian hornbill (Buceros bicornis), the large and colourful forest bird which is displayed in the folklore of most of the state’s tribes.
• Festival highlights include the traditional Naga Morungs exhibition and the sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, flower shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows etc.
• It is a platform for showcasing the major cultural festivals of 14 recognised Naga tribes, each with its unique traditions and practices.
• About Great Indian Hornbill:
  • IUCN Status: Vulnerable (upgraded from Near Threatened in 2018), CITES: Appendix I
  • Known as great pied hornbill, it is one of the largest hornbill species.
  • Can live up to 50 years in captivity.
  • Primarily fruit-eating, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles, and birds.
  • Revered in many tribal cultures and rituals due to its size and colour.
  • Found mainly in India, especially in the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.
  • Nilgiris North Eastern Range supports some of the highest densities of nesting birds.
  • Known as ‘forest engineers’ or ‘farmers of the forest’, they play a key role in seed dispersal of tropical trees, indicating the health and balance of their forest ecosystems.

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Why in the News?

The 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela will take place in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.

About Kumbh Mela

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Why in the News?

The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided information about the Zonal Cultural Centres (ZCCs) in Lok Sabha.

About Zonal Cultural Centres (ZCCs):

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Why in the News?

November 24 is commemorated as the Shaheedi Divas of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the 9th guru of the Sikhs, who was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675.

Guru Tegh Bahadur: Everything you need to know

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Why in the News?

• Since 2021, November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honor the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
  • This day commemorates the birth anniversary of the legendary Sri Birsa Munda.

Historical Background:

• Birsa started the Birsait faith to counter Christian missionary conversions among tribals. It became a challenge to British conversion efforts.
  • Members of the Munda and Oraon communities joined the Birsait sect.
  • The Mundas honored him as Dharati Aaba (Father of the Earth).
• The Ulgulan Movement: Also known as the Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900.
  • Concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
  • The goal was to establish Munda Raj (self-rule) and independence, known as Ulgulan or the “Great Tumult.”
  • The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to Birsa Munda’s capture and death.

• Birsa Munda’s mobilization left a lasting impact, prompting government reforms like the repeal of the Begar system and enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
• The movement was violently suppressed, and Birsa Munda died in jail on June 9, 1900.

Significance:

• Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is significant in preserving the legacy of tribal resistance leaders and advocating for tribal rights.
• It promotes a more inclusive society that values the contributions of all communities in India’s historical and cultural fabric.

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Why in the News?

Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

It’s Architecture:

• With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
• The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
• This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
• Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

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Why in the News?

The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.

About Buddhism:

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Why in the News?

PM has participated in the celebration of International Abhidhamma Divas and recognition of Pali as a classical language.

About International Abhidhamma Divas

• It is celebrated Ashwin Purnima (Full Moon), to commemorate Buddha’s descent from Tavatimsa-devaloka (a celestial realm) to Sankassiya (Sankisa Basantapur, UP).
  • It actually marks the conclusion of a 3-month rain retreat, known as Varsavasa or Vasa, during which monks remain in a single location for meditation and prayer.
• The celebration involves Dhamma discourses, academic sessions, and exhibitions that connect ancient wisdom with modern spiritual practices.
• Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, hosts the event, organized by the Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

Teachings of Abhidhamma

• The Abhidhamma provides a detailed framework for understanding the mind, matter, and existence.
• It addresses complex concepts like birth, death, and mental phenomena in a precise and abstract manner.
• Abhidhamma is known for its analytical approach:
  • It categorizes mental states and emotions.
  • It explains causal relationships that determine mental and material phenomena.
• The teachings cover topics like:
  • Moral and mental states
  • Aggregates (components of existence)
  • Causal links
  • Path to enlightenment.

Historical Background and Significance

• Abhidhamma Divas commemorates the day when Lord Buddha returned to earth after teaching the Abhidhamma in the Tavatimsa realm.
• The descent is marked by the Ashokan Elephant Pillar at Sankassiya, highlighting its historical significance.
• The celebration coincides with the end of the Rainy Retreat (Vassa), a period of monastic seclusion, and the Pavarana festival, a time of mutual reflection among monks.

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Why in the News?

Veteran actor Mithun Chakraborty will be conferred with the 2022 Dadasaheb Phalke Award.

About Dadasaheb Phalke Award

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Why in the News?

India has announced its official entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the 97th Academy (Oscar) Awards, set to take place early next year.

How does the FFI make the choice?

• Submission Process: The FFI invites filmmakers to submit their films for consideration. To be eligible, the film must:
  • Be at least 40 minutes long.
  • Have more than 50% of its dialogue in a non-English language.
  • Have had a theatrical release of at least seven days between November 1, 2023, and September 30, 2024.
• Jury Selection: The FFI appoints a 13-member jury made up of experienced individuals from the creative field, who evaluate the films and select India’s entry.
  • The jury chairperson is nominated by the FFI and oversees the selection process.
• Screening and Voting: The jury watches all the submissions and conducts discussions before making a final decision via voting.

Why has the FFI come under criticism?

• All-Male Jury: The FFI’s current jury has drawn criticism for being composed entirely of men. This led to public discussions about the absence of women on the jury, especially since India’s official entry for the 97th Oscars focuses on women’s issues.
• Arbitrary Process: FFI’s selection process can be arbitrary, and there have been calls for greater transparency and inclusiveness in choosing films for international awards like the Oscars.

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Why in the News?

Haveli Sangeet is a unique form of classical music rooted in ancient temple traditions in India.

About Haveli Sangeet:

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Why in the News?

Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, is renowned for making the Veena, the first musical instrument in India to receive a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

About Thanjavur Veena:

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Why in the News?

Recently, followers of the two rival groups within the Namdhari religious sect clashed violently in Haryana.

About Namdhari Sect

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Why in the News?

The Ministry of Culture recently launched Project PARI (Public Art of India) coincided with the 46th Session of the World Heritage Committee Meeting, held in New Delhi.

About Project PARI

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Why in the News?

• “Kozhikode” was awarded the title of ‘City of Literature’ at the 16th annual conference of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in Braga, Portugal.
  • The theme of this year’s UCCN conference is ‘Bringing youth to the table for the next decade’.

About UNESCO Creative Cities Network

Reasons for Kozhikode’s Selection

• Rich Literary Tradition: Kozhikode has a deep and rich literary heritage that spans centuries, contributing significantly to the cultural and intellectual life of the region.
• Prominent Literary Figures: The city has been home to many renowned authors, poets, and scholars who have significantly contributed to Malayalam literature.
• Cultural Festivals and Events: Kozhikode hosts various literary festivals, book fairs, and cultural events that promote literature and reading among the community.
• Educational Institutions: The presence of several prestigious educational institutions that emphasise literature and the arts played a crucial role in its selection.
• Community Engagement: Active involvement of local communities in promoting and preserving literary culture through libraries, reading clubs, and literary societies.
• Literary Infrastructure: Well-established libraries, publishing houses, and bookshops that support and nurture the scholarly ecosystem.

Historic Contributions of Kozhikode

• Malayalam Literature: Kozhikode has been a centre for Malayalam literature and scholarly activities. It has produced notable literary figures and is a hub for literary festivals and cultural events.
• Astronomy and Mathematics: The region, under the patronage of the Zamorins, was a centre for advancements in astronomy and mathematics, contributing significantly to the fields through scholars like the 14th-century mathematician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama.

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Why in the News?

• An opposition parliamentarian has demanded the removal of the Sengol from the Lok Sabha, calling it a symbol of “rajdand/rajtantra (monarchy)”.This demand has become a point of contention between the government and the Opposition.

Significance in the present context: 

• Accountability and Legitimacy: Just as the Sengol legitimized ancient rulers by holding them accountable to higher moral standards, the institutions and practices in a parliamentary democracy ensure that elected representatives are accountable to the constitution and the people.
• Ethical Leadership: Leaders in a democracy are expected to uphold justice, integrity, and the rule of law, much like the dharmic kings of the past.
• Symbolic Representation: The Sengol, as a symbol of righteous rule, parallels the symbolic importance of democratic institutions that represent the will and welfare of the people.

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Why in the News?

Srinagar has become the fourth Indian city to be recognised as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC), three years after it was designated as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) for crafts and folk arts.

About World Craft Council (WCC International)

What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?

• The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
• It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
• India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:

1. Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac-based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
2. Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
3. Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))

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Why in the News?

• The Centre approved the Uttarakhand government’s proposal to rename Joshimath tehsil to Jyotirmath and Kosiyakutoli tehsil to Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham.
  • This decision aims to enhance the religious and cultural significance of these areas, boosting their status as major destinations for religious tourism.

About Jyotirmath 

• Jyotirmath, also known as Jyotir Peeth, is one of the four cardinal mathas established by Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century to promote Advaita Vedanta philosophy.
• Adi Shankaracharya performed penance under the Amar Kalpavriksha tree here, symbolising his attainment of divine knowledge (Jyoti).
• Evolution to Joshimath:
  • Name Transition: Originally known as Jyotirmath, the town gradually adopted the name Joshimath over time, influenced by regional languages and dialects.
  • Cultural Evolution: The shift from Jyotirmath to Joshimath reflects a cultural and linguistic evolution rather than a specific historical event.

About Kosiyakutoli  

• Kosiyakutoli, now renamed Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham, aligns with the identity of Neem Karoli Baba’s Kainchi Dham Ashram.
• “Kosi” refers to the river flowing through the Nainital district, which is crucial for the local ecology and economy.
• Association with Neem Karoli Baba:
  • The ashram, founded in 1962, continues to draw thousands of visitors annually, including prominent figures like Steve Jobs and Ram Dass.

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Why in the News?

A popular Mohiniyattam dancer in Kerala was refused bail against her alleged casteist remarks against the SC community.

About Mohiniyattam

Back2Basics: Classification of Classical Dances in India

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Why in the news?

The Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahrdayaloka-Locana have been included in ‘UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific regional register’.

About UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World (MOW) Asia-Pacific regional register’

Reference

About the Texts

• Ramcharitmanas:

• Written by Tulsidas in the 16th century, the Ramcharitmanas is an epic poem in Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi, and is a retelling of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana.
• It narrates the life of Lord Rama, his virtues, the ideals of Dharma, and his reign during Ram Rajya.
• Hanuman Chalisa is a combination of 40 verses from the same epic.

• Panchatantra:

• The Panchatantra is a collection of ancient Indian animal fables that dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. 
• Originally written in Sanskrit by Vishnu Sharma.
• Its stories are crafted as simple yet vibrant narratives that aim to impart practical life lessons through the interactions of anthropomorphized animals.

• Sahrdayaloka-Locana

• The Sahrdayaloka-Locana is a Sanskrit treatise on poetics written by Jagannatha Paṇḍitaraja in the 17th century.
• It is considered one of the most important works of Sanskrit literary criticism.
• The text discusses the concept of “Sahrdaya“, which refers to a sensitive or discerning reader or critic.

