Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education Policy; Issues related to language;
Why in the News?
The Central government and the Tamil Nadu government are disagreeing over the three-language rule in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
Why is the Union government withholding funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan from Tamil Nadu?
- Non-compliance with the three-language formula: The Union government has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the implementation of the three-language formula outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Tamil Nadu’s refusal to adopt this formula has led to a standoff.
- Policy disagreement: The Tamil Nadu government views the three-language policy as a tool for Hindi imposition and insists on continuing with its two-language policy (Tamil and English).
- Financial leverage: The Centre is using financial incentives to push for uniform adoption of the NEP guidelines across States, causing friction with Tamil Nadu.
When was the three-language policy first introduced, and what were its key mandates?
- The three-language policy was first introduced in the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1968 to promote multilingualism and foster national unity.
Key Mandates of the Three-Language Policy:
- First Language – Mother Tongue/Regional Language: Students must learn their mother tongue or the regional language of the state. Example: Kannada is the first language in Karnataka, while Tamil is the first language in Tamil Nadu.
- Second Language – Hindi or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn English or another modern Indian language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, Hindi is taught as the second language. Example: Hindi is the second language in Kerala, while English is the second language in Uttar Pradesh.
- Third Language – Another Indian Language or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn a non-Hindi Indian language or Sanskrit. In non-Hindi-speaking states, English is usually taught as the third language. Example: Sanskrit as a third language in Madhya Pradesh, while English is the third language in Tamil Nadu.
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What difficulties do government schools face in implementing additional language courses?
- Shortage of Qualified Language Teachers: Many government schools lack trained teachers for third-language instruction. Example: In rural Odisha, schools often struggle to find Hindi teachers, affecting the implementation of the three-language formula.
- Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Schools lack textbooks, teaching aids, and language labs, making it difficult to provide quality language education. Example: Government schools in Bihar face a shortage of English textbooks, leading to poor learning outcomes.
- Burden on Students and Poor Learning Outcomes: Many students struggle to grasp multiple languages simultaneously, especially those from economically weaker backgrounds. Example: In Tamil Nadu, students from rural areas find it difficult to learn Hindi as a third language due to limited exposure and practice opportunities.
What are the basic issues in Schools?
- Poor Learning Outcomes: ASER 2022 found 60% of Class V students unable to read a Class II-level text. Similarly, ASER 2023 revealed 25% of youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read basic texts in their regional language, highlighting foundational literacy gaps.
- Inadequate Public Investment in Education: Despite the NEP 2020 target of 6% of GDP, actual spending on education remains at 4-4.5% of GDP. This underfunding restricts access to quality resources, affecting learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
- Disparity in Funding Allocation: 85% of elementary education costs are borne by States, while the Centre contributes only 15%. This fiscal imbalance creates unequal resource distribution, impacting teacher availability and infrastructure quality in less-developed regions.
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the official languages of the Union and the States in India?
- Official Language of the Union (Article 343): Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
- English was to be used for official purposes for 15 years after the Constitution came into effect (until 1965), but the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended its use indefinitely alongside Hindi.
- Language of the States (Article 345): State legislatures can adopt one or more languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language for State administration. Example: Tamil Nadu uses Tamil, Punjab uses Punjabi, and Maharashtra uses Marathi as their official languages.
- Promotion of Hindi (Article 351): It is the Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi to serve as a medium for all elements of India’s composite culture while drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages.
- Safeguard for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350A & 350B)
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- 350A: The State must provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minority groups.
- 350B: Establishment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate and report on their safeguards.
What steps can be taken to resolve the conflict between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government? (Way forward)
- Promote Cooperative Federalism through Dialogue: Establish a joint consultative body to discuss language policies and ensure that both regional concerns and national goals are addressed. Example: Regular Centre-State meetings under the Inter-State Council could facilitate consensus on the language policy without coercion.
- Grant Flexibility in Implementing Language Policies: Allow States to adapt the three-language policy based on their linguistic diversity and educational capacity while ensuring basic proficiency in major languages. Example: Tamil Nadu could continue its two-language policy while introducing optional third-language courses without affecting funding under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Pharma Industries; India’s hegemony;
Why in the News?
The pharmacy of the Global South is facing a reputation crisis after cough syrups made by Indian pharmaceutical companies were found to contain harmful levels of diethylene glycol and/or ethylene glycol.
Why is the pharmacy of the Global South facing a reputation crisis?
- Quality Control Failures and Contaminated Products:
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- Gambia (2022): Cough syrups made in India containing diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol killed 66 children.
- Uzbekistan (2022): Similar contamination led to the deaths of 65 children.
- U.S. (2023): India-made eye drops contaminated with drug-resistant bacteria caused 3 deaths and 8 cases of blindness.
- Illegal Manufacturing and Unapproved Drugs: Unauthorized drug production and export are damaging India’s credibility. Example: Aveo Pharmaceuticals (Maharashtra) illegally exported unapproved opioid combinations to West Africa, exposed by a BBC investigation in 2023.
- Regulatory Lapses and Weak Oversight: Inconsistent enforcement by regulatory authorities enables violations. Example: State drug authorities in India have issued licenses for unapproved Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) without clearance from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
- Global Scrutiny and Trade Barriers: Increased surveillance by international health bodies and trade restrictions. Example: The WHO’s alert on toxic cough syrups led to enhanced inspections of Indian pharmaceutical exports, impacting trade with African and Southeast Asian nations.
How does this impact India’s hegemony?
- Erosion of Soft Power and Global Reputation: India’s image as the “Pharmacy of the Global South” is under threat due to quality concerns and regulatory lapses. Example: The WHO alerts on contaminated cough syrups in Gambia and Uzbekistan have damaged India’s credibility as a reliable supplier of affordable medicines.
- Reduced Diplomatic Influence in Developing Countries: Many nations in Africa and Southeast Asia, which depend on Indian pharmaceuticals, may seek alternative suppliers, weakening India’s influence in these regions. Example: Countries like Nigeria and Kenya exploring Chinese and Brazilian pharmaceutical alternatives.
- Economic and Trade Consequences: Heightened global scrutiny could lead to export restrictions and trade losses, affecting India’s dominance in the generic drug market. Example: In 2023, the U.S. imposed tighter checks on Indian pharmaceutical imports following incidents of contaminated eye drops, impacting Indian drug exports.
What is the extent of India’s pharmaceutical exports?
- Total Export Value: India’s pharmaceutical exports were valued at USD 27.85 billion, contributing substantially to the nation’s economy.
- Global Market Share: India stands as the world’s third-largest producer of pharmaceuticals by volume, supplying approximately 20% of global generic drugs, with North America being a major recipient.
- Key Export Destinations: The United States remains the largest importer of Indian pharmaceutical products, accounting for 17.90% of India’s total merchandise exports in this sector.
- India supplies about 26% of Africa’s generic pharmaceutical market, highlighting its role as a key provider of affordable medicines on the continent.
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What steps has the Indian government taken in this situation?
- Strengthening Regulatory Oversight: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) has intensified inspections of pharmaceutical manufacturing units to ensure compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Example: Following the Gambia and Uzbekistan incidents, the government ordered inspections of 76 cough syrup manufacturers across 20 states, leading to the suspension of several licenses.
- Policy Reforms and Legal Action: The government introduced a mandatory quality certification for drug exports to certain countries to prevent the export of substandard medicines. Example: After the Aveo Pharmaceuticals case, the Maharashtra government revoked the company’s manufacturing license and seized 13 million illegal medicines.
- International Collaboration and Transparency: The Indian government has increased cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) to address quality concerns and strengthen pharmacovigilance. Example: India joined hands with African health regulators to enhance quality assurance for pharmaceuticals exported to African countries.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Regulatory Oversight: Implement stricter quality controls, regular audits, and a centralized tracking system to ensure compliance with global standards.
- Enhance Global Collaboration: Partner with international health bodies and key importing nations to improve quality assurance and rebuild trust in Indian pharmaceuticals.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to RTI;
Why in the News?
The RTI Act allowed people to question the government, but the government soon tried to weaken it.
Why is the RTI now being viewed as the ‘right to deny information’?
- Judicial Interpretations Diluting the Scope of RTI: Key court judgments, like Girish Ramchandra Deshpande vs. CIC (2012), have expanded the definition of “personal information” under Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act. This allows authorities to deny information about public servants’ misconduct, assets, and disciplinary records.
- Delayed Appointments and Case Backlogs: Government delays in appointing Information Commissioners have led to massive backlogs, reducing the effectiveness of the RTI. Information is often provided after significant delays, turning it into a “right to history.”
- Narrow Interpretation of Public Interest: The Supreme Court’s ruling in CBSE vs. Aditya Bandopadhyay (2011) warned against the “misuse” of RTI for seeking all types of information, limiting disclosures that could allegedly disrupt administrative efficiency.
- Example: Information requests related to public policy decisions are frequently denied on vague grounds of protecting “national integration” or preventing “administrative burden.”
What have been the key achievements of the RTI since its inception?
- Increased Transparency and Accountability: The RTI Act has empowered citizens to hold public authorities accountable by providing access to government records and decisions. Example: In 2007, RTI applications exposed corruption in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA), leading to better monitoring and payment transparency.
- Exposing Corruption and Misuse of Power: RTI has played a crucial role in uncovering major scams and irregularities, prompting legal and policy reforms. Example: The 2G spectrum scam (2008) involving massive financial irregularities in telecom licensing was brought to light through RTI inquiries, leading to the cancellation of 122 telecom licenses by the Supreme Court.
- Empowering Marginalized Communities: Rural and marginalized groups have used RTI to access entitlements like ration cards, pensions, and housing schemes, ensuring their socio-economic rights. Example: In Rajasthan, villagers used RTI to reveal discrepancies in public distribution system (PDS) records, ensuring access to their rightful food supplies.
What are the limitations of RTI?
- Exemptions under Section 8: Certain categories of information are exempt from disclosure, such as matters related to national security, sovereignty, and personal privacy. Example: Information related to defense strategies or confidential Cabinet discussions cannot be accessed through RTI.
- Delayed or Incomplete Responses: Bureaucratic delays and lack of accountability often lead to incomplete or delayed information, undermining the RTI’s effectiveness. Example: In 2021, RTI applications regarding COVID-19 vaccine procurement faced significant delays, limiting public scrutiny during a critical period.
- Threats and Intimidation of RTI Activists: Whistleblowers and activists who use RTI to expose corruption face harassment, threats, and even violence. Example: Amit Jethwa, an RTI activist from Gujarat, was murdered in 2010 after exposing illegal mining near the Gir Forest.
Does India have an alternative to the RTI?
- Public Services Delivery Laws (Right to Public Services Act): Various states in India have enacted Public Services Delivery Laws to ensure the timely delivery of public services and redress grievances.
- Example: Madhya Pradesh was the first state to implement the Right to Public Services Act (2010), which mandates timely delivery of services like issuing ration cards and driving licenses.
