Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Disaster Management;
Why in the News?
Recently, PM released the IMD’s Vision Document 2047, outlining a plan to achieve nearly perfect weather forecasts for up to three days and 90% accuracy for forecasts made five days ahead by 2047.
What is IMD’s Vision Document 2047?
- The Vision Document aims for zero-error forecast accuracy for up to three days lead time and 90% accuracy for forecasts issued five days in advance by 2047. This ambitious target reflects India’s commitment to improving weather forecasting capabilities significantly.
- Focus Areas: The document emphasises enhancing weather surveillance technologies, improving atmospheric observations, and leveraging high-performance computing systems.
- It also highlights the importance of developing advanced earth system models and data-driven methods, including the use of AI and machine learning.
Why does India need an Earth warning system?
- High Seismic Vulnerability: India lies in a seismically active zone, with regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the Northeast being particularly earthquake-prone. Early warning systems can help reduce damage and save lives in these areas. Example: The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread devastation.
- Risk to Dense Urban Areas: Major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata are vulnerable to earthquakes. Early warnings can help evacuate people, protect infrastructure, and minimize casualties. Example: A strong earthquake in Delhi could severely impact millions.
- Limited Preparedness and Response Time: Earthquakes give little to no time for people to react. A warning system could provide crucial seconds or minutes to activate emergency protocols, limiting loss of life and property. Example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused devastation in northern India.
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How can India achieve zero-error accuracy in forecasting disasters?
- Technological Advancements: The implementation of Mission Mausam involves deploying next-generation radars, satellites with advanced instruments, and high-performance computing systems. These tools are crucial for improving the precision of weather predictions.
- Data Assimilation and Modeling: Enhancing data assimilation processes and developing improved earth system models will contribute to better forecasting accuracy. The integration of AI/ML tools is expected to refine weather predictions further.
- Capacity Building: The initiative will also focus on building capacity within meteorological services to ensure that no severe weather events go undetected. This includes training personnel and enhancing operational frameworks for the timely dissemination of forecasts.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government in the past year?
- Amendment of the Disaster Management Act: In August 2024, the government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha.
- This bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and large cities, the creation of disaster databases at national and state levels, and the formation of State Disaster Response Forces to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
- Investment in Urban Flood Mitigation: In August 2024, India announced plans to invest nearly $300 million over two years to mitigate urban flooding and conserve water in major cities, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
- The initiative focuses on expanding water bodies like lakes and constructing drainage systems to manage excessive rainfall during monsoon seasons.
- Addressing Urban Heat Islands: In June 2024, government officials acknowledged that rapid urbanization has turned cities into “heat traps,” exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
- Efforts are underway to implement heat action plans, which include provisioning drinking water, improving medical facilities, rescheduling outdoor work, and increasing green spaces to mitigate urban heat.
- Enhancement of Early Warning Systems: The government has been working to improve early warning systems for various natural disasters, including floods and heatwaves, to provide timely alerts and reduce the impact on vulnerable populations.
- Capacity Building and Training: There has been a focus on training and capacity building for disaster response teams at both national and state levels. For instance, In 2024, the NDRF organised a multi-agency mock drill in Assam to simulate a response to a major flood disaster.
What are the challenges in forecasting a disaster?
- Data Gaps and Limited Technology: Forecasting requires high-quality, real-time data from advanced technologies like satellite imagery, weather radars, and seismic sensors. However, data scarcity in remote areas or regions with underdeveloped infrastructure hampers accurate predictions.
- Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India resulted from a cloudburst that was not forecasted in time due to a lack of localized meteorological data and advanced radar systems.
- Unpredictability of Natural Phenomena: Some disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are inherently unpredictable because they result from sudden geological shifts.
- Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami followed a massive earthquake, but the lack of a regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean made it impossible to alert affected countries in time.
- Challenges in Communication and Dissemination: Even when forecasts are accurate, ineffective communication of warnings to vulnerable populations due to language barriers, poor outreach, or lack of awareness can render forecasts ineffective.
- Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021) in India, while the forecast was accurate, several fishermen ignored warnings to evacuate, leading to fatalities despite advanced cyclone prediction systems.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Technological and Data Capabilities: Invest in localized weather stations, advanced radar systems, and seismic sensors in remote areas, while leveraging AI and machine learning for precise forecasting and real-time data integration.
- Enhance Community Awareness and Communication: Develop multilingual, accessible early warning systems and conduct regular public awareness campaigns to ensure timely dissemination and community readiness during disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sunrise sectors;
Why in the News?
India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.
What are the Sunrise sectors?
- Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
- Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.
Key Sunrise Sectors:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
- Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.
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What are the potential impacts?
- Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
- Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
- Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.
What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?
- Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
- Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
- Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.
Way forward:
- Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
- Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.
Mains PYQ:
Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Border security;
Why in the News?
Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.
What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?
- 1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
- Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.
What are the issues between India and Bangladesh?
- Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
- Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
- Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.
Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border?
- To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
- To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
- To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
- Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
- Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
- Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Promotion of SciTech
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.
What is Authentic and practical research?
- Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.
What is India’s status in patents and technology?
- Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
- Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.
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What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?
- Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
- Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
- Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
- Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.
How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?
- Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
- Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
- Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.
What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?
- Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
- Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.
What are the barriers to effective research in India?
- Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
- Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
- Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
- Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian diaspora;
Why in the News?
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.
Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?
- Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
- This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
- Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
- The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
- The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
- The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
- The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
- These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
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What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?
- Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
- For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
- Global Conflicts: Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
- For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
- Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
- Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.
What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?
- Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
- Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
- Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
- Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
- Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
- Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
- Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
- Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
- Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.
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How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward)
- Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
- Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
- Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
- Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.
What is meant by ‘Right to Access to Justice’?
- The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
- This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
- Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.
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What are the other provisions related to the Right to Access to Justice?
- Article 14 (Equality before the law): This article guarantees that everyone is treated equally under the law, regardless of their background or status.
- A notable example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case (1978), where the Supreme Court held that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 also includes the right to fair procedure.
- Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty): This article protects the fundamental right to life, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the right to a fair and just legal process.
- In the State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan (1983) case, the Supreme Court ruled that access to justice is a key aspect of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the importance of protecting personal liberty.
- Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: This Act ensures free legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged, promoting equality in accessing justice.
- A significant example is the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the implementation of effective legal aid programs for the marginalized, making access to justice easier for underprivileged groups.