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Why in the News?

The first true copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at Kilimanoor Palace, the birthplace of the legendary artist, on his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.

Who was Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906)?

• Raja Ravi Varma was born in April 1848 in Kilimanoor, Kerala, to a family which was very close to the royals of Travancore.
• Often referred to as the father of modern Indian art, he is widely known for his realistic portrayal of Indian gods and goddesses.
• While he majorly painted for the royalty, he is also credited for taking art to the masses with his prints and oleographs.
• Patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, he learnt watercolour painting from the royal painter Ramaswamy Naidu.
• He later trained in oil painting from Dutch artist Theodore Jensen.

Fame as a notable painter

• Following a portrait of Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, he has commissioned 14 Puranic paintings for the Durbar Hall of the new Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Baroda.
• Depicting Indian culture, Varma borrowed from episodes of Mahabharata and Ramayana for the same.
• He also received patronage from numerous other rulers, including the Maharaja of Mysore and Maharaja of Udaipur.
• As his popularity soared, the artist won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873.
• He was also awarded three gold medals at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
• Viceroy Lord Curzon honoured him with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for his service.

Nature of his artforms

• Much of his celebrated art also borrows heavily from Indian mythology.
• In fact, he is often credited with defining the images of Indian gods and goddesses through his relatable and more realistic portrayals often painted with humans as models.
• The depictions include Lakshmi as the goddess of wealth, Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, and Lord Vishnu with his consorts, Maya and Lakshmi.
• Raja Ravi Varma aspired to take his art to the masses and the intent led him to open a Lithographic Press in Bombay in 1894.
• The first picture printed at Varma’s press was reportedly The Birth of Shakuntala, followed by numerous mythological figures and saints such as Adi Shankaracharya.

Major works

• It is believed that he had made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58.
• But only one painting is now left in ‘Chithrashala,’ the artist’s studio at Kilimanoor Palace — an unfinished portrait of ‘Parsi lady’ which was his last work.
• Some of his popular works include ‘Lady in the Moonlight’, ‘Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair’, ‘Malabar Lady with Violin’, ‘Lady with Swarbat’, and ‘Maharashtrian Lady with Fruits’.

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Why in the news?

Tiwa tribals dance recently celebrated the Yangli festival at Bormarjong village, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam.

 About Yangli Festival

• The Yangli festival is celebrated before starting the paddy sowing
• It is also known as the Lakshmi Puja of the Tiwa people.
• It is celebrated with traditional rituals, emphasizing the community’s strong ties to agriculture, their primary livelihood.
• It serves as an occasion for prayers seeking a bountiful harvest and divine protection for crops against pests and natural calamities.
• It is held once in 5 years.
• In April, Khelchawa festival is celebrated by Tiwa tribes marking close of the harvest season.

Celebratory Activities:

• Festivities commenced with traditional rituals and vibrant dances.
• It continues with a joyous gathering along the riverbanks.
• It draws participation from over five hundred individuals representing various groups like Amchi, Rangkhai, and Magrat.
• Ceremonial animal sacrifices, including poultry and goats, are performed to honour the goddess and ensure her benevolence upon the Tiwa people’s granary, known as “NoBaro.”

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Why in the news?

The Prime Minister has inaugurated the 2550th Bhagwan Mahavir Nirvan Mahotsav on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti.

About Vardhaman Mahavir

Everything you need to know about Jainism:

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Why in the news?

• The World Crafts Council International (WCCI) has identified Srinagar as a potential candidate for the prestigious World Craft City (WCC) designation from India.
• Artisans in Srinagar have uniquely preserved their traditional crafts such as Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mâché.

About World Craft Council (WCC International)

What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?

• The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
• It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
• India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:

1. Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
2. Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
3. Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))

With inputs from: https://www.wccinternational.org/craft-cities/craft-cities-asia-pacific

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Why in the news?

Sangeet Natak Akademi is set to host ‘Shakti, a festival of music and dance’ as part of its Kala Pravah series at 7 Shaktipeeths.

Shakti – Festival of Music and Dance

Events will be held at:

1. Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati
2. Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur, Maharashtra
3. Jwalamukhi Temple, Kangada, Himachal Pradesh
4. Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur, Tripura
5. Ambaji Temple, Banaskantha, Gujarat
6. Jai Durga Shaktipeeth, Deoghar, Jharkhand
7. Shaktipeeth Maa Harsidhi Temple, Jaisinghpur, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh

What are Shaktipeeths?

• Shaktipeeths are sacred sites in Hinduism associated with the Goddess Shakti or Devi, the divine feminine energy.
• According to Hindu mythology, these sites are believed to be where various body parts of the goddess Sati/ Shakti fell to the earth when her body was dismembered by Lord Vishnu’s.
• There are numerous Shaktipeeths spread across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, each considered highly sacred by devotees of the Goddess.

Here are some major Shaktipeeths often seen in news:

About Sangeet Natak Akademi

• It is the national level academy for performing arts set up by the Government of India.
• It was set up by the Indian education ministry on 31 May 1952 and became functional the following year, with the appointment of its first chairman, Dr. P. V. Rajamannar.
• Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, inaugurated it on 28 January 1953 in a special function held in the Parliament House.

Functions:

• The academy functions as the apex body of the performing arts in the country to preserve and promote the vast cultural heritage of India expressed in music, dance and drama.
• It also works with governments and art academies in states and union territories of the country. 

Awards and fellowships:

1. Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
2. Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Ratna Sadsya)
3. Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar
4. Tagore Ratna and Tagore Puraskar

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Why in the news?

The Kerala Kalamandalam, a deemed university for arts and culture, has unanimously lifted gender restrictions allowing boys for learning Mohiniyattam, a classical dance form.

About Mohiniyattam

PYQ:

2012: How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam dances?

1. Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues is found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.
2. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edges is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movements.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Practice MCQ:

Which of the following statements about Mohiniyattam is not true?

1. Mohiniyattam derives its name from “Mohini,” the female enchantress avatar of Vishnu, and “Aattam,” meaning rhythmic motion or dance in Malayalam.
2. Its roots can be traced back to the Natya Shastra, an ancient Hindu Sanskrit text on performance arts.
3. Mohiniyattam is characterized by the Tandava style, known for its vigorous movements.
4. Performances of Mohiniyattam typically include enactment of plays through dance, accompanied by singing and Carnatic music.

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In the news

• The Venice Biennale, revered as “the Olympics of the art world,” is set to unveil its 60th edition on April 20.
• Under the theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners Everywhere,” curated by Adriano Pedrosa, the exhibition will feature 333 artists from around the world.

What is the Venice Biennale?

• Inception: Proposed by Venice’s city government in 1893, the Biennale aimed to commemorate the silver jubilee of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Italy.
• Early Exhibitions: The inaugural exhibition in 1895 attracted over two lakh visitors, showcasing works by foreign and Italian artists without specific thematic constraints.

Structure of the Venice Biennale

• Central Pavilion: Serving as the focal point, the central pavilion hosts the main exhibition curated by the appointed curator, highlighting selected artworks.
• National Pavilions: Representing individual countries, these pavilions feature curated exhibitions managed by respective ministries of culture, with India having participated officially since 1954.
• Collateral Events: Independent exhibitions and events across Venice complement the Biennale, enriching the cultural landscape.

India’s Journey at the Venice Biennale

• Debut in 1954: India made its inaugural appearance with an exhibition organized by the Embassy of India in Rome, featuring eminent artists like M F Husain and Amrita Sher-Gil.
• Subsequent Engagements: Indian artists have participated in various editions, with official pavilions organized in 2011 and 2019, showcasing diverse artistic expressions.
• Continued Representation: In 2024, Indian artists will feature prominently in the central exhibition, alongside the Aravani Art Project, symbolizing India’s enduring presence on the global art stage.

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Central Idea

• Recently performers from Rajasthan showcased the Kalbeliya dance in Hyderabad.

What is Kalbeliya Dance?

• Kalbeliya Dance is a traditional Indian dance form that originated in the state of Rajasthan.
• It is a vibrant, energetic dance that is performed by members of the Kalbeliya, a nomadic tribe of snake charmers in Rajasthan.
• It is a highly sensuous dance, with the dancers performing intricate footwork and swaying movements of their arms and body.
• In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan were declared a part of its Intangible Heritage List by UNESCO.

Performance Details

• The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent.
• They wear an upper body cloth called an angrakhi and a headcloth known as the odhani; the lower body cloth is called a lehenga.
• All these clothes are of mixed red and black hues and embroidered.
• The male participants play musical instruments, such as the ‘pungi’, the dufli, been, the khanjari – a percussion instrument, morchang, khuralio and the dholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform.
• The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewellery and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads.
• As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so dances.

Features of the Kalbeliya Dance

• Rapid footwork: The fast, intricate footwork of the Kalbeliya dance is the highlight of this folk dance. The dancers move their feet in quick, sharp movements that form intricate patterns on the floor.
• Swirling skirts: The colorful skirts of the female dancers swirl gracefully as they move, adding to the beauty of the dance.
• Hand and arm movements: The dancers use their hands and arms to create graceful, fluid movements that are integral to the dance.
• Singing: Kalbeliya dancers often sing along to the music as they dance, adding to the atmosphere of the performance.

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In the news

• This newscard is an excerpt from an image published in today’s edition of TH.

About Theyyam

• Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic performance art form native to the northern region of Kerala.
• It is believed to have evolved over centuries, combining elements of music, dance, and drama to honor various Hindu deities, especially Goddess Kali.

Key Features

• Unique format: Theyyam performances take place at village shrines or in joint-family homes rather than on stages.
• Lengthy duration: Performances can span from 12 to 24 hours, reflecting their importance within the community.
• Ritual: The chief dancers live near the shrine during the entire event and do not eat after sunset.
• Masks and costumes: Various types of masks and face paints are used, characterized by vibrant colors.
• Musical accompaniment: Traditional Kerala instruments like chenda (drum), tuti (flute), kuzhal (wind instrument), and veekni (percussion instrument) support the dancers.
• Dance steps: Specific dance steps called “Kalaasams” follow a structured sequence.
• Religious influence: Certain aspects of Theyyam, such as abstaining from eating after sunset, indicate religious influences from Jainism and Buddhism.

Try this PYQ from CSP 2017:

Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements:

1. It is a song and dance performance.
2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1, 2 and 3

b) 1 and 3 only

c) 2 and 3 only

d) 1 only

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Why in the News?

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is spearheading efforts to secure UNESCO recognition for the annual ‘Paruveta’ Festival celebrated at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh.

