Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Kuwait relation ;
Why in the News?
During the first bilateral meeting, the leaders of India and Kuwait elevated their relationship to a “strategic partnership,” with trade and defense cooperation identified as the key pillars of their ties.
What are the main areas of cooperation outlined in the new partnership?
- Defence: Enhanced collaboration in training, joint exercises, defence industry development, and supply of defence equipment.
- Trade and Investment: Focus on increasing bilateral trade, which was valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24.
- Energy: Cooperation in energy sectors, with India being a significant importer of Kuwaiti oil.
- Technology and Infrastructure: Engagement in IT, fintech, and infrastructure development.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Initiatives to strengthen cultural exchanges and community relations
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What prompted the elevation of ties to a strategic partnership?
The partnership aligns with Kuwait’s Vision 2035, where India is seen as a key partner in achieving developmental goals.
- High-Level Engagement: The Prime Minister of India’s visit to Kuwait marked the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 43 years, which underscored the importance of the relationship and provided a platform for extensive discussions with Kuwaiti leaders.
- Commitment to Expand Cooperation: During the meetings, both sides expressed a strong commitment to deepen bilateral cooperation across various sectors such as defence, energy, trade, investment, technology, health, education, and cultural exchanges.
- Mutual Economic Interests: The two countries have significant economic ties, with India being one of Kuwait’s top trading partners. The bilateral trade was valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24.
- Defense Cooperation: A critical aspect of the strategic partnership is the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defense. This agreement aims to increase cooperation in areas such as joint military exercises, training, defence industry collaboration, and supply of defense equipment.
- Shared Security Concerns: Both nations condemned terrorism in all its forms and agreed to enhance cooperation in counter-terrorism operations, intelligence sharing, and law enforcement. This shared commitment to security issues contributed to the decision to elevate their relationship.
What are the expected outcomes of this strategic partnership?
- Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: The partnership aims to deepen cooperation across various sectors, including defence, trade, investment, energy, health, education, technology, and cultural exchanges. This includes institutionalizing defence collaboration through joint exercises, training, and supply of defence equipment.
- Economic Growth: Both countries are looking to boost their economic ties, with bilateral trade already valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24. The partnership is expected to open new avenues for investment, particularly from Kuwaiti entities in sectors like pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and food parks in India.
- Cultural Exchange Programs: A MoU on cultural exchanges for 2025-2029 has been signed, which will facilitate greater interaction in arts and culture between the two nations.
- Increased People-to-People Ties: The strategic partnership is also anticipated to strengthen ties between the Indian expatriate community in Kuwait, which is the largest foreign community, and the local population, fostering mutual understanding and collaboration.
- Regional Stability and Security Cooperation: Both nations have committed to addressing regional security challenges collaboratively, including counter-terrorism efforts and intelligence sharing. This cooperation is vital given the geopolitical dynamics in West Asia.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms: Both nations should establish regular bilateral consultations and working groups to ensure the effective implementation of agreements in defence, trade, energy, and other sectors, fostering long-term collaboration.
- Expanding Regional and Global Cooperation: India and Kuwait should enhance their joint efforts in multilateral forums such as the UN and GCC, focusing on regional stability, economic development, and combating global security challenges, particularly terrorism.
Mains PYQ:
Q The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Crimes Against Humanity;
Why in the News?
India’s stance on a ‘crimes against humanity’ treaty reflects its longstanding reservations about the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court.
What is India’s stance on the proposed Crimes Against Humanity treaty?
- Non-Party to the Rome Statute: India is not a signatory to the Rome Statute and has consistently expressed objections to the ICC’s jurisdiction, particularly regarding the powers of the ICC prosecutor and the role of the UN Security Council in prosecuting international crimes. India argues that it should be able to address such issues through its national legal system rather than through international mechanisms.
- Call for In-Depth Study: For 5 years, India has advocated for a comprehensive examination of the need for a dedicated CAH treaty. This reflects its belief that existing frameworks may not adequately address the complexities of CAH.
- Concerns Over Duplication: India is wary that a new CAH treaty could overlap with existing laws under the Rome Statute, potentially complicating accountability measures rather than clarifying them.
How does India’s legal framework address crimes against humanity?
- Lack of Domestic Legislation: Currently, India does not have specific domestic laws prohibiting crimes against humanity. The absence of such legislation was highlighted by Justice S. Muralidhar of the Delhi High Court, who noted that neither CAH nor genocide is included in India’s criminal law. This gap indicates a need for legislative action to align with international standards.
- Emphasis on National Jurisdiction: India maintains that national courts are more suitable for addressing CAH and other international crimes, emphasising its preference for national over international jurisdiction in these matters.
Why should India have proper legislation related to Crime against humanity?
- Inadequate Domestic Legislation: Despite ratifying the Genocide Convention, India lacks domestic laws to enforce its provisions, creating a gap in prosecuting crimes like genocide and CAH.
- International Accountability: Enacting CAH laws would align India’s legal framework with international standards, fulfilling commitments and enhancing global cooperation on prosecuting international crimes.
- Justice for Mass Atrocities: India’s history of communal violence underscores the need for CAH laws to ensure justice, accountability, and deterrence against future atrocities while safeguarding human rights.
- Leadership in Human Rights: By adopting CAH laws, India could address global issues like terrorism, advocate for accountability, and position itself as a leader in promoting justice and human dignity.
- Empowering National Courts: CAH laws would strengthen Indian courts’ ability to handle serious human rights violations, reinforcing the country’s preference for national jurisdiction over international mechanisms.
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What are India’s specific concerns regarding the definitions and scope of crimes against humanity?
- Definition of Crimes: India has raised objections to certain definitions within the proposed treaty. It argues against including “enforced disappearance” as a CAH while advocating for “terrorism” to be recognised as such. This reflects India’s broader security concerns and its focus on acts it deems more relevant to its national context.
- Scope of Application: India contends that crimes committed only during armed conflicts should be classified as CAH, opposing any broader interpretation that includes peacetime offences. This position underscores India’s strategic interests and its approach to defining accountability in terms of state actions during conflicts rather than in peacetime contexts.
Do you know?
- Justice (Retd.) V Ramasubramanian has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
- Priyank Kanoongo (former NCPCR chief) and Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (Retd.) have been appointed as NHRC Members.
About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
- A Statutory Body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993.
- Chairperson: Former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice; appointed by the President.
- Members:
- Four full-time members:
- 1 ex-SC Judge (Chairperson),
- 1 ex-SC Judge,
- 1 ex-Chief Justice of a High Court,
- 1 expert in human rights (at least one woman).
- Seven ex-officio members: Chairpersons of national commissions (SC/ST, Women, Minorities, etc.) and Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
- Appointment Process:
- Appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee (PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of Opposition, etc.).
- Judicial appointments involve consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
- Removal: Requires consultation with the Supreme Court and an order by the President.
- Terms of Office:
- Term: 3 years or until the age of 70 (whichever is earlier).
- Eligible for reappointment but not for other government posts.
- Limitations:
- Cannot inquire into cases older than one year from the alleged violation.
- Functions are recommendatory; lacks direct punitive powers.
- Limited jurisdiction over cases involving the armed forces.
- Functions:
- Inquire into alleged human rights violations.
- Recommend interim relief to victims.
- Intervene in court proceedings on human rights matters.
- Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights.
- Promote human rights literacy and support NGOs.
- Powers:
- Can regulate its own procedure.
- Exercises powers of a civil court with judicial authority.
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Way forward:
- Enact Comprehensive Domestic Legislation: India should introduce laws addressing crimes against humanity and other international crimes, aligning with global standards while addressing domestic concerns like terrorism and communal violence.
- Advocate for Inclusive Global Frameworks: India can engage constructively in international negotiations on the CAH treaty, pushing for definitions and provisions that address its concerns, such as including terrorism, while leveraging its stance to lead global efforts in promoting accountability and human rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do each of the following quotations mean to you? “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers, and let them go their own way.” – Swami Vivekanand (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-South Korea relation;
Why in the News?
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s decision to declare martial law caused a nationwide crisis, leading to an impeachment and a long legal fight in South Korea’s Constitutional Court.
What Led to President Yoon Suk Yeol’s Declaration of Martial Law?
- Political Frustration: Facing increasing opposition and a loss of support from the National Assembly after the April 2024 elections, Yoon declared martial law on December 3, 2024, in a desperate attempt to maintain control amid growing dissent against his administration’s policies and allegations of corruption involving his wife.