- Article 39A (Free legal aid): This article mandates the state to provide free legal assistance to ensure that no one is denied justice due to financial incapacity.
- An example is the Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure legal aid is available for victims of acid attacks, recognizing that financial constraints should not prevent victims from seeking justice.
- Judicial Precedents (Supreme Court Decisions): The Supreme Court has consistently expanded the concept of access to justice. In Delhi Domestic Workers Forum v. Union of India (2016), the Court recognized the need for legal protection for domestic workers, expanding access to justice for marginalized groups.
- National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): NALSA has played a crucial role in ensuring legal aid for marginalized communities.
- For instance, in the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) case, the Court ordered the government to set up legal aid camps and ensure access to justice for tribals and marginalized groups, further solidifying NALSA’s role in promoting equality and fairness in the legal system.
What are the essential elements for the Right to Access to Justice?
- Availability of Legal Remedies: Individuals must have access to effective legal remedies that can address their grievances.
- Affordability: Legal services should be financially accessible, with provisions for free legal aid where necessary.
- Awareness and Information: Citizens should be informed about their rights and the legal processes available to them.
- Fair Procedures: The judicial process must be transparent and fair, providing all parties an equal opportunity to present their case.
- Physical and Legal Access: This includes not only the ability to enter courts but also having the necessary support systems in place, such as legal representation and knowledge of the law.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Legal Aid and Awareness Programs: Expand the reach of legal aid services and increase awareness campaigns to ensure marginalized groups are informed about their rights and legal remedies.
- Reforming Judicial Infrastructure: Enhance the accessibility and efficiency of judicial systems by addressing delays, improving court infrastructure, and ensuring the availability of affordable legal representation for all citizens.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to lithium batteries;
Why in the News?
The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) released three position papers addressing fire risks associated with the use of lithium-ion batteries in airports and aircraft settings.
What is IFALPA?
- The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) is a global nonprofit organization that represents the interests of professional pilots worldwide.
- IFALPA was created to provide a platform for pilots to engage with aviation leaders and influence international aviation standards. As of around 2013, IFALPA included 104 member associations representing approximately 100,000 professional pilots globally.
- The organization aims to contribute the unique perspectives of pilots to the development and adaptation of ICAO’s Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) that govern international civil aviation.
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Why are there fears about lithium batteries?
Concerns regarding lithium-ion batteries primarily stem from their increasing use in various industries, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and aircraft systems. These batteries are known for their energy density and versatility but pose significant fire risks under certain conditions.
- Fire Risks: Lithium-ion batteries can catch fire when subjected to mechanical, electrical, or thermal stress, leading to short circuits that produce heat and oxygen, creating a fire hazard. This risk is exacerbated in environments like airports where batteries may be exposed to water or extreme conditions.
- Historical Incidents: There have been instances of lithium-ion batteries igniting under adverse conditions, such as flooding after Hurricane Helene in 2024, highlighting the potential dangers associated with their use in transportation settings.
What do the IFALPA papers say?
FALPA released three position papers addressing the fire risks associated with lithium-ion batteries:
- POS01: Focuses on the safe transport of lithium-ion batteries according to UN regulations (3480 and 3481). It emphasises that current regulations should include a State of Charge (SOC) limit of 30% for all transported batteries to mitigate fire risks.
- POS02: Discusses the specific fire risks posed by lithium-ion batteries compared to traditional combustion engines. It urges airports and related services to develop specialized fire safety equipment and protocols due to the unique challenges posed by lithium battery fires.
- POS03: Extends concerns to the flight deck, noting that existing firefighting kits may not adequately address fires involving lithium-ion batteries with energy ratings above 100 Wh.
- It calls for enhanced safety measures for components that may contain these batteries within aircraft.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Fire Safety Measures: Develop and mandate advanced fire-safety equipment and protocols tailored to lithium-ion battery fires for airports, aircraft, and emergency response teams. Ensure compatibility with high-capacity batteries and incorporate real-time monitoring technologies.
- Stricter Regulatory Standards: Expand the State of Charge (SOC ≤30%) limit to all transported lithium-ion batteries (including those in equipment). Update international regulations to address emerging risks from higher energy densities and broader usage scenarios.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Electoral Rolls;
Why in the News?
Two political parties have accused each other of tampering the voter lists before the Delhi Assembly elections. This has brought back the discussion about linking voter IDs (EPIC) with Aadhaar numbers.
Why was the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program?
The National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) was launched by the Election Commission of India on March 3, 2015, with the primary goal of creating an error-free and authenticated electoral roll.
- Linking EPIC with Aadhaar: The program sought to link the Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) data with the Aadhaar database to authenticate voter identities and eliminate duplicate entries in the electoral rolls.
- Error Correction: NERPAP aimed to facilitate the correction of errors in voter data and improve the overall quality of images on electoral documents.
- Voluntary Disclosure of Multiple Entries: Voters were encouraged to voluntarily disclose any multiple registrations, allowing for timely corrections and deletions of unnecessary entries from the electoral rolls.
- Enhanced Communication: The initiative also aimed to collect mobile numbers and email addresses from voters, enabling the Election Commission to provide important updates regarding elections, such as poll dates and revision schedules.
- Public Participation: To ensure maximum engagement, special camps and facilitation centers were organized nationwide to assist voters in linking their Aadhaar with EPIC and addressing any concerns regarding their registrations.
What did the Supreme Court mandate in the Puttaswamy case in 2018?
- In the Puttaswamy case, the Supreme Court recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution. It ruled that while Aadhaar could be used for various purposes, including voter registration, individuals cannot be denied their right to vote for failing to provide their Aadhaar number.
- This ruling emphasized that any legal framework must respect individual privacy rights and ensure that no citizen is disenfranchised due to administrative requirements.
What are the pros and cons?
Pros:
- Elimination of Duplicate Entries: Linking Aadhaar with EPIC can help remove multiple registrations for individuals who may have registered in different locations due to migration.
- Real-time Authentication: The unique identity provided by Aadhaar enables online verification, enhancing the accuracy of voter rolls.
- Updated Voter Database: The initiative aims to maintain an updated and accurate record of voters, which is crucial for free and fair elections.
Cons:
- Database Errors: Errors within the Aadhaar database could lead to wrongful rejection or deletion of legitimate voter entries.
