Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to PDS;
Why in the News?
Bureaucratic problems have caused many households in northern, central, and eastern India to be taken off the PDS rolls.
How effectively does the PDS ensure food security for vulnerable populations?
- Food Access and Coverage: The PDS covers approximately 57% of the population, providing subsidized staples primarily rice and wheat. This system acts as a safety net during economic shocks and has played a crucial role during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic by distributing free food grains to millions.
- Leakages and Corruption: A staggering 28% of allocated food never reaches intended beneficiaries, translating into significant losses and exacerbating food insecurity among the poor.
- Corruption and illegal diversion of food grains are rampant, with reports indicating that high leakage rates persist despite technological interventions like point-of-sale machines.
- Nutritional Security: While the PDS provides basic food staples, it often neglects broader nutritional needs. The focus on rice and wheat means that other essential items, such as pulses and fortified foods, are not consistently included, which is crucial for combating malnutrition among vulnerable populations.
Case study:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is intended to provide food security to vulnerable populations, but reports indicate significant inefficiencies. In states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar, a substantial number of households have been removed from PDS rolls, exacerbating food insecurity among marginalised communities such as the Musahar community. |
What are the key documentation challenges facing the implementation of the PDS?
- Unnecessary Documentation: The PDS requires documents like caste, income, and residence certificates, which are not mandated by the NFSA or PDS control orders, creating barriers for individuals who lack or cannot easily obtain them.
- Inclusion and Exclusion Errors: Errors in beneficiary identification result in eligible households being excluded (61%) and ineligible ones receiving benefits (25%), undermining the system’s fairness.
- Biometric Verification Challenges: Biometric failures and data discrepancies lead to eligible individuals being removed from PDS rolls, forcing them to reapply without guarantees of approval.
- Awareness Gap: Marginalized communities often lack knowledge about their rights and the application process, leading to underutilization of benefits and increased vulnerability to exploitation.
- Technological Barriers: The shift to online applications disadvantages individuals without internet access or digital literacy, widening the gap in accessing entitlements.
- Ghost Beneficiaries: The issuance of ration cards to non-existent individuals (“ghost cards”) due to poor data management and irregular updates creates inefficiencies and complicates the system.
What are the bureaucratic challenges?
- Exclusion Due to Ineffective Targeting: The move to a targeted PDS has resulted in many eligible households being excluded due to bureaucratic inefficiencies in identifying the right beneficiaries.
- Complicated Documentation Process: The need for documents like caste and income certificates creates obstacles for many eligible individuals, particularly in marginalised communities, leading to their exclusion from the system.
- Issues with Biometric Verification: The mandatory biometric verification has caused problems, with many individuals being removed from PDS rolls due to technical errors or discrepancies, forcing them to reapply without certainty of approval.
- Poor Data Management: Inadequate beneficiary list management has led to both inclusion and exclusion errors, with outdated records and ghost beneficiaries making it difficult for genuine recipients to access their food entitlements.
- Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption within the PDS, such as the diversion of food grains and mismanagement at various levels, has caused significant portions of allocated food to not reach the intended beneficiaries.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the PDS and uphold the right to food? (Way forward)
- Streamlining Documentation Requirements: Simplifying or eliminating unnecessary documentation can help improve access for eligible households.
- Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Implementing regular audits and community monitoring can help combat corruption within the system.
- Increased transparency in operations will ensure that resources reach those who need them most.
- Expanding Nutritional Offerings: Including a wider variety of food items in the PDS can address nutritional deficiencies among vulnerable populations.
- States like Tamil Nadu have successfully incorporated pulses and fortified rice into their distribution systems, serving as models for others.
- Digitalization and Grievance Redressal: Improving digital infrastructure while ensuring robust grievance redressal mechanisms can enhance efficiency and accountability within the PDS.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to AI in governance;
Why in the News?
A government panel has recommended forming an inter-ministerial committee to enforce AI rules and ensure effective governance of India’s growing AI ecosystem under India’s AI Mission.
- The Government of India has allocated ₹10,372 crore for the recently launched IndiaAI Mission under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
What are the key issues highlighted by the Report?
- Need for Coordinated Governance: The report emphasizes the necessity of a coordinated, whole-of-government approach for effective AI governance in India. It highlights that fragmentation in AI oversight across ministries may lead to inefficiencies and gaps.
- Importance of Multi-disciplinary Expertise: The report underscores the importance of pooling together expertise from various departments, regulators, and stakeholders to manage AI’s evolving ecosystem. It suggests setting up a technical secretariat within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to facilitate this process.
- Life Cycle and Ecosystem View: The report stresses the need for a life cycle approach to AI governance, addressing risks at different stages—development, deployment, and diffusion of AI systems. It advocates for an “ecosystem view” that considers various AI actors, including data providers, developers, and end users, for a holistic approach.
- Light Regulatory Framework: The report advocates for a lightweight regulatory framework rather than a “command and control” approach. It proposes a tech-enabled digital governance system to gradually scale regulatory control, thus encouraging innovation while ensuring safety and accountability.
- Sector-Specific Risks: It acknowledges that different sectors, such as health and banking, pose specific risks with AI systems. As such, a one-size-fits-all regulatory approach might not be effective in these areas.
- Existing Laws for Specific Issues: The report refers to existing legal frameworks to address emerging issues like deepfakes and cybersecurity, reiterating that these concerns can be handled under current laws.
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What are the 8 Principles?
- Transparency: AI systems must provide meaningful information about their development and capabilities, ensuring that stakeholders understand how they function.
- Accountability: Developers and deployers of AI systems should be held accountable for their impacts, with clear organizational structures to identify responsible parties.
- Safety, Reliability, and Robustness: AI systems should be designed to be safe and reliable, with safeguards in place to ensure they function as intended.
- Privacy and Security: Protect user data privacy and ensure security measures are implemented to safeguard against unauthorized access.
- Fairness and Non-Discrimination: AI systems must operate without bias, ensuring equitable treatment across different demographic groups.
- Human-Centered Values: AI should align with human values, promoting positive outcomes for individuals and society while minimizing harm.
- Inclusive Innovation: Encourage innovation that equitably distributes benefits across society, ensuring that advancements in AI do not exacerbate existing inequalities.
- Digital Governance: Leverage digital technologies to operationalize governance principles effectively, facilitating compliance and oversight.
What are the key recommendations? (Way forward)
- Establishment of an Inter-Ministerial AI Coordination Committee: This committee should serve as a permanent body to coordinate AI governance efforts across various national authorities and institutions, ensuring a unified approach to policy and regulation.
- Creation of a Technical Secretariat: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) should establish a technical secretariat to act as a focal point for coordination, providing technical advisory support and facilitating collaboration among stakeholders.
- Development of an AI Incident Database: A central repository should be created to document real-world issues related to AI, such as discriminatory outputs and privacy violations, to inform risk assessments and harm mitigation strategies.
- Promotion of Voluntary Transparency Commitments: The Technical Secretariat should engage with industry stakeholders to encourage voluntary commitments on transparency and best practices across the AI ecosystem.
- Exploration of Technological Solutions: The committee should investigate the use of techno-legal measures, such as watermarking and content provenance, to address challenges like deepfakes and ensure accountability in AI systems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of NITI Aayog;
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, celebrates a significant milestone as it completes 10 years since its establishment.
What are the roles and functions of NITI Aayog?
NITI Aayog, established in 2015, serves as the premier policy think tank of the Government of India. Its primary roles and functions include:
- Policy Formulation: NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating strategic and long-term policies aimed at promoting sustainable development across various sectors.
- Coordination: It coordinates the efforts of central ministries, state governments, and other stakeholders to ensure effective implementation of government schemes and initiatives.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The organization monitors the progress of various developmental programs and evaluates their effectiveness, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Data Collection and Analysis: NITI Aayog collects and analyzes data to inform policy decisions, including the development of the SDG India Index which tracks progress across states.
What are the key differences between the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog?
| Feature |
Planning Commission |
NITI Aayog |
| Formation |
Established in 1950 |
Established in 2015 |
| Mandate |
Centralized planning and allocation of funds |
Policy advisory and coordination |
| Approach |
Top-down approach |
Bottom-up approach |
| Funds Allocation |
Had the power to allocate funds to states |
No fund allocation powers |
| Federalism |
Limited state participation |
Emphasis on cooperative federalism |
| Focus |
Five-year plans |
Dynamic and flexible strategy formulation |
| Structure |
Static, hierarchical |
Dynamic, with active participation from stakeholders |
Why did the Government replace the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog?