- Whistleblower Protection Act (2014): This law protects individuals who expose corruption and wrongdoing in government institutions. It allows whistleblowers to report issues while keeping their identity confidential.
- Example: An employee of a public sector bank can report irregularities without fear of retaliation under this Act. However, delays in operationalizing the law limit its effectiveness.
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013): This law establishes an independent body (Lokpal) at the central level and Lokayuktas at the state level to investigate corruption among public officials.
- Example: In 2019, the Lokpal was appointed to investigate allegations of corruption against high-level public servants, including the Prime Minister (with conditions).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Framework: Ensure timely appointment of Information Commissioners, enforce penalties for delayed/incomplete responses, and streamline processes to reduce case backlogs.
- Enhance Legal Safeguards: Amend the Whistleblower Protection Act for better security of RTI activists and clarify exemptions under Section 8 to prevent misuse while balancing public interest.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Recent amendment to the Right to Information Act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to Indian Industries;
Why in the News?
Indian industry leaders are hurting their future by depending too much on cheap labour for growth.
What are the issues related to cheap labour in India?
- Long Working Hours: Migrant industrial workers often work 11-12 hours a day without breaks during peak demand, compromising their physical and mental well-being.
- Informal Employment: As per the 2023-24 Periodic Labour Force Survey, only 21.7% of workers hold regular jobs with salaries. Even within this group, nearly half face informal conditions (no contracts, paid leave, or social security).
- Exploitation via Contract Work: 56% of workers joining the factory sector since 2011-12 are contract workers, lacking legal protection and receiving lower wages.
- Migrant Worker Vulnerability: Migrant workers face multiple disadvantages due to social position, lack of assets, and inadequate access to social security.
- Profit Maximization: Industries prioritize profit over worker welfare, with profit shares rising from 31.6% in 2019-20 to 46.4% in 2021-22 in the factory sector.
What is the current situation of the garment industry in India?
- Stagnant Share in Global Exports: India’s share in global garment exports has remained stagnant at 3.1% over the past two decades. Example: In contrast, Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have increased their market share by investing in modern technologies and efficient supply chains (Economic and Political Weekly, August 2024).
- Over-Reliance on Cheap Labour: The industry depends heavily on low-cost, unorganized labour rather than technology and automation, limiting productivity. Example: Over 70% of the workforce in garment manufacturing operates in small, unregistered enterprises with poor working conditions and low wages (PLFS 2023-24).
- Declining Competitiveness: Rising competition from China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh has reduced India’s competitiveness in both mass-market and premium garment segments. Example: India’s textile and garment exports dropped by 13.3% to $32 billion in 2023-24, while Vietnam’s exports rose to $44 billion (Ministry of Commerce data, 2024).
- Lack of Innovation and Modernization: Indian firms lag in adopting advanced production technologies, affecting product diversity and design innovation. Example: While countries like Vietnam invest in smart textiles and sustainable practices, Indian firms focus primarily on basic, low-margin garments.
- Impact of Policy and Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate government support, high logistics costs, and delayed payments to small firms hinder sectoral growth. Example: The Textile PLI Scheme launched in 2021 aimed to boost manufacturing but has had limited uptake, particularly among smaller manufacturers due to complex compliance issues.
How can India benefit from its cheap labour?
- Investing in Skill Development and Training: Enhancing workers’ skills can increase productivity while maintaining cost advantages. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 50 million workers since its launch in 2015, improving output quality in sectors like textiles, automotive, and electronics.
- Promoting Labour-Intensive Industries: Expanding labour-intensive sectors (e.g., textiles, leather, and electronics assembly) can maximize employment and exports. Example: The Apparel Park Scheme in Tamil Nadu supports garment clusters, increasing job opportunities while improving global competitiveness.
- Strengthening MSMEs and Local Supply Chains: Supporting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through policy incentives and better access to credit can utilize cheap labour efficiently. Example: The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme has provided ₹3.7 lakh crore in credit to over 65 lakh MSMEs (as of 2024).
- Encouraging Export-Oriented Production: Facilitating exports through simplified regulations and logistical improvements can enhance global market access. Example: The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme helps Indian exporters by reimbursing embedded taxes, making Indian goods more competitive.
- Adopting a Hybrid Model of Labour and Technology: Combining low-cost manual labour with affordable automation can balance efficiency with cost advantages. Example: Maruti Suzuki uses a man-machine hybrid system for auto production, reducing costs while maintaining high output, making it India’s largest car exporter.
Why are industries falling behind in innovation?
- Low Investment in Research and Development (R&D): India’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.65% of GDP (2022), significantly lower than countries like China (2.4%) and South Korea (4.8%). Example: In the pharmaceutical sector, while India is a major producer of generic medicines, it lags in developing innovative drugs due to limited R&D spending.
- Dominance of Low-Cost, Labor-Intensive Models: Indian industries prioritize cheap labour over adopting advanced technologies, limiting productivity gains and innovation. Example: In the textile industry, India’s share in global garment exports is 3.1%, while Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have overtaken India by modernizing production systems.
- Limited Collaboration between Industry and Academia: Weak ties between academic research institutions and industries hinder the commercialization of innovative ideas. Example: In 2021, only 36 patents were filed jointly by Indian universities and private firms compared to 5,000+ in China under their “Industry-Academia Collaboration” model.
- Lack of Policy Incentives for Innovation: Insufficient government policies and weak implementation of initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) reduce incentives for private-sector innovation. Example: While China’s “Made in China 2025” policy incentivizes innovation-led manufacturing, India’s PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme primarily focuses on output rather than R&D-driven innovation.
- Financial Constraints on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs, which form 70% of the manufacturing workforce, face difficulties accessing credit for innovation and upgrading technology. Example: Despite initiatives like CGTMSE, only 15% of MSMEs in India receive formal credit, limiting their ability to invest in new technologies.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Technology Adoption and Innovation: Encourage investment in advanced manufacturing technologies and R&D through better policy incentives and stronger industry-academia collaboration to improve productivity and global competitiveness.
- Support Labour Welfare and Formalization: Implement policies to improve working conditions, ensure social security for informal workers, and promote skill development programs to balance cost efficiency with worker well-being.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Demand for Skilled workers;
Why in the News?
The demand for skilled workers will soon be higher than the supply, and India must act quickly to meet the needs of important regions.
What are the Geographic regions and their demands?
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – High Demand for Construction and Manufacturing: The GCC nations (e.g., UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar) require skilled construction and manufacturing workers to support infrastructure projects like NEOM (Saudi Arabia’s smart city project) and the Dubai Urban Plan 2040.
- Europe (including the UK) – Service Sector Growth & Healthcare Needs: Europe, being the oldest post-industrial society, has a rising demand for healthcare professionals, IT experts, and service-sector workers due to ageing populations. Example: Germany’s “Skilled Immigration Act” aims to attract foreign talent in healthcare and technology.
- Australia – Skilled Migration in Healthcare & Construction: Australia is open to skilled migration, especially in healthcare, IT, and construction due to labour shortages. Example: Australia’s Priority Migration Skilled Occupation List (PMSOL) focuses on attracting doctors, engineers, and tech professionals.
- Global Demand in Emerging Sectors – AI, Big Data, and Automation: Countries worldwide, including the US, Canada, and Singapore, require expertise in Artificial Intelligence (AI),the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and big data analytics. Example: Singapore’s Tech. Pass visa encourages AI and IT experts to work in its digital economy.
- Health and Social Care – Universal Demand: Aging populations in developed countries are driving high demand for nurses, caregivers, and medical professionals across the GCC, Europe, and Australia. Example: The UK’s Health and Care Worker visa prioritizes foreign healthcare workers to fill staffing gaps in the NHS.
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Why is the demand for skilled workers expected to exceed the supply in the near future?
- Rapid Technological Advancements: Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cybersecurity are evolving swiftly, creating a need for specialized skills that the current workforce lacks. Example: The global AI market is projected to reach $266 billion by 2027, growing at a compound annual rate of 33.2%.
- Industry-Specific Skill Gaps: Certain industries are experiencing rapid growth, leading to specialized skill shortages that the existing workforce cannot meet. Example: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that by 2030, the renewable energy sector could provide up to 30 million new jobs worldwide.
- Aging Workforce and Retirements: A significant portion of the skilled workforce is approaching retirement age, leading to a loss of expertise and creating vacancies that are difficult to fill. Example: In the United States, the manufacturing sector faces a potential shortage of 2.1 million workers by 2030 due to retirements and a lack of new entrants with the necessary skills.
- Mismatch Between Education and Industry Needs: Educational institutions often do not align curricula with the evolving demands of industries, resulting in graduates lacking the practical skills required by employers. Example: In India, a study by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) revealed a demand for 103 million skilled workers, while the current supply is only 74 million.
What are the existing barriers?
- Complex Visa Processes: Lengthy visa approval times and restrictive work permit policies hinder skilled worker migration. According to the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2023), India ranks 92nd in the ability to enable and attract global talent, reflecting challenges in cross-border workforce movement.
- Exploitation of Migrant Workers: Illegal recruitment agencies engage in wage theft and exploitative practices. As per the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 25 million people worldwide are victims of forced labour, with South Asia being a major source of trafficked labour.
- Non-Recognition of Qualifications: Many Indian professional degrees are not accepted in key global markets. A FICCI-KPMG study reports that 53% of Indian professionals face underemployment abroad due to non-recognition of their qualifications, particularly in medicine and engineering.
- Limited Language Proficiency: Inability to communicate effectively impacts job performance and integration. The European Commission (2022) found that 40% of non-EU migrants face employment challenges due to language barriers, particularly in sectors like healthcare and customer service.
- Mismatch Between Skills and Market Needs: Rapid technological advancements outpace current training programs. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF) Future of Jobs Report (2023), 44% of core skills required across industries will change by 2027, leaving a global shortfall of 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030.
What are the existing strategies?
- Migration and Mobility Partnerships: India has established agreements with countries like Germany and Italy to facilitate the movement of students, professionals, and skilled workers. These partnerships aim to streamline visa processes and recognize professional qualifications, thereby promoting bilateral exchanges.
- Digital Platforms for Emigrant Support: The Indian government has upgraded the eMigrate portal to version 2.0, integrating features like 24/7 multilingual helpline support and faster feedback mechanisms. This platform ensures transparency in recruitment and safeguards the welfare of Indian workers abroad.
- Skill Development Initiatives: Through programs like the National Skill Development Mission and the Skill India program, India focuses on training its workforce in emerging technologies and sectors. These initiatives aim to align domestic skills with global market demands, enhancing employability abroad.
- International Collaboration on Education and Training: Workshops and collaborative projects with entities like the European Union have been conducted to strengthen student mobility and the use of educational consultants. These efforts aim to facilitate the international movement of students and young professionals.