About Paruveta Festival

• The festival takes place at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, attracting devotees from diverse backgrounds.
• Celebrated by people of all castes, the festival fosters communal harmony, with devotees from various religious communities, including Muslims, offering prayers to Lord Narasimha.
• Folklore narrates that Lord Vishnu married Chenchulakshmi, a tribal girl, in Ahobilam, strengthening ties between the deity and the local Chenchu tribe.
• Unlike other temples where Paruveta rituals occur during Vijayadasami or Sankranti, at Ahobilam, the festival celebration spans a ‘mandala’ of 40 days.
• Rituals:

• 1. The deity is ceremoniously taken to the 32 Chenchu tribal villages surrounding Ahobilam, signifying the community’s reverence.
  2. Chenchus demonstrate their protective devotion by symbolically aiming arrows at the deity’s palanquin.
  3. Chenchu devotees undertake ‘Narasimha Deeksha’, donning yellow robes and observing celibacy during the 40-day period.
  4. Temple staff reside in these hamlets, reflecting a historical casteless society devoid of untouchability.

UNESCO Criteria for Inclusion into the Cultural Heritage List:

• To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
• To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over some time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
• To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization that is living or which has disappeared;
• To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape that illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
• To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land use, or sea use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
• To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);

Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:

Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

a) Bhutia and Lepcha

b) Gond and Korku

c) lrula and Toda

d) Sahariya and Agariya

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Introduction

• People have started shopping ahead of Asia’s largest tribal festival, the Medaram Jatara. Devotees offer jaggery equivalent to their weight to the deities, Sammakka and Saralamma, during the festival.

About Medaram Jatara

Try this PYQ:

Consider the following pairs:

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) None of the above

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Introduction

• The recent discovery of a Deepastambham (lamp post) and other archaeological findings along the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana, sheds new light on early medieval trade ties in the region.

Lamp Post and its Structure

• Unique Findings: Archaeologists unearthed a 20-foot tall lamp post with inscription and a small flat-roofed structure near the Krishna river bank in Telangana.
• Rare Artefacts: Lamp posts are uncommon in the Deccan region but are prevalent in temple architecture along the west coast, highlighting the uniqueness of this discovery.
• Historical Context: The lamp post, dated back to June 1635, bears a multilingual inscription in Telugu mixed with Tamil, indicating its dedication to Kasi Viswanatha.
• Functional Significance: Due to its height, the lamp post likely served as a lighthouse along the riverine trade route, facilitating navigation and trade activities.

Significance of Inscriptions

• Historical Documentation: Inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic landscape of the region during the early medieval period.
• Cultural Connections: The presence of inscriptions suggests a connection between the local community and wider trade networks, enriching our understanding of historical trade routes.
• Hyderabad Connection: The village’s proximity to Hyderabad, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, suggests its significance in the regional trade network.
• European Accounts: References by European travellers, such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier, hint at the existence of riverine trade routes alongside land routes during the same period.

Continuity of Trade Routes

• Longstanding Trade Connections: The discovery of an eighth-century inscription from the Badami Chalukya era underscores the village’s role as a vital trade hub over millennia.
• Cultural Exchange: Trade routes facilitated not only economic transactions but also cultural exchanges, shaping the region’s diverse heritage.

Try this PYQ:

Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines on India? (CSP 2018)

(a) Francois Bernier

(b) Jean Baptiste Tavernier

(c) Jean de Thevenot

(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre

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Introduction

• The introduction of Kalaripayattu, a southern Indian martial arts form, into the Khelo India games in 2021 has led to its growing popularity among boys and girls in Haryana.

About Kalaripayattu

• Originates from ancient knowledge of the human body.
• Originated in Kerala during the 3rd century BC, lasting until the 2nd century AD; currently practiced in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Practiced in a ‘Kalari’, a term in Malayalam indicating a gymnasium or a symbolic battlefield.
• The term ‘Kalari’ appears in Tamil Sangam literature, denoting both a battlefield and a combat arena.
• Considered one of the oldest martial arts in the world.
• Known as the precursor to modern Kung Fu, often referred to as the “Father of Modern Kung Fu.”
• Integrates Hindu rituals and philosophies, alongside medicinal practices derived from Ayurveda.
• Incorporates elements from yoga and finger movements from Nata dances.

Weapons used:

Weapons are categorized into four groups:

• Cutting, Slicing, and Piercing: Swords and daggers.
• Pole Weapons: Spears and axes.
• Bludgeoning Instruments: Sticks and maces.
• Projectiles: Arrows, discuses, catapults, boomerangs, and other hand-thrown weapons.

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Introduction

• The Indian Constitution, renowned as the world’s lengthiest written Constitution, is not just a legal document but a treasure trove of artistic richness.
• It features intricate hand-painted images and elaborate borders across all its 22 parts, making it the most visually appealing Constitution globally.

Narrative Scheme of Paintings

• Historical Representation: The paintings within the Constitution depict various periods in Indian history, from the Indus Valley civilization to the freedom struggle. Additionally, scenes from the epic tales of Ramayana and Mahabharata are featured.
• Geographical Diversity: These illustrations also capture India’s diverse geography, from the desert with marching camels to the grandeur of the Himalayas.

The Appointment of Artists

• Selection of Nandalal Bose: Nandalal Bose, a renowned artist and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, was entrusted with the task of illustrating the Constitution in October 1949, just before the final session of the Constituent Assembly.
• Collaborative Effort: Bose collaborated with family members, students, and fellow artists, including Kripal Singh Shekhawat, A Perumal, and Direndrakrishna Deb Burman.
• Calligraphy: While the Constitution itself was handwritten by calligrapher Prem Behari Narain Raizada in a flowing italic style, the Hindi version’s calligraphy was masterfully crafted by Vasant Krishan Vaidya.

Notable Artistic Contributions

• Preamble and National Emblem: The Preamble page features intricate patterns sketched by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and bears his signature, while Dinanath Bhargava sketched the National Emblem, the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
• Payment for Artists: Records suggest that the artists who painted the historical scenes were paid Rs 25 for each page.

Ideation of Artwork

• No Direct Correlation: Nandalal Bose’s artwork in the Constitution does not have a direct correlation with the text, as he did not illustrate the content of the Constitution itself. Instead, he crafted a visual narrative of India’s history as he envisioned it.
• Changes and Adjustments: A preliminary plan was drawn up for the artwork, which underwent changes with additions and deletions. For instance, a scene featuring ‘portraits of Akbar and Shahjahan with Mughal architecture’ was replaced with an image of Akbar.

Borrowing from History and Religion

• Diverse Representations: The artwork includes depictions of the Bull Seal from the Indus Valley region, scenes from the lives of hermits and ascetics, Buddha in meditation, Mahavir, sculptures from Mahabalipuram, and the descent of the Ganga to Earth.
• Incorporating Epics: Scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana are featured in the artwork, symbolizing India’s rich mythological heritage.
• Homage to Tagore: Three landscapes within the Constitution pay tribute to Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and his composition of the National Anthem, celebrating India’s diverse geographical landscapes.

Celebrating Monarchs and Freedom Fighters

• Emperor Ashoka: Part VII features Emperor Ashoka seated on an elephant, propagating Buddhism.
• King Vikramaditya and Tipu Sultan: Part IX showcases a scene from King Vikramaditya’s court, while Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi shares the page with Tipu Sultan in Part XVI.
• Gandhi and Freedom Fighters: Mahatma Gandhi appears twice, leading the Dandi March and visiting Noakhali in Bangladesh. Subhas Chandra Bose is depicted saluting the flag with members of the Azad Hind Fauj.

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Introduction

• A politician was recently denied entry to Assam’s Batadrava Than for his political campaigning.

About Batadrava Than

• Location: Situated in Nagaon district, Batadrava Than, also known as Bordowa Than, holds deep significance for Assamese Vaishnavites.
• Birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva: It stands at the birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva (1449-1568), a revered Vaishnavite reformer-saint.
• Founder of Kirtan Ghar: Sankardeva established the first-ever Kirtan Ghar at Bordowa in 1494 AD, where he practiced and preached the neo Vaishnavite faith.

Sankardeva’s Philosophy

• Ek Saran Naam Dharma: Sankardeva’s philosophy centered on worship through bhakti (devotion) to Lord Krishna, emphasizing the singing and congregational listening of His name and deeds.
• Society Based on Equality: He advocated for a society free from caste distinctions, orthodox Brahmanical rituals, and sacrifices, promoting equality and fraternity.
• Devotion over Idol Worship: Sankardeva’s teachings favored prayer and chanting (naam) over idol worship.
• Four Components of Dharma: His dharma was founded on four components: deva (god), naam (prayers), bhakats (devotees), and guru (teacher).

Legacy of Sankardeva’s Movement

• Monastic Institutions: Sankardeva’s Neo-Vaishnavite reformist movement led to the establishment of monastic institutions known as Thans/Sattras across Assam.
• Religious, Social, and Cultural Reforms: These Thans/Sattras became centers for religious, social, and cultural reforms in the 16th century.
• “Worship Through Art” Approach: Today, the Sattras propagate Sankardeva’s unique approach of “worship through art” with music (borgeet), dance (xattriya), and theater (bhauna).
• Nucleus of Naamghar: Each Sattra has a naamghar (worship hall) as its nucleus and is led by an influential “Sattradhikar.”

Political Significance and Controversies

• Assamese Identity: Thans/Sattras are integral to Assamese identity, and Batadrava Than is frequently visited by politicians.
• Electoral Issue: The government has highlighted “land grabbing around Sattras by illegal settlers” as an electoral issue.
• Proposed Land Law: The CM has announced plans for a law preventing “non-indigenous people” from buying land within an eight-kilometer radius of Batadrava Than.
• Beautification Project: Home Minister Amit Shah launched a Rs 188 crore beautification project at Batadrava Than in 2021.

Also read:

Assam’s Sattras and their Political Significance

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Introduction

• The epic narrative of the Ramayana, cherished in India for millennia, has transcended its geographical boundaries to become a cherished tale worldwide.
• This enduring journey of the Ramayana highlights how the Indian diaspora, including traders, preachers, and indentured laborers, played a pivotal role in its global dissemination.

Ramayana’s Path across Asia

• The Ramayana embarked on its Asian voyage during the early centuries of the Common Era. It traversed three distinct routes:

1. Northern Route: From the regions of Punjab and Kashmir, the epic story ventured into China, Tibet, and East Turkestan overland.
2. Southern Route: Originating from Gujarat and South India, it sailed across seas to reach Java, Sumatra, and Malaya, making it a significant part of these cultures.
3. Eastern Route: Through the eastern overland route, the Ramayana entered Burma, Thailand, and Laos, reaching Vietnam and Cambodia via Java.

• This expansion was primarily attributed to Indian traders who embarked on their journeys for commerce, trading spices, gold, and aromatic wood.
• Many of these travelers eventually settled in these regions, contributing to the dissemination of Indian religion, culture, and philosophy.

Cultural Influence on Southeast Asia

• The Indian diaspora brought with them a profound influence on the native cultures of Southeast Asia.
• Brahmin priests, Buddhist monks, scholars, and adventurers played a crucial role in transmitting Indian traditions.
• Over time, the Ramayana became an integral part of these countries’ cultural fabric.