- Need for a Modern Approach: The Planning Commission’s top-down, centralized model was considered outdated in the context of India’s diverse and evolving socio-economic landscape.
- NITI Aayog was established to adopt a more flexible, bottom-up approach that encourages participation from states and local governments, reflecting the need for tailored solutions to regional challenges.
- Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog aims to foster cooperative federalism by promoting collaboration between the central and state governments.
- This contrasts with the Planning Commission, where states had limited input and were often treated as passive participants in the planning process.
- Focus on Strategic Input: NITI Aayog is designed to serve as a think tank that provides strategic guidance and policy recommendations rather than merely allocating resources. This shift allows for a more dynamic response to economic needs and aspirations of the populace.
- Enhanced Stakeholder Engagement: The establishment of NITI Aayog followed extensive consultations with various stakeholders, including state governments, domain experts, and the public. This inclusive approach is intended to ensure that policies are relevant and effective.
- Relevance in a Globalized Economy: With India’s integration into the global economy, there was a recognized need for an institution that could adapt to changing economic conditions and promote competitive federalism rather than a one-size-fits-all planning model.
What is the 2030 and 2035 NITI Aayog roadmap?
NITI Aayog has outlined a comprehensive roadmap aimed at achieving sustainable development goals by 2030 and establishing a long-term vision for 2035. This roadmap encompasses various sectors, including energy, health, and technology.
Goals for 2030
- Energy Transition: NITI Aayog aims to ensure that India meets 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030. This includes achieving a non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW and reducing carbon emissions by one billion tonnes during the same period.
- Public Health Enhancement: The focus is on strengthening public health surveillance systems to be more inclusive, covering non-communicable diseases and environmental conditions.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): NITI Aayog is committed to aligning national policies with the SDGs, ensuring that developmental strategies are integrated with global sustainability targets, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, education, and gender equality.
Vision for 2035
- Long-term Economic Growth: The Vision Document for 2035 emphasizes creating a roadmap that focuses on economic growth while ensuring social equity and environmental sustainability. This involves leveraging technology and innovation to drive inclusive growth across various sectors.
- Energy Security: The 2035 vision includes comprehensive strategies for energy access, affordability, reliability, and security, addressing both current challenges and future needs in the energy sector.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration: NITI Aayog plans to harness AI technologies across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and urban infrastructure to improve efficiency and service delivery.
What are the challenges?
- Data Management: Effective implementation of the roadmap requires robust data collection and management systems to monitor progress accurately and inform policy decisions.
- Inter-State Disparities: Addressing inequalities among states in terms of resource allocation and development outcomes is crucial for achieving national goals.
- Funding and Resources: Securing adequate funding for ambitious projects aimed at renewable energy expansion, public health improvements, and technological advancements poses a significant challenge.
- Capacity Building: Developing the necessary skills and expertise within the workforce to implement new technologies and strategies effectively is essential for success.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Enhance data infrastructure, governance frameworks, and inter-state coordination to address disparities and improve policy implementation.
- Foster Public-Private Collaboration: Leverage partnerships with the private sector to secure funding, drive innovation, and scale renewable energy, public health, and technology initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How are the principles followed by NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile planning commission in India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education system;
Why in the News?
The latest guidelines from the University Grants Commission (UGC) mark a significant transformation in India’s higher education system.
What are the Draft Guidelines by UGC in 2025?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new draft guidelines for undergraduate education in India, which include:
- Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADP): This allows students to complete their degrees faster by earning additional credits per semester. Students can opt for this after their first or second semester based on their academic performance. A three-year degree can be completed in five semesters, while a four-year degree can be finished in six or seven semesters.
- Extended Degree Programmes (EDP): This option enables students facing personal or academic challenges to extend their study duration, allowing them to take fewer credits per semester. There is no upper limit on the number of students who can enroll in EDP, unlike ADP, which may have a cap of 10% of the sanctioned intake.
What are the advantages of adapting new guidelines?
- Greater Flexibility: The new guidelines allow for biannual admissions, enabling students to enroll in higher education programs twice a year. This flexibility helps students who may have missed the initial admission cycle or face personal challenges, reducing the risk of losing an entire academic year.
- Multiple Entry and Exit Options: Students can now enter and exit programs as needed, which accommodates various life circumstances and promotes lifelong learning. This approach aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s emphasis on inclusivity and adaptability.
- Holistic Development: The guidelines promote multidisciplinary learning by allowing students to earn credits in skill development, apprenticeships, or other subjects outside their major discipline. This fosters a more well-rounded educational experience.
- Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): The introduction of RPL allows individuals to gain formal recognition for skills and knowledge acquired through informal or experiential learning. This enhances career prospects and supports the integration of informal workers into the education system.
- Alignment with Global Standards: By adopting these flexible structures, Indian higher education can better align with international practices, improving student mobility both within India and abroad.
What are the challenges in adapting new guidelines?
- Administrative Complexity: Implementing these new guidelines requires significant changes to existing administrative structures and processes within higher education institutions (HEIs). This can be daunting for institutions already facing resource constraints.
- Quality Assurance Concerns: There are concerns about maintaining educational quality and rigor, especially in accelerated programs where the curriculum is compressed. This could lead to superficial understanding of key concepts among students.
- Equity Issues: Students from underprivileged backgrounds may struggle to navigate the new system without adequate support, potentially leading to higher dropout rates if they cannot keep pace with peers.
- Faculty Adaptation: Educators will need professional development to adjust to new pedagogical models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning. The success of these reforms depends not only on student adaptation but also on faculty capability to support diverse learning needs effectively.
What are the practical issues?
- Curriculum Restructuring: Implementing these new formats requires significant changes to existing curricula and teaching methodologies, which could strain resources at many institutions.
- Administrative Frameworks: Institutions must develop robust systems for tracking student progress, managing credit transfers, and recognizing academic achievements effectively.
- Digital Divide: The shift towards digitalization in education could exacerbate inequalities among students from different socio-economic backgrounds if adequate support systems are not established.
- Faculty Development: Educators will need professional development to adapt to new teaching models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Provide financial support, upgrade infrastructure, and streamline administrative systems to manage credit transfers, biannual admissions, and curriculum restructuring effectively.
- Ensure Inclusivity and Quality: Offer targeted support for underprivileged students, bridge the digital divide, and invest in faculty development programs to maintain educational quality and equity.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Debate related to national anthem;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Legislative Assembly without giving his opening address for the first session of the year, saying the National Anthem was not played before his speech. Last year, he also refused to read his address.
What is the practice followed in the TN Legislative Assembly during and after the Governor’s address?
- Governor’s Address Protocol: Traditionally, the Tamil Thai Vaazhthu (state anthem) is sung at the beginning of the Governor’s address, while the National Anthem is played at the end. This practice was established in July 1991 during the AIADMK government led by Jayalalithaa.
- Recent Incident: Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Assembly without delivering his address, citing that only the state anthem was played upon his arrival and not the National Anthem. He expressed that this constituted a disrespect to both the Constitution and the National Anthem.
Is singing the National Anthem mandatory on certain occasions?
- Constitutional Duty: Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution includes respecting the National Anthem as a fundamental duty of every citizen. However, it does not make its singing or playing mandatory on specific occasions.
- Government Guidelines: The Ministry of Home Affairs’ Orders specify occasions when the National Anthem must be played, such as during civil and military investitures, parades, arrival/departure of the President or Governor, and ceremonial State functions.
- Judicial Clarifications: The courts have observed that while the National Anthem deserves respect, its singing or playing on all occasions is not mandatory unless explicitly specified.
- For instance, during cinema screenings, the Supreme Court ruled that playing the anthem is not obligatory but encouraged.
Can punishment be imposed if it isn’t played at official functions?
- Legal Provisions: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 penalizes deliberate insult or contempt of the National Anthem with imprisonment up to 3 years, a fine, or both.
- Non-playing or non-singing of the anthem does not attract punishment unless it is a willful act of disrespect.