- Bilateral Trade Agreements Enhancing Labor Mobility: India is actively pursuing free trade agreements, such as the one with the United Kingdom, which include provisions for labour mobility. These agreements aim to reduce barriers for Indian professionals seeking opportunities abroad.
What is India’s advantage?
- Large and Growing Workforce: India has one of the world’s largest working-age populations, providing a steady supply of skilled workers. Example: By 2030, India’s working-age population is expected to reach 1.04 billion, accounting for 23% of the global workforce (UN Population Report, 2022).
- Cost-Effective Skilled Labour: Indian workers offer high skill levels at competitive costs, making them attractive to global markets. Example: Indian IT professionals earn 60-70% less than their Western counterparts, enabling global firms to save on operational costs (NASSCOM, 2023).
- Strong Diaspora and Global Networks: India has the second-largest diaspora globally, facilitating knowledge transfer and job opportunities. Example: Over 4.2 million Indian-origin people live in the United States, contributing significantly to sectors like technology and healthcare (US Census Bureau, 2022).
- Government-Led Skill and Mobility Initiatives: India has established programs to train and mobilize workers for global opportunities. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 40 million workers since 2015, aligning their skills with global market demands (Ministry of Skill Development, 2023).
- Favourable Global Perception: Indian workers are perceived as hardworking and adaptable, maintaining demand despite anti-immigration trends. Example: 25% of doctors in the UK’s NHS are of Indian origin, reflecting their sustained demand and acceptance (UK General Medical Council, 2023).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Skill Recognition and Mutual Agreements: Expand bilateral agreements for mutual recognition of qualifications to reduce skill mismatch and underemployment, especially in high-demand sectors like healthcare and technology.
- Enhance Digital and Legal Safeguards for Migrant Workers: Improve digital platforms like eMigrate for transparent recruitment, and enforce stricter regulations against exploitative practices to protect Indian workers abroad.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Foreign Funding; India USA relation;
Why in the News?
Recently the Indian government said that it is seriously investigating claims made by the U.S. government that USAID planned to spend $21 million to influence voter turnout in India.
What is USAID, and how did it originate?
- USAID (United States Agency for International Development) was founded in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy through the Foreign Assistance Act to promote global development and humanitarian assistance.
- To advance U.S. foreign policy by providing economic, developmental, and humanitarian aid worldwide. It operates under the U.S. Department of State, managing a diverse range of global programs in health, education, and economic growth.
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What are the recent issues related to USAID?
- Allegations of Interference in India: The Indian government is investigating claims that USAID allocated $21 million to influence voter turnout in India. This follows a report by the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk. Indian authorities are concerned about potential foreign interference in domestic affairs.
- Global Funding Cuts: President Trump’s administration has frozen USAID funds and withdrawn from the World Health Organization, critically affecting health sectors in African nations. Countries like Rwanda are seeking alternative partnerships, notably with China, to fill the void left by U.S. aid reductions.
- Dismantling of USAID Operations: A federal judge has permitted the Trump administration to proceed with plans to dismantle USAID. This includes placing staff on administrative leave and recalling foreign aid workers, actions that have faced legal challenges and raised concerns about the future of U.S. foreign aid programs.
How has USAID impacted the world through its programs and initiatives?
- Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns: In Venezuela (2019), USAID’s humanitarian aid was viewed as a political tool to undermine the Maduro government, leading to accusations of U.S. interference in domestic affairs.
- Dependency on Foreign Aid: In Haiti, decades of USAID assistance in agriculture and disaster relief created a dependency culture, weakening local institutions and undermining self-sufficiency.
- Distortion of Local Economies: In African nations, large-scale food aid under USAID programs has often disrupted local markets, making local farmers less competitive due to the influx of free or subsidized goods.
- Lack of Cultural Sensitivity and Misaligned Priorities: In Afghanistan, USAID’s focus on infrastructure projects (e.g., road-building) often ignored local customs and community needs, leading to wasteful spending and resentment toward U.S. initiatives.
- Lack of Accountability and Corruption Risks: In Iraq (2003-2010), USAID-funded reconstruction projects faced allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and incomplete infrastructure, raising concerns about transparency and financial misuse.
What is the significance of USAID in global development and diplomacy?
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: USAID provides emergency aid during crises, such as delivering medical supplies and food after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake, helping millions affected by natural disasters.
- Promoting Global Health Initiatives: USAID supports health programs to combat diseases. For instance, through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), it has provided HIV/AIDS treatment to millions in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Advancing Economic Development: USAID helps countries build economic resilience. In India, USAID has funded clean energy projects, promoting sustainable growth and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Strengthening Democratic Governance: USAID promotes democracy and human rights. In Ukraine, it supported electoral reforms and civil society organizations to enhance transparent governance and free elections.
- Enhancing U.S. Strategic Interests: USAID’s programs foster diplomatic ties. In Southeast Asia, its infrastructure and education initiatives strengthen regional stability and counterbalance the influence of other global powers.
How has USAID impacted India?
- Public Health Improvement: USAID has supported tuberculosis (TB) and HIV programs, improving detection and treatment. For example, it partnered with the Ministry of Health to reduce TB incidence and strengthen healthcare systems.
- Clean Energy and Climate Action: USAID’s PACE-D 2.0 initiative promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency in India, helping to expand solar power and reduce carbon emissions.
- Disaster Management and Resilience: USAID partnered with India’s National Disaster Management Authority to improve disaster preparedness and provide training for better emergency response, especially during floods and cyclones.
- Education and Skill Development: USAID collaborates with the Ministry of Education to support STEM education and fund IIT Gandhinagar, enhancing research and technical innovation in India.
- Agriculture and Rural Development: USAID has worked with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve farm productivity by providing advanced farming techniques and enhancing food security in rural areas.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight Mechanisms: Implement robust regulatory frameworks to monitor foreign aid and ensure alignment with national interests and policies.
- Enhance Domestic Capacities: Invest in local infrastructure, research, and development to reduce reliance on external funding and promote sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender equality;
Why in the News?
On Friday (February 21, 2025), the Supreme Court told the Centre that schools should teach students about gender equality and how men should treat women with respect.
Is the lack of basic education about gender equality the root cause of the surge in rape cases and crimes against women?
- Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes: Without education promoting gender equality, traditional gender norms that view women as inferior or subordinate to men persist. These stereotypes normalize the control and objectification of women.
- Example: In many societies, women are still expected to conform to rigid gender roles (e.g., being submissive or confined to domestic spaces), leading to a culture where violence against women is excused or ignored.
- Lack of Consent Education: Education about bodily autonomy and consent is often missing from curricula, leading to misunderstandings about boundaries and mutual respect in relationships.
- Example: In the 2012 Nirbhaya case in India, public outrage highlighted how a lack of understanding of consent and gender respect contributed to the brutal crime and called for reforms in legal and educational frameworks.
- Normalization of Violence: In the absence of gender-sensitive education, violence against women is often normalized or trivialized, reducing the social stigma against perpetrators and discouraging survivors from seeking justice.
- Example: A 2018 NCRB report indicated that a significant number of rape cases were committed by individuals known to the victim, reflecting how intimate violence is often overlooked due to cultural acceptance.
- Failure to Challenge Patriarchal Mindsets: Without education to challenge patriarchal beliefs, young minds are conditioned to accept gender hierarchies, reinforcing power imbalances that enable violence.
- Example: In rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, deeply entrenched patriarchal values have led to frequent reports of gender-based violence, underscoring the need for education to disrupt these harmful norms.
- Ineffective Implementation of Gender Sensitization Programs: Despite legal mandates like the POSH Act (2013) and initiatives for gender education, the absence of comprehensive implementation limits public understanding and societal change.
- Example: In workplaces across India, the lack of proper sensitization and training programs on gender equality has resulted in underreporting of sexual harassment cases.
Should schools include gender equality and respectful behavior in curricula?
- Promotes Mutual Respect and Empathy: Teaching gender equality helps students understand and respect diverse identities, fostering empathy and reducing discriminatory attitudes.
- Example: Programs like UNICEF’s “Life Skills Education” in schools across India teach students about gender sensitivity, helping reduce bullying and promoting inclusive behavior.
- Prevents Gender-Based Violence: Educating students about consent, boundaries, and respectful communication helps prevent harassment and violence from an early age.
- Example: Countries like Sweden have implemented comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), resulting in lower rates of sexual harassment among teenagers.
- Challenges Gender Stereotypes: Curricula that question traditional gender roles empower students to pursue diverse career paths and challenge social biases.
- Example: “Breakthrough India” runs school-based campaigns that challenge stereotypes, encouraging both girls and boys to engage in activities beyond gender norms (e.g., encouraging girls in STEM fields).
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
At legislative level:
- Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Enacted after the Nirbhaya case to expand the definition of rape, introduce stricter punishments, and criminalize stalking and voyeurism.
- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides legal protection to children against sexual abuse and exploitation.
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (POSH) Act, 2013: Mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces to address sexual harassment cases.
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Replaces the Indian Penal Code, with enhanced provisions for sexual offenses and crimes against women.
At policy level:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), 2015: Aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and welfare of girls.
- One Stop Centres (OSCs), 2015: Provides integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, including legal aid and medical assistance.
- NIRBHAYA Fund, 2013: Supports initiatives for the safety and security of women, including emergency response systems and the creation of women’s help desks in police stations.
- Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV) Scheme: Facilitates community-level support for women by appointing volunteers to assist victims in reporting crimes.
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Way forward:
- Integrate Comprehensive Gender Education: Mandate gender equality and consent education across all educational levels to challenge stereotypes, promote mutual respect, and prevent gender-based violence.
- Strengthen Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of gender-sensitive laws and policies through regular audits, awareness campaigns, and robust monitoring mechanisms to improve accountability and support for survivors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Explain the difference between the computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s Gross Domestic Product (2021), and India from realizing its potential GDP (2020).
An economy grows through two key factors: supply (production of goods and services) and demand (spending on these goods and services). Among demand sources, investment is crucial as it creates a multiplier effect, boosting jobs and income. Consumption follows growth but cannot drive it alone, as sustainable expansion requires strong investment and production.
Today’s editorial talks about India’s GDP growth factors based on demand and supply. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
An economy’s growth is like navigating two interconnected boats—one representing the supply or production of goods and services.
Is consumption enough to drive growth?
Consumption plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, but it is not sufficient on its own for sustainable long-term growth.
- Consumption-Led Growth is Slower: While consumption boosts demand, it does not create long-term productive capacity. Example: India’s GDP growth in recent years has been driven by consumption (60.3% of GDP in 2023), but it lags behind China’s investment-driven growth.
- Limited Multiplier Effect: Unlike investment, increased consumption has a weaker impact on overall income and job creation. Example: If people buy more smartphones, it benefits retailers but does not significantly boost domestic production if phones are imported.
- Investment is Crucial for Sustainable Growth: Higher investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology leads to job creation and productivity gains. Example: China’s high investment rate (41.3% of GDP in 2023) has helped it achieve rapid economic growth and higher per capita income than India.