- Proof of Citizenship Concerns: Aadhaar serves as proof of residence but not citizenship, potentially failing to address non-citizen registrations on electoral rolls.
- Privacy Risks: While linkage may not directly violate privacy rights, there are concerns about misuse as electoral rolls are accessible to political parties.
What can be the way forward?
- Transparent and Voluntary Process: Modify electoral forms to clearly indicate that providing Aadhaar is voluntary, ensuring no voter is denied registration for not furnishing their Aadhaar number.
- Strengthen Data Accuracy and Privacy Safeguards: Establish mechanisms to verify Aadhaar data accuracy and implement robust data protection measures to prevent misuse of linked electoral rolls.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to water resources;
Why in the News?
The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) found that many states in India are facing a serious problem with high nitrate levels in groundwater.
What are the contaminants?
The assessment of India’s groundwater quality has identified several significant contaminants, primarily driven by agricultural practices, industrial activities, and natural geological factors. The key contaminants include:
- Nitrates: Excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in agriculture leads to high levels of nitrates in groundwater. This is the most prevalent contaminant, with over 56% of India’s districts reporting nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/l.
- Fluoride: Fluoride contamination is a major concern, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Haryana, and Karnataka. Approximately 9.04% of tested groundwater samples had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l.
- Arsenic: Naturally occurring arsenic in certain geological formations poses serious health risks, particularly in alluvial plains where industrial activities may exacerbate contamination.
- Uranium: Elevated uranium levels have been detected in several regions, with about 6.60% of samples exceeding the safe limit of 30 ppb (parts per billion). States like Rajasthan and Punjab report significant uranium contamination.
- Iron: High concentrations of iron affect groundwater quality and can lead to aesthetic issues and potential health risks when consumed in large amounts.
- Other Heavy Metals: Contaminants such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium are also present due to industrial discharges and improper waste management.
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What was the state of groundwater in 2024?
- Overall Extraction Rate: The degree of groundwater extraction across the country was reported at approximately 60.4%, indicating that this level has remained relatively stable compared to previous years. This figure reflects the percentage of groundwater resources being utilized versus what is available for extraction.
- Safe Blocks: About 73% of groundwater blocks were categorized as ‘safe,’ meaning they are adequately replenished to meet extraction demands. This represents a slight increase from previous assessments.
- Recharge and Availability: Total annual groundwater recharge was noted to have decreased marginally from 449 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2023 to 446.90 BCM in 2024.
- The annual extractable groundwater resources slightly declined from 407.21 BCM to 406.19 BCM.
- Contamination Issues: Despite improvements in some areas, challenges remain, particularly with nitrate contamination, where 440 districts were identified as having excessive nitrate levels in their groundwater.
How are groundwater levels measured?
Groundwater levels are measured using a network established by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), which includes:
- Observation Wells: Approximately 26,000 observation wells are used for manual measurements of groundwater levels.
- Digital Monitoring: Since 2023, around 16,000 to 17,000 piezometers equipped with digital recorders have been installed to automatically measure and transmit groundwater levels to a centralized system for real-time monitoring.
What happens if nitrate presence is high in groundwater?
- Health Risks: Elevated nitrate levels can cause methemoglobinemia, also known as “blue baby syndrome,” particularly in infants under six months old. This condition reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, resulting in a bluish tint to the skin and potentially severe health complications if untreated.
- Environmental Concerns: Excessive nitrates contribute to algal blooms in surface water bodies, which can deplete oxygen levels, harm aquatic ecosystems, and disrupt the balance of marine life.
Way forward:
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Promote the use of organic fertilizers, precision farming techniques, and regulated use of nitrogen-based fertilizers to minimize nitrate leaching into groundwater.
- Strengthened Monitoring and Remediation: Expand digital groundwater monitoring networks, enforce strict industrial discharge regulations, and implement remediation techniques like bioremediation and constructed wetlands to mitigate contamination.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India?(UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Human Genomes
Why in the News?
India has created a database of 10,000 human genomes, covering 83 population groups, which is about 2% of the country’s 4,600 population groups.
What are the key achievements of the Genome India Project?
- Completion of Genome Sequencing: The project successfully sequenced 10,000 human genomes from 83 population groups, representing approximately 2% of India’s 4,600 population groups. This data is now housed at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) in Faridabad, Haryana.
- Identification of Genetic Variants: Initial analyses revealed around 27 million genetic variants, with 7 million being low-frequency variants not found in other global databases. This highlights India’s unique genetic diversity and the potential for targeted research.
- Global Accessibility: The genome data is accessible to researchers worldwide, fostering international collaboration in genomics research and precision medicine.
What are the impact on Biotechnology and Healthcare?
- Advancement of Precision Medicine: The database is expected to facilitate advancements in precision medicine by enabling researchers to study disease risks and drug responses specific to the Indian population. This could lead to more effective treatments tailored to genetic variations.
- Potential for Drug Development: With a focus on understanding genetic predispositions to diseases, the project can support the development of new medications and therapeutic interventions, particularly for genetic and infectious diseases.
- Strengthening India’s Biotech Economy: The initiative is seen as a cornerstone for bolstering India’s biotechnology sector, enhancing its capacity for genomic research and manufacturing.
What are the challenges?
- Data Privacy and Security: India currently lacks a comprehensive Data Privacy Bill, which raises concerns about the protection of sensitive genetic information.
- The absence of robust legal frameworks increases the risk of misuse or unauthorized access to genetic data, potentially compromising individual privacy.
- Ethical Concerns: The use of genomic data for purposes such as gene editing could lead to ethical dilemmas, including issues related to “designer babies” and unintended consequences of genetic modifications.
- Public Trust and Acceptance: Gaining public trust is crucial for the success of the project. There may be apprehensions among individuals regarding how their genetic data will be used, especially if it involves sharing with commercial entities or if there are fears about potential discrimination based on genetic information.
- Integrity of Data Collection: Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of data collection, storage, and usage is essential.
- Without stringent protocols, there is a risk that the data may be misinterpreted or misused, leading to flawed conclusions about genetic predispositions and health risks.