1. Thailand: The Ayutthaya kingdom drew inspiration from the Ramayana, with Ayutthaya itself resembling the mythical city of Ayodhya. The Ramayana remains Thailand’s national epic, profoundly influencing its culture and royalty.
2. Cambodia: The Angkor Wat temple complex, originally dedicated to Vishnu, features captivating murals narrating episodes from the Ramayana.

Contemporary Influence in Southeast Asia

• Even today, the Ramayana continues to hold a significant place in the cultures of Southeast Asian countries.
• Despite diverse dominant religions, ranging from Buddhism to Islam, the epic persists as a source of inspiration.

1. Thailand: The Ramakien, a Thai version of the Ramayana, is Thailand’s national epic, with rulers of the Chakri dynasty adopting names from the Ramayana.
2. Laos: The story of Phra Ram is considered the national epic, with unique interpretations reflecting Lao culture.

• Variations in these narratives often mirror local cultures and traditions, emphasizing the enduring appeal of the Ramayana across Southeast Asia.

Ramayana beyond Asia

• The 19th century witnessed another phase in the global dissemination of the Ramayana, propelled by the movement of indentured laborers, known as girmitiyas, from India to regions such as Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname.
• These laborers carried with them the cultural heritage of India, prominently featuring Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, an iconic religious text in North India.

Preservation amidst Adversity

• Girmitiya Migration: Indentured laborers, primarily from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, were sent abroad to work on plantations after the abolition of slavery.
• Preservation of Culture: Despite their modest means, the girmitiyas preserved their culture and religion. The Ramcharitmanas became a symbol of their homeland in an unfamiliar land.
• Cultural Sustenance: The Ramayana offered solace and nostalgia, fostering a sense of belonging and connection to their roots.

Conclusion

• Remarkable journey of the Ramayana from India’s heartland to distant shores underscores the enduring power of storytelling, culture, and tradition.
• Whether in the ancient temples of Southeast Asia or the hearts of indentured laborers in faraway lands, the Ramayana continues to inspire and resonate, bridging the geographical gaps of our diverse world.

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Introduction

• The upcoming inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya designed by Chandrakant Sompura and his son Ashish in the Nagara style of temple architecture has piqued interest in the rich architectural heritage of India.

Emergence of Nagara Architecture

• Historical Context: Nagara architecture originated in northern India during the late Gupta period, around the 5th century CE.
• Contrasting Styles: It stands in contrast to the Dravida style prevalent in southern India, both evolving around the same period.

“Languages” of Architecture

• Debating Terminology: While commonly referred to as “styles,” Nagara and Dravida are more accurately described as “languages” of temple architecture.
• Architectural Vocabulary: Each language provides a unique vocabulary and a set of rules for assembling architectural elements.

Distinctive Features of Nagara Temples

• Raised Plinth: Nagara temples are built on elevated plinths, with the sanctum sanctorum (garbha griha) as the most sacred part.
• Towering Shikhara: The shikhara, or tower, is the hallmark of Nagara temples and symbolizes the natural and cosmological order in Hindu tradition.
• Circumambulatory Passage: A path encircles the garbha griha, allowing devotees to circumambulate the inner sanctum.
• Mandapas and Ornamentation: Nagara temples often feature multiple halls (mandapas) and intricate murals and reliefs on their walls.

Modes of Nagara Architecture

• Five Modes: Nagara architecture has evolved over time, leading to five distinctive modes: Valabhi, Phamsana, Latina, Shekhari, and Bhumija.
• Early Nagara Style: Valabhi and Phamsana are associated with the early Nagara style, resembling barrel-roofed structures and multi-eave towers.
• Dominance of Latina: Latina, a single curved tower with equal sides, reigned supreme for three centuries starting in the 7th century.
• Later Developments: Shekhari introduced attached sub-spires, while Bhumija featured miniature spires in horizontal and vertical rows, creating a grid-like effect.

Diversity within Modes

• Simplified Classifications: These modes are scholastic classifications, and actual temple architects didn’t consciously adhere to a particular mode.
• Variation Abounds: Temples often exhibit variations within these modes, with multiple shikharas atop a single structure.

Contrasting Dravida Architecture

• Vimana vs. Gopuram: In Dravida style temples, the vimana (tower) is smaller than the prominent gopurams (gatehouses).
• Boundary Walls: Dravida temples often feature boundary walls, a unique feature not commonly seen in Nagara style temple complexes.
• Ayodhya’s Unique Blend: Ayodhya’s Ram temple combines elements of both styles, featuring a boundary wall but not elaborate gopurams.

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Introduction

• Ahead of a general elections rally, a politician has paid a visit to the Sri Sri Auniati Satra, a 350-year-old Vaishnavite monastery located in Assam’s Majuli district.
• These Sattras, rooted in the Neo-Vaishnavite reformist movement, play a crucial role in Assamese culture, encompassing religious, social, and cultural aspects.

Spread of Sattras

• Founding: Srimanta Sankaradeva established the first Satra in 1494 in Bardowa, his native village in Nagaon district.
• Expansion: As Sankaradeva preached, Satras were established across the Brahmaputra Valley, including Coochbehar in West Bengal.
• Current Count: There are nearly 900 Satras today, with significant ones located in Majuli island, Barpeta, Nagaon, and Dhubri.

Composition of a Sattra

• Central Worship Hall: Each Sattra has a central worship hall known as “naamghar,” which serves as its nucleus.
• Sattradhikar: A Sattra is headed by an influential leader known as the “Sattradhikar.”
• Bhakats: Monks, referred to as bhakats, are initiated into Sattras at a young age, and their celibacy status varies depending on the Sattra they belong to.

Diverse Sattra Denominations

• Samhatis: Satras fall into four major Samhatis or denominations: Brahma-samhati, Kal-samhati, Nika-samhati, and Purush-samhati.
• Brahma-samhati: Exclusively led by Satradhikars from Brahmin families.
• Celibate Monks: Some Satras, like Dakhinpaat, Auni-ati, Bhogpur, Uttar Kamalabari, and Natun Kamalabari, practice celibacy.
• Varied Succession: Smaller Satras, often family-run, pass leadership from father to son, with monks not necessarily observing celibacy.

Legacy of Srimanta Sankaradeva

• Neo-Vaishnavite Reform: Sattras are monastic institutions that trace their origins to the 16th-century Neo-Vaishnavite reformist movement initiated by Saint-Reformer Srimanta Sankaradeva.
• Spreading Teachings: As Sankaradeva traveled across Assam, his teachings aimed at fostering an egalitarian society, and the establishment of Sattras or Thans played a pivotal role in realizing this vision.
• Cultural and Religious Centers: These institutions are the heart of Assamese culture and serve as centers for religious, social, and cultural reforms.
• Worship Through Art: Sattras propagate Sankardeva’s unique approach of “worship through art” through practices like music (borgeet), dance (sattriya), and theatre (bhauna).

Sankardeva’s Philosphy: Eka-sharana-naam-dhrama

• Bhakti Form: Sankardeva promoted a form of Bhakti known as “eka-sharana-naam-dhrama.”
• Equality and Fraternity: His teachings aimed at establishing a society characterized by equality and fraternity, free from caste distinctions, orthodox rituals, and sacrifices.
• Focus on Prayer and Chanting: Sankardeva’s dharma emphasized prayer and chanting (naam) instead of traditional idol worship.

Sattras and Their Relationship with the State

• Historical Patronage: During the Ahom reign, Sattras received significant donations in the form of land and money from the kings.
• Self-Sufficiency: Unlike temples, Sattras were self-sufficient, producing their own food and sustaining themselves.
• Contemporary Support: In contemporary times, Sattras receive annual grants from both state and central governments, often associated with political motives.

Political Influence of Sattras

• Influence in Elections: While Sattra votes may not be the sole determinant of election outcomes, Sattras and Sattradhikars wield substantial influence.
• Sattra-Based Constituencies: Several constituencies in Assam, like Nagaon, Kaliabor, Majuli, Barpeta, Bartadadrva, have a significant Sattra presence.
• Family Ties: Many Assamese families maintain close ties with one Sattra or another.
• Political Visits: Politicians from various parties frequently visit Sattras, recognizing their importance in the political landscape.

Conclusion

• Sattras, deeply rooted in Assam’s cultural and religious heritage, represent the teachings of Srimanta Sankaradeva and his vision of an egalitarian society.
• These institutions continue to exert political influence in Assam, particularly in Sattra-based constituencies, making them a significant force in the state’s political landscape.

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Introduction

• Thiruvalluvar, an eminent figure in Tamil culture, has recently stirred controversy over the representation of his image and attire by TN Governor and the CM.

About Thiruvalluvar Day

• Thiruvalluvar Day is usually celebrated either on the 15th or 16th of January in the state of Tamil Nadu.
• The day is quite similar to Raksha Bandhan where women pray for the well-being of their brothers.
• The women perform the rituals in the morning. Rice is put at the centre of a leaf as a part of the ritual while the women ask for the well-being of their brothers.
• This is followed by an Arati and turmeric water is sprinkled on the “kolam”.

Who was Thiruvalluvar?

• Thiruvalluvar, also known as Valluvar, is a revered Tamil poet-saint who holds a special place in the hearts of Tamils, transcending caste and religious boundaries.
• The exact period during which he lived and his religious affiliation remain subjects of debate.
• Some place him in the third or fourth century, while others date him to the eighth or ninth century.
• His religious identity varies, with some considering him a Hindu, some associating him with Jainism, and Dravidian groups regarding him as a saint due to his rejection of the caste system.
• Thirukkural, his principal work, consists of 1330 couplets (kurals) and is categorized into three parts, offering teachings on dharma (virtue), artha (wealth), and kama (love).

Significance of Robes

• Political Influence: Depictions of Thiruvalluvar, including his attire, have been molded by various political groups over time, despite limited historical information.
• Scholar Insights: Scholars suggest that Thiruvalluvar’s affiliation was likely Jain, not Hindu or Dravidian. His appearance, including white robes, is a relatively recent interpretation.
• Disputed Symbolism: The controversy surrounding the color of Thiruvalluvar’s robes stems from differing political agendas and interpretations of his verses.

Thiruvalluvar’s Relevance Today

• Archaeological Discoveries: Recent excavations at Keeladi near Madurai have pushed the history of Tamilagam (Sangam Era) back by at least 300 years, bolstering Dravidian historians’ assertions of their ancient heritage.
• Keeladi Context: The Keeladi findings have ignited debates between supporters of Hindutva and those upholding the Dravidian perspective. While no Hindu idols were found at Keeladi, interpretations vary on the presence of ‘Hindu’ elements.

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Introduction

• In a bid to elevate the spiritual experience of devotees and bolster the infrastructure for pilgrims, the Odisha government is all set to inaugurate the grand Shree Mandira Parikrama project.

What is Shree Mandira Parikrama Project?