- Relevant Case Example: In 2019, the Madras High Court dismissed a petition seeking punishment for the non-playing of the National Anthem at an official function, citing the lack of a legal mandate to enforce its singing or playing on all occasions.
Why does the government make the national anthem on major government occasions?
- Fostering Unity and National Pride: Playing the National Anthem at significant government events reinforces a sense of collective identity, unity, and patriotism among citizens. It serves as a symbolic reminder of shared national values and aspirations, transcending regional, linguistic, and cultural differences.
- Respecting Constitutional Ideals: Mandating the National Anthem aligns with Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution, which enshrines the fundamental duty of every citizen to respect the National Anthem.
- Its inclusion in major events underscores the importance of honouring national symbols and promoting a culture of respect and accountability in public life.
Way forward:
- Establish Uniform Protocols: The government should issue clear and consistent guidelines for playing the National Anthem at official events to avoid confusion and ensure uniformity across states and institutions.
- Promote Awareness and Respect: Conduct awareness campaigns emphasising the significance of the National Anthem as a unifying symbol, fostering voluntary respect and participation without compulsion or controversy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India USA relations;
Why in the News?
US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan announced that the US is working to remove long-standing rules that have hindered nuclear cooperation between India’s top nuclear entities and American companies.
What are the legal barriers hindering India’s participation in nuclear manufacturing?
- 10CFR810 Authorization: This regulation, part of the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954, restricts US nuclear vendors from manufacturing nuclear equipment or conducting nuclear design work in India.
- While it allows for the export of equipment under strict safeguards, it prevents India from engaging in the manufacturing value chain and co-producing nuclear components for atomic power projects.
- Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: This Indian legislation establishes a framework for compensating victims of nuclear accidents and allocates liability to equipment suppliers. This provision raises concerns among foreign companies, such as GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, regarding potential financial exposure and liability risks, which deters investment in India’s nuclear sector.
How does Indian liability law impact the Indo-US nuclear deal?
- Liability Allocation: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, establishes a framework that assigns strict liability to nuclear operators for damages resulting from nuclear incidents.
- This means that operators are primarily responsible for compensation, which is capped at ₹500 crore (approximately USD 60 million), with the central government liable for additional amounts up to 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) in case of higher damages.
- Right of Recourse: The Act provides operators with a right of recourse against suppliers, which means that operators can seek compensation from suppliers if they incur costs due to an accident.
- However, this right is not mandatory and is seen as an enabling clause, leading to concerns among suppliers about their financial exposure in the event of an incident.
- Insurance Challenges: The liability law’s structure creates significant challenges for foreign suppliers in obtaining insurance coverage. Many suppliers require a clear legal cap on liability to insure themselves against potential accidents.
- The open-ended nature of liability and the potential for significant financial exposure deter investment from companies like GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, who are wary of entering a market where they could face unpredictable liabilities.
- International Standards Compliance: The Indian liability framework is viewed as an outlier compared to international norms, which typically channel all liabilities to operators rather than suppliers. This divergence complicates foreign participation in India’s nuclear sector and hinders the operationalization of agreements like the Indo-US nuclear deal.
What steps are being taken to enhance Indo-US cooperation in the nuclear sector?
- Removal of Regulatory Barriers: The US is finalizing steps to ease restrictions that have hindered nuclear collaboration since the 2005 deal, enabling closer ties between Indian entities and US private sector players.
- Facilitating Technology Transfer: The regulatory changes will support the transfer of US nuclear technology to India, boosting India’s clean energy expansion efforts.
- Strengthening the iCET Framework: Emphasis on the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) to foster collaboration in nuclear technology and other high-tech sectors like AI and quantum computing.
- Addressing Liability Concerns: Discussions to resolve issues related to India’s nuclear liability laws aim to attract foreign suppliers and enhance investment opportunities in India’s nuclear energy sector.
Way forward:
- Policy Reforms for Liability Clarity: Amend India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to align with international norms by channelling liability solely to operators, reducing suppliers’ financial risks and encouraging foreign investment.
- Promote Joint Ventures and Technology Transfer: Facilitate joint manufacturing and R&D collaborations under the iCET framework, leveraging US expertise in light water reactor technology and India’s manufacturing capabilities to achieve shared clean energy goals.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Digital Governance;
Why in the News?
Recently, India has started a big effort to move towards digital governance which aims to make services better for citizens and improve the skills of government workers.
What are the key challenges facing the implementation of digital governance in India?
- Resistance to Change: Some segments of the government workforce are hesitant to adopt new technologies, leading to slow adaptation within bureaucratic structures. This resistance can hinder the overall effectiveness of digital initiatives.
- Digital Divide: There is a significant disparity in internet access and digital literacy between urban and rural areas. Many rural employees lack the necessary infrastructure and skills to engage with digital platforms, potentially leaving them behind in the digital transformation process.
- Incentive Structures: Current initiatives, such as the iGOT Karmayogi platform, risk becoming mere attendance trackers without meaningful outcomes. The lack of incentives for employees to apply new skills can undermine the effectiveness of training programs.
- Cybersecurity Risks: As government operations increasingly move online, the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks escalates. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures is essential to protect sensitive information and build trust in digital governance.
- Need for Continuous Learning: The rapid evolution of technology necessitates ongoing training and upskilling opportunities for government employees to keep pace with new tools and platforms.
How can technology be leveraged to improve public service delivery and citizen engagement?
- Streamlined Workflows: Initiatives like e-Office digitize workflows, reducing reliance on paperwork and enhancing operational efficiency, which leads to faster service delivery.
- Enhanced Communication: Digital platforms facilitate real-time communication between government officials and citizens, improving transparency and responsiveness to public needs.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Technologies such as data analytics enable informed decision-making by providing insights into citizen needs and service effectiveness.
- Citizen-Centric Platforms: Tools like MyGov allow for direct interaction between citizens and the government, fostering greater engagement and participation in governance processes.
- Online Procurement Systems: Platforms like the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) streamline procurement processes, making them more transparent and efficient.
What role does collaboration play in successful digital governance?
- Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: Effective digital governance requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including government bodies, NGOs, community leaders, and citizens, to ensure that diverse perspectives are considered.
- Capacity Building: Collaborative efforts in training and capacity building can help equip government employees with the necessary skills to navigate digital tools effectively.
- Sharing Best Practices: Partnerships with private sector entities can facilitate knowledge sharing and the adoption of innovative solutions that enhance public service delivery.
- Policy Development: Collaborative frameworks can aid in developing policies that address challenges such as the digital divide and cybersecurity threats, ensuring a comprehensive approach to digital governance.
- Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing channels for citizen feedback enhances accountability and allows for continuous improvement in digital governance initiatives.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Digital Infrastructure and Training: Invest in improving digital infrastructure, especially in rural areas, and provide continuous, targeted training to government employees to bridge the skill gap and ensure effective use of technology.
- Enhancing Collaboration and Incentives: Foster stronger collaboration between government, private sector, and communities while creating incentive structures that encourage employees to apply newly acquired skills, ensuring the tangible impact of digital governance initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues in the education system;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Union government revised the Rules of the Right to Education Act, 2009, permitting schools to retain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet the promotion criteria based on a year-end examination.
What led to the amendment of the Right to Education Act, 2009 Rules?
- Significant Learning Gaps: Surveys, including the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), revealed alarming deficiencies in foundational skills among students. For example, a substantial percentage of Class 5 students were unable to read at their grade level, indicating a pressing need for intervention.
- Declining Academic Performance: National Achievement Surveys showed a downward trend in student performance as they progressed through grades, with average scores dropping significantly from Class 3 to Class 8. This decline raised concerns about the effectiveness of the no-detention policy.
- Impact of COVID-19: The disruptions caused by the pandemic exacerbated existing learning gaps, prompting educational authorities to reconsider policies that may have contributed to inadequate learning outcomes.
- Ineffective Implementation of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): The original intent of the RTE Act included CCE to assess students continuously. However, its poor implementation led to many schools neglecting assessments altogether, resulting in automatic promotions without evaluating students’ actual learning.
What are the new rules?
- Rollback of No-Detention Policy: The amendment effectively rolls back the no-detention policy that was a fundamental aspect of the RTE Act, which previously mandated that no child could be held back until completing elementary education (Classes 1 to 8). This policy aimed to reduce dropout rates by promoting students regardless of their academic performance.