What steps can be taken to overcome the present challenges? (Way forward)
- Expanding the Database: Experts suggest increasing the number of sequenced genomes to up to 1 million to better capture India’s vast genetic diversity. This expansion would provide deeper insights into genetic variations across different ethnic groups.
- Funding and Collaboration: Securing additional funding and forming partnerships with leading research institutions can help overcome financial limitations and enhance data enrichment efforts.
- Ethical Data Management: Ensuring robust data sharing protocols and privacy measures will be crucial for maintaining public trust and facilitating research access while protecting individual identities.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Opportunities and challenges to AI;
Why in the News?
India has started leveraging AI to bolster its defence ecosystem, but significant challenges remain.
What are the strategic implications of AI integration in India’s defence?
- Enhanced Military Capabilities: The integration of AI is expected to revolutionize military operations through improved predictive analytics, autonomous decision-making systems, and advanced operational efficiency.
- Modernization Focus: With a defence budget of ₹6.21 lakh crore ($75 billion) for 2023-24, India is prioritizing modernization efforts, including the development of innovative products like the Indrajaal autonomous drone security system.
- Global Competitiveness: To keep pace with countries like Israel and China that have rapidly advanced their military AI capabilities, India recognises the need for a clear vision and strategy for AI deployment in defence.
How does India plan to overcome challenges in implementing AI in military operations?
- Funding and Infrastructure: A significant barrier to effective AI integration is the high cost of data centres and the infrastructure necessary for running advanced AI systems. The military’s focus on replacing outdated legacy systems adds to financial pressures.
- Fragmented Policies: India’s current policies regarding AI deployment are often fragmented, lacking comprehensive guidelines specifically tailored for military applications. Existing frameworks do not adequately address accountability and transparency in military AI use.
- Inter-Service Silos: The historically siloed nature of the Indian Armed Forces—where the Army, Navy, and Air Force operate independently—hinders interoperability and complicates joint operations.
What role does collaboration between the public and private sectors play in advancing AI in defence?
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): To enhance technological advancements in defence, India needs to foster collaboration between public sector units (PSUs) and private entities. This approach can leverage the innovation capabilities of startups and private companies.
- Knowledge Sharing: Collaborations with foreign tech giants like Microsoft, which has committed approximately $3 billion to develop data centres in India, can facilitate knowledge transfer and resource sharing essential for building a robust AI ecosystem.
- Accelerating Innovation: Engaging private sector expertise can lead to faster development cycles and more effective deployment of AI technologies within the military framework.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Coordination: Develop cohesive and actionable policies for AI deployment in defence, focusing on inter-service interoperability, accountability, and transparency while operationalizing bodies like DAIC and DAIPA effectively.
- Promote Public-Private Collaboration: Enhance public-private partnerships (PPPs) to leverage private innovation and attract foreign investments, ensuring resource optimization and accelerated AI adoption in military operations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Why in the News?
The sex ratio at birth in Haryana, which reached a peak of 923 in 2019, declined to 910 in 2024, marking an eight-year low.
What is the present sex ratio in India?
As of January 2025, the sex ratio at birth in India is approximately 933 females per 1,000 males.
World Bank
Why Historically has there been an Imbalance in the Sex Ratio in India?
Historically, India has faced a skewed sex ratio primarily due to cultural preferences for male children, leading to practices such as female foeticide. The sex ratio was recorded at 943 females per 1,000 males during the 2011 Census. Factors contributing to this imbalance include:
- Cultural Preference for Sons: Societal norms often favour male children, viewing them as economic assets while daughters are seen as financial burdens due to dowry practices.
- Female Foeticide: The availability of prenatal sex determination technologies has led to sex-selective abortions, contributing to the skewed ratio.
- Economic Factors: Families may prefer fewer children and opt for sons to secure lineage and support in old age.
What are the Government Initiatives to Improve the Sex Ratio?
The Indian government has implemented several initiatives aimed at improving the sex ratio:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Campaign: Launched in 2015, this campaign focuses on preventing female foeticide and promoting the welfare of girls.
- Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT Act): Enforced to curb sex-selective abortions and promote gender equality.
- Financial Incentives: Programs such as providing financial assistance at the birth of a girl child (e.g., Rs 21,000) encourage families to value daughters.
- Education and Awareness Programs: Efforts are made to improve female education and reduce dropout rates among girls, which are crucial for long-term improvements in gender equality.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Law Enforcement and Monitoring: Ensure strict implementation of the PCPNDT Act with increased vigilance and swift action against violations.
- Address Cultural and Economic Barriers: Launch targeted campaigns to challenge patriarchal norms, promote gender equality, and incentivise families to raise daughters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in crowd management;
Why in the News?
Recently six people lost their lives in a stampede in Tirupati while waiting to collect tokens for Lord Venkateswara’s darshan.
Why do stampedes take place?
Stampedes are chaotic and uncontrolled movements of large crowds, often triggered by panic or an urgent rush to move in a confined or crowded space.
- Venues that exceed their safe capacity can lead to dangerously crowded conditions. When too many people gather in a confined space, the risk of a stampede increases significantly.
- Inadequate planning and lack of effective crowd control measures, such as clear exits and designated waiting areas, can exacerbate the situation. Poor organisation often leads to confusion and panic among attendees.
- Narrow pathways, obstacles, and poorly designed event spaces can create bottlenecks during emergencies. These barriers make it difficult for people to move freely and can trap crowds, increasing the risk of crush injuries.
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How does human psychology lead to stampedes?
- Panic Response: Panic can spread rapidly through crowds, causing individuals to act irrationally. When one person begins to push forward out of fear or urgency, it creates a domino effect where others follow without understanding the situation.
- External Triggers: Events such as loud noises, sudden movements, or perceived threats (like a fire or an emergency) can trigger panic responses in crowds, leading to stampedes.
- Psychological Factors: Theories of collective behaviour suggest that in large groups, individuals may act against their own interests when panic sets in.
- For instance, the desire to escape a perceived danger can override cooperative behaviour, leading to chaotic pushing and shoving.
How does the physical organisation of spaces contribute to stampedes?
- Narrow Exits and Blocked Pathways: Limited exits and narrow pathways can create bottlenecks during emergencies, making it difficult for individuals to evacuate quickly.
- When a crowd is forced to funnel through a small area which leads to panic and chaos, increasing the likelihood of a stampede as people rush to escape.