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Why is economic growth dependent on two factors?
- Balanced Growth Requires Both Supply & Demand: Economic growth happens when goods and services are produced (supply) and purchased (demand) in a balanced manner.
- Example: A country increasing factory production (supply) must also have enough consumers to buy the products (demand), ensuring sustainable growth.
- Mismatch Leads to Economic Problems
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- If demand > supply, inflation rises due to excessive spending with limited goods.
- If supply > demand, businesses suffer from unsold stock, leading to job losses.
- Example: Post-pandemic, supply chain disruptions led to high demand but low supply, causing inflation.
- Investment Drives Long-Term Growth: Investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology increases production capacity (supply) while also creating jobs, which boosts spending power (demand).
- Example: China’s high investment in infrastructure and manufacturing led to rapid economic growth by expanding both supply and demand.
- Government Policies Impact Both Sides: Fiscal and monetary policies help balance supply-side growth (e.g., industrial incentives) and demand-side expansion (e.g., tax cuts or subsidies).
- Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme boosts manufacturing (supply), while government social schemes increase purchasing power (demand).
- Exports and Imports Affect Domestic Growth: A strong export sector increases supply, bringing foreign exchange, while controlled imports ensure domestic industries remain competitive.
- Example: India’s IT exports generate revenue (supply), while consumer imports like electronics influence domestic demand.
What role does investment play in economic growth?
- Boosts Production Capacity: Investment in factories, infrastructure, and technology increases the ability to produce goods and services, leading to higher GDP. Example: China’s heavy investment in manufacturing and infrastructure helped it become the world’s largest exporter.
- Creates Employment Opportunities: New industries and infrastructure projects generate jobs, increasing income and overall demand in the economy. Example: India’s road and metro projects have created millions of direct and indirect jobs, boosting economic activity.
- Multiplier Effect on Demand & GDP: Investment leads to increased income, which in turn increases consumption and demand, further driving growth. Example: A ₹100 investment in building highways can create ₹125 in overall economic output due to increased business activities along the route.
- Encourages Private Sector Confidence: When the government invests in key sectors, it builds confidence among private businesses to invest further. Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing has attracted global tech firms to set up production units.
- Leads to Technological and Industrial Development: Investments in research, innovation, and new industries enhance productivity and global competitiveness. Example: South Korea’s investment in R&D and technology made it a leader in electronics and automobile industries.
How have India and China experienced changes in per capita income?
- Similar Per Capita Incomes in the Early 1990s: In the early 1990s, India and China had nearly equal per capita incomes, with both countries being 1.5% of the U.S. average. Example: In 1992, both nations were considered low-income economies with similar economic structures.
- China’s Investment-Led Growth Model: China prioritized high investment rates, focusing on infrastructure, state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing. Example: In 1992, China’s investment rate was 39.1% of GDP, much higher than India’s 27.4%.
- Diverging Growth Post-2000s: India’s investment rate rose to 35.8% in 2007, almost matching China’s, but declined after 2012 due to policy uncertainty and global economic slowdown.Example: By 2013, China’s investment rate increased to 44.5%, while India’s fell to 31.3%.
- China’s Faster Rise in Per Capita Income: By 2023, China’s per capita income was 5 times India’s in nominal terms and 2.4 times higher in purchasing power parity (PPP). Example: As a percentage of U.S. per capita income in 2023: China: 15%, India: 3%.
- India’s Consumption-Driven Growth Model: India’s economic growth has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, while China maintained higher investment levels. Example: In 2023, consumption was 60.3% of India’s GDP, compared to 39.1% in China.
- Long-Term Impact on Growth and Inequality: India’s lower investment and trade deficits have led to slower per capita income growth, affecting job creation and economic equality. Example: China’s investment rate in 2023 was 41.3%, whereas India’s was only 30.8%, limiting economic expansion.
What measures has the Indian government taken to promote investment in India?
- Infrastructure Development: The government has launched massive infrastructure projects to boost investment and improve connectivity. Example: PM Gati Shakti (National Master Plan) aims to integrate multi-modal transport networks and reduce logistics costs.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced to boost manufacturing and attract foreign and domestic investments in key sectors. Example: PLI schemes for electronics, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy have encouraged global firms to set up production in India.
- Corporate Tax Reforms: India reduced corporate tax rates to make the investment climate more competitive. Example: In 2019, the corporate tax rate was slashed to 22% for existing companies and 15% for new manufacturing firms.
- Ease of Doing Business & FDI Reforms: Simplified regulatory processes, digital approvals, and single-window clearances to attract investments. Example: 100% FDI allowed in sectors like defense, telecom, and insurance under automatic route.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Investment-Led Growth: India should focus on increasing capital formation by boosting infrastructure, industrial productivity, and R&D investments. Strengthening public-private partnerships (PPPs) and expanding the PLI scheme to emerging sectors can accelerate long-term economic growth.
- Balancing Consumption and Supply-Side Expansion: While consumption remains a key driver, policies should encourage domestic manufacturing and export competitiveness to reduce reliance on imports. Strengthening skill development and labour market reforms will enhance productivity and job creation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court recently halted a Lokpal order that sought to include High Court judges under its jurisdiction, calling the anti-corruption body’s interpretation “very disturbing.”
Why did the Supreme Court stay the Lokpal order?
- Violation of Judicial Independence (Article 50 & Article 121): The Supreme Court held that bringing High Court judges under Lokpal’s jurisdiction undermines judicial independence, which is a part of the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive, preventing interference in judicial functioning.
- Article 121 prohibits Parliament from discussing the conduct of judges except in matters of impeachment, reinforcing judicial autonomy.
- Judges Are Appointed Under the Constitution (Article 124 & Article 217): The Supreme Court rejected Lokpal’s argument that High Courts were created by British laws, emphasizing that all judges are appointed under the Constitution.
- Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court, while Article 217 governs the appointment of High Court judges, ensuring their independence from executive control.
- Judicial Oversight Is an Internal Process (Article 124(4) & Article 217(1)(b)): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that judicial misconduct should be handled internally, either through the in-house procedure or the impeachment process.
- Article 124(4) (for Supreme Court judges) and Article 217(1)(b) (for High Court judges) provide for removal only through Parliamentary impeachment, making external investigations by the Lokpal unconstitutional.
What is suo motu case?
Suo motu (Latin: on its own motion) refers to the Supreme Court or High Courts taking up a case on their own initiative, without a formal petition being filed.
In which circumstances do courts in India exercise suo motu powers?
- Constitutional Concerns (Separation of Powers, Judicial Independence): Courts intervene suo motu when an issue threatens constitutional principles like the separation of powers or judicial independence.
- Example: In re: Article 370 of the Constitution (2023) – The Supreme Court took up the matter of abrogation of Article 370 to examine whether the Union government’s decision upheld constitutional principles.
- Fundamental Rights Violations: Courts act suo motu when fundamental rights under Articles 14 (equality), 19 (freedom), and 21 (right to life) are violated.
- Example: Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) No.1 of 2020 – The Supreme Court intervened during COVID-19 migrant crisis, directing the government to provide food, shelter, and transport to stranded workers.
- Public Interest or Institutional Integrity: Courts take suo motu cognizance to protect public interest and prevent harm to democratic institutions.
- Example: Suo Motu Cognizance of Lakhimpur Kheri Violence (2021) – The Supreme Court intervened to monitor the UP government’s investigation into the killing of protesting farmers, ensuring transparency and accountability.
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Why did the Lokpal order bring High Court judges under its jurisdiction?
- Interpretation of ‘Public Servants’ Under Lokpal Act: The Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, making them subject to its jurisdiction.
- Reliance on Section 14(1)(f) of the Lokpal Act: This section grants Lokpal jurisdiction over any body or authority established by an Act of Parliament.
- The Lokpal argued that High Courts were established by British Parliamentary Acts (Indian High Courts Act, 1861 & Government of India Act, 1935), making them fall within this clause.
- Distinction Between High Courts and Supreme Court: The Lokpal reasoned that Article 124 of the Constitution explicitly established the Supreme Court, but Article 214 only recognized High Courts, implying that High Courts were not directly created by the Constitution.
- Based on this, the Lokpal ruled that Supreme Court judges were outside its jurisdiction, but High Court judges were not.
- Lack of Explicit Exemption for Judges: The 2013 Lokpal Act does not explicitly exclude High Court judges from its jurisdiction, which the Lokpal interpreted as allowing it to investigate them.
- Case-Specific Justification: The complaint involved a High Court judge allegedly influencing judicial decisions for personal benefit. The Lokpal argued that since the judge was serving in a High Court of a State reorganized by an Act of Parliament, it had jurisdiction over the matter.
Way forward:
- Judicial Accountability Within Constitutional Framework: Strengthen in-house mechanisms for judicial oversight while ensuring compliance with constitutional provisions like Articles 124(4) and 217(1)(b), which mandate impeachment as the sole removal process for judges.
- Clarify Lokpal’s Jurisdiction Through Legislative Review: Amend the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to explicitly define its jurisdiction, ensuring it does not encroach upon judicial independence while maintaining transparency in the judiciary.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-China relation;
Why in the News?
India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited China in January 2025, where both countries made important announcements about their future relationship.
What are the latest diplomatic discussions between India and China?
- Resumption of Direct Air Services: After nearly five years, both nations agreed to restart direct flights, aiming to enhance connectivity and facilitate people-to-people exchanges.
- Facilitation of Journalist Exchanges: The two countries decided to ease the process for journalists to operate in each other’s territories, promoting better mutual understanding and media cooperation.
- Revival of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra: Plans were made to resume the annual pilgrimage to Mount Kailash in Tibet, a significant site for Hindu devotees, which had been suspended since 2020 due to the pandemic and border tensions.
- Addressing Economic and Trade Issues: Both sides discussed specific concerns in economic and trade areas, aiming to resolve issues and promote long-term policy transparency and predictability.
- Commitment to Strengthening Bilateral Relations: High-level meetings underscored the importance of mutual support and understanding, with both nations expressing a desire to move beyond past disputes and enhance cooperation across various sectors.
What are the challenges between India and China?
- Border Disputes and Military Standoff: The unresolved Line of Actual Control (LAC) dispute remains a major flashpoint. Example: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash led to casualties on both sides and heightened tensions, leading to prolonged military deployments in Ladakh.
- Trade Imbalance and Economic Restrictions: India faces a significant trade deficit with China, as it imports more than it exports. Example: In 2023, India’s trade deficit with China exceeded $100 billion, prompting India to impose restrictions on Chinese investments and apps.
- Geopolitical Rivalry and Strategic Alliances: Both countries compete for influence in South Asia, the Indian Ocean, and global institutions. Example: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which India opposes, includes projects in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, challenging India’s regional influence.
