Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India EU relation;
Why in the News?
Recently, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal highlighted six key principles to strengthen the partnership between India and the European Union during a meeting with Maros Sefcovic, the EU Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security.
What are the Six Broad Principles between the EU and India?
- Common Values: Establish a partnership based on shared values of democracy, rule of law, and an independent judiciary.
- Fair Trade Agenda: Develop a commercially meaningful trade agenda that addresses tariff and non-tariff barriers, ensuring benefits for small and medium enterprises, farmers, and fishermen.
- High-Quality Production: Engage in the exchange of best practices and harmonization of standards to achieve “zero defect” and “zero effect” production capabilities.
- Technological Collaboration: Work together to develop cutting-edge technologies and secure critical raw material supply chains, enhancing resilience against non-market economies.
- Sustainable Development: Cooperate on trade and sustainable development while respecting differing levels of development among nations, adhering to the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.
- Mutual Growth: Leverage India’s young talent pool to act as a bridge for mutual growth and development with the EU.
What is the Significance of the EU for India?
- Largest Trading Partner: The EU is India’s largest regional trading partner, accounting for approximately 12.2% of India’s total trade in goods as of 2023. This relationship facilitates substantial trade flows, with trade in goods reaching around €124 billion and trade in services amounting to €50.8 billion in 2023.
- Major Source of Investment: The EU is a leading source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, with an investment stock of approximately €108.3 billion in 2022. This investment supports job creation and economic development across various sectors in India.
- Technology Transfer and Innovation: The EU serves as a primary source of technology transfer to India, aiding in the development of critical sectors such as infrastructure, green technology, and digital solutions. This collaboration is vital for India’s aspirations to modernize its economy and enhance its global competitiveness.
- Strategic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is built on shared values such as democracy and human rights. It has evolved into a strategic partnership that addresses global challenges, including climate change, security threats, and sustainable development. This partnership is crucial for both entities to enhance their roles in global governance.
- Geopolitical Considerations: With the rise of assertive powers like China and shifting U.S. policies, the EU recognizes the importance of a robust partnership with India as a counterbalance in the region. Strengthening ties with India aligns with the EU’s goals of promoting multilateralism and addressing common security interests.
Evolution of India-EU Relations:
- Foundational Agreements and Strategic Partnership: India-EU relations date back to the early 1960s, with India being one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the European Economic Community.
- The relationship was formalized through the Joint Political Statement in 1993 and the Cooperation Agreement in 1994, which expanded cooperation beyond trade.
- In 2004, at the 5th India-EU Summit, the relationship was upgraded to a Strategic Partnership, marking a significant milestone in bilateral ties.
- Joint Action Plan and Enhanced Cooperation: Following the strategic partnership, a Joint Action Plan was adopted in 2005 and reviewed in 2008, focusing on strengthening dialogue and cooperation across various sectors including trade, investment, and cultural exchanges.
- Recent Developments and Future Prospects: In 2022, India and the EU celebrated 60 years of bilateral relations by relaunching negotiations for a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), which had stalled since 2013.
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What are the challenges between India and the EU?
- Trade Barriers and Market Access: Indian companies face increasing non-tariff barriers when trying to access EU markets, including stringent technical regulations, phytosanitary measures, and compliance standards. These barriers hinder the export of Indian goods and services, complicating efforts to establish a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the EU.
- Also, India is cautious about reducing high tariffs on sensitive sectors like automobiles and agricultural products, which the EU seeks to liberalize.
- Mobility of Professionals and Services Liberalization: The lack of a common working visa system in the EU restricts the free movement of Indian professionals across member states. India seeks greater access for its skilled workers in the EU, while the EU demands liberalization of India’s professional services sector, particularly in accountancy and legal services.
Way forward:
- Balanced Trade Agreement: Prioritize resolving key differences in tariff reductions and non-tariff barriers, especially in sensitive sectors like automobiles, agriculture, and professional services, while ensuring fair market access for both sides to boost mutual economic growth.
- Enhanced Mobility and Collaboration: Establish frameworks for the free movement of professionals and expand cooperation in technology transfer, sustainable development, and resilient supply chains, leveraging India’s skilled workforce and the EU’s technological advancements.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Smart Cities Mission;
Why in the News?
The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), a flagship initiative launched during the NDA-1 government, has lost prominence in this year’s list of electoral promises and accomplishments.
What are smart cities?
- The Government of India defines smart cities as urban areas that provide core infrastructure, ensure a decent quality of life, promote a clean and sustainable environment, and utilize smart solutions for inclusive development.
What are the two major aspects of the Smart Cities Mission?
- Area-Based Development (ABD): This includes three components:
- Redevelopment: Transforming existing urban areas.
- Retrofitting: Improving infrastructure in underdeveloped areas.
- Greenfield Development: Creating new urban spaces with modern infrastructure.
- Pan-City Solutions: These involve applying smart solutions across the entire city, enhancing services through technology and improving overall urban management and governance.
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Why did the implementation of smart cities bypass local government?
- Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Model: The SCM employed a governance structure that relied heavily on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which were set up as limited companies under the Companies Act.
- This model often sidelined local elected councils, as SPVs were typically led by bureaucrats or representatives from multinational corporations, limiting local government involvement in decision-making processes.
- Top-Down Approach: Critics argue that the SPV model was too top-down, lacking alignment with the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which emphasizes decentralized governance. This disconnect resulted in many cities objecting to the governance structure, as it did not adequately reflect the needs and demands of local populations.
- Competitive Selection Process: The selection of cities was based on a competitive process that did not account for the diverse urban realities across India. This approach led to an exclusionary scheme where only small portions of cities were targeted for development, often ignoring broader community needs and existing urban dynamics.
- Limited Local Engagement: The mission’s design did not prioritize citizen participation or local stakeholder engagement effectively, which is crucial for understanding and addressing unique urban challenges. This lack of engagement contributed to projects that did not resonate with the actual needs of residents.
What has happened to the mission in Shimla?
- Project Value and Status: The ongoing projects in Shimla are valued at approximately ₹150 crore and are still in the early stages of construction. Key initiatives include the assembly flyover and various parking facilities, with tenders currently being processed.
- Funding: The Union Government has allocated a total of ₹500 crore to Shimla under the SCM, with two installments of ₹98 crore still pending. The overall budget for the mission in Shimla is ₹750 crore, which includes a contribution of ₹250 crore from the state government.
- Unfinished Projects: Despite the extension, several projects remain incomplete, including those at IGMC, Auckland, and Vikas Nagar. Additionally, construction for the bus stand parking area has not yet commenced.
What are the achievements of Smart City Mission?
- Project Completion: As of December 2024, 91% of the total projects under the SCM have been completed, with 7,380 out of 8,075 projects finalized. This reflects significant progress in urban development initiatives across 100 selected cities.
- Investment and Infrastructure: The mission has seen an investment of approximately ₹1,47,704 crore. Key areas of focus include infrastructure development, governance improvements, and social services such as housing, transport, education, and healthcare.
- Technological Integration: All 100 smart cities have established Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), which utilize data analytics and emerging technologies like AI and IoT to manage urban services more effectively. These centres played crucial roles during the COVID-19 pandemic by functioning as operational hubs.
- Public Safety Enhancements: Over 84,000 CCTV cameras have been installed for enhanced surveillance, along with emergency call boxes and public address systems to improve public safety.
- Solid Waste Management: The mission has improved solid waste management practices in over 66 cities through technology integration, enhancing efficiency in waste collection and management.
- Mobility Improvements: The development of smart roads and cycle tracks has been a significant focus, with over 1,740 kilometres of roads constructed or improved under the mission.
What are the challenges related to Smart City Mission?
- Disparity in Performance: While some cities have exceeded their project targets significantly, others have struggled to meet even basic completion goals. Reports indicate that 66 out of the 100 cities have not met their physical targets as of January 2023, highlighting a stark disparity in performance across regions.
- Limited Impact on Quality of Life: Critics argue that despite substantial investments, there has been little improvement in fundamental quality-of-life issues for citizens, such as access to clean water and affordable housing. The mission’s focus on high-tech solutions has sometimes overshadowed pressing social needs.
- Financial Constraints: Many local governing bodies face challenges in raising funds for projects due to financial limitations and resistance from citizens regarding user charges for services provided under the mission. This has hindered project execution in several cities.
- Implementation Delays: A significant number of projects remain incomplete or are stuck at various stages due to bureaucratic hurdles and lack of coordination among stakeholders involved in the SCM.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Decentralized Governance: Empower local governments by aligning the SCM governance model with the 74th Constitutional Amendment. Involve elected councils and local stakeholders in planning, implementation, and decision-making to ensure projects reflect community needs and realities.
- Enhance Financial and Technical Capacities: Provide cities with access to sustainable funding mechanisms, including better public-private partnership models, while building technical expertise for efficient project execution and addressing socio-environmental challenges comprehensively.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code ;
Why in the News?
The recent Supreme Court judgment in the Jet Airways case has highlighted several major problems in India’s insolvency system.
What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?
- The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), enacted in 2016, is a comprehensive legal framework in India aimed at consolidating the existing laws governing insolvency and bankruptcy.
- It establishes a structured process for resolving insolvency for corporate entities, individuals, and partnership firms, promoting timely resolution and maximizing asset value.
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What are the structural inefficiencies in the current Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?
- Overburdened Tribunals: The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) are tasked with handling both corporate insolvencies under the IBC and cases under the Companies Act. This dual burden leads to inefficiencies and delays in resolving insolvency cases.
- Inadequate Institutional Capacity: The NCLT’s structure, established in 1999, is outdated and does not align with contemporary economic demands. With only 63 sanctioned members, many of whom split their time across multiple benches, the tribunal struggles to manage its caseload effectively, resulting in significant backlogs.
- Lack of Domain Expertise: Members of the NCLT often lack the necessary domain knowledge to handle complex insolvency cases effectively. This deficiency hampers their ability to make informed decisions, as highlighted by the Supreme Court in the Jet Airways case.
- Procedural Delays: The requirement for mandatory hearings for all applications contributes to lengthy delays. The average time for insolvency resolutions has increased, indicating that procedural inefficiencies are exacerbating the situation.
- Ineffective Urgent Listings: There is no robust system for urgent listings before the NCLTs, leading to further delays in critical cases. The discretion given to registry staff regarding case listings can lead to inconsistencies and unpredictability in case management.
- Judicial Discretion Issues: There is a growing tendency among NCLT and NCLAT members to ignore Supreme Court orders, undermining judicial authority and eroding trust in the system.
How can procedural innovations enhance the effectiveness of insolvency resolution?
- Specialized Benches: Establishing specialized benches for different categories of insolvency cases could improve efficiency and ensure that cases are handled by members with relevant expertise.
- Mandatory Mediation: Introducing mandatory mediation before filing insolvency applications could reduce the number of cases entering the formal insolvency process, alleviating pressure on tribunals.
- Streamlined Hearing Processes: Revising the requirement for mandatory hearings on all applications could expedite processes, allowing for more efficient case management and resolution.
- Improved Infrastructure: Investing in adequate courtrooms and permanent support staff is essential to enhance operational capacity and ensure that tribunals can function effectively within the broader economic framework.
What reforms are necessary to transform the IBC into a proactive economic tool?
- Reassessment of Tribunal Structure: A comprehensive review of the NCLT and NCLAT structures is needed to align them with current economic realities and demands, potentially increasing their sanctioned strength and operational hours.
- Focus on Domain Expertise in Appointments: Reforming the appointment process for tribunal members to prioritise candidates with relevant experience in insolvency matters will enhance decision-making quality.
- Encouraging Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Promoting alternative dispute resolution methods within the insolvency framework can help manage caseloads more effectively while providing quicker resolutions for stakeholders.
- Legislative Amendments: Continuous legislative amendments should be made based on empirical data and stakeholder feedback to address emerging challenges within the IBC framework.
- Cultural Shift Towards Credit Discipline: Encouraging a cultural shift that emphasizes credit discipline among borrowers will support a healthier economic environment conducive to investment and growth.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity and Expertise: Enhance the operational capacity of NCLT and NCLAT by increasing strength by appointing members with domain expertise, and providing adequate infrastructure and support staff to streamline case management and reduce delays.
- Promote Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Integrate mandatory mediation and other ADR mechanisms within the IBC framework to alleviate tribunal workload, ensure quicker resolutions, and foster a collaborative insolvency ecosystem.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI);
Why in the News?
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) plans to use blockchain technology (DLT) to track and manage customer preferences for blocking spam, according to its chairman, Anil Kumar Lahoti.
What is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)?
- The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) plays a crucial role in regulating Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), commonly referred to as spam. Established under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997.
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What is TRAI’s role in fighting spam?
- Do-Not-Disturb (DND) Registry: Launched in 2007, the DND registry allows customers to opt out of receiving commercial calls and messages. Users who register are not supposed to receive any spam communications.
- Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR): Enacted in 2018, this regulation penalizes telemarketers who violate DND preferences. It includes warnings for offenders and potential blacklisting from sending messages if they accumulate enough violations.
- DND App Development: TRAI collaborated with external agencies to create a DND application that enables users to register their preferences and report complaints. By 2024, it became mandatory for telecom providers to include DND reporting features in their apps.
What role does blockchain play?
TRAI has mandated the use of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to enhance its spam control measures:
- Immutable Record Keeping: Blockchain technology allows for a constantly updated and tamper-proof list of approved SMS senders and message formats. This ensures that only legitimate messages are sent, as each entry is unalterable by any party involved.
- Message Traceability: Regulations require that messages be sent using sender IDs instead of phone numbers, enhancing traceability. This measure helps prevent unauthorized entities from sending spam by ensuring that all message origins are recorded.
- Enhanced Regulations: In 2024, TRAI tightened regulations to ensure complete traceability of messages, addressing previous loopholes that allowed fraudulent registrations on blockchain systems
What are the other steps taken by the government to end spam?
- Sanchar Saathi Portal: This portal includes a reporting platform called Chakshu for complaints about fraudulent calls and messages. It collaborates with law enforcement and banks to identify and cancel numbers associated with unauthorised telemarketers.
- Real-Time Monitoring: The establishment of the Telecom Security Operation Centre enables real-time monitoring of suspicious internet traffic, enhancing the government’s ability to respond promptly to spam-related threats.
- AI-Based Detection: Telecom companies like Airtel have begun using Artificial Intelligence to label suspicious calls as “Suspected Spam,” a practice that is being adopted by other providers as well.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen International Collaboration: Partner with global VoIP providers and international regulators to curb spam and fraudulent calls originating from abroad, ensuring seamless enforcement across borders.
- Promote AI and ML Integration: Expand the use of AI/ML technologies for proactive detection and blocking of spam calls and messages, while continuously improving user-friendly reporting mechanisms.
Mains PYQ:
Q For achieving the desired objectives,it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of experiences in recent past. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the UGC;
Why in the News?
Non-BJP-led State governments oppose the UGC’s draft regulation on vice chancellors’ appointments, claiming it violates constitutional federal principles, and have called for its immediate withdrawal.
What are the aims and objectives behind the University Grants Commission Act, 1956?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956 was established to regulate and improve higher education in India. Its key aims and objectives are:
- Coordination and Standardization: Ensuring the coordination and determination of standards in universities to maintain quality education.
- Promotion of University Education: Taking steps to promote, develop, and coordinate university education across the country.
- Allocation of Funds: Allocating financial resources for the maintenance and development of universities.
- Advisory Role: Advising Union and State governments on grant allocation for general or specific purposes in higher education.
- Information Collection: Gathering and disseminating information on university education within India and abroad for institutional improvement.
- Regulation of Fees: Regulating fees to ensure accessibility and fairness in higher education.
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What are the crucial point that needs to be considered?
- Jurisdiction of UGC: The UGC’s authority to regulate the selection and appointment of vice-chancellors is questionable since the UGC Act does not explicitly include these provisions. The primary focus of the Act is on maintaining educational standards, not on administrative appointments.
- Consistency with UGC Act: Any regulation made by the UGC must align with the provisions of the UGC Act. If a regulation extends beyond the scope of the Act, it could be deemed ultra vires (beyond legal authority) and thus invalid.
- Federal Principles: The proposed regulations have raised concerns about violating federal principles enshrined in the Constitution of India, as they may interfere with state legislations that govern universities.
- Legislative Authority: Qualifications and selection criteria for vice chancellors are typically established by state legislatures, highlighting a potential overreach by the UGC in its regulatory role.
- Impact on Educational Standards: The selection and appointment of vice-chancellors should not be viewed as directly impacting educational standards, which is the primary mandate of the UGC.
- Judicial Precedents: Previous court rulings, including those from the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court, have established important legal precedents regarding the relationship between UGC regulations and state laws, emphasizing that subordinate legislation cannot override state legislation.
- Constitutional Questions: There are ongoing constitutional debates regarding whether UGC regulations can override state laws and how such conflicts should be resolved under Article 254 of the Constitution, which addresses repugnancy between central and state laws.
What is the present ruling made by the judiciary?
The judiciary has provided significant rulings concerning the University Grants Commission (UGC) regulations, particularly regarding the selection and appointment of vice-chancellors.
- Kalyani Mathivanan Case (2015): The Supreme Court ruled that UGC regulations have a binding effect on universities. This ruling emphasized that subordinate legislation, such as UGC regulations, must be adhered to by the universities under its jurisdiction.
- Bombay High Court Ruling (2011): In the case of Suresh Patilkhede vs. The Chancellor Universities of Maharashtra, the court stated that UGC regulations cannot override state legislation. It highlighted that Regulation 7.3.0, being subordinate legislation, does not have the authority to supersede laws enacted by state legislatures.
- Constitutional Context: The rulings also touched upon Article 254 of the Constitution, which deals with repugnancy between central and state laws. It clarified that only a law passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President can override state legislation, not subordinate regulations like those issued by the UGC.
| Note: Regulation 7.3.0 pertains to the selection and appointment of Vice Chancellors in universities. Its provisions aim to establish minimum qualifications and a transparent process for such appointments, particularly to ensure the maintenance of academic and administrative standards in higher education institutions. |
Way forward:
- Collaborative Federal Framework: Establish a consensus-driven approach between the UGC and State governments to ensure that regulations respect federal principles while upholding academic standards. This can involve creating joint committees for resolving conflicts and aligning policies.
- Judicial Clarity and Legislative Reforms: Seek a definitive constitutional interpretation of the UGC’s regulatory scope through the judiciary, and, if needed, amend the UGC Act to explicitly define its role in administrative matters, ensuring consistency with the federal structure.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: International Migrants;
Why in the News?
According to the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, released in Geneva, the global population of international migrants reached 284.5 million in 2022, with 255.7 million of them being of working age (15 and older).
Why are there more male International Migrants in the global labour force than women?
- Gender Roles and Norms: Traditional gender roles and societal norms often restrict women’s ability to migrate autonomously. Women are frequently expected to prioritize family responsibilities, which limits their opportunities for international migration and labor market participation.
- Labour Market Segmentation: Women are often concentrated in specific sectors such as domestic work, caregiving, and low-skilled service jobs, which are undervalued and less visible.
- Men, on the other hand, dominate higher-paying sectors like construction and agriculture, which are more open to international migrants.
- Barriers to Employment: As per ILO, Migrant women face higher unemployment rates (8.7%) compared to migrant men (6.2%), due to factors such as language barriers, unrecognised qualifications, limited childcare options, and gender-based discrimination in host countries.
- Economic and Social Independence: Women’s migration decisions are influenced by their access to resources and social networks. A lack of autonomy or financial independence can hinder their ability to migrate for work.
- In some cases, women migrate as dependents or spouses of male workers, which limits their access to legal employment opportunities in the host country.
Which economic sectors attract IMs?
- Construction: The construction industry employs a significant number of male migrants, particularly in regions with rapid urbanisation and infrastructure projects. This sector, part of the 35.6% of male migrant employment in industry, plays a vital role in economic expansion.
- Agriculture: Globally, 7.1% of international migrants work in agriculture, with higher figures in regions like Africa, where 27.5% are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Migrants are crucial for meeting seasonal labour demands.
- Manufacturing: Manufacturing heavily relies on migrant workers in industrialized nations, with migrants filling manual labour and skill-specific roles. This sector highlights the alignment of migrant labour with economic development needs.
- Services Sector: Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are employed in the services sector, compared to 51.5% of non-migrants. This sector includes a wide range of occupations, but it is particularly noted for:
- Care Work: A significant number of migrant women are employed in caregiving roles, which include healthcare and domestic services. About 28.8% of migrant women work in the care economy.
- Hospitality and Retail: Many migrants find employment in hotels, restaurants, and retail stores, especially in high-demand tourist areas.
Which are the main host countries?
Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are concentrated in high-income countries followed by 17.4% (29.2 million) in upper-middle-income countries.
- Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers (2022): International migrants in the labour force were primarily concentrated in Europe and Central Asia (34.5%, 57.8 million), followed by the Americas (27.3%, 45.8 million), Asia and the Pacific (16.2%, 27.2 million), the Arab States (13.5%, 22.6 million), and Africa (8.5%, 14.3 million). The majority resided in Northern, Southern, and Western Europe (23.3%), Northern America (22.6%), and the Arab States (13.5%), collectively hosting 59.4% of all migrant workers.
- Significant Proportions in Labor Forces: Migrants formed more than one-third (37.2%) of the Arab States’ labour force. Significant proportions were also observed in Europe and Central Asia (12.9%) and the Americas (9%), highlighting their vital role in these economies.
Conclusion: Governments and international organizations should implement gender-responsive migration policies that address barriers faced by women. This includes creating support systems for childcare, recognizing foreign qualifications, and ensuring equal access to legal employment opportunities in host countries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Success of make in India program depends on the success of Skill India programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to population;
Why in the News?
The Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2021 shows that India’s fertility rate has dropped significantly, from 6.18 children per woman in the 1950s to 1.9 children per woman in 2021.
What has a GBD Report shown about the total fertility rate in India?
- Declining Fertility Rates: India’s TFR has dramatically decreased from 6.18 in the 1950s to 1.9 in 2021, which is below the replacement level of 2.1 necessary for population stability.
- Future Projections: The report projects that India’s TFR could further decline to 1.04 by 2100, indicating a potential average of less than one child per woman.
- Socio-Economic Concerns: This steep decline in fertility has raised alarms regarding political and socio-economic impacts, particularly in southern states, where there are fears of losing parliamentary representation due to demographic shifts post-delimitation in 2026.
Why are fertility levels declining in India?
- Early Adoption of Family Planning Policies: Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh rigorously implemented family planning policies introduced in the 1950s, leading to a significant decline in fertility rates. For example, Andhra Pradesh currently has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.5, comparable to Nordic countries like Sweden.
- Higher Female Literacy and Workforce Participation: Increased educational attainment among women has empowered them to delay marriage and childbirth. This is evident in Kerala, where high literacy rates have contributed to the state achieving replacement-level fertility as early as 1988.
- Changing Societal Norms: Cultural shifts have led to late marriages and smaller families. For instance, women in southern states increasingly prioritize careers and financial independence over traditional roles, contributing to lower fertility rates.
- Urbanization and Economic Pressures: Urban lifestyles and rising costs of living discourage larger families. States like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have seen fertility rates drop to 1.4 and 1.6 respectively due to urbanization and modern aspirations.
Why are the southern States worried?
- Ageing Population: Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh have fertility rates that have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. This decline leads to an increasing proportion of elderly individuals in the population, which is projected to rise significantly.
- For instance, Kerala’s population aged 60 and above is expected to increase from 13% in 2011 to 23% by 2036. This demographic shift results in a smaller working-age population, which can strain economic productivity and increase demands for pensions and healthcare services.
- Political Representation: The upcoming delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, based on population figures from the 2031 Census, raises fears that southern states may lose parliamentary seats due to their slower population growth.
- This potential reduction in representation could diminish their political influence at the national level, especially compared to more populous northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Economic Strain: With a declining workforce contributing less to the economy through taxes and social security, southern states face challenges similar to those observed in countries with ageing populations, such as Japan and China.
- Migration Issues: As birth rates decline, southern states may increasingly rely on internal migration from northern states to fill labour shortages. However, this reliance could create further socio-economic disparities between regions.
Way forward:
- Equitable Resource Distribution: Implement policies ensuring equitable representation and resource allocation in parliamentary seats post-delimitation to address regional disparities without penalizing states with successful population control measures.
- Support for Ageing Populations: Develop robust social security systems, healthcare infrastructure, and incentives for elder care while promoting skill development and migration-friendly policies to mitigate workforce shortages in southern states.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hazardous waste;
Why in the News?
The Madhya Pradesh High Court gave authorities four weeks to dispose of the waste, nearly 40 years after the gas disaster that killed over 4,000 people and left thousands more injured or disabled.
What are the plans for the hazardous gas leak waste?
- Waste Transportation: The Madhya Pradesh government has successfully transported 358 tonnes of hazardous waste from the Union Carbide facility in Bhopal to the Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSDF) in Pithampur, Dhar district, following a court order.
- Incineration Process: The waste will be incinerated at the Pithampur facility, with an initial timeline of three to nine months for complete disposal, depending on emissions and safety assessments during the process.
- Emission Controls: To mitigate air pollution, the incinerator will utilize four-layer special filters to ensure that the smoke emitted does not contaminate the surrounding environment.
- Post-Incineration Measures: After incineration, the resulting ash will be covered with a two-layer membrane and buried in a landfill to prevent any contact with soil and water sources.
- Expert Supervision: The entire disposal process will be overseen by officials from the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board, ensuring compliance with safety regulations and environmental standards.
How much has been allocated to incinerate the waste and deposit the residue at a landfill in Pithampur?
- The Central government has allocated ₹126 crore (approximately $15 million) to facilitate the incineration of this waste and ensure that any resulting residue is safely deposited in a landfill at the Pithampur facility.
Why have there been protests?
- Health and Environmental Fears: Residents are worried that the incineration of toxic waste will pose significant health risks and environmental hazards to the local population and surrounding areas, with claims that it could lead to harmful emissions affecting air quality.
- Historical Context: The protests are fueled by the legacy of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, which resulted in thousands of deaths and long-term health issues. This history has heightened sensitivity to any activities involving hazardous materials in the region.
- Community Mobilization: Local organizations, such as the ‘Pithampur Bachao Samiti’, have organized bandhs (shutdowns) and demonstrations, leading to widespread participation from residents who are calling for the waste to be returned to Bhopal instead of being incinerated locally.
What is the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy?
The Bhopal gas tragedy, also known as the Bhopal disaster, occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984, at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Chemical Leak: The disaster was triggered by a leak of approximately 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC), a highly toxic gas used in pesticide production. This gas escaped from a storage tank due to a combination of operational failures and safety deficiencies at the plant.
- Immediate Impact: The gas cloud spread over densely populated areas surrounding the plant, leading to immediate chaos and panic. Official estimates indicate that around 3,787 people died as a direct result of the gas exposure, while other estimates suggest that the death toll could be as high as 15,000 to 20,000 over subsequent years due to related health complications.
- Injuries and Long-term Effects: Over 558,000 individuals suffered injuries ranging from respiratory problems to permanent disabilities. Many survivors continue to experience health issues related to their exposure to the toxic gas.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Public Engagement and Transparency: Conduct comprehensive awareness campaigns involving scientific experts to address community concerns, ensuring transparent communication about safety measures, emission controls, and environmental safeguards during the incineration process.
- Enhance Monitoring and Compliance: Implement stringent real-time monitoring of emissions and groundwater quality during and after waste disposal, supervised by independent experts and regulatory bodies, to uphold environmental and public health standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Vulnerable groups;
Why in the News?
Recently, UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025 emphasizes the urgent need for resilient systems to protect children’s rights amid crises like conflict, climate change, and economic instability, ensuring equitable access to essential services globally.
What are the primary challenges facing children in the current global landscape as per UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025?
- Conflict and Displacement: Over 473 million children, or about 19% globally, live in conflict-affected areas—a figure that has nearly doubled since the 1990s. This exposes children to severe risks, including displacement, starvation, disease, and psychological trauma.
- Economic Instability: Nearly 400 million children live in countries in debt distress, where financial pressures are reducing investments in essential services such as education and healthcare, further deepening their vulnerabilities.
- Climate Change: Around 1 billion children are at extremely high risk from climate impacts. Disruptions from extreme weather events affect their access to education and healthcare, while only 2.4% of global climate finance is directed toward child-focused initiatives.
- Digital Inequality: The expansion of digital public infrastructure (DPI) offers opportunities to improve service delivery, but significant digital divides persist, disproportionately affecting children in low-income and marginalised communities.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this flagship scheme aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and empowerment of girls.
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): This savings scheme encourages parents to save for their daughters’ education and marriage by offering attractive interest rates and tax benefits.
- Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Established in 1975, ICDS focuses on improving the nutritional and health status of children under six years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan): Launched in 2018, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition among children and women through a convergence of various schemes and community-based approaches.
- Mission Vatsalya: This initiative focuses on child protection services, ensuring that vulnerable children receive necessary support and care.
- Child Protection Policies: The government has enacted several laws, such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, to safeguard children’s rights and ensure their welfare.
- National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The NCPCR plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting children’s rights in India. It has launched various initiatives such as the POCSO e-Box for reporting child sexual abuse and the Bal Panchayat Abhiyan to encourage child-led governance.
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How can global governance and national systems be strengthened to support children’s rights and well-being?
Global governance:
- Strengthening International Mechanisms: The United Nations should develop specialized frameworks to protect children’s rights in the digital environment, ensuring online safety and privacy are integral to global governance policies.
- Ensuring Accountability: States and corporations must be held accountable for violations of children’s rights, with the adoption of measures like the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to ensure businesses prioritize child protection.
- Fostering Global Collaboration: Promoting bilateral and multilateral cooperation can address challenges such as cyberbullying and online exploitation through shared best practices and coordinated efforts to safeguard children’s rights worldwide.
National systems:
- Developing Child Rights Governance Systems: Nations should establish comprehensive frameworks that integrate children’s rights into laws and policies, aligning with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to prioritize children’s needs in governance.
- Strengthening Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Enhancing the capacity of CSOs through training programs can improve their ability to advocate for and implement child rights initiatives while effectively engaging with government institutions.
- Advancing Evidence-Based Advocacy: Utilizing data-driven approaches to shape policy priorities can ensure child rights are central to resource allocation and budgeting at global, regional, and national levels.
- Empowering Children’s Participation: Encouraging children to actively participate in decision-making processes helps create policies that address their needs and aspirations, fostering a more inclusive governance system.
- Establishing Robust Monitoring Systems: Implement mechanisms to regularly track and report on children’s well-being indicators to ensure accountability and measure progress in achieving child rights standards.
Way forward:
- Integrated Global-National Synergy: Strengthen collaboration between international frameworks and national systems to prioritize children’s rights in governance, focusing on accountability, digital safety, and climate resilience through coordinated policies and resource allocation.
- Child-Centric Policy and Participation: Develop evidence-based policies that directly address children’s vulnerabilities while empowering them to participate in decision-making, ensuring sustainable and responsive governance structures.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Monopoly of Dollars,Internationalisation of INR;
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), along with the Central government, has reviewed the rules under the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA) to make it easier to carry out cross-border transactions in Indian rupees (INR) according to a statement by the RBI.
What are the recent changes made in FEMA regulations by RBI?
- Opening Rupee Accounts for Non-Residents: Overseas branches of authorized dealer (AD) banks can now open rupee accounts for non-residents, enabling them to conduct current and capital account transactions with Indian residents.
- Settlement of Transactions: Non-residents can use their balances in repatriable rupee accounts, including Special Non-Resident Rupee Accounts (SNRAs) and Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs), to settle transactions with other non-residents abroad.
- Investment Opportunities: Balances in these accounts can be utilized for foreign investments, including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in non-debt instruments, thereby promoting rupee-based investments.
- Flexibility for Exporters: Indian exporters are now permitted to open foreign currency accounts overseas to receive export proceeds and use these funds for import payments, enhancing operational flexibility.
- Support for Local Currency Transactions: The new guidelines support cross-border transactions in local currencies, reducing reliance on dominant foreign currencies like the US Dollar
What is Internationalisation of Rupee?
- The internationalization of the rupee refers to the process of increasing the use and acceptance of the Indian rupee (INR) in global trade, investment, and cross-border transactions. This initiative aims to promote the rupee as a viable alternative to dominant currencies like the US dollar in international markets.
What are the key features of the Internationalisation of Rupee?
- Cross-Border Transactions: The primary goal is to facilitate more cross-border transactions in rupees, allowing businesses and individuals to conduct trade and investments without relying on foreign currencies.
- Current and Capital Account Transactions: Initially focused on promoting the rupee for import and export trade, the process will extend to other current account transactions and eventually capital account transactions, enabling investments in rupee-denominated assets.
- