Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it function?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters.
- It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
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How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
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How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months.
- After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority.
- Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it work?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters. It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
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How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
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How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months. After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority. Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Legal Maternity Benefit;
Why in the News?
All pregnant women in India are entitled to maternity benefits, yet the majority have not received any financial support in recent years.
What are the legal maternity benefit provisions under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013?
- Universal Entitlement (Except Formal Sector): All pregnant and lactating women (excluding those already receiving maternity benefits in the formal sector) are legally entitled to receive ₹6,000 per child to support nutrition and health.
- Objective of Nutrition and Health Support: The provision aims to improve maternal and child health by ensuring better access to nutrition, rest, and medical care during pregnancy and after childbirth.
- Legal Obligation for Central Government: It is the legal duty of the central government to ensure maternity benefits are provided without arbitrary reductions or restrictions.
How do they compare to the benefits provided under the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)?
- Coverage Scope
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- NFSA 2013: Provides ₹6,000 per child to all pregnant and lactating women (excluding those in the formal sector).
- PMMVY: Provides ₹5,000 only for the first child (recently extended to the second child if it is a girl), violating the universal entitlement under NFSA.
- Implementation Efficiency
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- NFSA 2013: Mandates universal coverage without restrictive conditions to ensure access for all eligible women.
- PMMVY: Imposes strict conditions (e.g., Aadhaar verification) and complex processes, leading to low disbursement rates and exclusion of many entitled women.
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What are the issues related to Scant information?
- Minimal Data Disclosure: The Ministry of Women and Child Development provides limited information on PMMVY, violating Section 4 of the RTI Act, which mandates proactive disclosure of public data. For example, basic details like the number of beneficiaries and payment status are not available.
- RTI-Driven Insights: Information on PMMVY coverage is only accessible through RTI queries. For instance, RTI data revealed that effective coverage dropped from 36% in 2019-20 to just 9% in 2023-24, highlighting the program’s declining reach.
- Budgetary Secrecy: There is little transparency about financial allocations and expenditures. For example, official records do not openly explain why central government spending fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24—just one-third of the amount five years earlier.
Why has the effective coverage of the PMMVY declined sharply since 2019-20?
- Software-Related Issues and Technical Glitches: In 2023-24, major changes in the PMMVY’s software and implementation processes caused frequent system failures, delaying or blocking payments. Officials admitted to facing software issues “every day,” leading to a reduced disbursement rate despite consistent applications.
- Restrictive Eligibility and Complex Documentation: PMMVY limits benefits to only the first child (and a second child if a girl), violating the universal entitlement under the NFSA. Strict Aadhaar-based verification and other conditions exclude migrant workers and women in remote areas who struggle to complete the paperwork.
- Budget Cuts and Reduced Government Spending: Central government spending on PMMVY fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24, just one-third of the amount five years earlier. This underfunding directly reduced the number of eligible women receiving maternity benefits.
How do the maternity benefit schemes in Tamil Nadu and Odisha differ from the PMMVY?
- Higher Financial Assistance: Tamil Nadu provides ₹18,000 per child (with a promise to increase it to ₹24,000), and Odisha offers ₹10,000 per child. In comparison, PMMVY provides only ₹5,000 for the first child (and a second child if a girl), which is below the ₹6,000 mandated by the NFSA.
- Inclusive Eligibility Criteria: Tamil Nadu and Odisha offer benefits for every childbirth without restrictive conditions. PMMVY, however, limits benefits to the first child (with a recent extension to the second child if a girl), excluding many eligible women.
- Better Implementation and Coverage: Tamil Nadu achieved 84% coverage in 2023-24, and Odisha covered 64% of births in 2021-22. In contrast, PMMVY’s effective coverage fell to just 9% in 2023-24 due to software glitches, reduced spending, and complex documentation.
What role did software-related problems play in further reducing disbursements in 2023-24?
- Frequent System Failures: Major changes in PMMVY’s software and implementation processes in 2023-24 caused regular technical glitches, disrupting the payment system and delaying disbursements. Officials reported encountering software issues daily.
- Reduced Disbursement Rate: Despite consistent applications, technical problems led to a sharp decline in the actual release of benefits. The disbursement rate dropped significantly, contributing to a fall in effective coverage to just 9% in 2023-24.
Way forward:
- Simplify Implementation and Strengthen Technology Infrastructure: Ensure robust, user-friendly software systems with regular maintenance to prevent glitches. Simplify application processes and reduce bureaucratic hurdles for timely disbursement.
- Expand Coverage and Increase Funding: Align PMMVY benefits with NFSA provisions by providing ₹6,000 for every child. Increase budgetary allocations to ensure universal access and include marginalized groups like migrant workers.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to PwDs;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) plans to complete public consultations on the draft Rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, by March 5. Meanwhile, disability rights activists are urging changes to a key provision of the Act.
Why are persons with disabilities concerned about a certain provision in the draft Rules of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?
- Infringement on Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity: Section 9(1) clubs adult PwDs with children, requiring consent from a legal guardian for processing personal data. This undermines their ability to make independent decisions.
- Example: An adult with a physical disability wanting to access online banking may be restricted if the platform requires guardian consent.
- Lack of Clarity and Ambiguity in Implementation: The Act does not clearly outline how consent should be obtained across various disabilities and degrees of severity, leading to confusion.
- Example: A person with limited cognitive impairment under “limited guardianship” may still be treated as entirely incapable.
- Conflict with UNCRPD Principles: The provision conflicts with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which emphasizes supported decision-making over substituted decision-making.
- Example: Under the RPWD Act, a PwD may receive assistance only when necessary, but the DPDP Act assumes total incapacity if a legal guardian exists, contradicting the UNCRPD framework.
- Concerns About Privacy and Data Security: Platforms may need to collect sensitive information (like whether a user has a disability) to verify guardianship status, raising privacy concerns.
- Exclusion from Digital Services: The additional procedural burden on PwDs and data fiduciaries could lead to exclusion from essential digital platforms.
How do guardianships for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) function?
- Governed by Two Laws:
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016: Allows for limited guardianship, where PwDs are supported in making specific legal decisions. This aligns with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) by preserving decision-making autonomy.
- National Trust (NT) Act, 1999: Provides for full guardianship for individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, or multiple disabilities. This model is more paternalistic and conflicts with the UNCRPD’s emphasis on autonomy.
- Practical Challenges: Although the RPWD Act emphasizes limited guardianship, PwDs often report that their guardians control all aspects of their lives. The NT Act’s rigid framework assumes a lack of decision-making capacity without defining clear standards for assessing it.
How are legal guardians defined under the draft rules?
- legal guardians: Under the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, legal guardians are defined as individuals appointed through specific legal frameworks to act on behalf of persons with disabilities (PwDs).
- Data Fiduciaries are required to verify the guardian’s appointment by a court of law, designated authority, or local-level committee under applicable guardianship laws.
Who are data fiduciaries and data principals?
- Data Fiduciaries: Entities (organizations, companies, or individuals) that collect, store, and process personal data while determining the purpose and means of such processing under the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023.
- Data principals: Individuals whose personal data is being collected, processed, or stored. This term generally refers to users, consumers, or citizens under the DPDP Act.
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Where does the conflict lie?
- Presumption of Incapacity vs. Legal Recognition of Capacity: The DPDP Act assumes adult PwDs lack the capacity to give consent if a guardian is involved, whereas the RPWD Act recognizes their legal capacity and promotes their right to make decisions.
- Example: A person with mild intellectual disability working in a corporate setting may need guardian approval for routine data-related tasks, despite their ability to understand and consent.
- Data Privacy vs. Intrusive Verification: The DPDP Act may require platforms to collect and verify sensitive disability information, potentially breaching privacy rights, while the UNCRPD emphasizes the right to privacy without discrimination.
- Example: An online service requiring disability verification for consent could store unnecessary sensitive data, increasing risks of unauthorized access or misuse.
Way forward:
- Adopt a Supported Decision-Making Model: Align the DPDP Act with the RPWD Act and UNCRPD by recognizing limited guardianship and allowing PwDs to provide independent consent with appropriate support when needed.
- Ensure Privacy and Minimize Data Collection: Limit the collection of sensitive disability information to essential cases, ensuring purpose limitation and data minimization while protecting PwDs’ privacy rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with a suitable example. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Internet Shutdown; Impact on Fundamental Rights;
Why in the News?
According to the report, there were 296 Internet shutdowns worldwide in 2024, and India accounted for 84 of them, making up 28% of the total.
What percentage of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India?
- High Proportion of Global Communal Violence Shutdowns: 56% of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India in 2024. Example: Out of 41 communal violence-related shutdowns worldwide, 23 were imposed in India, highlighting the frequent use of Internet curbs to control communal tensions.
- Regional Concentration of Shutdowns: Most shutdowns occurred in conflict-prone regions like Manipur (21 shutdowns), Haryana (12 shutdowns), and Jammu & Kashmir (12 shutdowns). Example: During ethnic clashes in Manipur, authorities repeatedly shut down the Internet to curb the spread of misinformation and unrest.
- Pattern of State-led Shutdowns: State governments are the primary enforcers of communal violence-related shutdowns. Example: Haryana imposed shutdowns following communal violence in Nuh district to prevent further escalation and maintain public order.
How have the primary reasons for Internet shutdowns in India evolved between 2016 and 2024?
- From National Security to Protest Control (2016–2024): Initially, Internet shutdowns were mainly enforced for national security and counter-terrorism, particularly in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir. Example: A 213-day shutdown was imposed in 2019 after the abrogation of Article 370 to curb potential unrest.
- Increase in Shutdowns During Protests (2020–2024): Shutdowns have become a frequent measure to suppress protests and prevent misinformation from spreading. Example: Internet services were suspended at Delhi’s borders during the 2020–2021 Farmers’ Protests to limit protest coordination.
- Growing Use of Shutdowns for Communal Violence (2022–2024): There has been a rising trend of using shutdowns to contain communal violence and prevent further escalation. Example: In 2023, Haryana’s Nuh district faced an Internet shutdown following communal riots to restore public order.
- Emergence of Exam-Related Shutdowns (2022–2024): Internet shutdowns are increasingly being used to prevent cheating during competitive examinations, raising concerns over their necessity. Example: Jharkhand imposed a shutdown during the 2024 General Graduate Level Combined Competitive Examination to prevent malpractices.
- Targeted Shutdowns in Conflict Zones (Ongoing): Shutdowns continue to be heavily concentrated in conflict-prone regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, and parts of the Northeast due to ethnic and insurgency-related violence. Example: In 2024, 21 shutdowns were enforced in Manipur during episodes of ethnic violence to curb the spread of inflammatory content.
What are the different types of Internet shutdowns imposed by authorities?
- Complete Internet Blackout: Total suspension of all Internet services, including mobile data, broadband, and Wi-Fi. Example: The 213-day shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) after the abrogation of Article 370.
- Mobile Internet Shutdown: Suspension of mobile data services while keeping broadband and Wi-Fi operational. Example: Manipur experienced 21 mobile Internet shutdowns in 2024 due to ethnic violence.
- Targeted or Localized Shutdown: Internet suspension in specific geographic areas or for specific services like social media. Example: Haryana’s Nuh district faced a localized shutdown in 2023 following communal riots.
How do Internet shutdowns impact fundamental rights in India?
- Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): Internet shutdowns restrict individuals from expressing opinions, accessing information, and engaging in public discussions.
Example: During the 2020–21 Farmers’ Protests, Internet services were suspended in Delhi’s border areas, limiting protestors’ ability to communicate and share updates.
- Obstruction of the Right to Practice Any Profession or Business (Article 19(1)(g)): Internet disruptions adversely affect businesses, digital transactions, and online services, hindering the right to earn a livelihood. Example: The 213-day Internet shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) caused significant economic losses, especially in the tourism and e-commerce sectors.
- Disruption of the Right to Education (Article 21A): Shutdowns impede access to online education, causing academic disruptions and limiting students’ learning opportunities. Example: In Manipur (2023), prolonged Internet suspensions during ethnic violence interrupted online classes and examinations.
- Denial of the Right to Access Information (Implicit under Article 19(1)(a)): Internet curbs block access to crucial information, particularly during emergencies, affecting public safety and awareness.
Example: In Haryana (2023), Internet services were suspended during communal riots, preventing access to emergency services and safety information.
- Violation of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Shutdowns disrupt essential services like healthcare and emergency communication, posing a threat to life and personal liberty. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet restrictions in Jammu & Kashmir limited access to telemedicine and critical health updates.
What is the judiciary’s stance on Internet shutdowns in India?
- Recognition of Internet Access as a Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court of India, in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, ruled that access to the Internet is protected under Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and Article 19(1)(g) (freedom to practice any profession or trade).
- The Court held that indefinite Internet shutdowns are unconstitutional and must be proportionate and temporary.
- Mandate for Procedural Safeguards and Review: The Court emphasized that any Internet suspension under Section 144 of the CrPC or the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 must follow due process.
- The mandate for procedural safeguards and review was established in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) judgment.
- Balancing Security and Fundamental Rights: While recognizing the state’s power to impose Internet shutdowns for public safety and national security, the judiciary has stressed that such measures must balance individual freedoms with legitimate state interests.
- In Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019), the Kerala High Court affirmed access to the Internet as part of the right to education under Article 21A.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Oversight and Transparency: Implement clear guidelines for Internet shutdowns with mandatory judicial review and public disclosure of orders to prevent arbitrary restrictions and uphold fundamental rights.
- Promote Proportional and Targeted Measures: Encourage the use of less restrictive alternatives, such as content moderation or geofencing, to address public safety concerns while minimizing disruption to essential services and civil liberties.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education Policy; Issues related to language;
Why in the News?
The Central government and the Tamil Nadu government are disagreeing over the three-language rule in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
Why is the Union government withholding funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan from Tamil Nadu?
- Non-compliance with the three-language formula: The Union government has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the implementation of the three-language formula outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Tamil Nadu’s refusal to adopt this formula has led to a standoff.
- Policy disagreement: The Tamil Nadu government views the three-language policy as a tool for Hindi imposition and insists on continuing with its two-language policy (Tamil and English).
- Financial leverage: The Centre is using financial incentives to push for uniform adoption of the NEP guidelines across States, causing friction with Tamil Nadu.
When was the three-language policy first introduced, and what were its key mandates?
- The three-language policy was first introduced in the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1968 to promote multilingualism and foster national unity.
Key Mandates of the Three-Language Policy:
- First Language – Mother Tongue/Regional Language: Students must learn their mother tongue or the regional language of the state. Example: Kannada is the first language in Karnataka, while Tamil is the first language in Tamil Nadu.
- Second Language – Hindi or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn English or another modern Indian language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, Hindi is taught as the second language. Example: Hindi is the second language in Kerala, while English is the second language in Uttar Pradesh.
- Third Language – Another Indian Language or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn a non-Hindi Indian language or Sanskrit. In non-Hindi-speaking states, English is usually taught as the third language. Example: Sanskrit as a third language in Madhya Pradesh, while English is the third language in Tamil Nadu.
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What difficulties do government schools face in implementing additional language courses?
- Shortage of Qualified Language Teachers: Many government schools lack trained teachers for third-language instruction. Example: In rural Odisha, schools often struggle to find Hindi teachers, affecting the implementation of the three-language formula.
- Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Schools lack textbooks, teaching aids, and language labs, making it difficult to provide quality language education. Example: Government schools in Bihar face a shortage of English textbooks, leading to poor learning outcomes.
- Burden on Students and Poor Learning Outcomes: Many students struggle to grasp multiple languages simultaneously, especially those from economically weaker backgrounds. Example: In Tamil Nadu, students from rural areas find it difficult to learn Hindi as a third language due to limited exposure and practice opportunities.
What are the basic issues in Schools?
- Poor Learning Outcomes: ASER 2022 found 60% of Class V students unable to read a Class II-level text. Similarly, ASER 2023 revealed 25% of youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read basic texts in their regional language, highlighting foundational literacy gaps.
- Inadequate Public Investment in Education: Despite the NEP 2020 target of 6% of GDP, actual spending on education remains at 4-4.5% of GDP. This underfunding restricts access to quality resources, affecting learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
- Disparity in Funding Allocation: 85% of elementary education costs are borne by States, while the Centre contributes only 15%. This fiscal imbalance creates unequal resource distribution, impacting teacher availability and infrastructure quality in less-developed regions.
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the official languages of the Union and the States in India?
- Official Language of the Union (Article 343): Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
- English was to be used for official purposes for 15 years after the Constitution came into effect (until 1965), but the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended its use indefinitely alongside Hindi.
- Language of the States (Article 345): State legislatures can adopt one or more languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language for State administration. Example: Tamil Nadu uses Tamil, Punjab uses Punjabi, and Maharashtra uses Marathi as their official languages.
- Promotion of Hindi (Article 351): It is the Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi to serve as a medium for all elements of India’s composite culture while drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages.
- Safeguard for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350A & 350B)
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- 350A: The State must provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minority groups.
- 350B: Establishment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate and report on their safeguards.
What steps can be taken to resolve the conflict between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government? (Way forward)
- Promote Cooperative Federalism through Dialogue: Establish a joint consultative body to discuss language policies and ensure that both regional concerns and national goals are addressed. Example: Regular Centre-State meetings under the Inter-State Council could facilitate consensus on the language policy without coercion.
- Grant Flexibility in Implementing Language Policies: Allow States to adapt the three-language policy based on their linguistic diversity and educational capacity while ensuring basic proficiency in major languages. Example: Tamil Nadu could continue its two-language policy while introducing optional third-language courses without affecting funding under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Pharma Industries; India’s hegemony;
Why in the News?
The pharmacy of the Global South is facing a reputation crisis after cough syrups made by Indian pharmaceutical companies were found to contain harmful levels of diethylene glycol and/or ethylene glycol.
Why is the pharmacy of the Global South facing a reputation crisis?
- Quality Control Failures and Contaminated Products:
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- Gambia (2022): Cough syrups made in India containing diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol killed 66 children.
- Uzbekistan (2022): Similar contamination led to the deaths of 65 children.
- U.S. (2023): India-made eye drops contaminated with drug-resistant bacteria caused 3 deaths and 8 cases of blindness.
- Illegal Manufacturing and Unapproved Drugs: Unauthorized drug production and export are damaging India’s credibility. Example: Aveo Pharmaceuticals (Maharashtra) illegally exported unapproved opioid combinations to West Africa, exposed by a BBC investigation in 2023.
- Regulatory Lapses and Weak Oversight: Inconsistent enforcement by regulatory authorities enables violations. Example: State drug authorities in India have issued licenses for unapproved Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) without clearance from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
- Global Scrutiny and Trade Barriers: Increased surveillance by international health bodies and trade restrictions. Example: The WHO’s alert on toxic cough syrups led to enhanced inspections of Indian pharmaceutical exports, impacting trade with African and Southeast Asian nations.
How does this impact India’s hegemony?
- Erosion of Soft Power and Global Reputation: India’s image as the “Pharmacy of the Global South” is under threat due to quality concerns and regulatory lapses. Example: The WHO alerts on contaminated cough syrups in Gambia and Uzbekistan have damaged India’s credibility as a reliable supplier of affordable medicines.
- Reduced Diplomatic Influence in Developing Countries: Many nations in Africa and Southeast Asia, which depend on Indian pharmaceuticals, may seek alternative suppliers, weakening India’s influence in these regions. Example: Countries like Nigeria and Kenya exploring Chinese and Brazilian pharmaceutical alternatives.
- Economic and Trade Consequences: Heightened global scrutiny could lead to export restrictions and trade losses, affecting India’s dominance in the generic drug market. Example: In 2023, the U.S. imposed tighter checks on Indian pharmaceutical imports following incidents of contaminated eye drops, impacting Indian drug exports.
What is the extent of India’s pharmaceutical exports?
- Total Export Value: India’s pharmaceutical exports were valued at USD 27.85 billion, contributing substantially to the nation’s economy.
- Global Market Share: India stands as the world’s third-largest producer of pharmaceuticals by volume, supplying approximately 20% of global generic drugs, with North America being a major recipient.
- Key Export Destinations: The United States remains the largest importer of Indian pharmaceutical products, accounting for 17.90% of India’s total merchandise exports in this sector.
- India supplies about 26% of Africa’s generic pharmaceutical market, highlighting its role as a key provider of affordable medicines on the continent.
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What steps has the Indian government taken in this situation?
- Strengthening Regulatory Oversight: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) has intensified inspections of pharmaceutical manufacturing units to ensure compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Example: Following the Gambia and Uzbekistan incidents, the government ordered inspections of 76 cough syrup manufacturers across 20 states, leading to the suspension of several licenses.
- Policy Reforms and Legal Action: The government introduced a mandatory quality certification for drug exports to certain countries to prevent the export of substandard medicines. Example: After the Aveo Pharmaceuticals case, the Maharashtra government revoked the company’s manufacturing license and seized 13 million illegal medicines.
- International Collaboration and Transparency: The Indian government has increased cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) to address quality concerns and strengthen pharmacovigilance. Example: India joined hands with African health regulators to enhance quality assurance for pharmaceuticals exported to African countries.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Regulatory Oversight: Implement stricter quality controls, regular audits, and a centralized tracking system to ensure compliance with global standards.
- Enhance Global Collaboration: Partner with international health bodies and key importing nations to improve quality assurance and rebuild trust in Indian pharmaceuticals.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to RTI;
Why in the News?
The RTI Act allowed people to question the government, but the government soon tried to weaken it.
Why is the RTI now being viewed as the ‘right to deny information’?
- Judicial Interpretations Diluting the Scope of RTI: Key court judgments, like Girish Ramchandra Deshpande vs. CIC (2012), have expanded the definition of “personal information” under Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act. This allows authorities to deny information about public servants’ misconduct, assets, and disciplinary records.
- Delayed Appointments and Case Backlogs: Government delays in appointing Information Commissioners have led to massive backlogs, reducing the effectiveness of the RTI. Information is often provided after significant delays, turning it into a “right to history.”
- Narrow Interpretation of Public Interest: The Supreme Court’s ruling in CBSE vs. Aditya Bandopadhyay (2011) warned against the “misuse” of RTI for seeking all types of information, limiting disclosures that could allegedly disrupt administrative efficiency.
- Example: Information requests related to public policy decisions are frequently denied on vague grounds of protecting “national integration” or preventing “administrative burden.”
What have been the key achievements of the RTI since its inception?
- Increased Transparency and Accountability: The RTI Act has empowered citizens to hold public authorities accountable by providing access to government records and decisions. Example: In 2007, RTI applications exposed corruption in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA), leading to better monitoring and payment transparency.
- Exposing Corruption and Misuse of Power: RTI has played a crucial role in uncovering major scams and irregularities, prompting legal and policy reforms. Example: The 2G spectrum scam (2008) involving massive financial irregularities in telecom licensing was brought to light through RTI inquiries, leading to the cancellation of 122 telecom licenses by the Supreme Court.
- Empowering Marginalized Communities: Rural and marginalized groups have used RTI to access entitlements like ration cards, pensions, and housing schemes, ensuring their socio-economic rights. Example: In Rajasthan, villagers used RTI to reveal discrepancies in public distribution system (PDS) records, ensuring access to their rightful food supplies.
What are the limitations of RTI?
- Exemptions under Section 8: Certain categories of information are exempt from disclosure, such as matters related to national security, sovereignty, and personal privacy. Example: Information related to defense strategies or confidential Cabinet discussions cannot be accessed through RTI.
- Delayed or Incomplete Responses: Bureaucratic delays and lack of accountability often lead to incomplete or delayed information, undermining the RTI’s effectiveness. Example: In 2021, RTI applications regarding COVID-19 vaccine procurement faced significant delays, limiting public scrutiny during a critical period.
- Threats and Intimidation of RTI Activists: Whistleblowers and activists who use RTI to expose corruption face harassment, threats, and even violence. Example: Amit Jethwa, an RTI activist from Gujarat, was murdered in 2010 after exposing illegal mining near the Gir Forest.
Does India have an alternative to the RTI?
- Public Services Delivery Laws (Right to Public Services Act): Various states in India have enacted Public Services Delivery Laws to ensure the timely delivery of public services and redress grievances.
- Example: Madhya Pradesh was the first state to implement the Right to Public Services Act (2010), which mandates timely delivery of services like issuing ration cards and driving licenses.
- Whistleblower Protection Act (2014): This law protects individuals who expose corruption and wrongdoing in government institutions. It allows whistleblowers to report issues while keeping their identity confidential.
- Example: An employee of a public sector bank can report irregularities without fear of retaliation under this Act. However, delays in operationalizing the law limit its effectiveness.
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013): This law establishes an independent body (Lokpal) at the central level and Lokayuktas at the state level to investigate corruption among public officials.
- Example: In 2019, the Lokpal was appointed to investigate allegations of corruption against high-level public servants, including the Prime Minister (with conditions).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Framework: Ensure timely appointment of Information Commissioners, enforce penalties for delayed/incomplete responses, and streamline processes to reduce case backlogs.
- Enhance Legal Safeguards: Amend the Whistleblower Protection Act for better security of RTI activists and clarify exemptions under Section 8 to prevent misuse while balancing public interest.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Recent amendment to the Right to Information Act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to Indian Industries;
Why in the News?
Indian industry leaders are hurting their future by depending too much on cheap labour for growth.
What are the issues related to cheap labour in India?
- Long Working Hours: Migrant industrial workers often work 11-12 hours a day without breaks during peak demand, compromising their physical and mental well-being.
- Informal Employment: As per the 2023-24 Periodic Labour Force Survey, only 21.7% of workers hold regular jobs with salaries. Even within this group, nearly half face informal conditions (no contracts, paid leave, or social security).
- Exploitation via Contract Work: 56% of workers joining the factory sector since 2011-12 are contract workers, lacking legal protection and receiving lower wages.
- Migrant Worker Vulnerability: Migrant workers face multiple disadvantages due to social position, lack of assets, and inadequate access to social security.
- Profit Maximization: Industries prioritize profit over worker welfare, with profit shares rising from 31.6% in 2019-20 to 46.4% in 2021-22 in the factory sector.
What is the current situation of the garment industry in India?
- Stagnant Share in Global Exports: India’s share in global garment exports has remained stagnant at 3.1% over the past two decades. Example: In contrast, Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have increased their market share by investing in modern technologies and efficient supply chains (Economic and Political Weekly, August 2024).
- Over-Reliance on Cheap Labour: The industry depends heavily on low-cost, unorganized labour rather than technology and automation, limiting productivity. Example: Over 70% of the workforce in garment manufacturing operates in small, unregistered enterprises with poor working conditions and low wages (PLFS 2023-24).
- Declining Competitiveness: Rising competition from China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh has reduced India’s competitiveness in both mass-market and premium garment segments. Example: India’s textile and garment exports dropped by 13.3% to $32 billion in 2023-24, while Vietnam’s exports rose to $44 billion (Ministry of Commerce data, 2024).
- Lack of Innovation and Modernization: Indian firms lag in adopting advanced production technologies, affecting product diversity and design innovation. Example: While countries like Vietnam invest in smart textiles and sustainable practices, Indian firms focus primarily on basic, low-margin garments.
- Impact of Policy and Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate government support, high logistics costs, and delayed payments to small firms hinder sectoral growth. Example: The Textile PLI Scheme launched in 2021 aimed to boost manufacturing but has had limited uptake, particularly among smaller manufacturers due to complex compliance issues.
How can India benefit from its cheap labour?
- Investing in Skill Development and Training: Enhancing workers’ skills can increase productivity while maintaining cost advantages. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 50 million workers since its launch in 2015, improving output quality in sectors like textiles, automotive, and electronics.
- Promoting Labour-Intensive Industries: Expanding labour-intensive sectors (e.g., textiles, leather, and electronics assembly) can maximize employment and exports. Example: The Apparel Park Scheme in Tamil Nadu supports garment clusters, increasing job opportunities while improving global competitiveness.
- Strengthening MSMEs and Local Supply Chains: Supporting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through policy incentives and better access to credit can utilize cheap labour efficiently. Example: The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme has provided ₹3.7 lakh crore in credit to over 65 lakh MSMEs (as of 2024).
- Encouraging Export-Oriented Production: Facilitating exports through simplified regulations and logistical improvements can enhance global market access. Example: The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme helps Indian exporters by reimbursing embedded taxes, making Indian goods more competitive.
- Adopting a Hybrid Model of Labour and Technology: Combining low-cost manual labour with affordable automation can balance efficiency with cost advantages. Example: Maruti Suzuki uses a man-machine hybrid system for auto production, reducing costs while maintaining high output, making it India’s largest car exporter.
Why are industries falling behind in innovation?
- Low Investment in Research and Development (R&D): India’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.65% of GDP (2022), significantly lower than countries like China (2.4%) and South Korea (4.8%). Example: In the pharmaceutical sector, while India is a major producer of generic medicines, it lags in developing innovative drugs due to limited R&D spending.
- Dominance of Low-Cost, Labor-Intensive Models: Indian industries prioritize cheap labour over adopting advanced technologies, limiting productivity gains and innovation. Example: In the textile industry, India’s share in global garment exports is 3.1%, while Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have overtaken India by modernizing production systems.
- Limited Collaboration between Industry and Academia: Weak ties between academic research institutions and industries hinder the commercialization of innovative ideas. Example: In 2021, only 36 patents were filed jointly by Indian universities and private firms compared to 5,000+ in China under their “Industry-Academia Collaboration” model.
- Lack of Policy Incentives for Innovation: Insufficient government policies and weak implementation of initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) reduce incentives for private-sector innovation. Example: While China’s “Made in China 2025” policy incentivizes innovation-led manufacturing, India’s PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme primarily focuses on output rather than R&D-driven innovation.
- Financial Constraints on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs, which form 70% of the manufacturing workforce, face difficulties accessing credit for innovation and upgrading technology. Example: Despite initiatives like CGTMSE, only 15% of MSMEs in India receive formal credit, limiting their ability to invest in new technologies.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Technology Adoption and Innovation: Encourage investment in advanced manufacturing technologies and R&D through better policy incentives and stronger industry-academia collaboration to improve productivity and global competitiveness.
- Support Labour Welfare and Formalization: Implement policies to improve working conditions, ensure social security for informal workers, and promote skill development programs to balance cost efficiency with worker well-being.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Demand for Skilled workers;
Why in the News?
The demand for skilled workers will soon be higher than the supply, and India must act quickly to meet the needs of important regions.
What are the Geographic regions and their demands?
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – High Demand for Construction and Manufacturing: The GCC nations (e.g., UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar) require skilled construction and manufacturing workers to support infrastructure projects like NEOM (Saudi Arabia’s smart city project) and the Dubai Urban Plan 2040.
- Europe (including the UK) – Service Sector Growth & Healthcare Needs: Europe, being the oldest post-industrial society, has a rising demand for healthcare professionals, IT experts, and service-sector workers due to ageing populations. Example: Germany’s “Skilled Immigration Act” aims to attract foreign talent in healthcare and technology.
- Australia – Skilled Migration in Healthcare & Construction: Australia is open to skilled migration, especially in healthcare, IT, and construction due to labour shortages. Example: Australia’s Priority Migration Skilled Occupation List (PMSOL) focuses on attracting doctors, engineers, and tech professionals.
- Global Demand in Emerging Sectors – AI, Big Data, and Automation: Countries worldwide, including the US, Canada, and Singapore, require expertise in Artificial Intelligence (AI),the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and big data analytics. Example: Singapore’s Tech. Pass visa encourages AI and IT experts to work in its digital economy.
- Health and Social Care – Universal Demand: Aging populations in developed countries are driving high demand for nurses, caregivers, and medical professionals across the GCC, Europe, and Australia. Example: The UK’s Health and Care Worker visa prioritizes foreign healthcare workers to fill staffing gaps in the NHS.
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Why is the demand for skilled workers expected to exceed the supply in the near future?
- Rapid Technological Advancements: Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cybersecurity are evolving swiftly, creating a need for specialized skills that the current workforce lacks. Example: The global AI market is projected to reach $266 billion by 2027, growing at a compound annual rate of 33.2%.
- Industry-Specific Skill Gaps: Certain industries are experiencing rapid growth, leading to specialized skill shortages that the existing workforce cannot meet. Example: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that by 2030, the renewable energy sector could provide up to 30 million new jobs worldwide.
- Aging Workforce and Retirements: A significant portion of the skilled workforce is approaching retirement age, leading to a loss of expertise and creating vacancies that are difficult to fill. Example: In the United States, the manufacturing sector faces a potential shortage of 2.1 million workers by 2030 due to retirements and a lack of new entrants with the necessary skills.
- Mismatch Between Education and Industry Needs: Educational institutions often do not align curricula with the evolving demands of industries, resulting in graduates lacking the practical skills required by employers. Example: In India, a study by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) revealed a demand for 103 million skilled workers, while the current supply is only 74 million.
What are the existing barriers?
- Complex Visa Processes: Lengthy visa approval times and restrictive work permit policies hinder skilled worker migration. According to the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2023), India ranks 92nd in the ability to enable and attract global talent, reflecting challenges in cross-border workforce movement.
- Exploitation of Migrant Workers: Illegal recruitment agencies engage in wage theft and exploitative practices. As per the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 25 million people worldwide are victims of forced labour, with South Asia being a major source of trafficked labour.
- Non-Recognition of Qualifications: Many Indian professional degrees are not accepted in key global markets. A FICCI-KPMG study reports that 53% of Indian professionals face underemployment abroad due to non-recognition of their qualifications, particularly in medicine and engineering.
- Limited Language Proficiency: Inability to communicate effectively impacts job performance and integration. The European Commission (2022) found that 40% of non-EU migrants face employment challenges due to language barriers, particularly in sectors like healthcare and customer service.
- Mismatch Between Skills and Market Needs: Rapid technological advancements outpace current training programs. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF) Future of Jobs Report (2023), 44% of core skills required across industries will change by 2027, leaving a global shortfall of 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030.
What are the existing strategies?
- Migration and Mobility Partnerships: India has established agreements with countries like Germany and Italy to facilitate the movement of students, professionals, and skilled workers. These partnerships aim to streamline visa processes and recognize professional qualifications, thereby promoting bilateral exchanges.
- Digital Platforms for Emigrant Support: The Indian government has upgraded the eMigrate portal to version 2.0, integrating features like 24/7 multilingual helpline support and faster feedback mechanisms. This platform ensures transparency in recruitment and safeguards the welfare of Indian workers abroad.
- Skill Development Initiatives: Through programs like the National Skill Development Mission and the Skill India program, India focuses on training its workforce in emerging technologies and sectors. These initiatives aim to align domestic skills with global market demands, enhancing employability abroad.
- International Collaboration on Education and Training: Workshops and collaborative projects with entities like the European Union have been conducted to strengthen student mobility and the use of educational consultants. These efforts aim to facilitate the international movement of students and young professionals.
- Bilateral Trade Agreements Enhancing Labor Mobility: India is actively pursuing free trade agreements, such as the one with the United Kingdom, which include provisions for labour mobility. These agreements aim to reduce barriers for Indian professionals seeking opportunities abroad.
What is India’s advantage?
- Large and Growing Workforce: India has one of the world’s largest working-age populations, providing a steady supply of skilled workers. Example: By 2030, India’s working-age population is expected to reach 1.04 billion, accounting for 23% of the global workforce (UN Population Report, 2022).
- Cost-Effective Skilled Labour: Indian workers offer high skill levels at competitive costs, making them attractive to global markets. Example: Indian IT professionals earn 60-70% less than their Western counterparts, enabling global firms to save on operational costs (NASSCOM, 2023).
- Strong Diaspora and Global Networks: India has the second-largest diaspora globally, facilitating knowledge transfer and job opportunities. Example: Over 4.2 million Indian-origin people live in the United States, contributing significantly to sectors like technology and healthcare (US Census Bureau, 2022).