- China’s Support to Pakistan and India’s Response: China’s close ties with Pakistan, including military and economic aid, pose security concerns for India. Example: China’s role in developing Gwadar Port in Pakistan and supplying weapons to Pakistan’s military affects India’s security calculus.
- Tensions in Multilateral Forums: India and China often clash diplomatically in international organizations. Example: China has blocked India’s bid for UNSC permanent membership and has repeatedly blocked India’s attempts to list Pakistan-based terrorists in the UN.
What measures has the Indian government taken after the Galwan clash?
- Strengthening Military Presence and Infrastructure at LAC: India rapidly deployed additional troops, upgraded surveillance, and enhanced military infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Example: India constructed all-weather roads, bridges, and airstrips, such as the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldi (DSDBO) road in Ladakh, to improve troop movement.
- Ban on Chinese Apps and Economic Restrictions: The government banned over 300 Chinese apps, citing security concerns and took steps to reduce economic dependence on China.
- Example: TikTok, PUBG Mobile, WeChat, and AliExpress were among the banned apps, impacting China’s digital market in India.
- Increased Focus on Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India): India pushed for domestic manufacturing in defense, telecom, and electronics to reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
- Example: The government placed restrictions on Chinese firms participating in 5G trials, and promoted Indian alternatives in the telecom sector.
- Diplomatic and Strategic Realignments: India strengthened partnerships with like-minded countries to counterbalance China’s influence.
- Example: India reinforced ties with the Quad alliance (U.S., Japan, Australia, India), holding Malabar naval exercises to enhance security cooperation.
- Revised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policies: India introduced stricter FDI regulations, requiring government approval for investments from China and other neighboring countries.
- Example: The new FDI rules in 2020 prevented automatic approvals for Chinese investments in Indian startups and infrastructure projects.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Diplomatic and Strategic Engagement: India and China should prioritize sustained diplomatic dialogue and confidence-building measures to prevent conflicts and enhance cooperation in multilateral forums.
- Example: Establishing a structured mechanism for LAC dispute resolution and expanding bilateral trade dialogues to address economic concerns.
- Enhancing Economic and Technological Self-Reliance: India should continue efforts toward Atmanirbhar Bharat by boosting domestic manufacturing, diversifying supply chains, and strengthening critical sectors like semiconductors and defence.
- Example: Expanding the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to reduce dependency on Chinese imports and developing strategic alliances for tech collaborations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Telecom sector;
Why in the News?
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), a global organization launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, recently released a report assessing how well Indian telecom networks can handle disasters.
What does the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure report state?
- Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment: The report conducted a comprehensive risk assessment across 0.77 million telecom towers, evaluating vulnerabilities to various disasters such as floods, cyclones, and earthquakes, which informs infrastructure planning and resilience strategies.
- Disaster Risk and Resilience Index: A new index was developed to assess the vulnerability of telecom infrastructure based on factors like disaster intensity and frequency, enabling targeted risk management efforts.
- Technical and Governance Enhancements: Recommendations include improving technical planning and design of telecom infrastructure to withstand disasters, as well as integrating disaster resilience into sectoral policies through risk-informed governance.
- Financial Instruments and Collaboration: The report advocates for establishing risk-sharing mechanisms to protect telecom operators financially, alongside promoting cross-sectoral collaboration for coordinated disaster response efforts.
- Last-Mile Connectivity and Digital Solutions: Emphasizing the importance of inclusive emergency responses, the report calls for enhancing last-mile connectivity and leveraging digital solutions to ensure rapid service restoration during crises.
Why do telecom networks face elevated risks in coastal regions in times of disaster and calamity?
- High Exposure to Cyclones & Storm Surges: Coastal areas frequently experience high-speed winds and storm surges, which can damage telecom towers and disrupt communication. Example: During Cyclone Amphan (2020), telecom networks in West Bengal and Odisha were severely impacted due to tower collapses and flooding.
- Vulnerability of Undersea Cable Landing Stations: Undersea cables connect India to global internet infrastructure, and their landing stations are located in coastal regions. Damage to these stations can cause widespread internet outages. Example: In 2023, a disruption in undersea cables near the Red Sea affected internet speeds in South Asia, including India.
- Power Failures Due to Flooding & Infrastructure Damage: Coastal disasters often lead to massive power outages, affecting telecom towers and network operating centres that rely on continuous electricity. Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021), heavy rainfall and flooding in Mumbai led to prolonged telecom disruptions due to power cuts and submerged backup generators.
Why are undersea cables better than overland cables?
- Higher Capacity: Undersea cables can carry vast amounts of data, with total capacities reaching terabits per second, significantly surpassing the capabilities of satellite communications, which typically offer much lower bandwidth (around 1 gigabit per second).
- Lower Latency: The signal transmission time is considerably shorter with undersea cables than with satellite links. For example, latency over a fibre submarine cable is around 120 milliseconds, while satellite communications can introduce delays of approximately 650 milliseconds due to the long distances signals must travel to and from space.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Laying undersea cables is generally more economical than deploying satellite systems for large-scale data transmission. The initial investment in submarine cables, while significant, is offset by their capacity and reliability, making them a more sustainable option for long-term infrastructure.
- Reliability and Stability: Undersea cables are less susceptible to environmental factors that can disrupt overland cables, such as weather conditions or physical damage from construction activities. Their placement on the seabed provides a level of protection against many potential hazards.
- Global Connectivity: Submarine cables are essential for connecting continents and regions that are separated by water. They facilitate international data traffic and play a critical role in global communications, making them indispensable for the functioning of the Internet and other communication networks.
Does power failure create major problems?
- Disrupts Communication During Emergencies: Telecom towers and network operating centres require continuous power to function. When electricity is cut off, mobile networks and internet services fail, hindering disaster response.
- Example: During Cyclone Fani (2019), Odisha experienced massive power outages, causing mobile networks to shut down, and delaying rescue operations.
- Limits Functionality of Backup Systems: Most telecom towers rely on battery or diesel generators, but these backups last only a few hours. If the fuel supply is disrupted, networks remain down for extended periods.
- Example: In the Assam floods (2022), fuel shortages prevented telecom towers from running generators, prolonging communication blackouts.
- Affects Undersea & Land-based Network Infrastructure: Power failures at undersea cable landing stations and data centres can cause large-scale internet outages, affecting national and global connectivity.
- Example: A power failure at a Chennai cable landing station in 2021 disrupted international internet traffic.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Resilient Power Solutions: Deploy renewable energy sources like solar-powered telecom towers and battery storage systems to ensure uninterrupted network operations during disasters.
- Enhancing Risk-Informed Governance: Integrate disaster resilience planning into telecom policies, mandate robust backup power solutions, and establish coordinated emergency response frameworks for rapid service restoration.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of climate change;
Why in the News?
Between February 8 and 13, the total area of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic shrank to 15.76 million sq km, breaking the previous record low of 15.93 million sq km from early 2023, according to a BBC analysis of data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
What are the reasons for the record low?
- Warm Air and Ocean Temperatures: Elevated air and sea temperatures have significantly contributed to the melting of both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Warmer conditions, particularly towards the end of summer, have led to increased melting rates, especially in the Antarctic region.
- Wind Patterns: Changes in atmospheric dynamics, including stronger westerly winds associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), have disrupted sea ice formation and stability. In the Antarctic, these winds can break apart ice more easily due to its thinner and more mobile nature compared to the thicker Arctic ice.
- Delayed Freezing: In the Arctic, a delayed freezing process around regions like Hudson Bay has occurred due to unusually warm ocean temperatures, preventing the formation of new ice during winter.
- Increased Freshwater Input: The melting of glaciers and ice shelves adds freshwater to the oceans, which can alter ocean stratification and impact sea ice formation. While freshwater can initially encourage sea ice growth in some contexts, it also leads to changes that may ultimately reduce overall sea ice extent.
- Feedback Mechanisms: The loss of sea ice creates feedback loops that further exacerbate warming. As less ice remains to reflect sunlight, more solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean, leading to increased temperatures and further melting of ice.
What does “dip” mean?
- In the context of the recent report on sea ice, the term “dip” refers to a significant decrease or reduction in the extent of sea ice coverage. Specifically, it denotes the record low measurement of combined Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, which fell to 15.76 million square kilometres, marking a decline from previous levels.
- This “dip” highlights the alarming trend of diminishing sea ice, which is crucial for regulating global temperatures and maintaining ecological balance in polar regions.
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What could be its impact?
- Accelerated Global Warming: Less sea ice means more ocean water is exposed to sunlight, absorbing heat instead of reflecting it. Example: The Arctic is warming nearly four times faster than the global average, leading to extreme weather patterns worldwide.
- Disruptions in Ocean Currents: Melting sea ice releases freshwater into the ocean, reducing salinity and slowing down deep-water circulation. Example: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which influences global climate patterns, is weakening due to increased freshwater from melting Arctic ice.
- Threat to Marine Ecosystems: Sea ice loss affects marine species dependent on stable ice conditions for survival. Example: Polar bears rely on sea ice for hunting seals. As ice declines, they face starvation and habitat loss. Similarly, krill populations in Antarctica, a key food source for whales and penguins, are declining due to changing ice conditions.
- More Extreme Weather Events: Changes in polar ice influence atmospheric circulation, leading to unpredictable weather. Example: The weakening of the polar vortex due to Arctic warming has been linked to severe cold waves in North America and Europe, such as the Texas winter storm in 2021.
- Coastal and Infrastructure Damage: Rising temperatures due to ice melt contribute to permafrost thawing, which destabilizes infrastructure in polar regions. Example: In Siberia, Russia, thawing permafrost has caused buildings and roads to collapse, posing a major economic and environmental challenge.
What measures have been taken at the international level?
- International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation (2025): The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNESCO have declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. This initiative aims to raise awareness about the importance of glaciers and ice sheets, which store a significant portion of the world’s freshwater, and to promote actions to mitigate their melting.
- Global Cryosphere Watch: The WMO’s Global Cryosphere Watch network, which includes scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has been actively monitoring and reporting on cryosphere changes. Their findings highlight alarming trends in ice loss and emphasize the need for immediate action to address these issues.
- Collaborative Research Initiatives: Various international scientific collaborations are underway to study and model the impacts of climate change on sea ice. These efforts involve researchers from multiple countries working together to gather data, analyze trends, and develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation.
- Climate Action Frameworks: Global climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, encourage countries to commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are a primary driver of climate change affecting sea ice.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: International organizations are engaging in campaigns to educate the public about the significance of sea ice and glaciers in regulating global climate systems.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Climate Mitigation Efforts: Nations must enhance commitments under the Paris Agreement by accelerating renewable energy adoption, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and implementing carbon pricing mechanisms to curb global warming.
- Enhancing Polar and Oceanic Monitoring: Strengthen international collaboration for real-time satellite monitoring, expand scientific research on polar ice dynamics, and develop adaptive strategies to protect vulnerable ecosystems and coastal communities.