- Promotion Criteria: Under the new rules, students in Classes 5 and 8 can be detained if they do not pass their year-end exams. However, they will be given a second chance through a re-examination after receiving two months of additional teaching.
- Implementation of Continuous Evaluation: The amendment is intended to support better evaluation practices by allowing for regular assessments rather than relying solely on final examinations. This aims to ensure that students are adequately prepared before advancing to higher grades.
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What have schools been allowed to do?
- Detaining Students: Schools can now hold back students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet the promotion criteria after a year-end examination. This marks a departure from the previous no-detention policy that prohibited such actions until the completion of elementary education.
- Re-Examination Opportunities: If a student does not pass the initial examination, they are given an opportunity for a re-examination within two months after receiving additional instruction. If they still do not meet the criteria after this second chance, they can be detained in their current class.
- Monitoring and Support: The rules require class teachers to identify learning gaps and provide specialized support to students who are at risk of being held back. The head of the school is also mandated to monitor the progress of these students.
- Competency-Based Assessments: The examinations and re-examinations are intended to be competency-based, focusing on holistic development rather than rote memorization.
- Implementation Across Central Schools: This amendment applies to around 3,000 central schools, including Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, extending the option for detention beyond state-run schools.
Is there something wrong with the appraisal system?
- Poor Implementation of Continuous Evaluation: The original aim of continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) was undermined by inadequate resources and training for teachers. Many schools failed to conduct meaningful assessments, leading to automatic promotions without evaluating students’ actual learning outcomes.
- Lack of Accountability: The previous no-detention policy created an environment where accountability for student performance diminished. Teachers often did not engage in effective monitoring or support for students struggling academically, resulting in significant learning gaps.
- Focus on Final Examinations: The shift towards allowing detention may lead to a renewed emphasis on final examinations rather than continuous assessment throughout the academic year, potentially reversing some of the progressive educational practices intended by the RTE Act.
Who should be made accountable?
- Teachers: Teachers should be held accountable for their students’ learning outcomes. They are crucial in identifying learning gaps, providing necessary support, and ensuring that all students receive adequate attention and instruction.
- School Administrators: School heads and administrators must monitor student progress and implement effective teaching strategies. They are responsible for creating an environment that encourages accountability among teachers and supports student learning.
- Education Authorities: Government bodies and education authorities at both state and national levels should be accountable for implementing educational policies effectively.
- Parents and Communities: Engaging parents and local communities in the educational process can enhance accountability.
- Policymakers: Lawmakers and policymakers must be accountable for creating a robust framework that supports quality education. This includes adequate funding, resource allocation, and the establishment of clear standards and expectations for schools.
What are some of the best ways to test a child’s learning? (Way forward)
- Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): Implement regular assessments through a mix of formative (ongoing, classroom-based) and summative (end-of-term) evaluations to track progress across cognitive, emotional, and social domains.
- Skill-Based Assessments: Focus on grade-appropriate competencies in reading, writing, and arithmetic through practical tasks, quizzes, and interactive activities, rather than relying solely on rote-based exams.
- Individualized Feedback Mechanisms: Use assessments that provide personalized insights into a child’s strengths and weaknesses, allowing for tailored remedial interventions to address specific learning gaps.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains indadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report;
Mains level: Significance of LEADS;
Why in the News?
The Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report, released by the Union Minister, outlines key objectives and performance metrics aimed at enhancing India’s logistics sector.
What are the Aims and Objectives of Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)?
- The primary aim is to improve logistics efficiency across states and union territories (UTs), thereby facilitating trade and reducing transaction costs essential for economic growth.
- States are encouraged to collaborate with the private sector to develop action plans that attract investments in logistics.
- Emphasis is placed on promoting green logistics and adopting sustainable practices in logistics operations.
- The report advocates for the integration of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Data Analytics to enhance operational efficiency.
- There is a focus on workforce inclusivity and skill development to boost the logistics sector’s capabilities.
LEADS 2024 evaluates logistics performance based on four key pillars:
- Logistics Infrastructure: Assessment of physical infrastructure supporting logistics activities.
- Logistics Services: Evaluation of the quality and efficiency of logistics services available.
- Operating and Regulatory Environment: Analysis of the regulatory framework affecting logistics operations.
- Sustainable Logistics: Newly introduced pillar focusing on environmental sustainability within the logistics sector.
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Key Performance Highlights of 2024
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- Coastal Group Achievers: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu.
- Landlocked Group Achievers: Haryana, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
- North-Eastern Group Achievers: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh.
- Union Territories Achievers: Chandigarh, Delhi.
- Fast Movers and Aspirers:
-
- Fast Movers include states like Andhra Pradesh, Goa (Coastal); Bihar, Himachal Pradesh (Landlocked); Meghalaya, Mizoram (North-Eastern).
- Aspirers include Kerala, West Bengal (Coastal); Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand (Landlocked); Manipur (North-Eastern).
What is the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and skill development in transforming India’s logistics sector as per the recommendations in the LEADS 2024 report?
Role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
- Enhancing Infrastructure and Efficiency: The report advocates for leveraging PPPs to improve logistics infrastructure and services. By collaborating with private entities, states can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and attract investments essential for developing robust logistics frameworks.
- Facilitating Multi-Modal Hubs: PPPs are encouraged to establish multi-modal logistics hubs, which can streamline operations and improve last-mile connectivity. This approach aims to create an integrated logistics network that enhances trade facilitation across regions.
- Promoting Transparency and Accountability: The involvement of private partners in logistics projects is expected to promote transparency through competitive bidding processes, thereby ensuring better governance and accountability in project execution.
Role of Skill Development
- Workforce Inclusivity: The report highlights the importance of skill development initiatives aimed at fostering inclusivity within the workforce. By enhancing the skills of workers, particularly women, the logistics sector can benefit from a more diverse talent pool.
- Adoption of New Technologies: Skill development programs are crucial for equipping the workforce with knowledge about advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Analytics. This technological proficiency is essential for improving operational efficiencies and adapting to evolving industry demands.
- Boosting Sector Competitiveness: By focusing on skill enhancement, the logistics sector can increase its competitiveness on a global scale. A well-trained workforce can lead to improved service delivery, innovation, and overall productivity within the sector.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Foster collaboration between states and the private sector to develop multimodal logistics hubs, enhance last-mile connectivity, and improve infrastructure transparency through competitive bidding processes.
- Promote Sustainability and Skill Development: Integrate green logistics practices, adopt advanced technologies (AI, ML), and implement comprehensive skill development programs to create an inclusive and efficient logistics ecosystem.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Rupee depreciation;
Why in the News?
In the last week of December 2024, the rupee dropped below 85 against the U.S. dollar, hitting a new low of 85.81. The rupee fell by about 3% in 2024, continuing its long-term decline against the dollar.
What has caused the currency to depreciate?
- Exit of Foreign Investors: A significant driver of the rupee’s depreciation has been the exit of foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) from Indian markets. In 2024, FPIs pulled out substantial amounts from equities, leading to increased selling pressure on the rupee.
- Widening Trade Deficit: India’s trade deficit has widened due to high imports, particularly of crude oil and gold, compared to its exports. This increased demand for foreign currencies (like the U.S. dollar) to pay for these imports has contributed to the rupee’s weakening.
- Monetary Policy Differences: The Reserve Bank of India’s relatively looser monetary policy compared to the U.S. Federal Reserve has resulted in higher inflation rates in India. This inflation differential makes Indian assets less attractive to foreign investors, further reducing demand for the rupee.
- Global Economic Factors: Geopolitical tensions, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and rising global crude oil prices, have created volatility in the markets, leading to capital outflows from emerging markets like India.
- The other reason is that the strengthening U.S. dollar amid higher U.S. bond yields has made investments in the U.S. more attractive compared to India.
What could be the impact of Rupee depreciation?
- Increased Import Costs: A weaker rupee raises the cost of imports, particularly for essential goods such as crude oil, fertilizers, and edible oils. This increase in import bills can lead to a higher overall trade deficit, which reached an all-time high of $37.8 billion in November 2024, exacerbating economic vulnerabilities.
- Inflationary Pressures: The rising costs of imported goods contribute to inflation, making everyday goods more expensive for consumers. This can lead to higher living costs and reduced purchasing power, as seen with the increased prices of food and fuel due to higher import expenses.