- Opposition Assertiveness: The opposition parties gained significant power in the National Assembly, securing 192 out of 300 seats. Their assertive stance against Yoon’s government exacerbated tensions, prompting him to take extreme measures to suppress dissent.
- Failed Military Response: Despite sending military and police forces to various locations, including the National Assembly, their reluctance to act against peaceful protests highlighted the lack of support for Yoon’s decision. The National Assembly members voted overwhelmingly against martial law, leading to its withdrawal shortly after its declaration.
How Has the Political Landscape Changed Following the Impeachment Proceedings?
- Increased Polarization: The impeachment motion against Yoon, which passed with 204 votes in favour on December 14, 2024, reflects deepening political polarization in South Korea.
- The ruling People Power Party (PPP) faced internal conflict over how to respond to the impeachment, indicating fractures within conservative ranks.
- Opposition Power Dynamics: The opposition has gained momentum and confidence following the successful impeachment motion. This shift has allowed them to challenge Yoon’s policies more aggressively and seek accountability for alleged corruption within his administration.
- Public Sentiment: Yoon’s popularity has plummeted due to his handling of both domestic and foreign policies, as well as controversies surrounding his wife. This decline has strengthened the opposition’s position and increased public demand for accountability.
What are the potential implications of this crisis for South Korea’s democratic institutions?
- Erosion of Democratic Norms: The use of martial law and aggressive tactics against political opponents raises concerns about the erosion of democratic norms in South Korea. Such actions could set a precedent for future administrations to bypass democratic processes in times of political strife.
- Judicial Independence at Stake: The ongoing impeachment proceedings will be reviewed by the Constitutional Court, which may face pressure from public opinion and political factions. The outcome could influence perceptions of judicial independence and integrity within South Korea’s legal system.
- Long-Term Stability Concerns: If political leaders continue to engage in vendetta politics and prioritize partisan interests over national unity, it could undermine public trust in democratic institutions. This instability may hinder effective governance and exacerbate societal divisions.
What are the challenges in India that could prevent a South Korea-like scenario?
- Diverse Federal Structure: India’s federal system and strong regional governments provide multiple centers of power, reducing the likelihood of concentrated national-level crises.
- Robust Democratic Institutions: A vibrant judiciary, free press, and active civil society act as checks against potential abuses of power.
- Electoral Accountability: Regular elections at various levels ensure political leaders remain answerable to the public, mitigating prolonged governance failures.
- Cultural and Political Pluralism: India’s diversity in culture, language, and political ideologies discourages the kind of national consensus required for large-scale systemic crises like in South Korea.
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What should India do to prevent this type of situation? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Democratic Institutions: India should prioritize the independence and resilience of democratic institutions, including the judiciary, Election Commission, and a free press, to ensure checks and balances against potential overreach by any government.
- Promote Political Accountability and Transparency: Encourage bipartisan dialogue and accountability mechanisms to address corruption and governance issues, preventing political polarization and maintaining public trust in democratic processes.
Mains question for practice:
Q Analyze the factors that led to the declaration of martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol in South Korea and discuss its implications for democratic institutions. What lessons can India draw from this crisis to strengthen its own democratic framework? (250 words) 15M
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health care sector;
Why in the News?
India’s decentralised drug regulation system dominated by State Drug Regulatory Authorities causes inconsistent quality standards. Strengthening oversight is essential to ensure generics are as affordable and effective as branded drugs.
How Reliable Are Generic Medicines?
- Bioequivalence to Innovators: Generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand-name drugs, meaning they have the same active ingredient and are intended to work the same way.
- Affordability and Accessibility: Generics significantly lower healthcare costs, making treatment more accessible, especially for low-income populations.
- Challenges in Quality: Despite their potential, the reliability of generics has been questioned due to variability in therapeutic outcomes, often caused by differences in excipients, manufacturing processes, and bioequivalence thresholds.
What are the main quality concerns associated with it?
- Efficacy and Bioavailability: Studies have shown that while generics are bioequivalent to branded drugs, they may not always achieve the same therapeutic levels.
- For example, a study on itraconazole showed that only 29% of patients using generic versions achieved the right drug levels in their body within two weeks, compared to 73% of patients using the original branded drug.
- Manufacturing Variability: The manufacturing processes for generics can differ significantly from those of branded drugs. Variations in excipients (binders, fillers) and production methods can lead to differences in tablet hardness, dissolution rates, and overall drug stability. This variability can result in inconsistent therapeutic outcomes.
- Regulatory Oversight: India’s decentralized drug regulation system contributes to inconsistent quality standards across states.
- The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has limited authority over State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAs), leading to regulatory arbitrage where manufacturers exploit weaker oversight. Moreover, the lack of stringent enforcement of stability testing further jeopardizes the quality of generics available in the market.
What regulatory reforms are needed?
- Centralisation of Drug Regulation: A comprehensive overhaul of India’s drug regulation system is necessary. Centralising oversight under the CDSCO would help enforce consistent quality standards across all states and reduce the risk of substandard drugs entering the market.
- Enhanced Stability Testing Protocols: Uniform stability testing protocols should be established to ensure that all generics maintain their quality under various climatic conditions. This would involve periodic reassessment of approved generics to uphold their efficacy over time.
- Stricter Impurity Standards: Aligning India’s Pharmacopoeia with international standards regarding permissible impurity levels would improve the overall quality of generic medicines available in the market.
How can patient and healthcare provider perceptions of generics be improved? (Way forward)
To enhance patient and healthcare provider confidence in generic medicines, several strategies can be employed:
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating patients about the efficacy and safety of generics compared to branded drugs can help dispel misconceptions that higher-priced medications are superior.
- Incentives for Healthcare Providers: Offering incentives for prescribing generics can encourage healthcare professionals to recommend these cost-effective alternatives more frequently.
- Strengthening Quality Assurance: Implementing stronger regulatory frameworks and ensuring compliance with quality standards can build trust among both patients and providers regarding the reliability of generics.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Carbon Market;
Why in the News?
In India, current carbon credit projects by private organisations should be reviewed to ensure they are fair and work effectively.
What are the current carbon credit projects?
- Collaborative Initiatives: NABARD, ICAR, and State Universities have listed five agricultural carbon credit projects in the Verra registry to promote sustainable agriculture.
- Carbon Farming Projects: Over 50 projects targeting 1.6 million hectares aim to generate 4.7 million carbon credits annually, but none are registered, leaving farmers without financial benefits.
Note: Verra is a carbon credit registry that manages the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), ensuring high-quality carbon credit projects and facilitating transparent trading of carbon credits. |
What are the key challenges facing agricultural carbon markets?
- Lack of Communication and Training: A significant portion of farmers (45%) reported inadequate communication regarding carbon farming practices, and over 60% lacked training in new techniques. This gap in knowledge can hinder the effective implementation of sustainable practices necessary for generating carbon credits.
- Exclusion of Marginalized Communities: Many existing carbon farming projects have not adequately included smallholders and marginalized communities, with women representing only 4% of participants. This lack of inclusivity limits the socioeconomic benefits that carbon markets could provide to a broader segment of the farming population.
- Financial Incentives: A notable 28% of farmers discontinued sustainable practices by the second year due to insufficient financial incentives. The absence of timely payments for carbon credits further discourages participation and undermines project sustainability.
- Unregistered Projects: Despite over 50 agricultural carbon farming projects being listed in the Verra registry, none have been officially registered, meaning no carbon credits have been issued and farmers have not received any financial compensation.
- Quality Assurance: Ensuring that projects deliver reliable environmental benefits is crucial. If projects fail to produce credible carbon credits, it may lead to a loss of confidence among buyers, which would ultimately deprive farmers of income and discourage sustainable practices.
How can farmers be incentivized to participate in carbon markets?
- Higher Prices for Inclusive Projects: Offering premium prices for carbon credits from projects that actively include smallholders and marginalized communities can encourage broader participation and ensure equitable benefits.
- Effective Communication and Training Programs: Establishing robust communication channels and providing regular training on sustainable agricultural practices will empower farmers to adopt new techniques confidently.
- Guaranteed Timely Payments: Implementing a system that ensures farmers receive prompt payments for their carbon credits will enhance trust in the market and encourage ongoing participation in sustainable practices.