• This Rs 800-crore heritage corridor, encircling the iconic Jagannath Temple in Puri, is a pivotal part of a broader initiative aimed at rejuvenating this holy city.
• It entails the creation of a 75-meter corridor that encircles the revered Jagannath Temple complex.
• This designed corridor aims to provide pilgrims with a “visual connect” to the temple, enriching their spiritual journey.

About Jagannath Puri Temple

• The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
• The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
• The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.

Its architecture

• With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
• The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
• This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
• Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

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Introduction

• The four Shankaracharyas’ decision to abstain from the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22 has raised questions and garnered attention.
• To understand this decision and the significance of Shankaracharyas, it’s crucial to delve into the context and explore the life of Adi Shankara, a pivotal figure in Hinduism.

Who are the Shankaracharyas?

• Religious Leaders: Shankaracharya, meaning ‘teacher of the way of Shankara,’ is a title held by the heads of four cardinal mathas or peeths, believed to be established by Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
• Legacy of Adi Shankara: These religious teachers are said to belong to a lineage dating back to Adi Shankara, a revered scholar and philosopher.
• Historical Context: The existence of these mathas before the 14th century CE is disputed, with evidence suggesting retrospective establishment to legitimize these centers of knowledge and learning.

Adi Shankaracharya: A Brief Overview

• Adi Shankaracharya was a prominent Indian philosopher and theologian, often referred to as Sankara (Jagatguru). He was a staunch advocate of ancient Hinduism.
• His birthplace Kaladi in Ernakulam, Kerala, is poised to be declared a national monument.
• He received guidance from his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, under whom he diligently studied texts like ‘Gaudapadiya Karika,’ ‘Brahmasutra,’ Vedas, and Upanishads.
• Shankara propagated the philosophies of ‘Advaita Vedanta’ and ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ earning him the title ‘Shankaracharya’ among his disciples.

His Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta

• Non-Dualism: Shankaracharya’s philosophy, known as ‘Advaita Vedanta,’ espouses non-dualism.
• Ultimate Reality: It asserts that the world exists due to the creative energy (Maya) of Brahman, the ultimate, transcendent, and immanent God of the later Vedas.
• Identity of Self: In Advaita Vedanta, the transcendental self of the universe (Atman) and the experiencing self (Jiva) are both identical in truth – both are Brahman. However, the individual self appears different, akin to space inside a container seeming distinct from space as a whole.
• Overcoming Error: Mistakes and ignorance lead to a plurality (Avidya), but understanding Brahman eliminates these errors, resulting in liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and worldly servitude.

Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya

Shankaracharya’s four closest disciples played pivotal roles in propagating his teachings:

1. Padmapada: Known for his deep devotion and poetry.
2. Totakacharya: Devoted to Shankaracharya’s mission and revered for his poetry “Totakashtakam.”
3. Hasta Malaka: A child prodigy who astounded Shankaracharya with his understanding of Advaita philosophy.
4. Sureshwara: Initially a householder, he became a disciple after losing a philosophical debate to Shankaracharya.

Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya

• Shankaracharya introduced the ‘Shanmata’ system, which emphasized worship of the five principal deities and restored the Dashanami structure.
• He composed numerous devotional and meditative hymns and authored key texts on Advaita Vedanta, including commentaries on major scriptures.
• Adi Shankaracharya revitalized Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from Jainism and Buddhism, promoting unity and re-establishing traditions.
• He established four monastic institutions (Mathas) in different corners of India, unifying the nation and codifying leadership roles:

1. Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetam in Chikmaglur in Karnataka
2. Jyotir Matha in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand
3. Kalika Matha in Dwarka in Gujarat
4. Govardhana Matha in Puri in Odisha

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Introduction

• The Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF), entrusted with the construction of the mosque in Ayodhya, is embarking on a renewed effort to fund and develop the project.
• The project’s scope has expanded significantly, with plans to build one of India’s largest mosques and other unique features, making it distinct from its initial design.

Ayodhya Grand Mosque

• From Modest to Grand: The original plan, conceived by Prof. S.M. Akhtar, included a hospital, community kitchen, library, and research center. However, the new vision aims to create one of India’s grandest mosques, surpassing the Taj Mahal in grandeur.
• Redesigned Architecture: The earlier design was deemed inadequate for a mosque, and a new design by Pune-based architect Imran Shaikh will be revealed soon.
• Five Minars: The Ayodhya mosque will boast five minarets, a distinctive feature among Indian mosques.
• Water-and-Light Show: Plans include synchronizing water displays with prayer times and automated lighting that mimics sunset and sunrise.
• Giant Fish Aquarium: A massive fish aquarium, larger than Dubai’s, will be added to attract youth and visitors.

Project Background

• Land Allocation: The mosque project was allocated a five-acre plot in Dhannipur, Ayodhya, in February 2020, following the Supreme Court’s decision allowing the construction of both the temple and mosque.
• Cultural Significance: The mosque construction aims to promote harmony and cultural exchange, paralleling the construction of the Ram temple nearby.

Path to Construction

• Commencement Date: Construction is anticipated to begin in the second half of 2024, following the holy month of Ramzan.
• Symbolic Brick: A brick inscribed with Quranic verses will travel to prominent dargahs in India and Madina, Saudi Arabia, before being placed at the construction site.
• Media Campaign: Special songs and videos related to the mosque are being produced, featuring notable artists and voices to generate awareness.

Fundraising Approach

• Digital Fundraising: Instead of door-to-door fundraising, IICF plans to launch a website with QR codes for easy and convenient donations, aiming to replicate the success of the Ram temple fundraising campaign.
• Broad Appeal: The goal is for Ayodhya to become a symbol of cultural diversity and coexistence, attracting visitors to both the temple and mosque.

Conclusion

• The Ayodhya mosque project is undergoing a significant transformation, evolving into a grand and iconic structure.
• With a focus on architectural magnificence, innovative features, and a modern fundraising approach, the mosque aims to contribute to Ayodhya’s cultural richness and serve as a symbol of unity and harmony.

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Introduction

• The Defence Ministry’s proposal for a rollover plan for States and UTs to showcase their tableaux at the Republic Day parade comes amid ongoing controversies and complaints from various states.
• The plan aims to ensure that every State and UT gets an opportunity to participate within a three-year cycle, addressing the issue of limited slots (approximately 15) available each year.

Selection Process for Republic Day Tableaux

• Participants: State Governments/UT Administrations/Central Ministries/Departments are eligible to send tableaux.
• Application Process: Interested parties submit a concept note and design blueprints to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) by a specified deadline.
• Expert Committee Evaluation: The MoD appoints a committee of experts in art, culture, and related fields to evaluate the proposals in two stages:

• 1. Stage 1: Initial assessment of proposals and design sketches, with possible rejections or suggestions for modifications.
  2. Stage 2: Evaluation of three-dimensional models, leading to final selection or further modifications.

Criteria for Selection

• Factors Considered: Visual appeal, thematic relevance, detailing, accompanying music, use of local artists, and adherence to the year’s overarching theme.
• 2024 Theme: “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat: Loktantra ki Matrika” (India: the Mother of Democracy).
• Guidelines: The MoD specifies guidelines, including the use of young designers, electronic displays, robotics, 3D printing, augmented/virtual reality, and eco-friendly materials. Conformity to these guidelines is encouraged.

Controversies and Rejections

• Opposition-Ruled States’ Concerns: States like Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal have expressed dissatisfaction over their tableaux being rejected.
• Centre’s Stance: The Centre has maintained its decision without providing specific reasons for rejection.
• Possible Reasons for Rejection: Misalignment with the broader theme, as suggested by MoD sources regarding Punjab and West Bengal’s proposals.
• Political Allegations: A politician claimed that the Delhi government’s exclusion lacked justification, intending to showcase the state’s governance model.

Conclusion

• Navigating Challenges: The new rollover plan and selection process aim to balance equitable state representation with adherence to thematic and aesthetic guidelines.
• Addressing Discontent: While the plan seeks to mitigate annual complaints, it also raises questions about transparency and political considerations in the selection process.
• Future Prospects: Ensuring a transparent, inclusive, and theme-compliant selection process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and celebratory spirit of the Republic Day parade.

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Introduction

• The Karnataka High Court has allowed the century-old Kateel Durgaparameshwari Prasadita Yakshagana Mandali to resume all-night shows, adhering to noise pollution norms.

About Kateel Yakshagana Mela

• It refers to a traditional form of theater performance known as Yakshagana, which is predominantly found in the state of Karnataka, India.
• Specifically, “Kateel” refers to the town of Kateel in Karnataka, which is known for its own unique troupes or ‘Melas’ performing this art form.
• It includes stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
• They are usually performed on open-air stages at night and can last up to several hours.

Back2Basics:  Yakshagana

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Introduction

• The 14^th Chandubi Festival was recently held near the Chandubi Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district from January 1 to January 5.

About Chandubi Festival

• The Chandubi Festival happens every year for five days, starting on New Year’s Day, by the Chandubi Lake in Assam.
• Chandubi Lake was formed by a earthquake in 1897.
• The name “Chandubi” comes from “Chand” meaning “five” and “Dubi” meaning “sinking” in the Khasi language.
• At the festival, one can enjoy local culture, try ethnic food, see handcrafted clothes, and go boating.
• The festival’s main goal is to encourage eco-tourism and protect the lake, which has been losing water.
• Preserving the lake and helping the tribes like Rabhas, Garos, Gorkhas, and tea tribes are reasons for holding the festival.

Course of events

• During the festival, many attractive ethnic sports competitions were organized by the festival celebration committee which includes the Baghbol competition, Chagalchari competition, Khutikhel, Lewatana etc.
• Performances of different tribe’s folk dances are held including Garo, Boro, Hajpong, Bihu, Rabha and many others.

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Introduction

• The Prime Minister paid homage to the courage and sacrifice of the Sahibzade, the sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru.
• This day, announced on January 9, 2022, commemorates the martyrdom of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh.

Veer Bal Divas: A Day of Remembrance

• Inception: Veer Bal Divas was established to honor the young Sahibzade who were martyred at the ages of 6 and 9.
• Guru Gobind Singh’s Legacy: Guru Gobind Singh, as the tenth Guru of Sikhs and founder of the Khalsa, holds a significant place in Sikh history.

The Legend of the Sahibzades

• Meaning of Sahibzada: In Punjabi, “Sahibzada” means “son,” referring to the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh.
• Sacrificial Week: The week from December 21 to 27 is observed in memory of the Sahibzades’ sacrifices for Sikhism and Hinduism.
• Martyrdom for Faith: The Sahibzades, Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh, Zorawar Singh, and Fateh Singh, were martyred defending their faith against forced conversion.

Backstory of Their Martyrdom

• Khalsa Panth and Anandpur Sahib: After establishing the Khalsa Panth, Guru Gobind Singh left Anandpur Sahib with his family in December 1704 amidst Aurangzeb’s invasion.
• Capture and Martyrdom: The younger Sahibzades were captured by Subedar Wazir Khan of Sirhind and faced pressure for religious conversion, leading to their tragic martyrdom.
• Elder Sahibzades’ Sacrifice: The elder Sahibzades, Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, were martyred in the battle of Chamkaur in 1705.