- Impact on Economic Growth: The combination of rising inflation and increased costs can dampen economic growth. Higher import bills can create upward pressure on interest rates, making borrowing more expensive and potentially slowing down investment and consumption.
Why made the central bank to intervene?
- Stabilizing Currency Value: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) intervened in the forex market to stabilize the rupee and prevent excessive volatility that could disrupt economic stability. By selling dollars from its reserves, the RBI aimed to support the rupee’s value against the dollar.
- Preventing Inflationary Pressures: A depreciating rupee increases the cost of imports, particularly essential commodities like crude oil, which can exacerbate inflation domestically. The RBI’s intervention seeks to mitigate these inflationary pressures by maintaining a more stable exchange rate.
- Maintaining Investor Confidence: By actively managing the currency’s value, the RBI aims to instill confidence among investors regarding India’s economic stability and attractiveness as an investment destination. This is crucial for sustaining foreign investment inflows and supporting economic growth.
Way forward:
- Diversify Export Markets and Reduce Dependence on Imports: India should focus on enhancing its exports to non-traditional markets while exploring alternatives to reduce dependence on high-cost imports, especially crude oil and gold.
- Monetary Policy Coordination and Strengthening Fundamentals: The RBI should work towards aligning its monetary policy with global trends while ensuring domestic inflation remains under control.
Mains PYQ:
Q How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health care;
Why in the News?
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer are rising sharply in India which causing a heavy financial burden. In 2022, NCDs accounted for 65% of all deaths.
Why should India shift its focus from curative to preventive healthcare?
- Improved Health Outcomes: Preventive healthcare allows for early detection and management of health issues, which can lead to better overall health, a higher quality of life, and potentially increased lifespan.
- Early diagnosis helps mitigate serious complications associated with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
- Cost Savings: Investing in preventive care can significantly reduce healthcare costs. By preventing illnesses or catching them early, individuals can avoid expensive treatments and hospitalizations.
- Reduced Burden on Healthcare Systems: With a proactive approach to health, the pressure on India’s already strained healthcare infrastructure can be alleviated. Preventive care can help manage the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which accounted for about 65% of deaths in 2022.
- Economic Productivity: A healthier population contributes to increased productivity. Chronic illnesses often lead to absenteeism and reduced work capacity, which can negatively impact economic growth.
- Addressing Rising Disease Burden: The growing prevalence of NCDs in India necessitates a shift toward preventive measures. With many individuals facing disease burdens earlier in life, focusing on prevention can help manage these conditions more effectively and sustainably.
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How can India effectively shift its focus from curative to preventive healthcare?
- Strengthening Early Intervention: Enhancing the capabilities of Ayushman Health and Wellness Centres to facilitate targeted screenings and early interventions is crucial. This can involve using data analytics to identify high-risk populations and provide tailored preventive care services.
- Encouraging Regular Screenings: Promoting regular health screenings, especially for individuals aged 40-60, can help identify conditions early. Collaborating with private health providers and insurers to offer subsidized screening programs can make preventive care more accessible.
- Policy Incentives: Revising tax deductions for preventive health checks can incentivize individuals to prioritize their health. Increasing the limit from ₹5,000 to ₹15,000 under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act can encourage more people to undergo comprehensive health assessments.
What role do technology and innovation play in enhancing preventive healthcare accessibility?
- AI and Digital Health Solutions: The integration of AI-enabled imaging modalities and telemedicine can enhance the accessibility of preventive healthcare services. These technologies can facilitate lower-cost screenings and improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in underserved areas.
- Health Data Management: The National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) can play a pivotal role in managing health data effectively, enabling better tracking of health trends and facilitating targeted interventions based on population health analytics.
- Wearable Health Devices: The use of wearable devices for monitoring vital signs and health metrics can empower individuals to take proactive steps in managing their health, leading to earlier detection of potential health issues.
What are the expected economic and health outcomes of prioritizing preventive care?
- Reduced Healthcare Costs: By prioritizing preventive care, India could significantly lower the overall financial burden on individuals and the healthcare system.
- Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent the escalation of diseases that require expensive treatments.
- Improved Health Outcomes: A focus on preventive healthcare is likely to lead to better health outcomes, including reduced morbidity and mortality rates associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This shift can enhance the quality of life for many individuals.
- Economic Resilience: Investing in preventive healthcare can contribute to economic stability by reducing productivity losses associated with chronic diseases. A healthier population is more productive, which can drive economic growth and reduce the financial strain on households.
Way forward:
- Expand Preventive Care Infrastructure: Strengthen health centers with early screening capabilities, utilize data analytics to identify high-risk groups, and collaborate with private providers to offer affordable preventive services.
- Incentivize Preventive Health Practices: Revise tax benefits for health check-ups and promote the use of technology, such as wearable devices and telemedicine, to increase accessibility and awareness of preventive healthcare.
Mains PYQ:
Q The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Initiatives related to climate change;
Why in the News?
India recently shared a report about its efforts to fight climate change. The report includes details about how much greenhouse gases (GHG) the country produces and the steps it has taken to reduce these emissions as part of its global climate promises.
What is the Biennial Update Report (BUR)?
- The Biennial Update Report (BUR) is a detailed report that developing countries, including India, submit to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This report outlines their efforts toward climate action, as mandated under the Paris Agreement.
- BURs include an overview of national circumstances related to climate, socio-economic factors, and forestry, along with a comprehensive inventory of national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their sources. They also detail national action plans for emission mitigation and the support received for climate-related initiatives.
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What are the BUR-4’s highlights and submissions on emissions inventory?
- Total GHG Emissions: In 2020, India’s total GHG emissions were reported at 2,959 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. After accounting for land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), net emissions were 2,437 million tonnes, reflecting a 7.93% decrease from 2019 levels.
- Reduction in Emissions Intensity: The report indicates that from 2005 to 2020, India’s emissions intensity of GDP decreased by 36%. This metric measures GHG emissions per unit of economic output, highlighting improved energy efficiency and a shift towards renewable energy sources.
- Sectoral Contributions: The energy sector was the largest contributor to emissions, accounting for 75.66%, with electricity production alone responsible for 39% of total emissions. Agriculture contributed 13.72%, while industrial processes and waste management accounted for 8.06% and 2.56%, respectively.
What does BUR-4 say about the status of India’s climate commitments?
- The BUR-4 outlines India’s commitment to its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, aiming for a 45% reduction in GDP emission intensity by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
- The report notes that between 2005 and 2021, India created an additional carbon sink of approximately 2.29 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through enhanced forest and tree cover, contributing significantly to its climate goals.
What has the report said about India’s tech needs for climate-conscious growth? (Way forward)
- Advanced Technologies for Low-Carbon Growth: The report emphasizes the necessity for adopting cutting-edge technologies across various sectors, including solar energy, wind energy, bioenergy, electric vehicles, and carbon capture and storage.
- Capacity Building: Strengthening institutional frameworks and workforce capabilities is essential for effective implementation of climate policies and programs. This involves training personnel and developing skills necessary to manage and operate advanced technologies.
- Financial and Technological Support: The BUR-4 identifies a significant gap in technology transfer from developed countries, which hampers India’s ability to implement necessary climate solutions. India calls for increased international cooperation to facilitate technology transfer, eliminate intellectual property barriers, and provide financial assistance to support its climate initiatives.
- Integration of Technology in Key Sectors: The report highlights the importance of integrating advanced technologies into critical sectors that contribute to emissions, such as agriculture and energy.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of Remittances;
Why in the News?
In 2024, India received a record $129.1 billion in remittances which marked the highest share for any country since 2000 as per the World Bank.
What are the Trends in Remittances flow?
- Record Inflows: In 2024, India received an estimated $129.1 billion in remittances, marking the highest amount ever recorded for any country in a single year.
- Global Share: India accounted for 14.3% of global remittances, the highest share since the turn of the millennium.
- Growth Rate: The growth rate of remittances in 2024 was approximately 5.8%, a significant increase from 1.2% in 2023.
- Top Recipients: Following India, Mexico and China received the largest remittances, with Mexico at $68 billion and China at $48 billion.
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What are the Factors Responsible for High Remittances in India?
- Large Diaspora: India has one of the largest diaspora populations globally, with over 18 million Indians living abroad, contributing significantly to remittance inflows.