- Collaboration with Research Institutions: Partnering with national and international research organizations can help identify suitable regions for carbon farming, ensuring that interventions are effective and do not compromise food security.
- Bundling Small Farmers into Cooperatives: Creating Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) can help reduce transaction costs, improve bargaining power, and facilitate easier access to carbon markets for smallholder farmers.
What role do technological advancements play in enhancing agri-carbon markets?
- Improved Measurement Techniques: Advances in digital technologies such as remote sensing, satellite imagery, drones, and sensors will enhance the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) processes essential for assessing soil carbon levels and GHG emissions accurately.
- Data Accessibility: The increasing availability of technology will allow farmers to access real-time data on their farming practices, enabling them to make informed decisions that align with sustainable methods required for carbon credit generation.
- Enhanced Project Implementation: Technology can streamline project management by facilitating better communication between stakeholders, tracking progress, and ensuring compliance with additionality and permanence criteria necessary for successful carbon credit projects.
- Scalability of Projects: Digital tools can help scale successful carbon farming initiatives by providing frameworks that can be replicated across different regions, thus expanding the reach of agricultural carbon markets in India.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Inclusivity and Farmer Incentives: Promote inclusive projects that actively engage smallholders and marginalized communities by offering premium prices for carbon credits, ensuring timely payments, and bundling farmers into cooperatives for better market access.
- Leverage Technology for Efficiency: Utilize advanced digital tools like remote sensing and real-time data systems to improve monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) processes, enhance project scalability, and ensure effective implementation of carbon credit initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India Sri Lanka Relations;
Why in the News?
Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s visit to India, his first international trip as per tradition, underscores the continuity in India-Sri Lanka bilateral relations.
What are the current China-related challenges in India-Sri Lanka relations?
- Geopolitical Tensions: Sri Lanka’s historical ties with China, particularly during the Mahinda Rajapaksa regime, have raised concerns in India regarding potential Chinese influence in the region.
- China’s investment in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Hambantota Port, is closely tied to its broader String of Pearls strategy.
- Economic Dependency: Sri Lanka’s reliance on Chinese investments has created a “debt trap” scenario, limiting its ability to align with Indian interests fully. The need for economic assistance from both nations complicates Sri Lanka’s foreign policy decisions, as it seeks support without alienating either side.
- Balancing Act: Sri Lanka is attempting to navigate its relationships with India and China, which often puts it in a difficult position.
- President Anura Kumara Dissanayake has expressed intentions to strengthen ties with India while maintaining relations with China, indicating a desire for a balanced approach. However, this balancing act is complicated by India’s concerns over Chinese influence and activities in the Indian Ocean.
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How can India and Sri Lanka enhance their economic and strategic partnerships?
- Trade Agreements: There is a push for an upgraded India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to facilitate bilateral trade and investment. This could include provisions for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) protection and expanded coverage of goods and services.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Implementing a regional PLI scheme could encourage Indian businesses to invest in Sri Lanka, particularly in sectors like renewable energy and electronics. This initiative would help build regional supply chains and reduce dependency on imports.
- B2B Engagement: Strengthening business-to-business ties, especially between smaller enterprises, could enhance economic collaboration. This involves increasing participation in trade fairs and fostering connections between businesses in southern Indian states and Sri Lanka.
What role does regional stability play? (Way forward)
- Security Cooperation: Regional stability is crucial for both nations as they address external threats, particularly from China. Dissanayake’s assurance that Sri Lankan territory will not be used against Indian interests is vital for maintaining security cooperation and trust between the two countries.
- Economic Recovery: As Sri Lanka recovers from its recent economic crisis, stable relations with India are essential for securing ongoing support from international financial institutions like the IMF. Enhanced cooperation can serve as a model for regional partnerships that promote stability and economic growth across South Asia.
- Geopolitical Balance: A collaborative approach can help mitigate risks associated with external influences and ensure that both nations can pursue their national interests without compromising sovereignty.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regional geo-politics in Asia and western countries; China's 'Debt Trap Policy;
Why in the News?
By the end of 2023, China emerged as the leading debt collector, holding over 25% of the world’s bilateral external debt.
- Two decades ago, Japan, followed by Germany, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom, dominated global lending, with China rarely extending loans.
What is China’s ‘Debt Trap Policy’?
- China’s “Debt Trap Policy” (also known as the ‘slicing strategy’) refers to a strategy where it provides excessive loans to developing countries, often for large infrastructure projects, which these nations struggle to repay. This policy is primarily associated with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- When countries default on their loans, they may be forced to cede control of critical assets to China, effectively creating a debt-for-equity swap.
- Notable examples include Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port, which was leased to China for 99 years after the country failed to meet repayment obligations.
Which countries have been affected by China’s debt trap policy?
- Sri Lanka: Struggled with $8 billion in debt, leading to the leasing of the Hambantota port.
- Pakistan: Owes approximately $22 billion, close to 60% of its bilateral debt.
- Laos: Faces significant economic challenges with $6 billion owed to China, over 75% of its bilateral debt.
- Angola: Owes $17 billion, about 58% of its external debt.
These countries often find themselves in financial distress due to high interest rates and the burden of debt repayments consuming essential public resources.
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How are developing countries managing their debt to China?
Developing countries are employing various strategies to manage their debts to China:
- Debt Restructuring: Nations like Zambia are negotiating terms to restructure their debts in light of economic difficulties.
- Attracting Investment: Countries are seeking new foreign investments or loans from other nations or institutions to alleviate their financial burdens.
- Engaging in Bilateral Talks: Some nations are attempting to engage China in discussions aimed at debt forgiveness or more favourable repayment terms. However, China’s reluctance to forgive debt complicates these negotiations.
What are the implications of this debt burden on regional and global geopolitics?
The implications of China’s debt policies extend beyond economics into geopolitics:
- Increased Influence: By becoming the largest creditor, China gains substantial leverage over debtor nations, potentially influencing their foreign policy and strategic decisions. This is particularly evident in South Asia and Africa, where countries may align more closely with Chinese interests due to their indebtedness.
- Economic Dependency: Nations heavily reliant on Chinese loans risk becoming economically dependent on China, which can limit their sovereignty and decision-making capabilities. This dependency can also lead to geopolitical tensions with other powers, such as India or the United States.
- Potential Instability: The growing debt burden could lead to financial crises in several nations, resulting in political instability. The inability of countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan to manage their debts raises concerns about broader regional stability and economic health.
What are the challenges to India due to this policy?
- Rising Chinese Influence and Strategic Risks: China’s lending practices are expanding its influence in South Asia, particularly in nations like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, undermining India’s role as a regional leader.
- This includes control over strategic assets such as Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port and infrastructure under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the POK region, which poses direct security threats to India.
- Geopolitical and Economic Competition: China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region, coupled with favorable loan terms, challenges India’s investments and diplomatic efforts.
- Regional Instability and Spillover Effects: Debt-driven economic instability in countries like Sri Lanka results in political unrest and humanitarian crises, which can spill over into India, necessitating responses to refugee inflows and potential destabilization in the region.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Regional Partnerships: India should enhance economic and strategic cooperation with neighbouring countries through competitive financing, capacity-building initiatives, and infrastructure projects under transparent terms to counter China’s influence and foster regional stability.
- Promoting Multilateral Solutions: India can collaborate with global institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and Quad partners to offer alternative financial support.
Mains PYQ:
Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to gold;
Why in the News?
Sovereign gold bonds provide a safer and more cost-effective alternative to holding physical gold, as they reduce risks and storage expenses. However, the central government is considering discontinuing the SGB scheme.
What is the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme?
| About |
GOI launched it on October 30, 2015. |
| Structural Mandate |
Nodal Agency: Ministry of Finance;
Issued by RBI on behalf of the GOI. |
| Aims and Objectives |
To reduce dependence on gold imports and shift savings from physical gold to paper form. |
| Targeted Beneficiaries |
Residents of India, including individuals, HUFs, trusts, universities, and charitable institutions. |
| Funding Mechanism |
- The Sovereign Gold Bonds are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of India. This ensures a sovereign guarantee for both the principal and interest payments.
- The bonds are made available for subscription in tranches. The RBI notifies the terms and conditions for each tranche, including the subscription dates and issue price, which is based on the average closing price of gold of 999 purity published by the India Bullion and Jewellers Association (IBJA).
- SGBs are sold through various channels, including scheduled commercial banks (excluding small finance banks), designated post offices, Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL), and recognized stock exchanges like NSE and BSE.