- Poorly Designed Crowd Flow: Spaces that do not effectively manage crowd flow can exacerbate congestion.
- Suppose different groups of people converge at the same point without clear guidance or separation that can lead to confusion and a surge of movement, triggering stampede conditions. Effective crowd management strategies are essential to ensure smooth movement.
- Inadequate Lighting and Visibility: Insufficient lighting can disorient attendees and hinder their ability to navigate the space safely. In low-light conditions, individuals may struggle to see exits or understand the crowd dynamics, leading to increased panic and disorder during critical moments, which can precipitate a stampede.
How to better prevent stampedes, or at least, mitigate their risks? (Way forward)
- Effective Crowd Management: Limit crowd size through pre-registration, schedule staggered entries, and organise queues with barriers and clear signage. Use real-time monitoring tools like CCTV and AI-based systems to manage crowd density.
- Improved Infrastructure and Emergency Readiness: Design venues with wide pathways, multiple exits, and clear evacuation routes. Provide on-site medical facilities and train staff in crowd control, first aid, and emergency response.
- Public Awareness and Technology Use: Educate attendees on safety protocols, and use digital tools like online ticketing and mobile alerts to prevent physical queues and guide the crowd calmly during emergencies.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Contempt to government (Section 152 (BNS);
Why in the News?
In the 2024 case of Tejender Pal Singh v. State of Rajasthan, the Rajasthan High Court warned that Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) should not be misused to suppress valid criticism or peaceful dissent.
What are the key differences between Section 152 of the BNS and Section 124A of the IPC?
- Terminology and Scope:
- Section 124A (IPC) specifically criminalizes acts that bring hatred or contempt towards the government, termed as sedition. It focuses on inciting disaffection against the government.
- Section 152 (BNS) criminalizes acts that endanger the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, including inciting rebellion or promoting separatism. While it does not explicitly use the term “sedition,” it covers similar ground with broader language.
- Penalties:
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- Section 124A prescribes a punishment of life imprisonment or a minimum of three years in prison, along with a possible fine.
- Section 152 increases the potential penalty to life imprisonment or up to seven years, along with a mandatory fine, making it potentially more stringent.
- Intent Requirement:
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- Section 124A requires proof of intent to incite disaffection.
- Section 152 lowers this threshold by allowing prosecution if a person “knowingly” shares information that could incite rebellion or separatism, regardless of malicious intent.
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How does Section 152 impact freedom of speech and legitimate dissent?
- Chilling Effect: The vagueness of what constitutes an act endangering sovereignty can lead to a chilling effect on free speech. Individuals may self-censor to avoid potential legal repercussions for expressing dissenting opinions or criticism of the government.
- Potential for Abuse: The broad language and lack of clear definitions in Section 152 allow for expansive interpretation by enforcement authorities. This can result in legitimate expressions of dissent being criminalized under the guise of national security.
- Judicial Oversight: The Rajasthan High Court emphasized that Section 152 should not be used as a tool to suppress dissent but rather as a protective measure for national security. It called for careful application and judicial oversight to ensure that legitimate criticism is not equated with sedition.
What are the legal and constitutional implications of enforcing Section 152?
- Constitutional Rights: Enforcing Section 152 raises concerns regarding violations of Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and 19 (Freedom of Speech) of the Indian Constitution. The vague definitions may lead to arbitrary enforcement, undermining individual rights and freedoms.
- Judicial Precedents: The judiciary has historically favoured a consequentialist approach in interpreting laws related to free speech. Previous rulings have established that there must be a direct causal link between speech and its impact for it to constitute an offence. This precedent should guide the interpretation and enforcement of Section 152.
- Need for Guidelines: There is an urgent need for the Supreme Court to establish clear guidelines regarding the application of Section 152, similar to those created in past cases. This would help delineate acceptable boundaries for criticism while protecting national interests without infringing on civil liberties.
Way forward:
- Establish Clear Guidelines: The Supreme Court should set precise guidelines for applying Section 152 to ensure a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of speech, as done in past landmark cases.
- Promote Judicial Oversight: Enforcement authorities should be required to demonstrate a direct and significant link between the speech and its impact, with courts actively monitoring cases to prevent misuse of the law against legitimate dissent.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Citizenship;
Why in the News?
Recently, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that there are many challenges in giving dual citizenship to Indians living abroad. He mentioned that the Overseas Citizenship of India program is a step towards addressing this need and added that the discussion about dual citizenship is still ongoing.
What are the arguments for and against dual citizenship in India?
Arguments Against Dual Citizenship:
- Divided Loyalties: Critics argue that dual citizenship would lead to divided loyalties, undermining national integrity. Political rights granted to dual citizens could create conflicts of allegiance between India and another country, which is seen as dangerous for India’s sovereignty.
- Legal Restrictions: The Indian Constitution mandates that acquiring citizenship in another country results in the automatic loss of Indian citizenship. This legal framework does not support dual citizenship, making it a complex issue to address.
- Historical Context: The Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 reflects a cautious approach to citizenship rights, emphasizing the need for complete loyalty to India and limiting the scope of citizenship to those who relinquish foreign nationality.
Arguments For Dual Citizenship:
- Global Integration: Proponents believe that allowing dual citizenship could strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering economic and cultural exchanges in an increasingly globalized world.
- Economic Contributions: There is a belief that dual citizenship could attract foreign investment and encourage Indian expatriates to contribute more significantly to India’s economy without the fear of losing their original nationality.
How does India’s stance on dual citizenship compare with other democracies?
- India’s Position on Dual Citizenship: According to Article 9 of the Indian Constitution, any Indian citizen who voluntarily acquires citizenship of another country ceases to be an Indian citizen. This is reinforced by the Citizenship Act of 1955, which outlines that Indian citizenship is singular and does not accommodate dual nationality.
- Comparison with Other Democracies
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- United States: The U.S. has no restrictions on dual citizenship. Citizens can hold multiple nationalities without losing their U.S. citizenship. This reflects a more permissive approach towards allegiance and nationality.
- Canada: Canada also allows dual citizenship and recognizes the right of its citizens to hold multiple nationalities. This policy facilitates a diverse and multicultural society.
- Australia: Similar to Canada, Australia permits dual nationality and extends full consular assistance to its citizens regardless of their other nationalities.