- Shift to High-Income Countries: There has been a trend of Indian migrants moving to high-income economies such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, where job opportunities are more abundant.
- Diverse Skill Levels: Indian migrants include highly skilled professionals (in sectors like IT and healthcare) as well as semi-skilled and unskilled labourers, broadening the scope for remittance generation.
- Recovery of Job Markets: The recovery of job markets in high-income countries post-pandemic has driven an increase in remittance flows as employment opportunities have improved.
What is the significance of high Remittances?
- Economic Support for Households: Remittances serve as a crucial source of income for many families in India, supporting their daily needs and contributing to overall household welfare.
- Impact on National Economy: In 2024, remittances constituted approximately 3.3% of India’s GDP, highlighting their role in bolstering the economy.
- Comparison with Other Financial Flows: Remittances have outpaced other forms of external financial flows, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Official Development Assistance (ODA), indicating their importance for funding current account deficits and fiscal shortfalls in low- and middle-income countries.
- Long-Term Growth Trends: Over the past decade, remittances to low-and-middle-income countries have increased by 57%, underscoring their growing significance as a stable source of income compared to declining FDI.
What are the negative impacts of brain drain?
Even though remittances are good for the country, they have negative signals for any country like brain drain.
- Loss of Skilled Labor: Brain drain leads to a significant depletion of skilled professionals in the home country, resulting in shortages in critical sectors such as healthcare, education, and technology.
- This loss hampers the country’s ability to innovate and develop, as there are fewer qualified individuals to drive progress and maintain essential services.
- Economic Consequences: The exodus of skilled workers results in decreased tax revenues for the home country, which can limit public spending on infrastructure and social programs. This financial shortfall can stunt economic growth and development, exacerbating existing challenges within the economy.
- Impeded National Development: Countries experiencing brain drain may face slower overall development due to the loss of human capital. This can create a cycle of underdevelopment, where the lack of skilled labour leads to reduced investment opportunities and further emigration, perpetuating the cycle of talent loss and economic stagnation.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Domestic Opportunities: Strengthen education, healthcare, and innovation ecosystems to retain skilled professionals by providing competitive salaries, career growth, and improved living standards.
- Engage Diaspora Strategically: Leverage the Indian diaspora for knowledge transfer, investments, and partnerships, creating pathways for their contribution to national development while maintaining ties with homegrown talent.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to insolvency;
Why in the News?
The current state of cross-border insolvency laws is poor, with rules that cannot be enforced and slow progress in making necessary changes. This situation needs to be fixed.
How did the evolution of the cross-border insolvency framework in India?
- Post-Independence Legal Framework: After Independence, India’s insolvency laws focused on domestic cases and did not address cross-border insolvency, leaving a significant gap in the legal framework.
- Committee Recommendations and IBC Drafting: In the 2000s, committees like the Eradi, Mitra, and Irani Committees recommended adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law, leading to the drafting of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in 2015, which initially focused on domestic insolvencies.
- Incorporation of Cross-Border Provisions: Sections 234 and 235 were introduced in 2016 to facilitate cross-border insolvency, allowing reciprocal agreements and assistance from foreign courts, though their effectiveness was limited by the lack of implementation and reciprocal arrangements.
What are the key challenges in adopting a cross-border insolvency framework in India?
- Outdated Framework: Current legal provisions, such as Sections 234 and 235 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), remain non-notified and unenforceable, rendering them ineffective. Reliance on ad hoc protocols like in the Jet Airways case increases judicial burden, delays resolutions, and reduces asset value.
- Jurisdictional Issues: Section 60(5) of the IBC limits the jurisdiction of civil courts over insolvency matters, leaving the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) as the sole authority. However, the NCLT lacks the power to recognize or enforce foreign judgments.
- Lack of Reciprocal Arrangements: The absence of reciprocal agreements between India and other nations for cross-border insolvency resolution creates barriers to effective cooperation.
- Inefficient Court Communication: Outdated communication methods between Indian and foreign courts hinder transparency and efficiency in handling cross-border insolvency matters.
- Legislative Gaps: The delay in adopting structured frameworks, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law, highlights a critical regulatory gap in managing cross-border insolvencies.
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How does India’s proposed legislation align with international standards, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law?
- India’s proposed amendments to the IBC aim to incorporate elements of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, which provides a structured framework for international cooperation and coordination in insolvency matters.
- By adopting this model, India seeks to enhance its legal framework to better manage cross-border insolvencies and align with global best practices.
- The recommendations from various expert committees, including the Insolvency Law Committee and the Parliamentary Standing Committee, emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that includes provisions for recognizing foreign insolvency proceedings and facilitating smoother communication between jurisdictions.
What implications do these reforms have for foreign investment and economic growth in India?
- Attracting Foreign Investment: A robust cross-border insolvency framework will enhance investor confidence by ensuring that their rights are protected in case of insolvency. This predictability is crucial for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) into India, as investors seek assurance that their interests will be managed effectively across borders.
- Facilitating Corporate Restructuring: Improved legal mechanisms for cross-border insolvency will enable Indian companies operating internationally to restructure more efficiently when faced with financial difficulties. This can lead to better asset recovery and preservation of business value, ultimately contributing to economic stability and growth.
- Strengthening Economic Ties: By aligning its insolvency laws with international standards, India can foster stronger economic relationships with other nations, facilitating smoother trade and investment flows. This alignment is essential as India’s economic integration with global markets continues to grow.
Way forward:
- Adopt UNCITRAL Model Law: Expedite the implementation of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency to establish a predictable, structured framework for managing international insolvency cases, fostering investor confidence and global integration.
- Enhance NCLT Capacity: Strengthen the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) with expanded jurisdiction and training to effectively handle cross-border insolvency cases, alongside modernizing judicial coordination mechanisms through international guidelines like JIN.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline;
Mains level: Geopolitical tension in Europe;
Why in the News?
For over 40 years, Russian gas has been transported to Europe through Ukraine, but these supplies are set to cease on January 1, following Ukraine’s Naftogaz decision not to renew its most recent five-year transit agreement with Russia’s Gazprom.
Note: Student you can use this content in Prelims for facts related to map and mains exam for substantiate the argument related to geopolitical tension in Europe.
Do you know about the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline?
- The Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, also known as the Brotherhood pipeline, is a significant natural gas export route from Russia to Europe, primarily traversing Ukraine. The pipeline starts at the Urengoy gas field in northwest Siberia and extends southwest to Uzhhorod, Ukraine, near the Slovakian border.
- It spans approximately 4,500 kilometers (2,800 miles), with about 1,160 kilometers (720 miles) located in Ukraine.
- The pipeline was commissioned in 1984 and has been a crucial part of Russia’s gas export strategy to Europe.
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What is the volume of gas supplied through Ukraine?
- Historical Context: At its peak, the pipeline system, including the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, delivered approximately 201 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas to Europe in 2018. However, this volume has drastically decreased over the years due to geopolitical tensions and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
- Recent Figures: In 2023, only about 15 bcm of gas was shipped through Ukraine, a significant drop from 65 bcm when the last five-year contract began in 2020.
What are the Possible Impacts?
- Economic Consequences for Ukraine: Ukraine is expected to lose up to $1 billion annually in transit fees due to the cessation of gas flows. To mitigate this loss, it plans to quadruple gas transmission tariffs for domestic consumers, which could burden its industry with additional costs exceeding $38.2 million per year.
- Impact on Gazprom: Russia’s Gazprom is projected to lose around $5 billion in gas sales as a result of this halted transit.
- European Energy Security: The European Union has prepared for this transition and does not anticipate immediate impacts on consumer prices.
- Countries like Slovakia and Austria have secured alternative gas supplies from sources such as Norway and LNG imports from the U.S. and Qatar.
- Hungary will continue receiving Russian gas through the TurkStream pipeline under the Black Sea.
TurkStream pipeline
- Energy Crisis in Moldova: The cessation has led to an energy emergency in Transdniestria, a breakaway region of Moldova that relies on these transit flows, resulting in cutoffs of heating and hot water supplies for residents
Way forward:
- Enhanced Energy Diversification: Europe and Ukraine should continue to strengthen alternative energy supply routes, including LNG imports and renewable energy projects, to reduce reliance on Russian gas and ensure long-term energy security.