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| Features |
- Sovereign gold Bonds are issued in 1-gram denominations with an 8-year tenure and early exit from the 5th year.
- The minimum investment is 1 gram, a maximum 4 kg for individuals, and 20 kg for trusts.
- Benefits include security, interest, and loan collateral.
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What are the concerns regarding sovereign gold bonds?
- High Cost of Financing: The government perceives the cost of financing its fiscal deficit through SGBs as disproportionately high compared to the benefits provided to investors. This perception has led to a significant reduction in the issuance of SGBs, dropping from ten tranches annually to just two.
- Limited Issuance in Current Financial Year: In the financial year 2024-25, no new sovereign gold bonds have been issued so far, and net borrowing through these bonds has been significantly reduced from previous estimates.
- Market Competition from Physical Gold: The recent reduction in customs duty on gold from 15% to 6% has led to a surge in demand for physical gold. Investors may prefer holding physical gold over waiting for returns from debt securities like SGBs, which require maturity periods before realizing gains.
What are the challenges due to the import of Gold?
- Impact on Trade Deficit: Gold imports are a major contributor to India’s trade deficit, with a record $14.8 billion spent in November 2024, which weakened the rupee. Between 2016 and 2020, gold imports made up 86% of the country’s gold supply, leading to significant foreign exchange outflows and economic instability.
- Encouragement of Smuggling: High import duties on gold have driven a rise in smuggling, with 65% to 75% of smuggled gold entering India through air routes. This illegal trade undermines government revenue and complicates market regulation.
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Way forward:
- Increase Liquidity and Accessibility: Similar to gold-backed ETFs in the U.S. and Gold Bullion Securities in Australia, India can enhance the liquidity of SGBs by allowing them to be traded on stock exchanges, providing easy access and better market engagement for investors.
- Encourage Regular Investments: Drawing inspiration from Germany’s gold savings plans, India can introduce flexible investment options such as monthly or quarterly contributions, enabling dollar-cost averaging and attracting retail investors over time.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to employment;
Why in the news?
India’s Rural low wages pose a significant challenge, but adopting a ground-level perspective on employers’ daily realities highlights policy measures to increase the number of high-productivity employers.
What are the root causes of the current wage stagnation in India?
- Economic Structure: The shift from agriculture to non-farm jobs has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in productivity. Despite significant government spending, the flow of jobs since 1991 has not reduced farm employment, leading to wage stagnation in rural areas.
- Skill Mismatch: There is a disparity between the skills available in the labour market and those demanded by employers. Many workers remain under-skilled for the higher-paying jobs that are available, perpetuating low wages.
- Economic growth vs wage stagnation: Despite India’s GDP growing at a strong rate, averaging 7.8% in recent years, this growth has not led to substantial wage increases for rural workers. In fact, real wages, when adjusted for inflation, have either remained stagnant or decreased. This disparity underscores a crucial issue: the underlying nature of economic growth.
- Shift to Capital-Intensive Growth: India’s recent economic growth is driven by capital-intensive sectors, which create fewer jobs, limiting the demand for rural labour and keeping wages low.
- Inflation vs. Wage Growth: While nominal wages have risen, inflation has outpaced wage growth, reducing the real purchasing power of rural workers. For example, rural wages grew by 5.2% nominally, but real wage growth was negative at -0.4%.
- Increased Labour Supply: Government schemes like Ujjwala and Har Ghar Jal have increased rural women’s workforce participation, intensifying competition for jobs and putting downward pressure on wages.
- Agricultural Wage Stagnation: Despite steady agricultural growth (4.2% and 3.6% in recent years), wages in agriculture have not increased proportionally, limiting overall wage growth in rural areas.
How can India effectively implement a living wage system?
A living wage system ensures workers earn enough to meet basic needs like food, housing, healthcare, and education, enabling a decent standard of living beyond mere subsistence wages.
- Policy Framework: Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes a living wage based on local cost of living metrics is essential. This framework should be adaptable to different regions and sectors.
- Incentives for Employers: Providing tax breaks or subsidies for businesses that pay living wages can encourage compliance and support workers’ livelihoods.
- Strengthening Labor Rights: Ensuring robust enforcement of labor laws that protect workers’ rights to fair wages and safe working conditions is crucial for implementing a living wage system effectively.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating both employers and employees about the benefits of a living wage can help shift perceptions and practices within the workforce.
What are the wage disparities in India?
- Gender Wage Gap: According to the Global Gender Gap Index 2024, Indian women earn only ₹40 for every ₹100 earned by men, highlighting a significant gender pay disparity.
- The economic gender parity level in India is recorded at 39.8%, indicating that while some progress has been made, substantial gaps remain in economic participation and remuneration between genders.
- Regional Wage Disparities: The average daily wage for casual workers in rural areas is approximately ₹104, significantly lower than the national average of ₹247 per day for all workers.
- Wage Inequality Metrics: The Gini coefficient for wages in India stands at 0.49, indicating a high level of wage inequality. The D9/D1 wage ratio, which compares the earnings of the top 10% to the bottom 10%, is 6.7, underscoring the stark contrast in earnings across different segments of the workforce.
Note: The D9/D1 wage ratio is a measure of income inequality that compares the earnings of the top 10% of wage earners (D9) to the earnings of the bottom 10% (D1) within a given population |
What policy measures can be taken to address wage disparities and ensure fair compensation? (Way forward)
- Rationalisation of Regulations: Streamlining regulatory frameworks to reduce bureaucratic hurdles can encourage entrepreneurship and job creation. This includes removing unnecessary jail provisions that deter business operations.
- Investing in Human Capital: Prioritizing skill development programs aligned with market demands can boost employability and empower workers to secure higher-paying jobs.
- Encouraging Non-Farm Employment: Policies should focus on fostering private, productive non-farm jobs through digitisation and formalization, paving the way for better wages.
- Strengthening Redistribution Mechanisms: Adopting progressive taxation on higher profits can fund social programs designed to uplift wage levels across different sectors.
- Fostering Long-Term Economic Planning: Crafting a comprehensive economic strategy aligned with labour market needs is essential for ensuring sustainable wage growth and effectively addressing disparities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the electrification of transport;
Why in the news?
The ‘Mission 100% Electrification’ project is like chasing an unrealistic dream of becoming a green railway, leading to many usable diesel locomotives becoming unnecessary.
What are the key points of the report?
- Export of Repurposed Locomotives: RITES Ltd. is exporting six refurbished broad-gauge diesel locomotives to African railways after complex gauge conversion, marking a first in such re-engineering.
- Idle Diesel Locomotives: Around 760 diesel locomotives, with over 60% still serviceable, are redundant due to the rapid electrification of the railway network.
- Limited Environmental and Economic Gains: Electrification reduces only 2% of diesel consumption, while coal-powered electricity (50% of the total) negates environmental benefits, maintaining reliance on polluting sources.
- Strategic Contradictions: Despite targeting 100% electrification, Indian Railways plans to retain 3,500 diesel locomotives for disaster management and traffic needs, undercutting “green” claims.
- Policy and Financial Wastage: The rushed electrification drive has led to premature asset redundancy, wasting public funds without ensuring environmental or financial sustainability.
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What constitutes greenwashing in the context of Indian Railways?
- Misleading Claims of Environmental Benefits: The Indian Railways’ push for 100% electrification is framed as a move towards a “green railway.” However, this initiative overlooks the fact that a significant portion of the electricity generated in India comes from coal-fired power plants, which are environmentally harmful.
- Thus, the transition from diesel to electric locomotives may merely shift pollution from one source to another without achieving genuine environmental benefits.
- Redundancy of Serviceable Assets: The decision to electrify the railway network has led to the premature stabling of functional diesel locomotives, many of which have considerable residual life left.
- This not only represents a waste of resources but also raises questions about the actual motivations behind electrification efforts.
- Focus on Slogans Over Substance: The Mission 100% Electrification initiative appears to prioritize headline-grabbing goals over comprehensive and well-thought-out policies.
- This approach can be seen as greenwashing, as it promotes an image of environmental responsibility while failing to address the underlying issues related to energy sourcing and pollution.
How do greenwashing practices impact public perception and trust?
- Erosion of Credibility: When organizations like Indian Railways promote initiatives that are not genuinely sustainable, it can lead to public scepticism regarding their commitment to environmental issues.