Implications and Historical Impact

• Guru Gobind Singh’s Response: Upon learning of their martyrdom, Guru Gobind Singh wrote the ‘Zafarnama’ to Aurangzeb, declaring the Khalsa’s readiness to challenge his empire.
• Baba Banda Singh Bahadur’s Revenge: He avenged the Sahibzades’ martyrdom, punishing Wazir Khan and establishing Sikh dominance in the region.
• Emergence of the Sikh Empire: This sacrifice paved the way for the later establishment of a vast Sikh empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Significance in Indian History

• A Watershed Moment: The martyrdom of the Sahibzades is a pivotal event in Indian history, remembered with both respect and sorrow.
• Legacy in Sikh Tradition: The Sahibzades’ names are honored in the Sikh Ardas, symbolizing their enduring legacy in Sikh faith and history.

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Central Idea

• In Goa, August marks the formation of new rice grains, celebrated through the festival of Konsachem.

Konsachem Festival and Its Traditions

• Background: Konsachem, observed by Goan Hindus and Catholics, honors the new rice grains, known as konxeo in Konkani.
• Shared Rituals: The first harvested rice sheaves are taken for blessings – to deities by Hindus and to saints by Catholics.
• Catholic Celebrations: For Goan Catholics, the festival peaks on August 24, the Feast Day of St. Bartholomew, one of Jesus Christ’s 12 Apostles.
• Observances: The celebration includes a procession, ritual cutting of grain, and a thanksgiving mass, with offerings made to St. Bartholomew.

Bartholomew’s Legacy and Christian Faith in India

• Missionary Journey: Bartholomew is believed to have landed in Kallianpur and preached along the Konkan coast, reaching as far as Karachi.
• Lesser-Known Apostles: While St. Thomas’s mission in Kerala and Tamil Nadu is well-documented, St. Bartholomew’s contributions in India are less known but significant.
• Martyrdom and Influence: He is revered for his martyrdom in Azerbaijan and his role in the Christianization of Armenia and Georgia.
• Pre-Portuguese Christian Origins: Research by scholars underscores Christianity’s roots in India dating back to the Apostles, reinforcing its integral place in Indian faith traditions.

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Central Idea

• A political leader is set to attend a 10-day Vipassana meditation retreat in Punjab, skipping a summons by the Enforcement Directorate.

About Vipassana

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Central Idea

• PM paid homage to Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, on his martyrdom day, highlighting his bravery, moral integrity, and teachings that foster unity and peace.
• His sacrifice, especially his defence of Kashmiri Pandits against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s forced religious conversions in the 17th century, stands as a pivotal moment in Indian history.

Guru Teg Bahadur’s Life and Contributions

• Extensive Travels: Guru Teg Bahadur, born on April 1, 1621, was known for his extensive travels across India, akin to Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism.
• Reviving Sikh Centers: His journeys were instrumental in revitalizing Sikh centers beyond Punjab, setting the stage for the formation of the Khalsa by his son, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1699.
• Poetic Legacy: A prolific poet, Guru Teg Bahadur’s hymns are an integral part of the Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism.
• Founder of Anandpur Sahib: He founded Anandpur Sahib in 1665, a city of great religious and historical significance for Sikhs.

Execution by Aurangzeb

• Protection of Kashmiri Pandits: In 1675, Kashmiri Pandits approached Guru Teg Bahadur for protection against Aurangzeb’s religious persecution.
• Arrest and Martyrdom: Guru Teg Bahadur was arrested and later executed in Delhi on November 24, 1675, in Chandni Chowk, for refusing to convert to Islam and standing up for religious freedom.
• Memorials in Delhi: Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib marks the place of his execution, and Gurudwara Rakab Ganj Sahib commemorates the site where his body was cremated.

Try this PYQ:

Q.Consider the following Bhakti Saints:

1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3

(d) 1 and 2

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Central Idea

• Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has secured legal rights for the unique artistic representation of Gandabherunda Art as symbol of their corporate identity.

About Gandabherunda Art

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Central Idea

• Garba, a traditional dance form from Gujarat, was included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
• This recognition makes Garba the 15th cultural item from India to be featured on the UNESCO list, following Kolkata’s Durga Puja, which was added two years ago.

About Garba

• What is it? Garba is a traditional dance form from Gujarat, India, primarily performed during the Navratri festival to worship the Hindu goddess Durga.
• Origins and Meaning: The term “Garba” comes from “Garbha” (womb) and “Deep” (lamp). The dance is performed around a central lamp or a representation of the Goddess, symbolizing life, death, and rebirth.
• Dance Style: Garba is characterized by energetic, circular movements, clapping hands, and intricate footwork, reflecting the cyclical nature of life.
• Music and Instruments: The dance is accompanied by rhythmic music, traditionally using instruments like the dhol (drum), harmonium, and flute, with modern adaptations including electronic instruments.
• Traditional Attire: Women wear a chaniya choli (a colorful, embroidered skirt set) and men don a kediyu and dhoti or pajama, often embellished with mirrors and embroidery.
• Dandiya Raas Association: Garba is often followed by Dandiya Raas, another dance form using sticks (dandiyas), especially after the Aarti (worship ritual).
• Inclusivity and Community Aspect: The dance is inclusive, attracting people of all ages and backgrounds, and emphasizing community participation.

About UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)

• ICH means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated with them that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as a part of their cultural heritage.
• Furthermore, its importance is not in the cultural manifestation itself, but in the wealth of knowledge, know-how and skills that are transmitted from one generation to the next.
• The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003 was a crucial step towards preserving intangible heritage.
• UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established in the year 2008.

Criteria for the selection

• There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list.
• The entity must-

1. be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,
2. be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
3. provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity

India’s ICH on the UNESCO list

• Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.
• ICG from India include Kolkata’s Durga Puja (2021), Kumbh Mela (2017), Navroz (2016), Yoga (2016), traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014), Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013), and the Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
• Before 2011, the list included Chhau dance, Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan, and Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010), Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009), and Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre, and Vedic chanting (2008).
• Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.

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Central Idea

• The Centre announced the schedule for second phase of the Kashi Tamil Sangamam from December 17 to 30.

Kashi Tamil Sangamam

• Kashi Tamil Sangamam celebrates the historical and cultural ties between North and South India.
• It is managed by IIT Madras and BHU (Banaras Hindu University).
• Its main goal is to bring together the knowledge and cultural traditions of North and South India, helping people understand our shared history and strengthen connections between these regions.
• The Ministry of Education organizes this event with help from other ministries like Culture, Textiles, Railways, Tourism, Food Processing, Information & Broadcasting, and the Uttar Pradesh Government.
• This effort aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, which focuses on combining traditional Indian knowledge with modern knowledge systems.

Cultural Significance

• In the 15th century, King Parakrama Pandya from the Madurai area wanted to build a Lord Shiva temple, so he went to Kashi (Uttar Pradesh) to get a lingam.
• On his way back, he rested under a tree, but the cow carrying the lingam wouldn’t move when he tried to continue his journey.
• Parakrama Pandya took this as a divine sign and set up the lingam there, in what is now known as Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.
• The Pandyas built the Kasi Viswanathar Temple in present-day Tenkasi, southwestern Tamil Nadu, near the Kerala border, for those who couldn’t travel to Kashi.

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Central Idea

• Guru Nanak Jayanti commemorates the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism and the first of its ten Gurus.
• It is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Kartik Poornima, the full-moon day in the month of Katak (October–November).

Five Key Aspects of Guru Nanak’s Life

[1] Early Life and Philosophical Inclination:

• Born on April 15, 1469, in a Hindu family in Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan).
• Displayed an early interest in philosophical and spiritual questions.
• Worked as an accountant before embarking on a spiritual journey with a Muslim minstrel, Mardana.

[2] Mystical Experience at Age 30:

• Had a transformative spiritual experience during an early morning ablution by a river.
• Received a divine mission to spread a message of unity and devotion.
• Emerged after three days with the profound declaration, “There is no Hindu, there is no Mussalman.”

[3] Extensive Travels and Interfaith Dialogue:

• Traveled widely, including to Sri Lanka, Baghdad, and Mecca, on journeys called ‘udaasis’.
• Engaged with various religious figures, including Hindu pandits and Sufi saints.
• Advocated for the oneness of God and universal brotherhood.

[4] Preaching the Oneness of God:

• Emphasized the unity of humanity and the presence of one God in all.
• Challenged religious orthodoxy and rituals, promoting a direct connection with the divine.
• His teachings laid the foundation for Sikhism, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds.
• His teachings and hymns are compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism.
• He wrote in Punjabi, using a script known as Gurmukhi.

[5] Succession and Legacy:

• Spent his final years in Kartarpur, establishing a community with daily prayers and hymns.
• Introduced the practice of ‘langar’, a communal kitchen serving free meals.
• Chose Lehna (later Guru Angad) as his successor, bypassing his own sons.
• Passed away on September 22, 1539, leaving behind a legacy of spiritual and social reform.

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Central Idea

• This article explores materialism’s origins, its various cultural names, and its ethical implications.

Introduction to Materialism

• Philosophy as a Life Theory: Known as ‘Darshan’ in Sanskrit, philosophy seeks to explain the universe and guide human actions with a comprehensive worldview.
• Materialism – Bhautikvad: This perspective, called ‘Bhautikvad’ in Sanskrit, views everything as fundamentally material, dismissing the supernatural and valuing empirical observation and perception for knowledge.

Origins of Materialism

• Ancient Beginnings: Materialism has deep roots and appears in different forms across cultures.
• Indian Lokāyata: In India, materialism, known as Lokāyata, was championed by thinkers like Brhaspati, Ajita, and Jābāli. It focused on the physical world, rejecting theism.
• Greek Atomism: Greek philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus adopted materialism, with Democritus introducing the idea of atoms as reality’s basic elements.

Materialism’s Names in India

• Lokāyata: Meaning ‘worldly philosophy’, it emphasizes worldly objects and entities.
• Chárváka: From ‘charv’, meaning ‘to chew’, it highlights materialism’s hedonic aspects.
• Bhautikvad: From ‘Bhautika’, meaning ‘physical or material’, it underscores the importance of materiality.
• Jadavāda: Focuses on the ‘jada’ or essence of existence.
• Dehātmavāda: Highlights the unity of the self (‘atman’) with the body (‘deha’).

Materialist Ontology

• Perception as Knowledge Basis: Materialists view perception as the cornerstone of knowledge.
• Use of Inference: Contrary to some beliefs, materialists did employ logical inference based on perceptual evidence.
• Disregarding Divine Agency: They dismissed the idea of divine providence and supernatural realms, focusing on the human world.