- Support for Affected Regions: Provide immediate humanitarian and financial assistance to regions like Transdniestria and Moldova for energy infrastructure upgrades, while encouraging energy-efficient solutions to mitigate the crisis.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Initiatives related to agriculture;
Why in the News?
The government extended two crop insurance schemes, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS), for another year until 2025-26. It also set aside ₹824.77 crore to improve these schemes using advanced technology.
What are the provisions and key features of PMFBY?
- Comprehensive Risk Coverage: PMFBY provides coverage against all non-preventable natural risks from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages, including droughts, floods, and pests.
- Subsidised Premium Rates: Farmers pay a fixed premium of 1.5% for rabi crops, 2% for kharif crops, and 5% for cash crops. The remaining premium is shared between the central and state governments.
- Financial Support: It offers financial assistance to farmers suffering from crop loss due to unforeseen events, aiming to stabilise their income and encourage modern agricultural practices.
- Technology Integration: The scheme incorporates technological initiatives like YES-TECH for yield estimation and WINDS for weather data collection, enhancing efficiency in claim settlement.
Why was RWBCIS introduced?
- Financial Protection Against Weather Risks: RWBCIS was introduced to safeguard farmers from financial losses caused by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, temperature fluctuations, wind, and humidity, which can severely impact crop yields and farmer income.
- Comprehensive Coverage for Various Crops: The scheme aims to provide insurance protection for a wide range of crops, including food crops, oilseeds, and commercial or horticultural crops, thereby mitigating the impact of natural calamities like droughts and floods on farmers’ livelihoods.
What is the difference between PMFBY and RWBCIS?
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PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) |
RWBCIS (Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme) |
| Launch |
Launched in 2016 (replacing NAIS and MNAIS). |
Introduced in 2016 to safeguard farmers against adverse weather conditions. |
| Primary Focus |
Protects against crop failure due to natural calamities, pests, diseases. |
Provides insurance based on weather parameters (e.g., rainfall, temperature, wind) to mitigate financial losses from weather extremes. |
| Risk Assessment Method |
– Area-based approach with crop-cutting experiments, remote sensing, etc.
– Yield vs. threshold yield determines compensation. |
– Weather-based triggers using data from weather stations.
– Predefined thresholds (e.g., rainfall levels) activate payouts automatically. |
| Premium Structure |
– Uniform, capped rates for farmers: 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, 5% for horticulture/commercial crops.
– No upper limit on government subsidy. |
– Varies based on weather risks and policy design.
– Similar subsidy approach, but rates are dependent on specific weather-based insurance products. |
| Coverage |
– All notified crops in a defined area.
– Includes food crops, oilseeds, and commercial/horticultural crops. |
– Covers food crops, oilseeds, and commercial/horticultural crops for weather-induced losses (e.g., drought, flood, cyclone, hailstorm). |
| Enrollment |
– Initially compulsory for farmers with crop loans (KCC).
– Made voluntary for all farmers from Kharif 2020. |
– All farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers, are eligible if they grow notified crops in notified areas. |
| Key Objectives |
– Provide financial support and stabilize income in the event of crop failure.
– Encourage innovative and modern farming practices. |
– Protect farmers from weather aberrations, ensuring swift compensation when weather thresholds are met or breached. |
| Unique Features |
– “One Nation, One Scheme” concept.
– Loss-based compensation linked to actual yield shortfall. |
– Trigger-based system; payouts depend on deviation from normal weather parameters (no extensive damage assessment). |
What is the role of FIAT in crop insurance schemes?
The Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT) has been established with a corpus of ₹824.77 crore to enhance the implementation of PMFBY and RWBCIS. There are various key roles:
- Technological Advancement: Funding technological initiatives aimed at improving the assessment of crop damage and expediting claim settlements.
- Research Support: Facilitating research and development studies that enhance the effectiveness of crop insurance schemes through innovative practices.
- Improving Accessibility: Aiding in the use of digital technologies for easier enrollment processes and expanding coverage among farmers.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Awareness and Accessibility: Increase farmer outreach through targeted awareness campaigns and simplify enrollment processes using digital platforms to ensure maximum participation in crop insurance schemes.
- Enhanced Technology Integration: Expand the deployment of advanced tools like remote sensing and automated weather monitoring to improve accuracy in loss assessment, and claim settlements, and minimize disputes.
Mains PYQ:
Q How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Importance of QUAD;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Foreign Ministers of the Quad countries issued a joint statement to mark 20 years of their partnership.
What are the Highlights of the Joint Statement?
- Commitment to a Free and Open Indo-Pacific: The Quad nations reaffirmed their vision of a peaceful, stable, and prosperous Indo-Pacific, emphasizing the importance of effective regional institutions.
- Support for ASEAN: The ministers expressed unwavering support for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its central role in the region, endorsing the implementation of the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: They reiterated their commitment to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, noting ongoing efforts to enhance disaster preparedness and response across the Indo-Pacific.
- Collective Response to Challenges: The joint statement emphasized collaboration in addressing complex challenges such as climate change, pandemics, maritime security, and emerging technologies.
What are the Strategic Significance of Quad?
- Regional Stability: The Quad serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific, promoting a rules-based international order that respects sovereignty.
- Multilateral Cooperation: It fosters cooperation among member nations in various sectors including security, infrastructure development, and technological advancement.
- Disaster Response Framework: Originating from a joint response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the Quad has evolved into a robust partnership capable of coordinating humanitarian efforts during crises.
What are the achievements of QUAD?
- Expanded Areas of Cooperation: The Quad has evolved from a security dialogue into a multifaceted partnership, establishing six working groups focused on diverse areas such as climate change, cybersecurity, health security, infrastructure development, critical technologies, and space cooperation.
- Vaccine Distribution and Health Initiatives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Quad successfully coordinated efforts to distribute vaccines, particularly through the Quad Vaccine Partnership.
- The Quad committed to delivering over 1.2 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines to countries in the region by 2022.
- Maritime Security and Regional Stability: The Quad has actively engaged in enhancing maritime security in the Indo-Pacific, conducting joint exercises like Malabar naval exercises, which include all four member nations (India, Japan, Australia, and the US) and launching initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA).
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What are the Challenges Faced by the Quad?
- Geopolitical Tensions: China’s increasing assertiveness poses significant challenges to the Quad’s objectives in maintaining regional stability.
- Diverse Interests Among Members: Each member nation has its own national interests and priorities, which can complicate unified action on various issues.
- Implementation of Initiatives: While there is strong rhetoric around cooperation, effectively implementing initiatives across diverse political landscapes remains a challenge.
What Should Quad Members Do? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Institutional Frameworks: Establish a formal mechanism or secretariat to streamline decision-making, enhance coordination, and ensure the effective implementation of initiatives.
- Expand Inclusive Regional Engagement: Deepen partnerships with ASEAN, Pacific Island nations, and other regional stakeholders to build trust, enhance collective capabilities, and counter perceptions of exclusivity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Accountability of Judiciary;
Why in the News?
In the U.S. Supreme Court, dissenting opinions often reflect the political views of judges, as they are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. In contrast, dissenting opinions in the Indian judiciary cover a wider range, including political, social, and purely intellectual disagreements
What is the significance of dissenting opinions?
- Preservation of Judicial Independence: Dissenting opinions serve as a safeguard for judicial independence, allowing judges to express their disagreements with majority decisions without fear of repercussions. This fosters a culture of open debate within the judiciary, which is essential for a healthy democracy.
- Shaping Legal Precedents: Dissent can influence future legal interpretations and decisions. Over time, dissenting views may gain traction and become part of the evolving legal landscape, as seen in cases like ADM Jabalpur and P.V. Narasimha Rao, where dissents later informed subsequent rulings.
- Encouraging Public Discourse: Dissenting opinions can stimulate public discussion and debate about important legal and constitutional issues. They often highlight alternative perspectives that may resonate with societal values or concerns, thereby enriching democratic dialogue.
How does dissent in the Indian judiciary compare to that in the U.S.?
- Political Influences: In the U.S., dissent often reflects the political affiliations of justices, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. For example, Justice Samuel Alito’s dissents align with conservative viewpoints on issues like abortion and same-sex marriage.