Mains PYQ:
Q How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the education sector; Demographic dividend;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Ministry of Education released the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (U-DISE+) data for the years 2022-23 and 2023-24.
Could India’s demographic dividend end before it becomes rich and ageing?
- Declining School Enrolment Signals a Shrinking Youth Population: U-DISE+ data (2022-24) shows a 15.5 million drop (6%) in school enrolment since 2018-19, reflecting a demographic shift. This means that fewer young people will enter the workforce in the future.
- Over the past decade, school enrolment in India has dropped by 24.51 million (9.45%), with elementary-level enrolment seeing the sharpest decline of 18.7 million (13.45%). While secondary enrolment fell by 1.43 million (3.75%), senior secondary enrolment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%).
- Shift in Schooling Patterns: Government and aided school enrolments have declined significantly, while private schools saw only a slight rise. The number of schools has also reduced by 79,109 (5.1%) since 2017-18, reflecting a long-term demographic transition rather than a temporary trend.
- Falling Fertility Rate Below Replacement Level: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1. A declining birth rate leads to an ageing population without sufficient workforce replenishment.
- Aging Population Before Achieving High-Income Status: Japan and China leveraged their demographic dividend before ageing, but India may age before industrializing fully. It leads to a higher dependency ratio and increased pension and healthcare burdens.
- Labor Market and Economic Growth Concerns: China’s workforce peaked in 2011, leading to labour shortages and slower growth. India might face a similar scenario. It led to reduced economic productivity and difficulty sustaining high GDP growth.
- Decline in Number of Schools and Future Workforce Readiness: The number of schools in India declined by 79,109 (5.1%) from 2017-18 to 2023-24, indicating fewer children. Fewer skilled workers, potentially impacting India’s aspirations to become a global manufacturing and service hub.
- Demographic Shift: The school-age population (6-17 years) has decreased by 17.30 million (5.78%) due to lower fertility rates (2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.10), leading to fewer children in elementary and secondary education.
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What challenges are associated with enrollment?
- Economic Strain Due to a Shrinking Workforce: A declining working-age population may slow economic growth, limiting India’s ability to generate sufficient income to support an aging society. Example: India’s fertility rate dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1, indicating a future decline in the labor force.
- Educational System Under Pressure: Falling elementary-level enrollment has reduced demand for schools and teachers, potentially affecting education quality. Meanwhile, senior secondary enrollment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%) over the past decade, putting strain on higher education infrastructure. Example: Elementary school enrollment fell by 18.7 million (13.45%) in the last decade, signaling a demographic shift impacting resource allocation.
- Growing Educational and Economic Inequality: Government and aided schools, which serve marginalized communities, saw a sharp enrollment decline of 19.89 million (13.8%) and 4.95 million (16.41%), respectively, while private schools saw a slight increase, widening the education gap. Example: Enrollment in private unaided schools rose by 1.61 million (2.03%), indicating a shift toward private education that is less accessible to low-income groups.
How might this impact society?
- Shrinking Workforce & Economic Slowdown: Fewer young people entering the job market may lead to labor shortages, reducing economic productivity. Example: Japan and South Korea struggle with aging populations, leading to workforce gaps and slower growth.
- Increased Social Inequality: Government school enrollment decline disproportionately affects marginalized communities, widening the education gap. Example: In rural India, fewer children in government schools may limit upward mobility and economic opportunities.
- Strain on Higher Education & Skill Shortages: A decline in secondary-level enrollment can result in fewer skilled workers, affecting industries reliant on educated labor. Example: IT and manufacturing sectors may face talent shortages, impacting India’s competitiveness in global markets.
- Higher Dependency Ratio & Welfare Burden: With an aging population and fewer workers, the burden on healthcare and pension systems will rise. Example: Countries like Italy and Germany face financial stress due to increased elderly care costs.
- Changing Consumer & Housing Markets: Lower youth populations may reduce demand for housing, schooling, and consumer goods, shifting economic dynamics. Example: Fewer school-age children may lead to school closures, teacher unemployment, and real estate downturns in urban centers.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aims to transform the education system by ensuring universal access, equity, and quality learning from early childhood to higher education.
- Targets a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and emphasizes vocational training to meet future workforce demands.
- Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: A centrally sponsored initiative that integrates existing education programs to provide inclusive and equitable education from pre-school to senior secondary levels.
- Focuses on reducing gender and social disparities, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting digital learning.
- Skill India Mission: Aim to train over 400 million people in industry-relevant skills to support economic growth.
- Includes Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) for skill training and certification to boost employability.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Educational Access & Quality: Need to strengthen government school infrastructure, improve teacher training, and expand digital learning to bridge educational disparities and ensure skill readiness.
- Strategic Workforce & Economic Planning: Align skill development programs with future industry needs, promote labor-intensive sectors, and implement policies to balance workforce participation and aging demographics.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Chief election commission;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court agreed to give priority to a hearing on February 19 regarding petitions challenging a new law that gives the central government more control over appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
What are the issues related to CEC?
- Challenge to the 2023 Law: The Supreme Court is hearing petitions challenging the validity of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023. This law is under scrutiny because it excludes the Chief Justice of India (CJI) from the selection panel for Election Commissioners.
- Petitioners argue that the government excluded the CJI from the selection process, making it a “mockery of democracy”. They allege that the appointments of the CEC and EC under the 2023 law disregard a Constitution Bench ruling that mandated the inclusion of the CJI in the selection panel.
- Opposition Dissent: Congress submitted a dissent note, stating that the process of choosing the Election Commissioner and CEC should be free from executive interference and that removing the CJI exacerbates concerns about the integrity of the electoral process.
- Concerns About Neutrality: The current selection committee composition, consisting of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, is viewed by some as being biased towards the ruling party, which could impinge on the Election Commission’s neutrality.
What is the process for the appointment of CEC?
- Article 324 of the Constitution – Empowers the Election Commission of India (ECI) to supervise, direct, and control elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President.
- Tenure & Conditions (Article 324(5)) – The CEC enjoys a fixed tenure and can only be removed in the manner prescribed for a Supreme Court judge (i.e., through impeachment). However, Election Commissioners can be removed based on the CEC’s recommendation.
- Supreme Court Judgments:
- S.S. Dhanoa v. Union of India (1991) – Reaffirmed the security of tenure for Election Commissioners.
- T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995) – Strengthened the autonomy of the Election Commission.
- Anoop Baranwal Case (2023) – Laid down a structured appointment process to ensure neutrality, later altered by the 2023 Act.
- Prior to 2023 Law: The Supreme Court had directed that the CECs and Election Commissioners be appointed by the President based on the advice of a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha/leader of the single largest party in Opposition, and the Chief Justice of India.
- The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 – Codified the appointment process but replaced the CJI with a Cabinet Minister in the selection process. According to this act, Election Commissioners are selected by a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha.
- Recent Appointment: Gyanesh Kumar was recently appointed as the new CEC, and Dr. Vivek Joshi as an Election Commissioner.
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What are the legal and constitutional basis of CEC?
- Section 7(1) of the Act: The petitions specifically challenge the validity of Section 7(1) of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act. This section outlines the selection committee for appointing the CEC and Election Commissioners, which includes the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
- The petitions before the Supreme Court question whether Parliament has the authority to nullify or amend a Constitution Bench judgment through legislation
- Article 141 of the Constitution: The Supreme Court will consider whether the 2023 Act circumvents or dilutes the apex court’s authority to pronounce binding decisions under Article 141 of the Constitution.
- Dilution of Supreme Court Judgment: Petitioners argue that the 2023 law dilutes the Supreme Court’s judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case, which aimed to ensure an independent Election Commission free from executive influence.
Way forward:
- Restore Judicial Oversight: Reinstate the Chief Justice of India in the selection panel to uphold judicial independence and maintain the neutrality of the Election Commission.
- Legislative Safeguards: Enact a comprehensive law ensuring a transparent and bipartisan appointment process, reducing executive dominance and reinforcing democratic principles.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Pollution related issues; MSP;
Why in the News?
Recently, a parliamentary committee, led by Rajya Sabha MP Milind Deora, has suggested setting a minimum support price (MSP) for paddy residue. This aims to discourage farmers from burning stubble, which is a major cause of air pollution in Delhi.
What were the observations made by the Parliamentary standing committee?
- Stubble Burning as a Key Cause of Air Pollution: The committee acknowledged that stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana significantly contributes to Delhi’s air pollution during winter.
- Farmers’ Constraints: Farmers burn stubble due to a short window (25 days) between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing.
- State-wise Disparities: Punjab generates 16.1 million tonnes of non-basmati paddy straw annually, while Haryana generates only 4.04 million tonnes. Punjab also reported 10,990 stubble-burning incidents in 2023-24, compared to Haryana’s 1,406.
- Existing Government Schemes: The Central government provides subsidies for crop residue management machinery, but high fuel costs make their usage unfeasible for many farmers.
- Incentive Gap: Haryana provides higher financial support (₹7,000/acre for crop diversification, ₹4,000 for direct seeding of rice), whereas Punjab offers only ₹1,500 for direct seeding.
- Technological Gaps: Even after mechanized harvesting, 10-15 cm of stubble remains in fields, which cannot be manually cleared due to labour shortages.
What recommendations were given by the Panel?
- Minimum Price for Paddy Residue: Establish a mechanism to determine a minimum price for paddy residue, similar to the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for crops, in consultation with the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). The benchmark price should be announced before the Kharif season to reflect residue collection costs.
- Promote Short-Duration Paddy Varieties: Urge state governments to promote short-duration paddy varieties instead of long-duration ones like PUSA 44.
- Unified National Policy: Implement a unified national policy to integrate agricultural residue into bioenergy generation, ensuring inter-ministerial coordination.
- Real-time Forecasting: Establish real-time mapping of crop acreage and forecasting of crop maturity and weather patterns to estimate land under cultivation and assess district-wise crop yields for better planning.
- Storage Facilities: Set up interim storage facilities in districts where industries or end-users are not available within a 20–50 km range to facilitate efficient crop residue collection and transport.
- Incentives and Subsidies: Provide incentives for the transportation of stubble to discourage in-field burning and subsidize machinery for in-situ paddy straw management. Farmers should get a 50 percent subsidy for machinery and 80 percent for establishing centers for renting out machines for managing paddy straw.
- Technological Advancements: Develop technology that combines the work of harvesters and cutters to completely clear stubble from fields and promote early-maturing crop varieties.
What is Delhi govt’s 20-point Winter Action Plan?
- Real-Time Monitoring and Special Task Force: The plan includes the use of drones for real-time monitoring of pollution hotspots, marking a shift from manual inventory methods. Additionally, a special task force will be formed to oversee pollution control efforts and ensure compliance with regulations across various sectors.
- Control Measures for Pollution Sources: The action plan emphasizes controlling dust pollution through increased water sprinkling, deployment of anti-smog guns, and strict regulations on construction sites. It also addresses vehicular emissions by promoting work-from-home policies and considering the implementation of an odd-even vehicle rationing scheme during high pollution days.