- Germany: Germany has specific regulations regarding dual citizenship, generally requiring individuals to choose one nationality unless they are EU citizens or meet certain conditions. This reflects a more nuanced approach than India’s outright prohibition.
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What are the current legal frameworks?
- Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI): Introduced in 2005, OCI allows persons of Indian origin from certain countries to reside in India without a visa and grants them some rights akin to those of Non-Resident Indians (NRIs). However, OCIs do not have voting rights or the ability to hold constitutional offices.
- Eligibility: The OCI scheme is available primarily to individuals who were citizens of India or eligible for Indian citizenship at the time of the Constitution’s commencement, excluding those from Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is contingent upon the individual’s home country allowing some form of dual citizenship.
What are the challenges?
- Political Loyalty Concerns: There is a prevalent fear that granting dual citizenship would lead to divided loyalties among citizens, particularly regarding political rights.
- Public Sentiment and Political Will: There is significant public resistance against dual citizenship due to concerns about national security and sovereignty.
- Complexity of Implementation: Implementing a dual citizenship framework would require substantial legal changes and could complicate India’s existing immigration and nationality laws. The challenge lies in balancing the interests of the diaspora with the need to maintain a cohesive national identity.
Way forward:
- Gradual Legal Reforms: India could consider a phased approach to dual citizenship by first allowing it for specific categories such as diaspora members who maintain close economic or cultural ties with India, while ensuring that political rights remain exclusive to Indian citizens only.
- Enhanced OCI Benefits: India could expand the rights of Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) holders, granting them more privileges such as the right to vote or hold certain offices, without granting full dual citizenship.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Illegal mining;
Why in the News?
Recently nine workers were trapped in an illegal coal mine in Assam’s Dima Hasao district.
What is Rat Hole Mining?
- Rat hole mining is a form of illegal mining prevalent in northeastern India, particularly in Assam. It involves creating small tunnels or “rat holes” to extract coal, typically done by hand without proper safety measures or regulations.
- This method is dangerous due to its unregulated nature, leading to frequent accidents, including flooding and collapses.
- The mines are often poorly ventilated and can be highly unstable.
What are the Current Laws and Regulations Related to Mining in India?
- Constitutional Provisions: Mining and minerals are listed under both the Union List and State List in Schedule VII of the Constitution, granting regulatory powers to both the Central and State governments.
- Key Legislations: Major laws governing mining include the MMDR Act, 1957 for regulation and development, the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 for coal management, the Environment Protection Act, 1986 for environmental clearances, and the Mines Act, 1952 for miners’ safety and welfare.
- Regulatory Bodies: The Ministry of Coal formulates coal policies, the Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) enforces safety standards, and State Mining Departments manage state-level operations.
- Supreme Court Directives: The Supreme Court banned rat-hole mining in Meghalaya in 2014, emphasizing the need for environmental clearances and the adoption of scientific and sustainable mining practices.
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What are the present Issues with Rat-Hole Mining?
- Safety Concerns: The lack of safety measures in rat hole mining poses significant risks to miners. Accidents are common, as evidenced by the recent tragedy in Assam where miners were trapped due to flooding caused by inadequate infrastructure.
- Environmental Impact: Rat hole mining contributes to severe environmental degradation, including deforestation and soil erosion. The unregulated extraction of minerals disrupts local ecosystems.
- Regulatory Failures: There are systemic failures in enforcing mining laws. Opposition parties have criticized the government for allowing illegal mining activities to flourish, suggesting collusion between officials and miners. This has raised questions about accountability and governance in the region.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Enforcement and Regulation: Ensure strict implementation of existing mining laws to conduct regular inspections, and establish accountability for illegal mining activities through penalties and prosecution of violators.
- Promote Sustainable Livelihoods: Develop alternative livelihood opportunities for communities dependent on rat-hole mining, along with awareness campaigns on environmental and safety concerns, to reduce reliance on illegal mining practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to PDS;
Why in the News?
Bureaucratic problems have caused many households in northern, central, and eastern India to be taken off the PDS rolls.
How effectively does the PDS ensure food security for vulnerable populations?
- Food Access and Coverage: The PDS covers approximately 57% of the population, providing subsidized staples primarily rice and wheat. This system acts as a safety net during economic shocks and has played a crucial role during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic by distributing free food grains to millions.
- Leakages and Corruption: A staggering 28% of allocated food never reaches intended beneficiaries, translating into significant losses and exacerbating food insecurity among the poor.
- Corruption and illegal diversion of food grains are rampant, with reports indicating that high leakage rates persist despite technological interventions like point-of-sale machines.
- Nutritional Security: While the PDS provides basic food staples, it often neglects broader nutritional needs. The focus on rice and wheat means that other essential items, such as pulses and fortified foods, are not consistently included, which is crucial for combating malnutrition among vulnerable populations.
Case study:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is intended to provide food security to vulnerable populations, but reports indicate significant inefficiencies. In states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar, a substantial number of households have been removed from PDS rolls, exacerbating food insecurity among marginalised communities such as the Musahar community. |
What are the key documentation challenges facing the implementation of the PDS?
- Unnecessary Documentation: The PDS requires documents like caste, income, and residence certificates, which are not mandated by the NFSA or PDS control orders, creating barriers for individuals who lack or cannot easily obtain them.
- Inclusion and Exclusion Errors: Errors in beneficiary identification result in eligible households being excluded (61%) and ineligible ones receiving benefits (25%), undermining the system’s fairness.
- Biometric Verification Challenges: Biometric failures and data discrepancies lead to eligible individuals being removed from PDS rolls, forcing them to reapply without guarantees of approval.
- Awareness Gap: Marginalized communities often lack knowledge about their rights and the application process, leading to underutilization of benefits and increased vulnerability to exploitation.
- Technological Barriers: The shift to online applications disadvantages individuals without internet access or digital literacy, widening the gap in accessing entitlements.
- Ghost Beneficiaries: The issuance of ration cards to non-existent individuals (“ghost cards”) due to poor data management and irregular updates creates inefficiencies and complicates the system.
What are the bureaucratic challenges?
- Exclusion Due to Ineffective Targeting: The move to a targeted PDS has resulted in many eligible households being excluded due to bureaucratic inefficiencies in identifying the right beneficiaries.