Ethics of Materialism

• Emphasis on Pleasure: Materialism is often linked with enjoying life’s pleasures.
• Living in the Present: The principle “yāvat jīvēt sukham jīvēt” advocates for a fulfilling present life.
• Human-Created Values: Materialists view values as human constructs, independent of divine morality.
• Action and Responsibility: They stress the impact of one’s actions on themselves and the world, highlighting ethical conduct.

Materialist Views on Heaven and Hell

• Earthly Heaven and Hell: Materialists redefined heaven and hell in worldly terms.
• Heaven as Earthly Enjoyment: Heaven was perceived as enjoying life’s luxuries, akin to the gods’ enjoyment in mythological heavens.
• Hell as Earthly Suffering: Hell was seen as earthly suffering, like diseases and hunger.

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Central Idea

• An animation film on an iconic Ahom general Lachit Borphukan has been selected for the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) 2023 to be held in Goa.

Lachit Borphukan

• Lachit Borphukan was a legendary military commander from the northeastern region of India, specifically from the state of Assam. Here are some facts related to him:

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-ips-officer-directed-animation-film-chosen-for-iffi-2023/article67550668.ece

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Central Idea

• N. Goswamy, a Padma Bhushan recipient and former IAS officer, left an indelible mark on the realm of Indian miniature paintings.
• His groundbreaking work in the field uncovered the rich history and family lineages of artists who contributed significantly to this intricate art form.

Indian Miniature Painting: A Rich Tradition

• Characteristics: Indian miniature painting is known for its intricate, highly detailed artwork on a small scale. It features vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and elaborate detailing.
• Historical Roots: The tradition traces its origins to the Buddhist Pala dynasty, which ruled Bengal and Bihar from the 8th to the 11th century. Initially, these paintings illustrated religious texts on Buddhism and Jainism and were crafted on palm leaves.
• Mughal Era: The art form flourished with the rise of the Mughal Empire in the early 1500s, becoming synonymous with sophistication and elegance. Mughal miniatures, often no larger than a few square inches, depicted bright and accurate paintings used for illustrating manuscripts and art books.
• Post-Mughal Period: With the decline of the Mughal Empire during Aurangzeb’s reign, skilled miniaturists migrated to regions like Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Tehri-Garhwal, and the plains of Punjab, giving birth to the Pahari painting tradition. Deccan painting, influenced by European, Iranian, and Turkish styles, also emerged in the Deccan region between the 16th and 19th centuries.

B.N. Goswamy’s Contributions

• Family-Centric Approach: In his 1968 article on Pahari painting, Goswamy revealed that the style of these paintings depended not on the region but on the family of painters. He emphasized the role of family networks in shaping artistic styles.
• Reconstructing Family Networks: Goswamy embarked on a mission to reconstruct the family networks of renowned Indian miniature painters. Notable examples include Pandit Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku, who dominated the Pahari painting scene. Goswamy used a blend of detective work and intuition, leveraging inscriptions on the back of miniatures and 18th-century pilgrim records from Haridwar.
• Expanding Research Scope: Over time, Goswamy broadened his research to encompass various regions across northern to southern India. His work resembled that of Bernard Berenson, who unearthed historical bills of exchange to attribute anonymous canvases.

Back2Basics: Miniature Paintings in India

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Central Idea

• Gwalior and Kozhikode from India are among the 55 new cities which have joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.
• Earlier, Srinagar was designated the creative city in the field of Crafts and Folk Arts.

Inclusion in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network

[A] Gwalior’s Musical Heritage

• Category: Gwalior, located in Madhya Pradesh, earned its spot in the ‘Music’ category, showcasing its rich musical heritage.
• Cultural Significance: Gwalior, home to the Gwalior Gharana and synonymous with musicians like Baiju Bawra and Tansen was acknowledged for being a popular destination for learning Indian classical music from musicians in the Guru-Shishya Parampara.

[B] Kozhikode’s Literary Excellence

• Category: Kozhikode, situated in Kerala, made its mark in the ‘Literature’ category, highlighting its literary achievements.
• Literary Legacy: Kozhikode carried the distinction of of being home to over 500 libraries.

About UNESCO Creative Cities Network

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Central Idea

• Kathaprasangam began as a medium to narrate stories of oppression, untouchability, and human resilience.
• Today, it finds a place of relevance and renewal in the digital age, captivating audiences, both young and old.

Kathaprasangam

• Kathaprasangam is a stage art form of Kerala, which was popular in the mid-twentieth century.
• Kathaprasangam owes its inception to Kumaranasan (1873-1924), a Malayalam poet who aimed to educate and inspire underprivileged sections of society.
• He sought to propagate the principles of Sree Narayana Guru and his poems.
• It started a century ago, touching on themes of oppression, untouchability, and human triumphs.
• It uses a blend of prose and song, accompanied by a harmonium and tabla, to retell stories.
• Young performers compete in this art form, earning marks that influence their promotions.
• It is celebrated for its ability to communicate with urgency and directness, addressing societal issues.

Relevance in Modern Context

• Kathaprasangam, born out of the fight against casteism and superstitions, holds even more significance today as religious identities are asserted with violence, posing a threat to societal harmony.
• While newer forms of entertainment have gained popularity, they still attract young audiences eager to learn and share stories using new media platforms.

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Central Idea

• Seethakali folk dance of Kerala has been fading from the public domain, and around three decades ago, it was on the verge of extinction.

Seethakali Folk Art

• Seethakali is a traditional folk dance that originates from the rich cultural heritage of Kerala.
• It is performed primarily by Dalit artists from the Veda and Pulaya communities.

Key Features

• Seethakali is a unique form of folk art that combines elements of storytelling dance, drama, and song.
• The central narrative revolves around the epic Ramayana, particularly focusing on the characters of Sita, Ram, and Laxman.
• Artists adorn themselves with eye-catching makeup, traditional ornaments, and elaborate costumes, enhancing the visual appeal of the performance.

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Central Idea

• The culmination of Onam festivities witnessed the Pulikkali celebration, a traditional folk art form from Kerala, where humans dressed as tigers and leopards paraded through the streets.

About Pulikkali

• Pulikkali, also known as Tiger Dance, is a unique folk art of Kerala.
• Celebrated on the fourth day of Onam, artists adorn themselves as tigers with distinctive yellow, red, and black stripes, accompanied by the rhythmic beats of traditional percussion instruments like thakil, udukku, and chenda.
• The central theme revolves around tiger hunting, with individuals playing the roles of both the tiger and the hunter.
• It was introduced by Maharaja Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran, the former ruler of Cochin, Pulikkali reflects a rich cultural heritage.

Onam Festival: Key Highlights

• Onam, the most significant celebration in Kerala, holds great cultural importance.
• Occurring at the onset of Chingam, the first month of the Malayalam Calendar, it’s a harvest festival celebrating prosperity.
• The Onam Carnival extends for four to ten days, with Atham (first day) and Thiruonam (tenth day) as the most pivotal.
• A popular belief holds that Onam welcomes King Mahabali’s spirit, who is believed to visit Kerala during this period.
• The festival includes Vallamkali, a thrilling snake boat race ‘Vallamkali’ conducted on the Pampa River.
• Onam showcases Kaikotti kali and Thumbi Thullal, graceful dances performed by women, adding elegance to the celebrations.

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Central Idea

• For the first time in over three decades, the Jammu and Kashmir government permitted a Muharram procession in Srinagar, drawing thousands of Shia mourners on the 8th of Muharram.
• The decision has been widely hailed.

What is Muharram?

• Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar, and it holds significant religious and historical importance for Muslims worldwide.
• The word “Muharram” itself means “forbidden” in Arabic, signifying the sacred nature of this month.
• It is considered one of the four sacred months in Islam, during which warfare and conflicts are traditionally prohibited.
• It is observed by both Sunni and Shia Muslims (and even Hindus), though it holds different historical and religious significance for each group.

Celebration of Ashura

Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram and is the most significant day within the month.

• Shia Muslims: They commemorate the martyrdom of Prophet Mohammed’s grandson, Imam Hussain, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD. The prophet’s son-in-law, Ali, and Ali’s elder son, Hassan, are also remembered during this period as having suffered and died.  On Ashura, Shia Muslims observe unique mourning rituals, including self-flagellation, chest-beating, and in some cases, forehead cutting using sharpened knives and chains with attached blades. ‘Taziya’, a tableaux procession is also held by the Shia Community.
• Sunni Muslims: Ashura marks the day when Prophet Moses and the Children of Israel were saved from Pharaoh’s tyranny by crossing the Red Sea.
• Hindu community: Some Hindus also observe Muharram by getting themselves painted in tiger stripes, visiting households and performing “huli kunita” as part of their “harake” (vow).

Ashura Celebration in Kashmir

• Ban under Dogra Rulers: During the reign of Dogra rulers, Muharram processions were either prohibited or allowed only at night, citing tensions between Shia and Sunni communities.
• 1920s: In the 1920s, despite the Dogra order for morning processions, mourners marched during the day, with both Shias and Sunnis joining the procession. This became associated with the Muslim freedom struggle in Kashmir.
• Selective Permits: Later, certain individuals and families were issued permits to take out processions, but the main Muharram procession was banned when militancy began.

Significance of allowing processions

• The permission for the Muharram procession in Srinagar after a long ban is a significant milestone, signifying progress towards religious freedom in the region.
• It emphasizes the need to respect the religious sentiments of the people and uphold the values of inclusivity and unity among different communities in the valley.

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Central Idea

• The Union government has launched the ‘Meri Maati Mera Desh’ campaign as a grand culmination of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,’ celebrating 75 years of Indian Independence.

Meri Maati Mera Desh

• This initiative aims to honor and commemorate the sacrifices of martyrs.
• It includes freedom fighters, defense personnel, and members of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and State Police, who laid down their lives in the line of duty.

Five-Point Agenda

1. Shilaphalakam Installation: Memorials will be erected, adorned with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation. The veers (bravehearts) will be remembered and respected for their immense contribution to the country’s freedom, unity, and integrity.
2. Pledge of Commitment: A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial sites, reaffirming their unwavering commitment to the nation and its values.
3. Vasudha Vandhan: Every gram panchayat or village will participate in ‘Vasudha Vandhan’ by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species, rejuvenating Mother Earth, and developing Amrit Vatikas (Eternal Gardens).
4. Veeron Ka Vandan: Freedom fighters and the families of deceased freedom fighters will be honored and felicitated. Retired defense personnel, CAPF, and State Police personnel, along with the families of those who lost their lives in the line of duty, will also receive recognition for their invaluable service to the nation.
5. National Flag Hoisting: The National Flag will be proudly hoisted, and the National Anthem will resonate in unison, filling the air with patriotism and pride.