- Misallocation of Resources: Public perception may shift towards viewing government initiatives as wasteful or misguided, leading to decreased support for future projects that could have real environmental benefits.
- Increased Public Scrutiny: Greenwashing practices often lead to increased scrutiny from activists, media, and the public.
- As stakeholders demand transparency and accountability, organizations may face backlash for failing to deliver on their environmental promises.
What regulatory measures can be implemented to combat greenwashing in the transportation sector? (Way forward)
- Clear Guidelines for Environmental Claims: Establishing stringent regulations that define what constitutes legitimate environmental benefits can help prevent misleading claims.
- Organizations should be required to substantiate their claims with verifiable data and transparent reporting.
- Mandatory Sustainability Reporting: Implementing requirements for regular sustainability audits and reporting can ensure that transportation entities disclose their actual environmental impact, including emissions data and energy sources used.
- Public Accountability Mechanisms: Creating independent bodies to assess and review claims made by transportation sectors regarding sustainability initiatives can enhance accountability.
- These bodies could provide certifications or ratings based on genuine environmental performance rather than promotional claims.
- Incentives for Genuine Sustainability Efforts: Providing financial incentives or recognition for organizations that implement effective sustainability measures can encourage genuine efforts rather than superficial compliance with green initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance and issues related to hydrogen;
Why in the news?
India aims to produce 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030 to lead in the sector and reduce emissions, but the high costs of financing may hinder this goal.
Hydrogen fuel comes in three types:
- Grey hydrogen (produced from natural gas), Blue hydrogen (Grey hydrogen with carbon capture), and Green hydrogen (produced using renewable energy through electrolysis, with no emissions).
What are the key financial barriers to scaling green hydrogen production?
- High Production Costs: The cost of producing green hydrogen is significantly higher ($5.30-$6.70 per kg) compared to traditional grey/blue hydrogen ($1.9-$2.4 per kg). This price disparity makes green hydrogen economically uncompetitive and deters investment and offtake.
- High Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): In emerging markets like India, higher perceived risks increase borrowing costs. This results in a high WACC, which heavily influences the Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and the overall cost of green hydrogen production.
- High Electrolyzer Costs: The current costs of electrolyzers, ranging from $500-1,400/kW for alkaline and $1,100-1,800/kW for proton exchange membrane systems, further strain the financial viability of green hydrogen projects.
- Scaling Challenge: Green hydrogen production costs can only decrease with scaled production, but scaling up requires financial viability. The market faces a catch-22 situation: without economies of scale, production remains expensive, and without lowering costs, scaling is unfeasible.
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How can innovative financing mechanisms be developed?
- Blended Finance Models: Combining public and private capital can help lower risks and make investments in green hydrogen more attractive. Government-backed financial instruments or concessional loans can reduce borrowing costs, lowering WACC.
- Green Bonds and Climate Financing: The issuance of green bonds to raise capital for renewable energy projects can provide long-term funding at lower costs. These bonds can appeal to investors with an interest in sustainable investments.
- Private-Public Partnerships (PPP): Collaborations between government and private sectors can help mitigate risks and ensure the financing of green hydrogen projects. To attract private investors, governments can provide financial support through incentives, subsidies, or tax breaks.
- Carbon Credits and Offtake Agreements: Green hydrogen projects could leverage carbon credits or long-term offtake agreements to secure steady revenue streams, which would increase investor confidence and help finance production scale-up.
What role do policy frameworks play in facilitating investment in green hydrogen?
- Incentives and Subsidies: Government policies offering subsidies, tax incentives, or feed-in tariffs can help offset the high initial costs of green hydrogen production and encourage private investment.
- Long-Term Policy Clarity: Clear, stable, and long-term policy frameworks provide certainty to investors, reducing perceived risks and lowering the cost of capital. Such policies could include long-term targets for green hydrogen production, financing support, and infrastructure development.
- Regulatory Support for Innovation: Governments can encourage innovation by providing regulatory frameworks that support new technologies, such as electrolyzers and advanced hydrogen storage solutions, ensuring the rapid scaling of green hydrogen.
- Market Creation and Demand-Driven Initiatives: Policies that create demand for green hydrogen, such as mandatory usage targets for industries like steel, transportation, or chemicals, can drive off-take agreements and ensure market stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POSH Act
Why in the News?
Recently, the SC considered a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) advocating for the applicability of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013 to political parties.
What is the legal status of political parties concerning the POSH Act?
- Current Legal Interpretation: The Kerala HC previously ruled that political parties do not fall under the scope of the POSH Act due to a lack of an employer-employee relationship with their members. This interpretation suggests that political parties are not obligated to establish ICCs as required by the Act.
- Definition of Workplace: The POSH Act defines “workplace” broadly, including various public and private entities. However, applying this definition to political parties is complex, as many party workers operate without a defined workplace and often have temporary roles that do not align with traditional employment structures.
- Potential for Inclusion: Advocates argue that since the POSH Act includes locations visited by employees during their course of employment, it could extend protections to party workers in field operations. The definition of “employee” also encompasses temporary and contract workers, which could potentially include political party members.
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How can Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) be effectively established?
What are Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs)?
ICCs are mandated bodies established under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 in India. These committees play a crucial role in addressing complaints of sexual harassment in the workplace, ensuring a safe and supportive environment for all employees. |
- Need for ICCs: The recent PIL presented in the court emphasizes that political parties should have mechanisms to address sexual harassment complaints in line with the POSH Act.
- Currently, internal discipline mechanisms within parties may not adequately address issues of sexual harassment or comply with ICC requirements under the Act.
- Challenges in Implementation: Creating ICCs within political parties poses challenges due to their non-traditional structures. The determination of who qualifies as an “employer” in this context is crucial for establishing accountability and compliance with the POSH Act.
- Existing Party Structures: Political party constitutions outline hierarchical structures that could potentially facilitate the establishment of ICCs. However, these existing frameworks may not meet the requirements set forth by the POSH Act regarding membership and external oversight.
What role should the ECI play in enforcing compliance with the POSH Act?
- Competent Authority: The Supreme Court directed that any grievances regarding the application of the POSH Act to political parties should first be addressed to the ECI, which is seen as the competent authority for enforcing compliance among registered political entities.
- Historical Context: The ECI has previously been involved in ensuring compliance with other laws applicable to political parties, such as the Right to Information Act. However, its role concerning workplace harassment laws remains less defined.
- Future Implications: If political parties are compelled to comply with the POSH Act through ECI directives, it could set a precedent for accountability and gender equality in politics, potentially influencing broader societal norms regarding workplace harassment.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Compliance Framework: The Election Commission of India (ECI) should issue clear guidelines requiring political parties to establish Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in alignment with the POSH Act, ensuring accountability and gender-sensitive grievance redressal mechanisms.
- Legislative Clarification: Amend the POSH Act to explicitly include political parties within its scope, defining “employer” and “workplace” in the context of party structures to address the unique challenges of non-traditional workplaces.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mineral diplomacy;
Why in the News?
Reliance on critical mineral imports, especially from China, poses strategic concerns. To address this, the Indian government is advancing its Mineral Diplomacy to enhance security and reduce strategic vulnerabilities.
What is Mineral diplomacy?
Mineral diplomacy refers to a nation’s strategic efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through international partnerships, trade agreements, and resource-sharing initiatives, ensuring economic stability and reducing geopolitical vulnerabilities.
India’s Mineral Diplomacy of 2024
Aim: To coordinate efforts in securing access to critical minerals both domestically and internationally. It focuses on enhancing resource mapping, accelerating exploration activities, and developing resilient supply chains for minerals vital to India’s industrial and green energy targets.
Key Features:
- International Partnerships: India is actively engaging with resource-rich countries, particularly in Africa, to secure essential minerals. This includes participation in the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) and bilateral agreements like the India-Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership, which are designed to fortify supply chains and position India as a key player in global mineral diplomacy.
- Domestic Reforms: The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023 allows private sector participation in exploring critical minerals. This reform is expected to boost domestic supply and reduce reliance on imports, aligning with India’s goal of achieving self-sufficiency.
- Geopolitical Context: As global competition for critical minerals intensifies, India’s mineral diplomacy is not just about securing resources but also about establishing itself as a significant player in the clean energy economy.
- India is emphasizing responsible mining practices to differentiate itself from competitors like China.