- Public Participation and Emergency Measures: The plan encourages public involvement through campaigns and initiatives aimed at reducing pollution, such as banning firecrackers and promoting eco-friendly practices.
- Emergency measures like artificial rain are also proposed to mitigate severe pollution events expected around Diwali and during stubble burning seasons.
Way forward:
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices & Farmer Incentives: Strengthen financial incentives for crop residue management, promote widespread adoption of short-duration paddy varieties, and enhance technological solutions for complete stubble removal to reduce reliance on burning.
- Integrated Pollution Control & Public Awareness: Implement a coordinated air quality management framework involving real-time monitoring, stricter enforcement of emission norms, and large-scale public participation campaigns to promote eco-friendly practices and behavioural change.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Cyber attacks;
Why in the News?
In January, the Kaveri 2.0 web portal, which helps with property registrations in Karnataka, experienced frequent server crashes. This caused a major disruption, bringing property registration and related citizen services to a near halt in the state.
What is a DDoS attack?
- A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack is when a website or online service is flooded with too much traffic all at once, making it crash or slow down so that real users can’t access it.
- Instead of coming from one source, the attack comes from many different computers or devices that have been taken over by attackers. These devices work together to send massive amounts of fake traffic to the target, overwhelming it and causing it to stop working.
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What are other major DDoS attacks?
- Dyn DDoS Attack (2016): The Dyn DDoS attack disrupted major websites including Twitter, Netflix, and Reddit. The attack used a botnet of IoT devices, such as cameras and routers, to flood Dyn’s servers with traffic, causing widespread outages.
- GitHub DDoS Attack (2018): In 2018, GitHub was hit by one of the largest DDoS attacks in history, with traffic peaking at 1.35 terabits per second. The attack exploited memcached servers to amplify the traffic, overwhelming GitHub’s servers before mitigation efforts kicked in.
- AWS DDoS Attack (2020): Amazon Web Services (AWS) faced a 2.3 Tbps DDoS attack in 2020, which was one of the largest publicly reported DDoS attacks. AWS mitigated the attack using its cloud infrastructure and security services like AWS Shield.
- Cloudflare DDoS Attack (2021): In 2021, Cloudflare thwarted a 26 million request-per-second DDoS attack, one of the largest HTTPS DDoS attacks at the time. It was mitigated using Cloudflare’s advanced rate-limiting and traffic filtering technologies.
- Microsoft Azure DDoS Attack (2023): Microsoft Azure faced one of the largest DDoS attacks ever recorded, peaking at 3.47 terabits per second. The attack, attributed to a botnet leveraging vulnerable devices, aimed to disrupt services for enterprise clients.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Cybersecurity Regulations and Policies: In 2025, new cybersecurity regulations were introduced to enhance the existing framework, including mandatory data localization and strengthened data protection laws. The National Cyber Security Policy, established in 2013, continues to guide these efforts by providing strategies for securing cyberspace and protecting critical information infrastructure.
- Increased Budget Allocations: The Union Budget for 2025 allocated over ₹1,600 crore for cybersecurity initiatives, reflecting the government’s recognition of its importance for national security and economic stability. This includes significant funding for CERT-In and capital projects aimed at bolstering cybersecurity infrastructure across various sectors.
- Formation of Cybersecurity Agencies: The establishment of agencies such as CERT-In (Computer Emergency Response Team) and NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) has been crucial.
- These agencies are responsible for monitoring cyber threats, coordinating responses, and enhancing the security of critical sectors like banking, telecommunications, and energy.
- Skill Development Initiatives: To address the shortage of cybersecurity professionals, the government has launched skill development programs aimed at training a workforce of over 500,000 IT experts. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to create a resilient cyber ecosystem capable of responding to evolving threats.
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How can such attacks be mitigated? (Way forward)
- Traffic Filtering & AI-Based Detection: Uses firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and AI-based threat analysis to filter out malicious traffic before it reaches the target server.
- Example: Google Cloud Armor helped mitigate a 46 million request-per-second (RPS) DDoS attack in 2022 by detecting abnormal traffic patterns and blocking it in real-time.
- Rate Limiting & Load Balancing: Restricts the number of requests a user can make in a given timeframe and distributes traffic across multiple servers to prevent overload.
- Example: Cloudflare’s Rate Limiting and Load Balancer mitigated an HTTP flood attack on a European banking institution, ensuring legitimate users were not affected.
- Bot Detection & CAPTCHAs: Uses CAPTCHA tests, behavioural analytics, and browser fingerprinting to block automated bot traffic.
- Example: GitHub (2015 DDoS Attack by China-based botnet) introduced CAPTCHA-based protection to prevent automated malicious requests targeting anti-censorship tools.
- CDN & Cloud-Based DDoS Protection: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and cloud-based security providers absorb attack traffic before it reaches the main infrastructure.
- Example: Amazon AWS Shield protected against a 2.3 Tbps DDoS attack (2020) by leveraging global CDN distribution and real-time attack mitigation.
- Incident Response Plan & Collaboration with Cybersecurity Agencies: Organizations monitor threats, conduct regular security audits, and coordinate with government agencies for rapid response.
- Example: Kaveri 2.0 Attack (2024, Karnataka, India) led to a cybercrime investigation and strengthened security protocols after the portal faced 6.2 lakh malicious requests in two hours.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the potential threats of Cyber attack and the security framework to prevent it.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Constitutional morality;
Why in the News?
Recently, our constitutional courts have adopted the concept of “constitutional morality” to help interpret laws and decide if they are constitutionally valid.
What is Constitutional Morality?
- Constitutional Morality refers to the set of values, principles, and norms that underlie and guide the functioning of a constitution, ensuring that laws, governance, and judicial decisions align with the foundational ideals of the constitution, such as justice, equality, and the protection of rights.
- It emphasizes respect for the rule of law, the adherence to constitutional procedures, and the recognition of constitutional rights, fostering a culture of civic responsibility and public reason.
Key features of Constitutional Morality:
- Respect for Constitutional Values: Adherence to the core principles embedded in the Constitution, including justice, equality, and freedom, even in the face of political pressure or societal trends.
- Commitment to Fundamental Rights: Ensures that the rights of individuals, especially those of marginalized and vulnerable groups, are protected and upheld, regardless of changing societal attitudes.
- Judicial Integrity and Autonomy: Courts use constitutional morality as a guide to interpret laws and adjudicate cases, ensuring decisions reflect the Constitution’s values, even when confronted with controversial issues.
- Promotion of Civic Culture: Encourages citizens to value and respect the Constitution, promoting a culture of self-restraint, responsibility, and participation in democratic processes.
- Balancing Tradition and Progress: Constitutional morality provides a framework for balancing traditional norms with progressive reforms, ensuring that reforms are in line with constitutional principles.
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What are the Origins of Constitutional Morality?
- The concept was first introduced by British historian George Grote in his book “A History of Greece,” where he discussed the reforms of the Athenian Constitution and emphasized the need for civic responsibility to prevent the usurpation of power. He described constitutional morality as a “paramount reverence for the forms of the Constitution”. Grote saw constitutional morality as a rare sentiment that includes freedom and self-restraint.
- In the Indian context, the term was popularized by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who stressed its importance in the Indian Constitution to ensure a peaceful and free democracy. Ambedkar recognized that constitutional morality was not a natural sentiment and needed to be established and promoted within the polity.
How Does Constitutional Morality Influence Judicial Interpretation and Governance?
- Guiding Judicial Decisions on Fundamental Rights: Constitutional morality serves as a guide for courts when interpreting and enforcing fundamental rights, especially in cases involving marginalized or vulnerable groups. It ensures that judicial decisions reflect constitutional principles such as equality, dignity, and justice.
- Example: In the Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) case, the Supreme Court invoked constitutional morality to strike down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalizing consensual same-sex relations.
- Balancing Tradition with Progressive Reforms: Constitutional morality allows the judiciary to balance traditional values with progressive reforms by focusing on the Constitution’s ideals rather than fluctuating public or political opinions.
- Example: In the Sabarimala case (2018), the Supreme Court used the concept of constitutional morality to allow women of all ages to enter the Sabarimala temple.
- Ensuring Adherence to Constitutional Procedures: Constitutional morality stresses the importance of adhering to constitutional forms, rules, and procedures, ensuring that governance remains within the framework of law and order, and preventing arbitrary or undemocratic practices.
- Example: Judicial scrutiny in matters of electoral integrity, like the K.K. Verma v. Union of India case (2009), where the Court reaffirmed that elections must be conducted with strict adherence to constitutional norms, avoiding arbitrary changes to electoral laws.
- Facilitating Judicial Oversight and Accountability: Constitutional morality encourages the judiciary to hold the executive and legislature accountable, ensuring they act in accordance with the Constitution. It allows courts to question and, if necessary, invalidate actions that undermine constitutional principles.
- Example: The Keshavananda Bharti case (1973) upheld the “basic structure doctrine,” wherein the Supreme Court ruled that even constitutional amendments cannot alter the Constitution’s basic structure.
Is constitutional morality a safeguard against fluctuating societal trends in law?
- Bulwark Against Volatility: Constitutional morality ensures consistency in legal decisions, protecting fundamental rights and justice, regardless of changing societal trends.
- Example: In the Navtej Singh Johar case, the Court used constitutional morality to uphold the dignity of the LGBTQ+ community, despite fluctuating public views on same-sex relations.
- Dangerous Weapon: Critics argue constitutional morality can be used to override public opinion or traditional values, leading to judicial overreach.
- Example: In the Sabarimala case, the Court’s decision to allow women of all ages into the temple sparked controversy, with some claiming it ignored religious customs and societal norms.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Civic Education: Promote widespread understanding of constitutional morality through educational reforms, ensuring citizens are well-informed about the Constitution’s values and their role in upholding them. This can lead to greater respect for constitutional norms and active participation in democratic processes.
- Judicial Vigilance and Reform: Ensure that the judiciary continues to use constitutional morality as a guiding principle in cases of constitutional interpretation, balancing traditional values with progressive reforms. This requires ongoing judicial training and a commitment to upholding the Constitution’s spirit, particularly in times of political or social upheaval.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions.(UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: President Rule;
Why in the News?
After Manipur CM N. Biren Singh resigned, President’s Rule was imposed on February 13 due to ethnic violence and the BJP’s failure to find a consensus CM candidate.
What is the President’s Rule?
- President’s Rule, also known as Governor’s Rule, is the suspension of a state government and imposition of direct rule by the central government. It is invoked when the constitutional machinery in a State has failed, making it impossible for the State government to function according to constitutional provisions.
- It is a mechanism to uphold the constitutional order, ensure continuity of governance, and protect the interests of citizens when a State government is unable to function according to the constitutional framework. The President’s Rule is also known as ‘Constitutional Emergency’ or ‘State Emergency’.