- Government-Led Skill and Mobility Initiatives: India has established programs to train and mobilize workers for global opportunities. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 40 million workers since 2015, aligning their skills with global market demands (Ministry of Skill Development, 2023).
- Favourable Global Perception: Indian workers are perceived as hardworking and adaptable, maintaining demand despite anti-immigration trends. Example: 25% of doctors in the UK’s NHS are of Indian origin, reflecting their sustained demand and acceptance (UK General Medical Council, 2023).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Skill Recognition and Mutual Agreements: Expand bilateral agreements for mutual recognition of qualifications to reduce skill mismatch and underemployment, especially in high-demand sectors like healthcare and technology.
- Enhance Digital and Legal Safeguards for Migrant Workers: Improve digital platforms like eMigrate for transparent recruitment, and enforce stricter regulations against exploitative practices to protect Indian workers abroad.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Foreign Funding; India USA relation;
Why in the News?
Recently the Indian government said that it is seriously investigating claims made by the U.S. government that USAID planned to spend $21 million to influence voter turnout in India.
What is USAID, and how did it originate?
- USAID (United States Agency for International Development) was founded in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy through the Foreign Assistance Act to promote global development and humanitarian assistance.
- To advance U.S. foreign policy by providing economic, developmental, and humanitarian aid worldwide. It operates under the U.S. Department of State, managing a diverse range of global programs in health, education, and economic growth.
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What are the recent issues related to USAID?
- Allegations of Interference in India: The Indian government is investigating claims that USAID allocated $21 million to influence voter turnout in India. This follows a report by the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk. Indian authorities are concerned about potential foreign interference in domestic affairs.
- Global Funding Cuts: President Trump’s administration has frozen USAID funds and withdrawn from the World Health Organization, critically affecting health sectors in African nations. Countries like Rwanda are seeking alternative partnerships, notably with China, to fill the void left by U.S. aid reductions.
- Dismantling of USAID Operations: A federal judge has permitted the Trump administration to proceed with plans to dismantle USAID. This includes placing staff on administrative leave and recalling foreign aid workers, actions that have faced legal challenges and raised concerns about the future of U.S. foreign aid programs.
How has USAID impacted the world through its programs and initiatives?
- Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns: In Venezuela (2019), USAID’s humanitarian aid was viewed as a political tool to undermine the Maduro government, leading to accusations of U.S. interference in domestic affairs.
- Dependency on Foreign Aid: In Haiti, decades of USAID assistance in agriculture and disaster relief created a dependency culture, weakening local institutions and undermining self-sufficiency.
- Distortion of Local Economies: In African nations, large-scale food aid under USAID programs has often disrupted local markets, making local farmers less competitive due to the influx of free or subsidized goods.
- Lack of Cultural Sensitivity and Misaligned Priorities: In Afghanistan, USAID’s focus on infrastructure projects (e.g., road-building) often ignored local customs and community needs, leading to wasteful spending and resentment toward U.S. initiatives.
- Lack of Accountability and Corruption Risks: In Iraq (2003-2010), USAID-funded reconstruction projects faced allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and incomplete infrastructure, raising concerns about transparency and financial misuse.
What is the significance of USAID in global development and diplomacy?
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: USAID provides emergency aid during crises, such as delivering medical supplies and food after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake, helping millions affected by natural disasters.
- Promoting Global Health Initiatives: USAID supports health programs to combat diseases. For instance, through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), it has provided HIV/AIDS treatment to millions in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Advancing Economic Development: USAID helps countries build economic resilience. In India, USAID has funded clean energy projects, promoting sustainable growth and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Strengthening Democratic Governance: USAID promotes democracy and human rights. In Ukraine, it supported electoral reforms and civil society organizations to enhance transparent governance and free elections.
- Enhancing U.S. Strategic Interests: USAID’s programs foster diplomatic ties. In Southeast Asia, its infrastructure and education initiatives strengthen regional stability and counterbalance the influence of other global powers.
How has USAID impacted India?
- Public Health Improvement: USAID has supported tuberculosis (TB) and HIV programs, improving detection and treatment. For example, it partnered with the Ministry of Health to reduce TB incidence and strengthen healthcare systems.
- Clean Energy and Climate Action: USAID’s PACE-D 2.0 initiative promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency in India, helping to expand solar power and reduce carbon emissions.
- Disaster Management and Resilience: USAID partnered with India’s National Disaster Management Authority to improve disaster preparedness and provide training for better emergency response, especially during floods and cyclones.
- Education and Skill Development: USAID collaborates with the Ministry of Education to support STEM education and fund IIT Gandhinagar, enhancing research and technical innovation in India.
- Agriculture and Rural Development: USAID has worked with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve farm productivity by providing advanced farming techniques and enhancing food security in rural areas.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight Mechanisms: Implement robust regulatory frameworks to monitor foreign aid and ensure alignment with national interests and policies.
- Enhance Domestic Capacities: Invest in local infrastructure, research, and development to reduce reliance on external funding and promote sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender equality;
Why in the News?
On Friday (February 21, 2025), the Supreme Court told the Centre that schools should teach students about gender equality and how men should treat women with respect.
Is the lack of basic education about gender equality the root cause of the surge in rape cases and crimes against women?
- Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes: Without education promoting gender equality, traditional gender norms that view women as inferior or subordinate to men persist. These stereotypes normalize the control and objectification of women.
- Example: In many societies, women are still expected to conform to rigid gender roles (e.g., being submissive or confined to domestic spaces), leading to a culture where violence against women is excused or ignored.
- Lack of Consent Education: Education about bodily autonomy and consent is often missing from curricula, leading to misunderstandings about boundaries and mutual respect in relationships.
- Example: In the 2012 Nirbhaya case in India, public outrage highlighted how a lack of understanding of consent and gender respect contributed to the brutal crime and called for reforms in legal and educational frameworks.
- Normalization of Violence: In the absence of gender-sensitive education, violence against women is often normalized or trivialized, reducing the social stigma against perpetrators and discouraging survivors from seeking justice.
- Example: A 2018 NCRB report indicated that a significant number of rape cases were committed by individuals known to the victim, reflecting how intimate violence is often overlooked due to cultural acceptance.
- Failure to Challenge Patriarchal Mindsets: Without education to challenge patriarchal beliefs, young minds are conditioned to accept gender hierarchies, reinforcing power imbalances that enable violence.
- Example: In rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, deeply entrenched patriarchal values have led to frequent reports of gender-based violence, underscoring the need for education to disrupt these harmful norms.
- Ineffective Implementation of Gender Sensitization Programs: Despite legal mandates like the POSH Act (2013) and initiatives for gender education, the absence of comprehensive implementation limits public understanding and societal change.
- Example: In workplaces across India, the lack of proper sensitization and training programs on gender equality has resulted in underreporting of sexual harassment cases.
Should schools include gender equality and respectful behavior in curricula?
- Promotes Mutual Respect and Empathy: Teaching gender equality helps students understand and respect diverse identities, fostering empathy and reducing discriminatory attitudes.
- Example: Programs like UNICEF’s “Life Skills Education” in schools across India teach students about gender sensitivity, helping reduce bullying and promoting inclusive behavior.
- Prevents Gender-Based Violence: Educating students about consent, boundaries, and respectful communication helps prevent harassment and violence from an early age.
- Example: Countries like Sweden have implemented comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), resulting in lower rates of sexual harassment among teenagers.
- Challenges Gender Stereotypes: Curricula that question traditional gender roles empower students to pursue diverse career paths and challenge social biases.
- Example: “Breakthrough India” runs school-based campaigns that challenge stereotypes, encouraging both girls and boys to engage in activities beyond gender norms (e.g., encouraging girls in STEM fields).
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
At legislative level:
- Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Enacted after the Nirbhaya case to expand the definition of rape, introduce stricter punishments, and criminalize stalking and voyeurism.
- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides legal protection to children against sexual abuse and exploitation.
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (POSH) Act, 2013: Mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces to address sexual harassment cases.
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Replaces the Indian Penal Code, with enhanced provisions for sexual offenses and crimes against women.
At policy level:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), 2015: Aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and welfare of girls.
- One Stop Centres (OSCs), 2015: Provides integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, including legal aid and medical assistance.
- NIRBHAYA Fund, 2013: Supports initiatives for the safety and security of women, including emergency response systems and the creation of women’s help desks in police stations.
- Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV) Scheme: Facilitates community-level support for women by appointing volunteers to assist victims in reporting crimes.
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Way forward:
- Integrate Comprehensive Gender Education: Mandate gender equality and consent education across all educational levels to challenge stereotypes, promote mutual respect, and prevent gender-based violence.
- Strengthen Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of gender-sensitive laws and policies through regular audits, awareness campaigns, and robust monitoring mechanisms to improve accountability and support for survivors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Explain the difference between the computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s Gross Domestic Product (2021), and India from realizing its potential GDP (2020).
An economy grows through two key factors: supply (production of goods and services) and demand (spending on these goods and services). Among demand sources, investment is crucial as it creates a multiplier effect, boosting jobs and income. Consumption follows growth but cannot drive it alone, as sustainable expansion requires strong investment and production.