- Focus on Recycling: The mission prioritizes recycling critical minerals from electronic waste and used batteries, ensuring resource efficiency and sustainability amidst limited reserves.
- Investment in Technology: India plans to leverage advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning for geological mapping to enhance exploration efforts.
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What are the strategic objectives of India’s Critical Mineral Mission 2024?
India’s Critical Mineral Mission aims to secure a stable supply of essential minerals for its economic and technological growth. The strategic objectives include:
- Reducing Import Dependency: By decreasing reliance on imports, particularly from China, India seeks to enhance its mineral security and mitigate economic risks associated with geopolitical tensions.
- Enhancing Domestic Production: The mission focuses on boosting domestic exploration and production capabilities for critical minerals, thereby fostering self-sufficiency.
- Facilitating Recycling and Sustainable Practices: Emphasis is placed on recycling critical minerals to ensure a sustainable supply chain while addressing environmental concerns.
How is India leveraging international partnerships to enhance its mineral supply chains?
India is actively engaging in international partnerships to enhance its mineral supply chains through several strategic initiatives:
- Bilateral Agreements: India has established partnerships with resource-rich countries like Australia, Argentina, and Kazakhstan to secure supplies of lithium and cobalt. For instance, KABIL signed a memorandum of understanding with Australia for lithium and cobalt projects.
- Joint Ventures: The formation of joint ventures, such as IREUK Titanium Limited with Kazakhstan, aims to develop production capabilities within India, thus integrating into the global supply chain.
- Multilateral Engagements: India is participating in multilateral initiatives like the Quad and the G-7 to align with global best practices in mineral security and facilitate knowledge sharing.
What challenges does India face in its mineral diplomacy efforts?
Despite the positive outcomes of India’s mineral diplomacy, several challenges hinder its effectiveness:
- Lack of Private Sector Participation: The absence of a clear roadmap for private sector involvement in the critical minerals supply chain limits India’s ability to leverage domestic capabilities fully.
- Weak Diplomatic Capacity: Insufficient diplomatic resources and expertise in mineral diplomacy pose challenges in forming sustainable international partnerships.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategy: A cohesive strategy that integrates private sector roles and addresses supply chain vulnerabilities is essential for enhancing India’s mineral security efforts. The current lack of such a strategy hampers effective engagement with international partners.
Way forward:
- Develop a Comprehensive Critical Minerals Policy: Formulate a cohesive strategy integrating private sector participation, incentivizing domestic exploration, and addressing supply chain vulnerabilities.
- Strengthen Mineral Diplomacy Capacity: Expand diplomatic resources and expertise in mineral partnerships, focusing on resource-rich nations and multilateral platforms. Establish specialized teams to negotiate sustainable agreements, ensuring secure and diversified supply chains.
Mains PYQ:
Q A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to digitalization;
Why in the News?
India’s digital revolution, with 1.18 billion mobile connections and 700 million Internet users, faces challenges from rising tech-facilitated gender-based violence. In response, the Ministry of Women and Child Development launched the ‘Ab Koi Bahana Nahi‘ campaign.
| The “Ab Koi Bahana Nahi” campaign, launched on November 25, 2024, aims to combat gender-based violence in India. It promotes public accountability and action, coinciding with the global 16 Days of Activism. |
How does the digital divide exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequalities?
- Urban-Rural Disparities: There is a stark contrast in digital access between urban and rural areas. Urban regions enjoy better connectivity and higher internet speeds, while rural areas lag, limiting their ability to participate in the digital economy and access essential services.
- Gender Inequality: The digital gender divide remains pronounced, with fewer women than men having access to digital technologies. This disparity restricts women’s economic and educational opportunities, reinforcing existing societal inequalities.
- Economic Inequality: The lack of access to technology disproportionately affects lower-income groups, preventing them from improving their quality of life. Those without digital access are unable to compete in an increasingly online job market, leading to widening economic disparities.
What are the implications of digital inequality for education and unemployment opportunities?
- Educational Access: Students in areas with limited digital infrastructure struggle to access educational resources and online learning platforms. This gap has been particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic when remote learning became essential.
- Skill Development: The inability to access technology hampers the development of essential digital skills among students and job seekers. As many jobs now require digital literacy, those lacking these skills face higher unemployment rates.
- Impact on Employment: Many job opportunities today require proficiency in technology. The lack of digital skills among a significant portion of the population, especially in rural areas, limits their employability and economic advancement.
Why is ensuring women’s safety online not just a moral obligation, but also a crucial pillar for India’s progress?
- Protection of Rights and Dignity: Women’s safety online upholds their fundamental rights, enabling them to participate fully in society without fear of harassment, fostering freedom of expression and access to information.
- Economic Growth: Ensuring online safety for women can boost global GDP by $18 billion, encouraging their participation in the digital economy, and leading to greater innovation and economic growth.
- Addressing Gender-Based Violence (GBV): Increased cyber-crimes against women, including harassment and image abuse, necessitate stronger legal protections and effective enforcement to combat online gender-based violence (OGBV).
- Social Stability and Cohesion: A culture of safety online for women promotes social stability and cohesion by breaking cycles of violence, with men and boys playing a critical role as allies in fostering respectful societies.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government to bridge the digital divide?
- BharatNet Project: Launched in 2011, this initiative aims to connect 250,000 panchayats (village councils) through high-speed optical fibre networks, enhancing internet access in rural areas.
- National Digital Literacy Mission: Established in 2014, this program aims to make at least one person in every household digitally literate, focusing on basic computer skills and internet usage.
- PM Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan: Launched in 2017, this initiative seeks to promote digital literacy among rural households, targeting around 60 million households.
- Digital India Programme: Initiated in 2015, this comprehensive program aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. It includes objectives such as universal digital literacy and providing broadband connectivity to all gram panchayats.
- Internet Saathi Program: A collaboration between Google India and Tata Trusts launched in 2015, this program focuses on empowering rural women with digital skills and knowledge.
- DIKSHA Platform: Launched in 2017, this national platform for school education provides digital resources for teachers and students from grades 1 to 12, promoting equitable access to educational content
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What strategies can be implemented to bridge the digital divide? (Way forward)
- Infrastructure Investment: Expanding broadband infrastructure in rural areas is crucial for ensuring equitable internet access. Government initiatives should focus on enhancing connectivity and making devices affordable.
- Digital Literacy Programs: Implementing widespread digital literacy initiatives can empower individuals with the skills needed to navigate online spaces safely and effectively. Targeted programs for women and marginalized groups are essential for inclusivity.
- Integrating Technology into Education: Schools should incorporate technology training into their curriculums to equip students with the necessary skills for future employment. Community workshops can also help educate adults about using digital tools effectively.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with tech companies can enhance resource allocation and implementation efficiencies in bridging the digital divide. This partnership can also lead to the development of user-friendly platforms that promote safe online practices.
- Nationwide Awareness Campaigns: Campaigns aimed at changing societal attitudes towards technology use can encourage broader acceptance and participation among all demographics, particularly among women and marginalized communities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Governance in Railawys;
Why in the News?
Amid intense debates between the government and the opposition, the Lok Sabha passed the Railways (Amendment) Bill, in 2024.
What were the significant key features of the bill?
- Repeal of the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905: The Bill repeals the 1905 Act, which governed the establishment and powers of the Railway Board. Provisions from the 1905 Act are now incorporated into the Railways Act, of 1989, for a unified legal framework.
- It combines the provisions of the 1905 Act and the 1989 Act, reducing legislative redundancy and simplifying governance.
- Constitution of the Railway Board: It empowers the central government to determine:
- The number of Railway Board members.
- Qualifications, experience, and terms of service for the Chairman and members.
- Method of appointment for these positions.
- Streamlining Legal Provisions: It consolidates provisions for easier administration and reduces the need for cross-referencing between multiple laws.
- It enables the central government to prescribe updated qualifications and service terms for Railway Board members, potentially improving leadership quality.
- Administrative Integration: It maintains the Railway Board’s central authority while aiming for operational efficiency and uniformity in governance.
- It aligns with recommendations for a modernized railway structure, paving the way for potential decentralization and private sector participation.
- Development Goals: The Bill is in line with India’s broader infrastructure and economic development objectives, which depend heavily on an efficient railway system.
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Why did the Government Bring the Bill?
- The government aims to repeal the Indian Railway Board Act of 1905 and integrate its provisions into the Railways Act of 1989, simplifying the legal framework governing Indian Railways and reducing reliance on multiple laws.