Constitutional Provisions
- Article 356: According to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, the President can declare President’s Rule in a state if they are satisfied that the government of that State cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution. The President can act based on a report from the State’s Governor or even without such a report.
- Article 365: According to Article 365 of the Indian Constitution, the President may invoke President’s Rule if a State fails to comply with or give effect to directions from the Union government.
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What are some previous instances of the imposition of President’s Rule?
- First Instance (1951 – Punjab): The first-ever imposition of President’s Rule was in Punjab (PEPSU state) in 1951 due to the collapse of the Gopi Chand Bhargava-led government.
- 1967 Political Crisis (Multiple States): After the Fourth General Elections, many states had unstable coalition governments. President’s Rule was imposed in states like West Bengal, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh due to political instability.
- 1984 – Punjab (After Indira Gandhi’s Assassination): Following the assassination of Indira Gandhi, there were widespread riots and breakdown of law and order in Punjab. The state was placed under President’s Rule from 1983 to 1985 to handle the crisis.
- 1992 – Dismissal of BJP Governments (Post-Babri Masjid Demolition): After the demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992, President’s Rule was imposed in Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, where BJP-led governments were in power.
- 2016 – Uttarakhand & Arunachal Pradesh (Judicial Review Cases): President’s Rule was controversially imposed in Uttarakhand and Arunachal Pradesh due to political instability, but the Supreme Court later revoked it, citing unconstitutional use of Article 356.
Why has it become less frequent?
- Judicial Review & Bommai Judgment (1994) – The S.R. Bommai vs Union of India case allowed judicial review of President’s Rule, enabling courts to strike down unconstitutional proclamations, deterring its misuse.
- Example: Arunachal Pradesh (2016) – President’s Rule was imposed, citing a breakdown of constitutional machinery. The Supreme Court overturned the decision, ruling that the Governor’s actions were unconstitutional and reinstating the Congress-led government.
- Stricter Conditions for Extension – After one year of President’s Rule, extensions require either a national emergency or the Election Commission’s certification that elections cannot be held, making prolonged Central rule difficult.
- For example, The Supreme Court’s judgment in the S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) case established stricter conditions for extending President’s Rule beyond one year.
- Political & Legal Accountability – Increased coalition politics and judicial interventions have made it harder for the Union government to arbitrarily impose President’s Rule, ensuring greater stability and democratic governance in States.
- Example: Uttarakhand (2016) – The Congress-led government faced internal rebellion, leading to the imposition of the President’s Rule. The High Court and Supreme Court struck it down, restoring the elected government.
What does it mean to keep a legislature in suspended animation?
- Temporary Suspension Without Dissolution – Keeping the legislature in suspended animation means that the state assembly is temporarily inactive but not dissolved during President’s Rule. This allows the possibility of reinstating the assembly if political stability is restored.
- Example: In Manipur (2025), the state assembly was kept in suspended animation after the imposition of President’s Rule, instead of being dissolved.
- Governor Takes Over Legislative Functions – The powers of the legislature are transferred to the Governor or the Union government during this period, effectively sidelining the elected representatives.
- Example: In Arunachal Pradesh (2016), the assembly was suspended, and the Governor was entrusted with the state’s administrative powers after the imposition of President’s Rule.
- Potential for Revival – The assembly can be revived if conditions improve and a popular government can be formed, allowing the political process to resume once the President’s Rule is revoked.
- Example: In Jammu and Kashmir (2018-2019), the state assembly remained in suspended animation after the imposition of President’s Rule, waiting for a stable political situation before elections could take place.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Federal Governance – To prevent the misuse of President’s Rule, it is essential to promote a more robust system of checks and balances, ensuring that any imposition of President’s Rule is transparent and justified, with clear guidelines for intervention.
- Reform of Political Stability Mechanisms – Encouraging political parties to form more stable coalitions and ensuring timely elections through institutional mechanisms will reduce the need for prolonged central intervention, preserving the autonomy of states while maintaining national integrity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Immigration;
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is ready to present the Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025 during the second part of the Budget session. The bill will replace the four existing laws governing immigration and the movement of foreigners.
What are the contours of the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025?
- Repeal of Existing Laws: The Bill seeks to repeal four outdated laws—Foreigners Act, 1946; Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920; Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939; and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000—creating a unified and modern legal framework for immigration and foreigners’ movement.
- Streamlining of Immigration Procedures: It consolidates various provisions related to passport requirements, visa regulations, foreigners’ registration, and immigration officers into a single, comprehensive document, simplifying the immigration process and reducing overlaps.
- Security and National Interests: The Bill introduces specific grounds for refusing entry or stay, including threats to national security, sovereignty, public health, and relations with foreign states, providing a legal basis for rejecting foreign nationals on these grounds.
- Penal Provisions: The Bill imposes stringent penalties, including up to five years of imprisonment or ₹5 lakh fine for entering without proper documents, and up to seven years imprisonment and a fine of ₹10 lakh for using forged travel documents.
- Responsibilities of Institutions: It mandates educational institutions, hospitals, and accommodation providers (hotels/guest houses) to register foreign nationals and share their details with authorities, improving the tracking and monitoring of foreigners within India.
What are the obligations for admitting foreign nationals?
- Educational Institutions and Hospitals: Universities, colleges, and medical institutions are required to admit foreign nationals and register them with authorities, ensuring proper tracking of their stay and activities in India.
- Accommodation Providers: Hotels, guest houses, and other lodging facilities must collect and share the passport details of foreign nationals with the police, facilitating monitoring and identification.
- Compliance with Registration Requirements: Foreign nationals are obligated to comply with the registration and reporting requirements set by the authorities, including staying within legal frameworks for their stay duration and purpose of visit.
How does the Bill penalise the use or supply of forged passports, visas, or other travel documents?
- Imprisonment for Using or Supplying Forged Documents: The Bill mandates imprisonment for at least two years, which could extend to seven years for individuals using or supplying forged travel documents.
- Example: If someone uses a forged passport to enter India, they could face a prison term ranging from two years to seven years.
- Imposition of Hefty Fines: Offenders will be penalized with fines ranging from ₹1 lakh to ₹10 lakh, depending on the severity of the offence.
- Example: If a travel agent is caught supplying forged visas to multiple foreign nationals, they could be fined up to ₹10 lakh.
- Penalizing Fraudulent Passport and Visa Usage: The Bill specifically criminalizes the fraudulent use of passports or visas to gain entry into India, with severe consequences.
- Example: A person entering India with a visa obtained through misrepresentation of their identity or travel intentions could face up to seven years in prison and a fine.
- Severe Penalties for Large-Scale Document Fraud: The Bill has provisions for severe penalties if an individual is found to be involved in a large-scale operation of producing or distributing forged documents.
- Example: A network of individuals producing fake tourist visas for people intending to stay illegally in India would face multiple years of imprisonment and significant fines.
- Deterrence for Document Fraud: The Bill aims to act as a strong deterrent against illegal activities related to forged documents by combining long prison sentences and high fines to dissuade such practices.
- Example: An individual found using a fraudulent visa to work in India illegally might be arrested, detained, and penalized, both by imprisonment and a fine, to prevent further illegal entry attempts.
Way forward:
- Enhance Enforcement and Training: Strengthen the capacity of immigration authorities and law enforcement by providing specialized training on detecting forged documents and ensuring effective implementation of registration requirements, especially for educational institutions and accommodation providers.
- Promote Public Awareness and International Cooperation: Launch awareness campaigns for foreign nationals and stakeholders, such as travel agents, to emphasize the legal consequences of document fraud.
Mains PYQ:
Q How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Panchayati Raj-related issues;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Panchayati Raj released a report in Delhi on Thursday about how powers are given to Panchayats in different states. The report ranks states and UTs based on six key areas.
What are the Key Highlights of the Report?
- Devolution Index: The report ranks states and Union Territories (UTs) based on six dimensions: Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Enhancement, and Accountability.
- The overall devolution has increased from 39.9% to 43.9% between 2013-14 and 2021-22.
- Top Performing States: The top five states in the devolution ranking are Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. Notably, Uttar Pradesh improved its rank significantly due to enhanced accountability measures.
- Uttar Pradesh made a significant jump from 15th to 5th place, highlighting governance reforms and accountability measures.
- Capacity Building & Infrastructure Growth: The Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) played a crucial role in increasing the capacity enhancement index from 44% to 54.6%, along with improved Panchayat infrastructure (office buildings, internet connectivity, etc.).
- Significant Progress in Functionaries: The percentage of functionaries assigned to Panchayats increased from 39.6% to 50.9%, indicating efforts in recruitment and personnel strengthening.
What are the Major concerns in effective Devolution?
- Election Management: State Election Commissions (SECs) sometimes consult with state governments on election dates, leading to potential delays or political manipulation.
- Example: In Maharashtra, Panchayat elections were delayed in 2022 due to the state government’s interference
- Non-centrality of Panchayats: Panchayats operate in subjects designated for them in the eleventh schedule but face challenges that undermine their constitutional mandate.
- Example: In many states, rural development schemes like PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) are implemented by state departments rather than Gram Panchayats.
- Inadequate devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries: The devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to PRIs has been inadequate, limiting their ability to effectively discharge their responsibilities.
- Example: In Jharkhand and Odisha, despite having legal provisions for devolution, Panchayats have limited control over education, health, and agriculture schemes.
- Lack of financial autonomy: PRIs don’t have enough financial independence since they mostly depend on irregular and inadequate grants from state governments.
- Example: In Uttar Pradesh, Gram Panchayats rely heavily on state grants for executing local projects.
- Lack of Support Staff: There is a severe lack of support staff and personnel in panchayats, such as secretaries, junior engineers, computer operators, and data entry operators, which affects their functioning and delivery of services by them.
- Example: In Bihar, several Gram Panchayats function with just one Panchayat Secretary managing multiple villages.
What are the recommendations in the report?
- Comprehensive Curriculum Development: Implementing a two-year course in Local Public Service Management that covers essential areas such as public systems, financial management, personnel management, law, and e-governance for Panchayat functionaries
- Enhance Capacity Building & Digital Governance: Improve digital infrastructure, training programs, and data-driven governance. Example: Telangana’s success in capacity enhancement highlights the importance of institutional strengthening for effective governance.
- Ensure Greater Transparency & Accountability: Implement real-time financial monitoring, social audits, and grievance redressal systems. Example: Uttar Pradesh’s leap in rankings is attributed to anti-corruption measures and a robust transparency framework.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Autonomy & Devolution: Ensure full devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) with legal safeguards to prevent state interference. Example: Karnataka’s success in decentralized governance through direct fund transfers to Gram Panchayats.
- Capacity Building & Technology Integration: Expand digital infrastructure, conduct regular training for PRI members, and adopt real-time monitoring for transparency. Example: Telangana’s effective use of digital governance and capacity-building initiatives under the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA).
Mains PYQ:
Q Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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