- Complicated Documentation Process: The need for documents like caste and income certificates creates obstacles for many eligible individuals, particularly in marginalised communities, leading to their exclusion from the system.
- Issues with Biometric Verification: The mandatory biometric verification has caused problems, with many individuals being removed from PDS rolls due to technical errors or discrepancies, forcing them to reapply without certainty of approval.
- Poor Data Management: Inadequate beneficiary list management has led to both inclusion and exclusion errors, with outdated records and ghost beneficiaries making it difficult for genuine recipients to access their food entitlements.
- Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption within the PDS, such as the diversion of food grains and mismanagement at various levels, has caused significant portions of allocated food to not reach the intended beneficiaries.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the PDS and uphold the right to food? (Way forward)
- Streamlining Documentation Requirements: Simplifying or eliminating unnecessary documentation can help improve access for eligible households.
- Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Implementing regular audits and community monitoring can help combat corruption within the system.
- Increased transparency in operations will ensure that resources reach those who need them most.
- Expanding Nutritional Offerings: Including a wider variety of food items in the PDS can address nutritional deficiencies among vulnerable populations.
- States like Tamil Nadu have successfully incorporated pulses and fortified rice into their distribution systems, serving as models for others.
- Digitalization and Grievance Redressal: Improving digital infrastructure while ensuring robust grievance redressal mechanisms can enhance efficiency and accountability within the PDS.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to AI in governance;
Why in the News?
A government panel has recommended forming an inter-ministerial committee to enforce AI rules and ensure effective governance of India’s growing AI ecosystem under India’s AI Mission.
- The Government of India has allocated ₹10,372 crore for the recently launched IndiaAI Mission under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
What are the key issues highlighted by the Report?
- Need for Coordinated Governance: The report emphasizes the necessity of a coordinated, whole-of-government approach for effective AI governance in India. It highlights that fragmentation in AI oversight across ministries may lead to inefficiencies and gaps.
- Importance of Multi-disciplinary Expertise: The report underscores the importance of pooling together expertise from various departments, regulators, and stakeholders to manage AI’s evolving ecosystem. It suggests setting up a technical secretariat within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to facilitate this process.
- Life Cycle and Ecosystem View: The report stresses the need for a life cycle approach to AI governance, addressing risks at different stages—development, deployment, and diffusion of AI systems. It advocates for an “ecosystem view” that considers various AI actors, including data providers, developers, and end users, for a holistic approach.
- Light Regulatory Framework: The report advocates for a lightweight regulatory framework rather than a “command and control” approach. It proposes a tech-enabled digital governance system to gradually scale regulatory control, thus encouraging innovation while ensuring safety and accountability.
- Sector-Specific Risks: It acknowledges that different sectors, such as health and banking, pose specific risks with AI systems. As such, a one-size-fits-all regulatory approach might not be effective in these areas.
- Existing Laws for Specific Issues: The report refers to existing legal frameworks to address emerging issues like deepfakes and cybersecurity, reiterating that these concerns can be handled under current laws.
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What are the 8 Principles?
- Transparency: AI systems must provide meaningful information about their development and capabilities, ensuring that stakeholders understand how they function.
- Accountability: Developers and deployers of AI systems should be held accountable for their impacts, with clear organizational structures to identify responsible parties.
- Safety, Reliability, and Robustness: AI systems should be designed to be safe and reliable, with safeguards in place to ensure they function as intended.
- Privacy and Security: Protect user data privacy and ensure security measures are implemented to safeguard against unauthorized access.
- Fairness and Non-Discrimination: AI systems must operate without bias, ensuring equitable treatment across different demographic groups.
- Human-Centered Values: AI should align with human values, promoting positive outcomes for individuals and society while minimizing harm.
- Inclusive Innovation: Encourage innovation that equitably distributes benefits across society, ensuring that advancements in AI do not exacerbate existing inequalities.
- Digital Governance: Leverage digital technologies to operationalize governance principles effectively, facilitating compliance and oversight.
What are the key recommendations? (Way forward)
- Establishment of an Inter-Ministerial AI Coordination Committee: This committee should serve as a permanent body to coordinate AI governance efforts across various national authorities and institutions, ensuring a unified approach to policy and regulation.
- Creation of a Technical Secretariat: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) should establish a technical secretariat to act as a focal point for coordination, providing technical advisory support and facilitating collaboration among stakeholders.
- Development of an AI Incident Database: A central repository should be created to document real-world issues related to AI, such as discriminatory outputs and privacy violations, to inform risk assessments and harm mitigation strategies.
- Promotion of Voluntary Transparency Commitments: The Technical Secretariat should engage with industry stakeholders to encourage voluntary commitments on transparency and best practices across the AI ecosystem.
- Exploration of Technological Solutions: The committee should investigate the use of techno-legal measures, such as watermarking and content provenance, to address challenges like deepfakes and ensure accountability in AI systems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of NITI Aayog;
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, celebrates a significant milestone as it completes 10 years since its establishment.
What are the roles and functions of NITI Aayog?
NITI Aayog, established in 2015, serves as the premier policy think tank of the Government of India. Its primary roles and functions include:
- Policy Formulation: NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating strategic and long-term policies aimed at promoting sustainable development across various sectors.
- Coordination: It coordinates the efforts of central ministries, state governments, and other stakeholders to ensure effective implementation of government schemes and initiatives.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The organization monitors the progress of various developmental programs and evaluates their effectiveness, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Data Collection and Analysis: NITI Aayog collects and analyzes data to inform policy decisions, including the development of the SDG India Index which tracks progress across states.
What are the key differences between the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog?
| Feature |
Planning Commission |
NITI Aayog |
| Formation |
Established in 1950 |
Established in 2015 |
| Mandate |
Centralized planning and allocation of funds |
Policy advisory and coordination |
| Approach |
Top-down approach |
Bottom-up approach |
| Funds Allocation |
Had the power to allocate funds to states |
No fund allocation powers |
| Federalism |
Limited state participation |
Emphasis on cooperative federalism |
| Focus |
Five-year plans |
Dynamic and flexible strategy formulation |
| Structure |
Static, hierarchical |
Dynamic, with active participation from stakeholders |
Why did the Government replace the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog?
- Need for a Modern Approach: The Planning Commission’s top-down, centralized model was considered outdated in the context of India’s diverse and evolving socio-economic landscape.