Today’s editorial talks about India’s GDP growth factors based on demand and supply. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
An economy’s growth is like navigating two interconnected boats—one representing the supply or production of goods and services.
Is consumption enough to drive growth?
Consumption plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, but it is not sufficient on its own for sustainable long-term growth.
- Consumption-Led Growth is Slower: While consumption boosts demand, it does not create long-term productive capacity. Example: India’s GDP growth in recent years has been driven by consumption (60.3% of GDP in 2023), but it lags behind China’s investment-driven growth.
- Limited Multiplier Effect: Unlike investment, increased consumption has a weaker impact on overall income and job creation. Example: If people buy more smartphones, it benefits retailers but does not significantly boost domestic production if phones are imported.
- Investment is Crucial for Sustainable Growth: Higher investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology leads to job creation and productivity gains. Example: China’s high investment rate (41.3% of GDP in 2023) has helped it achieve rapid economic growth and higher per capita income than India.
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Why is economic growth dependent on two factors?
- Balanced Growth Requires Both Supply & Demand: Economic growth happens when goods and services are produced (supply) and purchased (demand) in a balanced manner.
- Example: A country increasing factory production (supply) must also have enough consumers to buy the products (demand), ensuring sustainable growth.
- Mismatch Leads to Economic Problems
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- If demand > supply, inflation rises due to excessive spending with limited goods.
- If supply > demand, businesses suffer from unsold stock, leading to job losses.
- Example: Post-pandemic, supply chain disruptions led to high demand but low supply, causing inflation.
- Investment Drives Long-Term Growth: Investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology increases production capacity (supply) while also creating jobs, which boosts spending power (demand).
- Example: China’s high investment in infrastructure and manufacturing led to rapid economic growth by expanding both supply and demand.
- Government Policies Impact Both Sides: Fiscal and monetary policies help balance supply-side growth (e.g., industrial incentives) and demand-side expansion (e.g., tax cuts or subsidies).
- Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme boosts manufacturing (supply), while government social schemes increase purchasing power (demand).
- Exports and Imports Affect Domestic Growth: A strong export sector increases supply, bringing foreign exchange, while controlled imports ensure domestic industries remain competitive.
- Example: India’s IT exports generate revenue (supply), while consumer imports like electronics influence domestic demand.
What role does investment play in economic growth?
- Boosts Production Capacity: Investment in factories, infrastructure, and technology increases the ability to produce goods and services, leading to higher GDP. Example: China’s heavy investment in manufacturing and infrastructure helped it become the world’s largest exporter.
- Creates Employment Opportunities: New industries and infrastructure projects generate jobs, increasing income and overall demand in the economy. Example: India’s road and metro projects have created millions of direct and indirect jobs, boosting economic activity.
- Multiplier Effect on Demand & GDP: Investment leads to increased income, which in turn increases consumption and demand, further driving growth. Example: A ₹100 investment in building highways can create ₹125 in overall economic output due to increased business activities along the route.
- Encourages Private Sector Confidence: When the government invests in key sectors, it builds confidence among private businesses to invest further. Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing has attracted global tech firms to set up production units.
- Leads to Technological and Industrial Development: Investments in research, innovation, and new industries enhance productivity and global competitiveness. Example: South Korea’s investment in R&D and technology made it a leader in electronics and automobile industries.
How have India and China experienced changes in per capita income?
- Similar Per Capita Incomes in the Early 1990s: In the early 1990s, India and China had nearly equal per capita incomes, with both countries being 1.5% of the U.S. average. Example: In 1992, both nations were considered low-income economies with similar economic structures.
- China’s Investment-Led Growth Model: China prioritized high investment rates, focusing on infrastructure, state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing. Example: In 1992, China’s investment rate was 39.1% of GDP, much higher than India’s 27.4%.
- Diverging Growth Post-2000s: India’s investment rate rose to 35.8% in 2007, almost matching China’s, but declined after 2012 due to policy uncertainty and global economic slowdown.Example: By 2013, China’s investment rate increased to 44.5%, while India’s fell to 31.3%.
- China’s Faster Rise in Per Capita Income: By 2023, China’s per capita income was 5 times India’s in nominal terms and 2.4 times higher in purchasing power parity (PPP). Example: As a percentage of U.S. per capita income in 2023: China: 15%, India: 3%.
- India’s Consumption-Driven Growth Model: India’s economic growth has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, while China maintained higher investment levels. Example: In 2023, consumption was 60.3% of India’s GDP, compared to 39.1% in China.
- Long-Term Impact on Growth and Inequality: India’s lower investment and trade deficits have led to slower per capita income growth, affecting job creation and economic equality. Example: China’s investment rate in 2023 was 41.3%, whereas India’s was only 30.8%, limiting economic expansion.
What measures has the Indian government taken to promote investment in India?
- Infrastructure Development: The government has launched massive infrastructure projects to boost investment and improve connectivity. Example: PM Gati Shakti (National Master Plan) aims to integrate multi-modal transport networks and reduce logistics costs.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced to boost manufacturing and attract foreign and domestic investments in key sectors. Example: PLI schemes for electronics, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy have encouraged global firms to set up production in India.
- Corporate Tax Reforms: India reduced corporate tax rates to make the investment climate more competitive. Example: In 2019, the corporate tax rate was slashed to 22% for existing companies and 15% for new manufacturing firms.
- Ease of Doing Business & FDI Reforms: Simplified regulatory processes, digital approvals, and single-window clearances to attract investments. Example: 100% FDI allowed in sectors like defense, telecom, and insurance under automatic route.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Investment-Led Growth: India should focus on increasing capital formation by boosting infrastructure, industrial productivity, and R&D investments. Strengthening public-private partnerships (PPPs) and expanding the PLI scheme to emerging sectors can accelerate long-term economic growth.
- Balancing Consumption and Supply-Side Expansion: While consumption remains a key driver, policies should encourage domestic manufacturing and export competitiveness to reduce reliance on imports. Strengthening skill development and labour market reforms will enhance productivity and job creation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court recently halted a Lokpal order that sought to include High Court judges under its jurisdiction, calling the anti-corruption body’s interpretation “very disturbing.”
Why did the Supreme Court stay the Lokpal order?
- Violation of Judicial Independence (Article 50 & Article 121): The Supreme Court held that bringing High Court judges under Lokpal’s jurisdiction undermines judicial independence, which is a part of the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive, preventing interference in judicial functioning.
- Article 121 prohibits Parliament from discussing the conduct of judges except in matters of impeachment, reinforcing judicial autonomy.
- Judges Are Appointed Under the Constitution (Article 124 & Article 217): The Supreme Court rejected Lokpal’s argument that High Courts were created by British laws, emphasizing that all judges are appointed under the Constitution.
- Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court, while Article 217 governs the appointment of High Court judges, ensuring their independence from executive control.
- Judicial Oversight Is an Internal Process (Article 124(4) & Article 217(1)(b)): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that judicial misconduct should be handled internally, either through the in-house procedure or the impeachment process.
- Article 124(4) (for Supreme Court judges) and Article 217(1)(b) (for High Court judges) provide for removal only through Parliamentary impeachment, making external investigations by the Lokpal unconstitutional.
What is suo motu case?
Suo motu (Latin: on its own motion) refers to the Supreme Court or High Courts taking up a case on their own initiative, without a formal petition being filed.
In which circumstances do courts in India exercise suo motu powers?
- Constitutional Concerns (Separation of Powers, Judicial Independence): Courts intervene suo motu when an issue threatens constitutional principles like the separation of powers or judicial independence.
- Example: In re: Article 370 of the Constitution (2023) – The Supreme Court took up the matter of abrogation of Article 370 to examine whether the Union government’s decision upheld constitutional principles.
- Fundamental Rights Violations: Courts act suo motu when fundamental rights under Articles 14 (equality), 19 (freedom), and 21 (right to life) are violated.
- Example: Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) No.1 of 2020 – The Supreme Court intervened during COVID-19 migrant crisis, directing the government to provide food, shelter, and transport to stranded workers.
- Public Interest or Institutional Integrity: Courts take suo motu cognizance to protect public interest and prevent harm to democratic institutions.
- Example: Suo Motu Cognizance of Lakhimpur Kheri Violence (2021) – The Supreme Court intervened to monitor the UP government’s investigation into the killing of protesting farmers, ensuring transparency and accountability.
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Why did the Lokpal order bring High Court judges under its jurisdiction?
- Interpretation of ‘Public Servants’ Under Lokpal Act: The Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, making them subject to its jurisdiction.
- Reliance on Section 14(1)(f) of the Lokpal Act: This section grants Lokpal jurisdiction over any body or authority established by an Act of Parliament.
- The Lokpal argued that High Courts were established by British Parliamentary Acts (Indian High Courts Act, 1861 & Government of India Act, 1935), making them fall within this clause.
- Distinction Between High Courts and Supreme Court: The Lokpal reasoned that Article 124 of the Constitution explicitly established the Supreme Court, but Article 214 only recognized High Courts, implying that High Courts were not directly created by the Constitution.
- Based on this, the Lokpal ruled that Supreme Court judges were outside its jurisdiction, but High Court judges were not.