- The government argues that this integration will enhance the efficiency and development of railways, allowing for better governance and decision-making within the Railway Board.
- Since its inception, the Railway Board has operated under the 1905 Act. The new Bill seeks to modernize this structure by aligning it with contemporary governance practices.
What did MPs Say About the Bill?
- Support from Government MPs: The ruling party MPs praised the Bill as a significant step towards modernizing and strengthening Indian Railways, asserting that it would enhance the functions and independence of the Railway Board.
- Concerns from Opposition MPs: Opposition members argued for an independent Railway Board free from government control and highlighted that the Bill does not address critical issues like:
- Concerns About Privatization: The Opposition party is worried that the new Bill could lead to the privatization of Indian Railways, making it less accessible to poorer people.
- Loss of Independence: Many Members of Parliament (MPs) are concerned that more government control over appointments to the Railway Board could reduce the independence of Indian Railways.
- Restoration of Discounts: Several MPs are calling for the return of fare discounts for senior citizens, journalists, and economically weaker groups, which were stopped during the pandemic.
- Calls for Inclusivity: Some MPs raised concerns about representation within the Railway Board, questioning whether marginalized groups would be adequately represented in appointments.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Railway Board Autonomy: Establish an independent regulatory framework to ensure the Railway Board operates with greater autonomy, focusing on safety, operational efficiency, and decentralization at zonal and divisional levels.
- Inclusive Representation and Expertise: Mandate merit-based appointments to the Railway Board, ensuring adequate representation of marginalized groups (SCs, STs, OBCs, and women) while emphasizing domain expertise for effective governance.
Mains PYQ:
Q The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Extended Neighbourhood; West Asia; Crises in the Middle East;
Why in the News?
The fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria significantly challenges Iran’s regional influence, disrupting Tehran’s efforts to sustain its “Shiite crescent” strategy across the Middle East.
| The “Shiite crescent” strategy refers to Iran’s geopolitical ambition to establish a contiguous sphere of influence among Shia-majority regions, extending from Iran through Iraq and Syria to Lebanon, thereby enhancing its regional power.
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What are the Bilateral Ties between Iran and Syria?
- Strategic Partnership: Since the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979, Syria has been Iran’s key ally, facilitating Iranian influence throughout the Levant. This partnership allowed Iran to support Hezbollah in Lebanon and maintain a foothold against Sunni Arab states.
- Corridor for Influence: Syria served as a vital corridor for Iranian resources and military support to its proxies, reinforcing Tehran’s “Shiite crescent” strategy aimed at linking Iran with its allies across the region.
- Historical Context: The relationship strengthened under Bashar al-Assad, despite being challenged by regional Sunni powers. The Assad regime’s reliance on Iranian support became more pronounced during the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.
What are the challenges for Tehran?
- Loss of Influence: The fall of Assad represents a major setback for Iran, as it loses a critical ally needed to sustain its influence in the region. This diminishes Tehran’s ability to project power through its network of proxies and disrupts its strategic depth in the Levant.
- Operational Setbacks: Iran’s military presence in Syria had already been compromised by Israeli operations targeting Hezbollah leaders and other Iranian-affiliated groups. The loss of Assad exacerbates these challenges, leaving Tehran to reassess its military and diplomatic strategies.
- Increased Regional Competition: With Assad gone, regional powers like Turkey and Gulf states are likely to vie for influence in Syria, further complicating Iran’s position and diminishing its regional leverage.
What are the Geopolitical implications for the countries in the region?
- Power Vacuum: The collapse of Assad creates a power vacuum in which regional players such as Turkey, Iran, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states will compete to fill, recalibrating their strategies to safeguard national interests.
- Increased Tensions: Sunni Arab states may heighten efforts to counter Iranian influence, potentially leading to escalated sectarian tensions and a resurgence of militant groups like ISIS seeking to exploit the instability.
- Israel’s Strategic Posture: Israel is expected to adopt a more aggressive stance against Iranian-affiliated groups in Syria and Lebanon, aiming to prevent any reconstitution of Iranian influence along its borders.
- Western Involvement: The U.S. and European nations may intensify their involvement through diplomatic channels and interventions to curb Iranian expansion while preventing militant organizations from re-emerging in the region.
What are the steps taken by Indian government?
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC): Launched during India’s G20 presidency, this corridor aims to enhance connectivity and trade between India, the Middle East, and Europe. It seeks to integrate various countries, including the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and European nations, facilitating faster movement of goods and improving maritime security.
- Joint Action Plan with Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): India and the GCC have adopted a Joint Action Plan for 2024-2028, which encompasses cooperation in various sectors such as health, trade, energy, agriculture, and transportation.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Diplomatic Ties: Engage with key regional actors like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Turkey to promote stability in Syria and counterbalance Iranian influence while safeguarding India’s energy and trade interests in the Middle East.
- Counter-Terrorism Collaboration: Enhance intelligence-sharing and counter-terrorism cooperation with allies to mitigate the risks of militant groups like ISIS exploiting the instability in Syria.
- Support Reconstruction Efforts: Participate in Syria’s post-conflict reconstruction through investments in infrastructure, showcasing India’s soft power and gaining strategic goodwill in the region.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Air Pollution; Climate Change; Urbanization and it’s Challenges;
Why in the News?
In 2015, Beijing had an annual average Air Quality Index (AQI) of 144, comparable to Delhi’s current average of 155 in 2024. However, Beijing has since achieved a one-third reduction in its pollution levels, with the most notable decline occurring between 2013 and 2017.
Why discuss Beijing in the context of Delhi?
The comparison between Beijing and Delhi is significant due to their shared status as capitals of emerging economies facing severe air pollution challenges.
- Similar Pollution Levels: In 2015, Beijing had an average AQI of 144, comparable to Delhi’s current average of 155 for 2024. This similarity highlights the potential for improvement in Delhi, as Beijing has successfully reduced its pollution levels significantly since then.
- Common Sources of Pollution: Both cities experience high pollution from similar sources, including vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and industrial activities. The regional contributions to air quality issues are also significant in both cases, particularly during winter months.
- Need for Collective Action: Just as Beijing required a coordinated effort across its region to combat pollution, Delhi must engage neighboring areas in a collective strategy to effectively address its air quality crisis.
What did Beijing do and how did it achieve it?
- Phased and Strategic Planning: Implemented a 20-year anti-pollution programme in three phases (1998-2017) with local government autonomy and public participation to ensure gradual and sustainable progress.
- 1998-2008: Initial groundwork.
- 2009-2012: Strengthening regulations.
- 2013-2017: Aggressive measures termed the “war against air pollution.
- Energy Sector Transition: Shifted from coal to cleaner energy by renovating power plants, eliminating coal boilers, and replacing residential coal heating, reducing major emissions.
- Transportation Reforms: Upgraded public transport infrastructure, introduced emission controls in vehicles, and phased out polluting vehicles with subsidies, reducing transportation-based pollutants.
- Regional Collaboration and Investment: Partnered with five neighboring provinces for coordinated pollution control and increased financial investment sixfold to implement targeted measures effectively.
- Financial Investment: A sixfold increase in investment over four years supported these initiatives, allowing for significant infrastructure improvements and regulatory enforcement.
As a result of these efforts, major pollutants like sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 saw significant reductions (e.g., PM2.5 decreased by 59% between 2013-2017).
What can Delhi learn from the Beijing experience?
- Integrated Public Transport System: Establishing an efficient bus-metro system to reduce reliance on private vehicles is essential. Upgrading the bus fleet and enhancing last-mile connectivity can significantly improve public transport accessibility.
- Energy Transition: Similar to Beijing’s shift away from coal, Delhi should diversify its energy sources by promoting renewable energy options like solar power while reducing dependence on coal-fired plants.
- Regional Coordination: Pollution control efforts should extend beyond city limits to include neighboring regions, fostering collaboration similar to Beijing’s regional initiatives.
- Public Advocacy for Clean Air: Encouraging citizen engagement in demanding accountability from the government can build political will for implementing necessary changes.
- Political Will and Consistency: Addressing air pollution requires sustained political commitment and a long-term action plan rather than ad hoc measures that fail to tackle root causes.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Implementation and Regional Collaboration: Formulate and enforce a comprehensive, long-term pollution control policy with coordinated efforts involving Delhi and its neighboring states to address regional pollution sources effectively.