- NITI Aayog was established to adopt a more flexible, bottom-up approach that encourages participation from states and local governments, reflecting the need for tailored solutions to regional challenges.
- Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog aims to foster cooperative federalism by promoting collaboration between the central and state governments.
- This contrasts with the Planning Commission, where states had limited input and were often treated as passive participants in the planning process.
- Focus on Strategic Input: NITI Aayog is designed to serve as a think tank that provides strategic guidance and policy recommendations rather than merely allocating resources. This shift allows for a more dynamic response to economic needs and aspirations of the populace.
- Enhanced Stakeholder Engagement: The establishment of NITI Aayog followed extensive consultations with various stakeholders, including state governments, domain experts, and the public. This inclusive approach is intended to ensure that policies are relevant and effective.
- Relevance in a Globalized Economy: With India’s integration into the global economy, there was a recognized need for an institution that could adapt to changing economic conditions and promote competitive federalism rather than a one-size-fits-all planning model.
What is the 2030 and 2035 NITI Aayog roadmap?
NITI Aayog has outlined a comprehensive roadmap aimed at achieving sustainable development goals by 2030 and establishing a long-term vision for 2035. This roadmap encompasses various sectors, including energy, health, and technology.
Goals for 2030
- Energy Transition: NITI Aayog aims to ensure that India meets 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030. This includes achieving a non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW and reducing carbon emissions by one billion tonnes during the same period.
- Public Health Enhancement: The focus is on strengthening public health surveillance systems to be more inclusive, covering non-communicable diseases and environmental conditions.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): NITI Aayog is committed to aligning national policies with the SDGs, ensuring that developmental strategies are integrated with global sustainability targets, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, education, and gender equality.
Vision for 2035
- Long-term Economic Growth: The Vision Document for 2035 emphasizes creating a roadmap that focuses on economic growth while ensuring social equity and environmental sustainability. This involves leveraging technology and innovation to drive inclusive growth across various sectors.
- Energy Security: The 2035 vision includes comprehensive strategies for energy access, affordability, reliability, and security, addressing both current challenges and future needs in the energy sector.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration: NITI Aayog plans to harness AI technologies across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and urban infrastructure to improve efficiency and service delivery.
What are the challenges?
- Data Management: Effective implementation of the roadmap requires robust data collection and management systems to monitor progress accurately and inform policy decisions.
- Inter-State Disparities: Addressing inequalities among states in terms of resource allocation and development outcomes is crucial for achieving national goals.
- Funding and Resources: Securing adequate funding for ambitious projects aimed at renewable energy expansion, public health improvements, and technological advancements poses a significant challenge.
- Capacity Building: Developing the necessary skills and expertise within the workforce to implement new technologies and strategies effectively is essential for success.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Enhance data infrastructure, governance frameworks, and inter-state coordination to address disparities and improve policy implementation.
- Foster Public-Private Collaboration: Leverage partnerships with the private sector to secure funding, drive innovation, and scale renewable energy, public health, and technology initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How are the principles followed by NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile planning commission in India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education system;
Why in the News?
The latest guidelines from the University Grants Commission (UGC) mark a significant transformation in India’s higher education system.
What are the Draft Guidelines by UGC in 2025?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new draft guidelines for undergraduate education in India, which include:
- Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADP): This allows students to complete their degrees faster by earning additional credits per semester. Students can opt for this after their first or second semester based on their academic performance. A three-year degree can be completed in five semesters, while a four-year degree can be finished in six or seven semesters.
- Extended Degree Programmes (EDP): This option enables students facing personal or academic challenges to extend their study duration, allowing them to take fewer credits per semester. There is no upper limit on the number of students who can enroll in EDP, unlike ADP, which may have a cap of 10% of the sanctioned intake.
What are the advantages of adapting new guidelines?
- Greater Flexibility: The new guidelines allow for biannual admissions, enabling students to enroll in higher education programs twice a year. This flexibility helps students who may have missed the initial admission cycle or face personal challenges, reducing the risk of losing an entire academic year.
- Multiple Entry and Exit Options: Students can now enter and exit programs as needed, which accommodates various life circumstances and promotes lifelong learning. This approach aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s emphasis on inclusivity and adaptability.
- Holistic Development: The guidelines promote multidisciplinary learning by allowing students to earn credits in skill development, apprenticeships, or other subjects outside their major discipline. This fosters a more well-rounded educational experience.
- Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): The introduction of RPL allows individuals to gain formal recognition for skills and knowledge acquired through informal or experiential learning. This enhances career prospects and supports the integration of informal workers into the education system.
- Alignment with Global Standards: By adopting these flexible structures, Indian higher education can better align with international practices, improving student mobility both within India and abroad.
What are the challenges in adapting new guidelines?
- Administrative Complexity: Implementing these new guidelines requires significant changes to existing administrative structures and processes within higher education institutions (HEIs). This can be daunting for institutions already facing resource constraints.
- Quality Assurance Concerns: There are concerns about maintaining educational quality and rigor, especially in accelerated programs where the curriculum is compressed. This could lead to superficial understanding of key concepts among students.
- Equity Issues: Students from underprivileged backgrounds may struggle to navigate the new system without adequate support, potentially leading to higher dropout rates if they cannot keep pace with peers.
- Faculty Adaptation: Educators will need professional development to adjust to new pedagogical models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning. The success of these reforms depends not only on student adaptation but also on faculty capability to support diverse learning needs effectively.
What are the practical issues?
- Curriculum Restructuring: Implementing these new formats requires significant changes to existing curricula and teaching methodologies, which could strain resources at many institutions.
- Administrative Frameworks: Institutions must develop robust systems for tracking student progress, managing credit transfers, and recognizing academic achievements effectively.
- Digital Divide: The shift towards digitalization in education could exacerbate inequalities among students from different socio-economic backgrounds if adequate support systems are not established.
- Faculty Development: Educators will need professional development to adapt to new teaching models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Provide financial support, upgrade infrastructure, and streamline administrative systems to manage credit transfers, biannual admissions, and curriculum restructuring effectively.
- Ensure Inclusivity and Quality: Offer targeted support for underprivileged students, bridge the digital divide, and invest in faculty development programs to maintain educational quality and equity.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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