- Lack of Explicit Exemption for Judges: The 2013 Lokpal Act does not explicitly exclude High Court judges from its jurisdiction, which the Lokpal interpreted as allowing it to investigate them.
- Case-Specific Justification: The complaint involved a High Court judge allegedly influencing judicial decisions for personal benefit. The Lokpal argued that since the judge was serving in a High Court of a State reorganized by an Act of Parliament, it had jurisdiction over the matter.
Way forward:
- Judicial Accountability Within Constitutional Framework: Strengthen in-house mechanisms for judicial oversight while ensuring compliance with constitutional provisions like Articles 124(4) and 217(1)(b), which mandate impeachment as the sole removal process for judges.
- Clarify Lokpal’s Jurisdiction Through Legislative Review: Amend the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to explicitly define its jurisdiction, ensuring it does not encroach upon judicial independence while maintaining transparency in the judiciary.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-China relation;
Why in the News?
India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited China in January 2025, where both countries made important announcements about their future relationship.
What are the latest diplomatic discussions between India and China?
- Resumption of Direct Air Services: After nearly five years, both nations agreed to restart direct flights, aiming to enhance connectivity and facilitate people-to-people exchanges.
- Facilitation of Journalist Exchanges: The two countries decided to ease the process for journalists to operate in each other’s territories, promoting better mutual understanding and media cooperation.
- Revival of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra: Plans were made to resume the annual pilgrimage to Mount Kailash in Tibet, a significant site for Hindu devotees, which had been suspended since 2020 due to the pandemic and border tensions.
- Addressing Economic and Trade Issues: Both sides discussed specific concerns in economic and trade areas, aiming to resolve issues and promote long-term policy transparency and predictability.
- Commitment to Strengthening Bilateral Relations: High-level meetings underscored the importance of mutual support and understanding, with both nations expressing a desire to move beyond past disputes and enhance cooperation across various sectors.
What are the challenges between India and China?
- Border Disputes and Military Standoff: The unresolved Line of Actual Control (LAC) dispute remains a major flashpoint. Example: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash led to casualties on both sides and heightened tensions, leading to prolonged military deployments in Ladakh.
- Trade Imbalance and Economic Restrictions: India faces a significant trade deficit with China, as it imports more than it exports. Example: In 2023, India’s trade deficit with China exceeded $100 billion, prompting India to impose restrictions on Chinese investments and apps.
- Geopolitical Rivalry and Strategic Alliances: Both countries compete for influence in South Asia, the Indian Ocean, and global institutions. Example: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which India opposes, includes projects in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, challenging India’s regional influence.
- China’s Support to Pakistan and India’s Response: China’s close ties with Pakistan, including military and economic aid, pose security concerns for India. Example: China’s role in developing Gwadar Port in Pakistan and supplying weapons to Pakistan’s military affects India’s security calculus.
- Tensions in Multilateral Forums: India and China often clash diplomatically in international organizations. Example: China has blocked India’s bid for UNSC permanent membership and has repeatedly blocked India’s attempts to list Pakistan-based terrorists in the UN.
What measures has the Indian government taken after the Galwan clash?
- Strengthening Military Presence and Infrastructure at LAC: India rapidly deployed additional troops, upgraded surveillance, and enhanced military infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Example: India constructed all-weather roads, bridges, and airstrips, such as the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldi (DSDBO) road in Ladakh, to improve troop movement.
- Ban on Chinese Apps and Economic Restrictions: The government banned over 300 Chinese apps, citing security concerns and took steps to reduce economic dependence on China.
- Example: TikTok, PUBG Mobile, WeChat, and AliExpress were among the banned apps, impacting China’s digital market in India.
- Increased Focus on Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India): India pushed for domestic manufacturing in defense, telecom, and electronics to reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
- Example: The government placed restrictions on Chinese firms participating in 5G trials, and promoted Indian alternatives in the telecom sector.
- Diplomatic and Strategic Realignments: India strengthened partnerships with like-minded countries to counterbalance China’s influence.
- Example: India reinforced ties with the Quad alliance (U.S., Japan, Australia, India), holding Malabar naval exercises to enhance security cooperation.
- Revised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policies: India introduced stricter FDI regulations, requiring government approval for investments from China and other neighboring countries.
- Example: The new FDI rules in 2020 prevented automatic approvals for Chinese investments in Indian startups and infrastructure projects.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Diplomatic and Strategic Engagement: India and China should prioritize sustained diplomatic dialogue and confidence-building measures to prevent conflicts and enhance cooperation in multilateral forums.
- Example: Establishing a structured mechanism for LAC dispute resolution and expanding bilateral trade dialogues to address economic concerns.
- Enhancing Economic and Technological Self-Reliance: India should continue efforts toward Atmanirbhar Bharat by boosting domestic manufacturing, diversifying supply chains, and strengthening critical sectors like semiconductors and defence.
- Example: Expanding the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to reduce dependency on Chinese imports and developing strategic alliances for tech collaborations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Telecom sector;
Why in the News?
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), a global organization launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, recently released a report assessing how well Indian telecom networks can handle disasters.
What does the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure report state?
- Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment: The report conducted a comprehensive risk assessment across 0.77 million telecom towers, evaluating vulnerabilities to various disasters such as floods, cyclones, and earthquakes, which informs infrastructure planning and resilience strategies.
- Disaster Risk and Resilience Index: A new index was developed to assess the vulnerability of telecom infrastructure based on factors like disaster intensity and frequency, enabling targeted risk management efforts.
- Technical and Governance Enhancements: Recommendations include improving technical planning and design of telecom infrastructure to withstand disasters, as well as integrating disaster resilience into sectoral policies through risk-informed governance.
- Financial Instruments and Collaboration: The report advocates for establishing risk-sharing mechanisms to protect telecom operators financially, alongside promoting cross-sectoral collaboration for coordinated disaster response efforts.
- Last-Mile Connectivity and Digital Solutions: Emphasizing the importance of inclusive emergency responses, the report calls for enhancing last-mile connectivity and leveraging digital solutions to ensure rapid service restoration during crises.
Why do telecom networks face elevated risks in coastal regions in times of disaster and calamity?
- High Exposure to Cyclones & Storm Surges: Coastal areas frequently experience high-speed winds and storm surges, which can damage telecom towers and disrupt communication. Example: During Cyclone Amphan (2020), telecom networks in West Bengal and Odisha were severely impacted due to tower collapses and flooding.
- Vulnerability of Undersea Cable Landing Stations: Undersea cables connect India to global internet infrastructure, and their landing stations are located in coastal regions. Damage to these stations can cause widespread internet outages. Example: In 2023, a disruption in undersea cables near the Red Sea affected internet speeds in South Asia, including India.
- Power Failures Due to Flooding & Infrastructure Damage: Coastal disasters often lead to massive power outages, affecting telecom towers and network operating centres that rely on continuous electricity. Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021), heavy rainfall and flooding in Mumbai led to prolonged telecom disruptions due to power cuts and submerged backup generators.
Why are undersea cables better than overland cables?
- Higher Capacity: Undersea cables can carry vast amounts of data, with total capacities reaching terabits per second, significantly surpassing the capabilities of satellite communications, which typically offer much lower bandwidth (around 1 gigabit per second).
- Lower Latency: The signal transmission time is considerably shorter with undersea cables than with satellite links. For example, latency over a fibre submarine cable is around 120 milliseconds, while satellite communications can introduce delays of approximately 650 milliseconds due to the long distances signals must travel to and from space.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Laying undersea cables is generally more economical than deploying satellite systems for large-scale data transmission. The initial investment in submarine cables, while significant, is offset by their capacity and reliability, making them a more sustainable option for long-term infrastructure.
- Reliability and Stability: Undersea cables are less susceptible to environmental factors that can disrupt overland cables, such as weather conditions or physical damage from construction activities. Their placement on the seabed provides a level of protection against many potential hazards.
- Global Connectivity: Submarine cables are essential for connecting continents and regions that are separated by water. They facilitate international data traffic and play a critical role in global communications, making them indispensable for the functioning of the Internet and other communication networks.
Does power failure create major problems?
- Disrupts Communication During Emergencies: Telecom towers and network operating centres require continuous power to function. When electricity is cut off, mobile networks and internet services fail, hindering disaster response.
- Example: During Cyclone Fani (2019), Odisha experienced massive power outages, causing mobile networks to shut down, and delaying rescue operations.
- Limits Functionality of Backup Systems: Most telecom towers rely on battery or diesel generators, but these backups last only a few hours. If the fuel supply is disrupted, networks remain down for extended periods.
- Example: In the Assam floods (2022), fuel shortages prevented telecom towers from running generators, prolonging communication blackouts.
- Affects Undersea & Land-based Network Infrastructure: Power failures at undersea cable landing stations and data centres can cause large-scale internet outages, affecting national and global connectivity.
- Example: A power failure at a Chennai cable landing station in 2021 disrupted international internet traffic.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Resilient Power Solutions: Deploy renewable energy sources like solar-powered telecom towers and battery storage systems to ensure uninterrupted network operations during disasters.
- Enhancing Risk-Informed Governance: Integrate disaster resilience planning into telecom policies, mandate robust backup power solutions, and establish coordinated emergency response frameworks for rapid service restoration.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of climate change;
Why in the News?
