Why in the News?

The growing reliance on space technologies for climate monitoring highlights urgent environmental concerns, including orbital debris and system interference, necessitating swift international regulations to ensure sustainable space exploration practices.

How do Rockets affect the environment?

• Emissions from Launches: Every rocket launch releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, black carbon, and water vapour into the atmosphere. Black carbon is particularly concerning as it absorbs sunlight much more effectively than carbon dioxide, exacerbating global warming.
• Ozone Layer Depletion: Rocket propellants, especially those containing chlorine-based chemicals, contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer at high altitudes. This increases ground-level exposure to ultraviolet radiation and disrupts atmospheric circulation, negatively impacting global climate.
• Satellite Ash: When satellites re-enter the atmosphere at the end of their missions, they burn up and release metallic ash into the middle layers of the atmosphere, which can harm the atmosphere and potentially alter climate patterns.
• Manufacturing Footprint: The production of satellites involves energy-intensive processes that have large carbon footprints due to the extraction and processing of metals and composite materials.
• Space Mining Potential: Future activities such as space mining could lead to increased industrial activity both in space and on Earth, further contributing to environmental impacts.

What are the Barriers to space sustainability?

• Lack of Regulation: Current space activities operate outside international sustainability frameworks like the Paris Agreement. There are no clear guidelines for emissions from rockets and satellites, allowing unchecked growth that contributes to global warming.
• Overcrowding in Low Earth Orbit (LEO): The increasing number of satellites and debris threatens to overcrowd LEO, making future missions more expensive and complicating access to space as a shared resource.
• Need for International Cooperation: Effective regulation requires collaboration through international bodies like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) to create enforceable standards for emissions and debris management.
• Outdated Treaties: Existing frameworks such as the Outer Space Treaty lack binding provisions that address environmental impacts, limiting their effectiveness in promoting responsible space use.

What would be the innovative solutions?

• Reusable Rockets: Developing reusable rockets can significantly reduce manufacturing waste and lower costs by allowing components to be used in multiple missions. However, these rockets may be heavier, increasing fuel consumption, and require costly refurbishments.
• Cleaner Fuels: Transitioning to cleaner fuels such as liquid hydrogen or biofuels can minimize harmful emissions during launches. However, current hydrogen production methods often rely on non-renewable energy sources, undermining its environmental benefits.
• Biodegradable Satellites: Designing satellites with biodegradable materials that disintegrate upon re-entry could help prevent long-term debris accumulation. However, these materials currently lack durability for space conditions and face high development costs.
• Autonomous Debris Removal (ADR): Technologies like robotic arms and laser systems show promise for cleaning up orbital debris but require significant investment and legal clarity before implementation.
• Global Traffic Monitoring System: Establishing a real-time monitoring system for satellites and debris could reduce collision risks and optimize orbital use. However, data-sharing concerns due to security and commercial interests hinder its development.

Way forward: 

• Establish Binding International Frameworks: Governments should collaborate through COPUOS and other international platforms to create enforceable regulations for emissions, debris mitigation, and sustainable practices in space exploration.
• Promote Innovation Through Incentives: Public and private entities should prioritize funding for green technologies, such as cleaner fuels, biodegradable satellites, and debris removal systems. Financial incentives like subsidies, tax benefits, or penalties can accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices in the space sector.

Mains PYQ:

Q  Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation?  (UPSC IAS/2018)

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Why in the News?

The UNCCD, a treaty addressing desertification and drought, partnered with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to release an analysis ahead of COP16’s launch in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Why is it a Matter of Concern?

Land degradation poses significant risks to both humans and ecosystems:

• Water Insecurity: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity and reduces access to safe water, leading to a higher incidence of water- and food-borne diseases.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation lead to approximately 829,000 deaths per year from diarrheal diseases alone.
• Food Security: It reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing malnutrition risks.
• Health Risks: Degraded lands contribute to the spread of water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and lack of clean water. Respiratory issues can arise from soil erosion and dust.
• Environmental Impact: Eroded soil carries fertilizers and pesticides into water bodies, harming aquatic life and communities dependent on these resources.
• Climate Change: Healthy soils act as carbon sinks. Degradation leads to the release of stored carbon and nitrous oxide, exacerbating global warming. The report indicates that land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused carbon dioxide has decreased by 20% over the last decade.

What is Causing Land Degradation?

• Chemical Overuse: Excessive fertilisers and pesticides degrade soil; 50% of agricultural land suffers from nutrient depletion, salinisation, and waterlogging affecting 30% of irrigated lands globally.
• Soil Erosion: Unsustainable farming practices lead to the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil annually, reducing crop yields by up to 50% in some regions.
• Climate Change: Extreme weather events reduce global crop yields by 10%-50% by 2050; 12.6% of drylands were degraded between 1982-2015, affecting 213 million people.
• Urbanization: Rapid urban growth of 1 million hectares per year destroys habitats, reduces farmland, and increases runoff, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
• Deforestation and Overgrazing: 420 million hectares of forest lost since 1990; overgrazing degrades 34% of the global degraded area, weakening soil health and ecosystems.

Which Areas are the Worst Affected?

• Dry Regions: Areas such as South Asia, northern China, California (USA), and the Mediterranean are particularly vulnerable.
• Global Context: Approximately 15 million square kilometers of land are already degraded an area larger than Antarctica with an additional million square kilometers degrading each year. A third of humanity lives in drylands, which encompass three-quarters of Africa.

Way forward: 

• Sustainable Land Management Practices: Promote eco-friendly agricultural methods, reforestation, and efficient irrigation to restore soil health, combat erosion, and improve water retention in degraded lands.
• Global Collaboration and Policy Implementation: Strengthen international frameworks like the UNCCD, allocate resources for affected regions, and adopt policies that integrate land restoration with climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.

Mains PYQ:

Q  The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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