- In contrast, Indian judges are selected through a collegium system, which aims to reduce political influence on judicial decisions, resulting in dissents that may not necessarily align with current political sentiments.
- Nature of Dissents: U.S. Supreme Court dissents frequently stem from ideological divides among justices, whereas Indian judicial dissents encompass a broader spectrum, including political, social, and intellectual disagreements.
- For instance, Justices Khehar and Nazeer in Shayara Bano focused on the social implications of personal law rather than political affiliations.
- Impact on Law: While both systems recognise the importance of dissent in shaping jurisprudence, Indian dissents have historically led to significant legal changes post-ruling, as seen in cases like Sita Soren where earlier dissents influenced the court’s later position on parliamentary immunity.
What challenges and criticisms surround judicial dissent in India?
- Risk of Retaliation: Judges who dissent against majority opinions may face professional backlash or career repercussions. Notable cases include Justice H.R. Khanna, who was superseded as Chief Justice after his dissent in ADM Jabalpur, highlighting potential risks for dissenters within the judiciary.
- Infrequent Dissent: Despite its importance, dissent is relatively rare in the Indian Supreme Court compared to its potential significance. The Chief Justice often avoids dissenting opinions in constitutional bench cases, which raises concerns about conformity over independent judicial reasoning.
- Public Perception: Judicial dissent can sometimes be viewed negatively by the public or political entities as undermining judicial authority or coherence. This perception can discourage judges from expressing their dissent openly.
What are the accountable-related issues?
- High Bar for Impeachment: The process requires “proved misbehaviour or incapacity” and a two-thirds majority in Parliament, making it almost impossible to remove errant judges.
- Resignation to Evade Accountability: Judges like Justice Soumitra Sen and P.D. Dinakaran resigned before the completion of impeachment proceedings, avoiding scrutiny while retaining post-retirement benefits.
- Immunity Misuse: Judges continue to enjoy post-retirement benefits even after accusations of misconduct, as seen in Justice Ramaswami’s case, undermining accountability.
- Limited Scope for Independent Oversight: The judiciary lacks an independent review mechanism outside the Parliament-driven impeachment process, leaving little room for holding judges accountable in real time.
What is the review mechanism of committee set up under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968?
- Initiation: A removal motion, signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs, is submitted and approved by the Speaker or Chairman to initiate the process.
- Investigation: A three-member committee (Supreme Court judge, Chief Justice of a High Court, and an eminent jurist) is constituted under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 to investigate allegations of “proved misbehaviour or incapacity.”
- Parliamentary Decision: If the committee confirms the charges, the motion is debated in Parliament and requires a two-thirds majority in both Houses for the judge’s removal by the President.
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Way forward:
- Institutional Support for Dissent: Establish mechanisms to safeguard dissenting judges from career repercussions, such as transparent evaluation criteria and protections for judicial independence, ensuring open debate within the judiciary.
- Promote Judicial Dialogue: Encourage a culture of constructive dissent by incorporating dissenting opinions into judicial training and fostering recognition of their long-term contributions to legal evolution.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to Delimitation;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, N. Chandrababu Naidu and M.K. Stalin, expressed their frustration over the proposed delimitation exercise, which might lead to their states losing parliamentary seats.
How Does Population Control Influence Delimitation?
- Population as the Basis for Representation: Delimitation exercises are based on the population count, which determines the number of seats allocated to states in Parliament.
- Southern States’ Success in Population Control: Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, which have achieved lower fertility rates, face the risk of reduced parliamentary representation.
- Demographic Divide: States with higher population growth (mainly in northern India) may gain more seats, leading to an imbalance in political representation.
What are the implications of current demographic trends on political representation?
- Seat Redistribution: The impending delimitation exercise, scheduled for 2026, may lead to a significant redistribution of Lok Sabha seats.
- Estimates suggest that states like Uttar Pradesh could gain up to 14 additional seats, while Tamil Nadu might lose several, decreasing its representation from 39 to potentially 30 seats.
- Federal Structure Concerns: The southern states argue that using population counts for political representation undermines the federal structure of India. They contend that it is unjust to penalize regions that have successfully managed population growth while rewarding those with higher growth rates.
What are the arguments for and against reversing population control measures during delimitation?
Reversing population refers to attempts to increase fertility rates through incentives, aiming to counteract declining population growth trends.
- Argument in favour of Reversal:
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- Political Strategy: South political leaders advocate for incentivizing larger families as a means to maintain or increase political representation in light of the delimitation concerns.
- Cultural Context: There is a push to celebrate larger families as a cultural norm, with comments from leaders suggesting an exaggerated approach to family size as a humorous response to the delimitation threat.
- Argument against Reversal:
- Long-term Consequences: Experts argue that reversing fertility rates through incentives may not be effective or sustainable. Historical examples, such as China’s one-child policy, illustrate the challenges and unintended consequences of aggressive population control measures.
- Social Support Necessity: Encouraging higher birth rates without adequate social support for families could place additional burdens on women and society at large. Effective policies should focus on providing necessary support rather than merely increasing birth rates.
What reforms are necessary for a fair delimitation process? (Way forward)
- Equitable Representation Criteria: Reforms should consider not only population counts but also socio-economic characteristics, ensuring that regions with successful population management are not unfairly penalized in political representation.
- Stakeholder Consultations: Increased dialogue among stakeholders is essential to address concerns regarding the delimitation process. This could involve re-evaluating how political representation is determined based on demographic trends and regional development successes.
- Migration Policies: To address regional population imbalances, promoting migration could serve as a viable solution alongside revising how political representation is allocated based on demographic characteristics rather than sheer numbers alone.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Refugee crises;
Why in the News?
A recent study by The Azadi Project and Refugees International has found that Rohingya refugees detained in India face serious violations of their basic rights. It also criticizes India for not meeting its responsibilities under international human rights agreements.
What has a recent report said about India’s refugee policy for the Rohingya people?
- Human Rights Violations: The report indicates that Rohingya refugees are subjected to “gross violations of constitutional and human rights,” including arbitrary detention without charges and inhumane living conditions in detention centres.
- Call for Legal Revisions: It urges India to clarify the legal status of Rohingya refugees and revise outdated laws like the Foreigners Act of 1946 to align with international refugee standards.
- Recommendations for Action: The report advocates for the immediate release of vulnerable detainees and calls on international actors, including the U.S. and UNHCR, to engage with India on these issues.
What does the 1951 Refugee Convention state?
The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol establish fundamental principles for the protection of refugees, including:
- Non-refoulement: This principle prohibits states from returning individuals to countries where they may face persecution or serious harm. It is a cornerstone of international refugee law and is considered customary international law, binding even on states not party to the Convention.
- Rights of Refugees: The Convention outlines various rights that refugees are entitled to, such as access to legal assistance, work, education, and social services, ensuring their dignity and protection from discrimination.
Note: India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention.
What is India’s stand?
- Non-signatory Status: India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol, which it argues absolves it from legal obligations to provide asylum or adhere to non-refoulement principles.
- Detention Practices: The Indian government continues to detain Rohingya refugees under domestic laws that classify them as illegal migrants. Recent court rulings have reinforced this stance, stating that while they have a right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution, they lack right to reside or settle in India.
- Judicial Interpretation: Despite India’s non-signatory status, some High Courts have interpreted international norms as applicable under Article 21, suggesting a potential pathway for legal protections for refugees.
What are India’s international obligations?
- International Treaties: India is a party to several international human rights treaties that imply obligations related to the treatment of individuals at risk of torture or inhumane treatment. For instance:
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) includes provisions against refoulement (forcible return of refugees) under Article 7.
- Other treaties like the Convention Against Torture also emphasise non-refoulement principles, even if India’s ratification status complicates direct enforcement.
- Constitutional Mandates: Article 51(c) of the Indian Constitution encourages respect for international law and treaty obligations. Landmark Supreme Court rulings have indicated that international conventions should guide domestic law when local legislation is lacking
Way forward:
- Establish a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India should enact a uniform refugee law aligning with international principles, ensuring legal clarity and protection for all refugees, including the Rohingya, while upholding the constitutional mandate under Article 21.
- Strengthen Collaboration with UNHCR and Civil Society: Engage with international agencies and local organizations to improve refugee support systems, focusing on humane detention practices, legal aid, and sustainable resettlement initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation”. Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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