Between February 8 and 13, the total area of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic shrank to 15.76 million sq km, breaking the previous record low of 15.93 million sq km from early 2023, according to a BBC analysis of data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
What are the reasons for the record low?
- Warm Air and Ocean Temperatures: Elevated air and sea temperatures have significantly contributed to the melting of both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Warmer conditions, particularly towards the end of summer, have led to increased melting rates, especially in the Antarctic region.
- Wind Patterns: Changes in atmospheric dynamics, including stronger westerly winds associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), have disrupted sea ice formation and stability. In the Antarctic, these winds can break apart ice more easily due to its thinner and more mobile nature compared to the thicker Arctic ice.
- Delayed Freezing: In the Arctic, a delayed freezing process around regions like Hudson Bay has occurred due to unusually warm ocean temperatures, preventing the formation of new ice during winter.
- Increased Freshwater Input: The melting of glaciers and ice shelves adds freshwater to the oceans, which can alter ocean stratification and impact sea ice formation. While freshwater can initially encourage sea ice growth in some contexts, it also leads to changes that may ultimately reduce overall sea ice extent.
- Feedback Mechanisms: The loss of sea ice creates feedback loops that further exacerbate warming. As less ice remains to reflect sunlight, more solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean, leading to increased temperatures and further melting of ice.
What does “dip” mean?
- In the context of the recent report on sea ice, the term “dip” refers to a significant decrease or reduction in the extent of sea ice coverage. Specifically, it denotes the record low measurement of combined Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, which fell to 15.76 million square kilometres, marking a decline from previous levels.
- This “dip” highlights the alarming trend of diminishing sea ice, which is crucial for regulating global temperatures and maintaining ecological balance in polar regions.
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What could be its impact?
- Accelerated Global Warming: Less sea ice means more ocean water is exposed to sunlight, absorbing heat instead of reflecting it. Example: The Arctic is warming nearly four times faster than the global average, leading to extreme weather patterns worldwide.
- Disruptions in Ocean Currents: Melting sea ice releases freshwater into the ocean, reducing salinity and slowing down deep-water circulation. Example: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which influences global climate patterns, is weakening due to increased freshwater from melting Arctic ice.
- Threat to Marine Ecosystems: Sea ice loss affects marine species dependent on stable ice conditions for survival. Example: Polar bears rely on sea ice for hunting seals. As ice declines, they face starvation and habitat loss. Similarly, krill populations in Antarctica, a key food source for whales and penguins, are declining due to changing ice conditions.
- More Extreme Weather Events: Changes in polar ice influence atmospheric circulation, leading to unpredictable weather. Example: The weakening of the polar vortex due to Arctic warming has been linked to severe cold waves in North America and Europe, such as the Texas winter storm in 2021.
- Coastal and Infrastructure Damage: Rising temperatures due to ice melt contribute to permafrost thawing, which destabilizes infrastructure in polar regions. Example: In Siberia, Russia, thawing permafrost has caused buildings and roads to collapse, posing a major economic and environmental challenge.
What measures have been taken at the international level?
- International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation (2025): The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNESCO have declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. This initiative aims to raise awareness about the importance of glaciers and ice sheets, which store a significant portion of the world’s freshwater, and to promote actions to mitigate their melting.
- Global Cryosphere Watch: The WMO’s Global Cryosphere Watch network, which includes scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has been actively monitoring and reporting on cryosphere changes. Their findings highlight alarming trends in ice loss and emphasize the need for immediate action to address these issues.
- Collaborative Research Initiatives: Various international scientific collaborations are underway to study and model the impacts of climate change on sea ice. These efforts involve researchers from multiple countries working together to gather data, analyze trends, and develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation.
- Climate Action Frameworks: Global climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, encourage countries to commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are a primary driver of climate change affecting sea ice.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: International organizations are engaging in campaigns to educate the public about the significance of sea ice and glaciers in regulating global climate systems.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Climate Mitigation Efforts: Nations must enhance commitments under the Paris Agreement by accelerating renewable energy adoption, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and implementing carbon pricing mechanisms to curb global warming.
- Enhancing Polar and Oceanic Monitoring: Strengthen international collaboration for real-time satellite monitoring, expand scientific research on polar ice dynamics, and develop adaptive strategies to protect vulnerable ecosystems and coastal communities.
Mains PYQ:
Q How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the education sector; Demographic dividend;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Ministry of Education released the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (U-DISE+) data for the years 2022-23 and 2023-24.
Could India’s demographic dividend end before it becomes rich and ageing?
- Declining School Enrolment Signals a Shrinking Youth Population: U-DISE+ data (2022-24) shows a 15.5 million drop (6%) in school enrolment since 2018-19, reflecting a demographic shift. This means that fewer young people will enter the workforce in the future.
- Over the past decade, school enrolment in India has dropped by 24.51 million (9.45%), with elementary-level enrolment seeing the sharpest decline of 18.7 million (13.45%). While secondary enrolment fell by 1.43 million (3.75%), senior secondary enrolment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%).
- Shift in Schooling Patterns: Government and aided school enrolments have declined significantly, while private schools saw only a slight rise. The number of schools has also reduced by 79,109 (5.1%) since 2017-18, reflecting a long-term demographic transition rather than a temporary trend.
- Falling Fertility Rate Below Replacement Level: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1. A declining birth rate leads to an ageing population without sufficient workforce replenishment.
- Aging Population Before Achieving High-Income Status: Japan and China leveraged their demographic dividend before ageing, but India may age before industrializing fully. It leads to a higher dependency ratio and increased pension and healthcare burdens.
- Labor Market and Economic Growth Concerns: China’s workforce peaked in 2011, leading to labour shortages and slower growth. India might face a similar scenario. It led to reduced economic productivity and difficulty sustaining high GDP growth.
- Decline in Number of Schools and Future Workforce Readiness: The number of schools in India declined by 79,109 (5.1%) from 2017-18 to 2023-24, indicating fewer children. Fewer skilled workers, potentially impacting India’s aspirations to become a global manufacturing and service hub.
- Demographic Shift: The school-age population (6-17 years) has decreased by 17.30 million (5.78%) due to lower fertility rates (2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.10), leading to fewer children in elementary and secondary education.
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What challenges are associated with enrollment?
- Economic Strain Due to a Shrinking Workforce: A declining working-age population may slow economic growth, limiting India’s ability to generate sufficient income to support an aging society. Example: India’s fertility rate dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1, indicating a future decline in the labor force.
- Educational System Under Pressure: Falling elementary-level enrollment has reduced demand for schools and teachers, potentially affecting education quality. Meanwhile, senior secondary enrollment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%) over the past decade, putting strain on higher education infrastructure. Example: Elementary school enrollment fell by 18.7 million (13.45%) in the last decade, signaling a demographic shift impacting resource allocation.
- Growing Educational and Economic Inequality: Government and aided schools, which serve marginalized communities, saw a sharp enrollment decline of 19.89 million (13.8%) and 4.95 million (16.41%), respectively, while private schools saw a slight increase, widening the education gap. Example: Enrollment in private unaided schools rose by 1.61 million (2.03%), indicating a shift toward private education that is less accessible to low-income groups.
How might this impact society?
- Shrinking Workforce & Economic Slowdown: Fewer young people entering the job market may lead to labor shortages, reducing economic productivity. Example: Japan and South Korea struggle with aging populations, leading to workforce gaps and slower growth.
- Increased Social Inequality: Government school enrollment decline disproportionately affects marginalized communities, widening the education gap. Example: In rural India, fewer children in government schools may limit upward mobility and economic opportunities.
- Strain on Higher Education & Skill Shortages: A decline in secondary-level enrollment can result in fewer skilled workers, affecting industries reliant on educated labor. Example: IT and manufacturing sectors may face talent shortages, impacting India’s competitiveness in global markets.
- Higher Dependency Ratio & Welfare Burden: With an aging population and fewer workers, the burden on healthcare and pension systems will rise. Example: Countries like Italy and Germany face financial stress due to increased elderly care costs.
- Changing Consumer & Housing Markets: Lower youth populations may reduce demand for housing, schooling, and consumer goods, shifting economic dynamics. Example: Fewer school-age children may lead to school closures, teacher unemployment, and real estate downturns in urban centers.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aims to transform the education system by ensuring universal access, equity, and quality learning from early childhood to higher education.
- Targets a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and emphasizes vocational training to meet future workforce demands.
- Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: A centrally sponsored initiative that integrates existing education programs to provide inclusive and equitable education from pre-school to senior secondary levels.
- Focuses on reducing gender and social disparities, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting digital learning.
- Skill India Mission: Aim to train over 400 million people in industry-relevant skills to support economic growth.
- Includes Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) for skill training and certification to boost employability.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Educational Access & Quality: Need to strengthen government school infrastructure, improve teacher training, and expand digital learning to bridge educational disparities and ensure skill readiness.
- Strategic Workforce & Economic Planning: Align skill development programs with future industry needs, promote labor-intensive sectors, and implement policies to balance workforce participation and aging demographics.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)
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