- Promote Sustainable Infrastructure and Public Engagement: Invest in renewable energy, green public transport, and urban planning while fostering public participation and advocacy for clean air to ensure accountability and sustained progress.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to the Health Sector;
Why in the News?
The outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has already claimed more than 400 lives and is yet to be classified, has sparked concerns that it might be an example of Disease X.
What is Disease X?
- Definition: Disease X is a hypothetical term coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018 to represent an unknown pathogen that could potentially cause a global epidemic or pandemic.
- Conceptual Origin: The term was created in the aftermath of the Ebola epidemic (2014-2016) to emphasise the need for preparedness against unpredictable infectious diseases.
- Nature of Disease X: It serves as a placeholder for both “known unknowns” (threats we are aware of but do not fully understand) and “unknown unknowns” (threats we are not yet aware of). This acknowledges the likelihood of future pandemics without specifying their characteristics.
- Potential Pathogens: Disease X could originate from a variety of sources, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, helminths, or prions. Historical data indicates that about 70% of emerging infectious diseases have zoonotic origins, meaning they are transmitted from animals to humans.
- Emerging Disease Patterns: The emergence of new diseases is often linked to ecological disruptions caused by human activities such as deforestation and urbanisation, which increase contact between humans and wildlife.
Why is it Important to Prepare for Disease X?
- Global Health Security: Preparing for Disease X is essential for protecting public health globally. The emergence of new pathogens can lead to widespread illness and mortality, as demonstrated by COVID-19.
- Unpredictable Nature of Outbreaks: The unpredictable emergence of infectious diseases necessitates robust surveillance and rapid response systems. Being prepared helps mitigate the impact of unforeseen threats.
- Increasing Frequency of Outbreaks: The frequency of novel outbreaks has significantly increased since the mid-20th century due to environmental changes, urbanization, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats.
- Economic Impact: Pandemics can have devastating economic consequences, disrupting trade, travel, and healthcare systems. Preparedness can help minimize these impacts.
What should be done to prevent this? ( Way forward)
- Advances in Science and Technology: Investments in research, genomic sequencing, artificial intelligence, and public health infrastructure enhance our ability to detect and respond to emerging diseases quickly.
- International Cooperation: Global collaboration is crucial for effective outbreak response. Initiatives like the WHO’s priority pathogen list and proposed Pandemic Treaty aim to foster a unified approach to health emergencies.
- Equitable Access to Resources: Ensuring equitable access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines across all countries is vital for effective pandemic response, particularly in low- and middle-income nations.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to ULBs;
Why in the News?
The ongoing debate on simultaneous elections, commonly referred to as One Nation One Election (ONOE), presents a valuable opportunity to highlight a fundamental aspect of local democracy: the need for elections to Urban Local Governments (ULGs).
What is the Significance of Urban Local Government elections?
- Decentralized Governance: ULGs are crucial for decentralized self-governance, which is fundamental to democratic functioning at the grassroots level.
- Service Delivery: ULGs are responsible for delivering essential civic services such as water, sanitation, public health, and urban planning, which directly affect citizens’ quality of life.
- Local Democracy: Regular elections to ULGs ensure democratic legitimacy, enabling citizens to participate in the governance process at the local level and hold local representatives accountable.
- Economic and Social Impact: ULGs play a vital role in urban development, economic growth, and social well-being. As cities are responsible for a significant portion of the country’s GDP, well-governed local bodies contribute to national prosperity.
Why is Voter Turnout in Urban Local Elections Typically Lower?
- Lack of Awareness: Voter awareness regarding local elections is often lower than that for state or national elections, leading to reduced participation.
- Perceived Impact: Many voters feel that the impact of urban local elections is less significant compared to state or national elections, resulting in voter apathy.
- Political Disengagement: In many cases, urban residents may feel disconnected from local governance, especially when local issues are not perceived as urgent or when political campaigns do not adequately address them.
- Timing and Scheduling Issues: Elections to ULGs may be held at different times or not synchronized with other elections, causing confusion and disengagement.
- Voter Fatigue: Frequent elections at different levels may contribute to voter fatigue, lowering participation rates in local elections.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of urban local governments?
- Empower State Election Commissions (SECs): Strengthening SECs by granting them autonomy and resources for conducting timely and fair elections is essential. Currently, many SECs lack the authority to carry out ward delimitation effectively, which delays elections.
- Regular Elections: Ensuring that ULGs hold regular elections every five years is crucial. The recent acceptance of recommendations by the High-Level Committee (HLC) for synchronizing local body elections with state and national polls is a positive step in this direction.
- Decentralization of Powers: The 74th Constitutional Amendment aimed at decentralizing powers to ULGs; however, actual implementation has been inconsistent.
- Public Participation: Encouraging greater public involvement in decision-making processes will enhance transparency and accountability within ULGs. This can be achieved through community engagement initiatives and participatory budgeting processes.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity and Autonomy: Empower State Election Commissions (SECs) with the necessary authority and resources to ensure timely and independent elections.
- Promote Public Engagement and Accountability: Encourage active public participation through initiatives like community engagement, participatory budgeting, and transparency in governance. This will improve the responsiveness of ULGs to citizen needs and foster stronger local democracy.
Mains PYQ:
Q The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlightthe critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Cause and significance of Vaikom Satyagraha;
Why in the News?
Over a century ago, the Vaikom Struggle broke caste barriers in Travancore, sparking mass movements for religious reform, inspiring Periyar’s Dravidian Movement, and advancing egalitarian principles within Hindu society.
What were the key motivations and outcomes of the Vaikom Satyagraha?
Motivations:
- Social Inequality: The primary motivation was to challenge the caste-based discrimination that prohibited backward caste Hindus from accessing streets near the Vaikom Mahadeva temple.
- Demand for Equal Rights: A call for equality and dignity for all castes within the Hindu religion.
- Religious Reform: The movement sought to highlight the need for social justice through religious reform and temple entry rights.
- Political Awareness: It aimed to bring political attention to caste discrimination and mobilize support for broader social changes.
Outcomes:
- Immediate Impact: The restrictions on backward castes from walking near the temple were lifted in 1925, marking a significant social reform milestone.
- Mass Mobilization: It became one of the first large-scale movements in South India that united people across caste and class lines.
- Precedent for Temple Entry Movements: The success of Vaikom inspired subsequent movements across India, including protests led by B.R. Ambedkar.
- Legislative Reforms: It influenced the introduction of laws like the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act (1947), allowing all Hindus to enter temples.
- Foundation for Social Justice Policies: The movement set the stage for government interventions in temple management and appointments of priests from backward castes.
How did the leadership of the movement influence its success?
- The success of the Vaikom Satyagraha can be attributed largely to its leadership. Key figures included Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, who played a crucial role in mobilising support across various social strata and employing nonviolent methods of protest. His involvement transformed the movement into a mass agitation that attracted participants from all classes.
- The support from Mahatma Gandhi, who visited Vaikom in March 1925 and engaged with various caste groups, further amplified its impact. The collaboration among leaders from different backgrounds, including local leaders like T.K. Madhavan and K.P. Kesava Menon, was instrumental in broadening the movement’s appeal and sustaining momentum against state repression.
What lessons can contemporary society learn from the Vaikom Satyagraha regarding caste and social justice?
The Vaikom Satyagraha offers several important lessons for contemporary society regarding caste and social justice:
- Collective Action: The movement exemplifies how collective action can effectively challenge systemic injustices. It highlights the importance of unity among diverse groups in advocating for social change.
- Nonviolent Protest: The use of nonviolent methods remains a powerful tool for social movements today. The Gandhian approach adopted during the Vaikom Satyagraha serves as a model for contemporary struggles against discrimination and inequality.
- State Intervention: The eventual recognition of rights for marginalised communities underscores that government intervention can be necessary to dismantle entrenched social hierarchies. This raises discussions about how modern states can balance secularism with equitable access to public resources.
- Continuous Struggle: The resistance faced by reformers during and after the Vaikom Satyagraha illustrates that societal change is often met with opposition. This calls for sustained efforts in advocating for equality and justice in today’s context.
Conclusion: The Vaikom Satyagraha was a landmark movement for caste and social justice, showcasing the power of collective action, nonviolence, and reformist leadership. Its legacy inspires continued efforts toward equality, challenging entrenched discrimination, and fostering inclusive societies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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