Implementation and Events

• Events will be organized at various levels, from panchayat and village to block, urban local bodies, state, and national levels.
• Soil from every panchayat/village will be collected by young volunteers and brought to the block, from where ‘Mitti Kalash’ (pots of soil) will be ceremoniously transported to Delhi.
• The collected soil will be utilized to create a unique garden, the Amrit Vatika, at the Kartavya Path in Delhi, honoring the heroes of Indian freedom struggle and national integrity.

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Central Idea: The Kanwar Yatra, a significant annual pilgrimage, commenced on July 4 and will continue until July 15.

What is Kanwar Yatra?

• This pilgrimage sees millions of devotees, known as Kanwariyas or Kriyas, undertaking a journey to collect water from the Ganga River and offer it to Lord Shiva.
• The Kanwar Yatra symbolizes the unbreakable bond between devotees and Lord Shiva and is considered an act of faith and devotion.

Mythological Origins of Kanwar Yatra

• Samudra Manthan: Kanwar Yatra is believed to have originated from the mythological story of Samudra Manthan, where Lord Shiva consumed poison to save the world. To alleviate the effects of the poison, all the gods poured water from the Ganga River on Lord Shiva.
• King Rama’s Offering: Another version suggests that the ritual of Kanwar Yatra began when King Ram offered water from the Ganga to a statue of Lord Shiva (shivalinga) in an earthen pot.

Customs and Rituals Performed

• Collection of Ganga Water: Devotees, dressed in saffron attire, embark on foot to collect water from the Ganga River at Haridwar, Gomukh, and Gangotri. They carry two earthen pots filled with water, hung on a decorated bamboo stick, which they balance on their shoulders.
• Significance of Purity: Devotees consider it essential to keep the pots from touching the ground or getting contaminated by dust, as it may impure the sacred water.
• Challenging Journey: Kanwariyas undertake the yatra barefoot, covering long distances in challenging terrains and extreme weather conditions.

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Central Idea

• The Rath Yatra (Chariot Procession), a grand festival held in Puri, Odisha, attracts millions of visitors from around the world.
• This article explores the significance and key elements of the Rath Yatra Festival.

What is Rath Yatra?

• Divine pilgrimage: According to mythology, Lord Jagannath embarks on a nine-day sojourn along with his siblings to his birthplace, the Gundicha Temple.
• The idols’ stay: The deities, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Devi Subhadra, reside at the Gundicha Temple until the “Bahuda Yatra” (returning car festival) on June 28.
• Procession: The Rath Yatra takes place on the second day of the Odia month of Ashadha Shukla Tithi. It involves a procession of the deities from the Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple.

Key attractions

• Decorated chariots: The three enormous chariots, Taladhwaja Rath for Lord Balabhadra, Darpadalan Rath for Goddess Subhadra, and Nandighosa Rath for Lord Jagannath, are crafted with specific colors, dimensions, wooden horses, guardian deities, and charioteers. Skilled artisans use traditional techniques to build these chariots.
• Chhera Panhara Ritual: Before the chariots are pulled, the scion of the erstwhile Puri royal family performs the Chhera Panhara ritual. The king sweeps the chariot floors with a golden broom, emphasizing the dignity of labor and equality before the Lord.
• Present pulling: Puri’s (ceremonial) king, Gajapati Dibyasingha Deb, has been performing the Chhera Panhara ritual since 1971, highlighting the long-standing tradition.

Significance of the festival

• Devotee participation: The Rath Yatra draws a massive crowd, including foreigners, who flock to witness the grand spectacle.
• Touching the chariot ropes: Devotees strive to touch the ropes of the chariots, as it is believed that the Lord bestows blessings upon those who participate in pulling the chariots.

Return Festival: Bahuda Yatra and Suna Besha

• Bahuda Yatra: The return festival takes place on Ashadha Shukla Dasami. The deities are offered a special cake called “Poda Pitha” at the Mausimaa Temple before their journey back to the Jagannath Temple.
• Suna Besha: Following the Bahuda Yatra, the deities are adorned with gold ornaments during the Suna Besha ceremony. Devotees flock to witness this spectacle, where the lords are beautifully decorated with gold.
• Homecoming: Niladri Bije marks the end of the Rath Yatra and symbolizes the homecoming of the deities to the Jagannath Temple.
• Offering to Goddess Laxmi: Devotees offer Rasagola, a sweet dish made of cheese, to appease Goddess Laxmi on behalf of Lord Jagannath. This ritual seeks to pacify the goddess, who is believed to be upset for not being taken on the chariots.

Also read:

Places in news: Jagannath Puri Temple

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The Sant Tukaram and Sant Dyaneshwar Palkhi processions started their three-week-long journeys from the temple towns of Dehu and Alandi in Pune.

Pandharpur Wari

• Tradition: The Wari tradition is an 800-year-old pilgrimage in Maharashtra, where devotees, known as Warkaris, undertake a foot journey to the Vithoba temple (Incarnation of Vishnu) in Pandharpur.
• Largest walking event: The event is said to be one of the world’s largest and oldest movements where people gather on one day each year and walk a distance of around 250 km.
• Guinness Record: The Wari has been classified by the World Book of Records as “one of the most visited places in a day”
• Essence of Wakari Panth: The Wari is a ritualistic practice and a distinctive part of Maharashtrian culture, representing the essence of the Wakari Panth, which is a sect within the Bhakti tradition.
• Four Processions: The Wari takes place in four months – Chaitra, Ashadh, Kartik, and Magh. The Ashadhi Ekadashi Wari is the most popular and significant among these processions.

Historical Evolution

• Changed over time: Over the years, the Wari procession has evolved with changing practices, associated legends, and unique systems of organization and management.
• Influence of Sant Dyaneshwar: The Wari tradition can be traced back to Sant Dyaneshwar, the father of Sant Dyaneshwar, who played a pivotal role in promoting the pilgrimage to Pandharpur.
• Legacy of Sant Namdev: Sant Namdev (whose verses find mention in Guru Granth Sahib), a contemporary of Sant Dyaneshwar, also followed the tradition and composed devotional compositions expressing his devotion to Lord Vitthala.

Rituals and Cultural Aspects

• Dindi and Musical Fervor: Dindis, comprising groups of devotees, accompany the palkis during the Wari, singing, chanting, and dancing. Musical instruments like the veena and mridangam enhance the devotional fervor.
• Seva Dindis and Social Initiatives: Seva Dindis perform selfless service along the Wari route, including annadana (donation of food), medical assistance, and rural infrastructure development.
• Social Messaging and Initiatives: The Wari has been utilized as a platform for social messaging and initiatives such as promoting cleanliness through the ‘Nirmal Wari’ campaign and women-centric drives like ‘Wari Nari Shakti’ focusing on menstrual hygiene.

Try this PYQ:

Consider the following pairs:

Traditions Communities

1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 1 and 3

(d) None of the above

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Central idea: Since 2019, the Kondh tribe in Nayagarh district, Odisha has been celebrating the Bihan Mela, or the seed festival, to promote the revival of indigenous farming.

Bihan Mela

• This event involves the collection and preservation of indigenous seeds, and farmers from 40 villages in Dasapalla block participate in the festival.
• After harvesting kharif crops, women collect the seeds of indigenous varieties and store them in earthen pots.
• On a designated day in December, they decorate the pots with red and white motifs, place them in a bamboo basket and carry them on their heads to the village where the fair is being organized.
• Men accompany them, beating drums and other traditional instruments.

Objectives

• The seed festival was introduced to help farmers return to their traditional ways of farming, like mixed-cropping, which is more resilient to erratic rainfall and pest attacks.
• In recent years, farmers have abandoned native crops and varieties that are naturally resistant to pests and better suited to the region’s climate.

Commercialization through this festival: Seed Bank

• To facilitate access to indigenous seeds, Nirman, a non-profit that works with the tribe on forest rights and agro-ecological farming, set up a seed bank in Raisar village in 2019.
• The bank collects and preserves indigenous seeds from across Kondh villages and lends those out to farmers.
• The bank now boasts of 62 varieties of paddy, four varieties of millets, five varieties of pulses, and eight vegetables.
• The bank is open to all Kondh farmers and has benefitted 750 families so far.

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Bidri craft artist from Karnataka Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri has been conferred with the prestigious Padma Shri Award.

Bidri Crafts

• Bidri ware is a traditional form of handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka.
• It involves the crafting of metal wares using a unique technique that incorporates zinc and copper.

Its history

• Bidri ware has a long history that can be traced back to the 14th century.
• It was introduced to Bidar by Persian artisans during the reign of the Bahmani Sultans.
• The craft flourished under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, and it became a symbol of wealth and status.

Crafting process

• The process of making Bidri ware involves several stages. First, a mould is made of the object to be crafted.
• Next, the object is cast in an alloy of zinc and copper.
• The cast object is then filed and polished to remove any rough edges.
• The design is then etched onto the surface of the object using a sharp chisel.
• The etched areas are then filled with a blackened paste made from a mixture of copper sulphate and mud.
• Finally, the object is polished again to remove any excess paste and to create a smooth finish.

Designs and motifs

• Bidriware is known for its intricate designs and motifs, which are often inspired by nature, Islamic art, and Persian calligraphy.
• Common motifs include flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns.
• Many pieces also feature verses from the Quran or other Islamic texts.

Recognition and awards

• Bidri ware has received several awards and recognition for its craftsmanship and cultural significance.
• In 2006, it was awarded the Geographical Indication status by the Indian government, which recognizes its unique origin and traditional crafting techniques.
• Bidriware has also been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

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Central idea: The article is based on the controversy surrounding the Maharashtra folk dance form, Lavani, which has come under criticism for being ‘vulgar’ and ‘obscene’.

What is the Lavani folk art form?

• The word Lavani comes from ‘lavanya’ or beauty.
• Lavani is a traditional folk art form in which women dancers wearing nine-yard-long sarees in bright colours, make-up, and ghunghroos perform on dholak beats on a stage before a live audience.
• As an indigenous art form, Lavani has a history going back several centuries, and it attained particular popularity in the Peshwa era in the 18th century.
• Traditionally, performances were held in front of kings or lords, and for the entertainment of tired soldiers resting during breaks in fighting.

Genres of Lavani

• There are several types of Lavani, of which the most popular is the Shringarik (erotic) kind, in which the lyrics are often teasing, with sensuous dance steps and delicate gestures employed to convey erotic meaning.
• Over the years, Lavani has gained more acceptability among the people, even though certain taboos around it continue.
• The audience has historically been all-male, but in recent years, some women too have begun to attend performances.

Why is it under fire these days?

• Lost its original form: Some also argue that the commercialization of Lavani has led to a loss of authenticity and cultural significance.
• Objectifying women: The criticism of Lavani dance centres on the traditional dance form’s alleged objectification and commodification of women’s bodies.
• Public obscenity: It has been accused of promoting obscenity and vulgarity and reinforcing patriarchal attitudes towards women.
• Communalizing/Stereotyping: Critics have also argued that the dance form perpetuates negative stereotypes of women from marginalized communities, such as the notion that Dalit women are “loose” or sexually promiscuous.

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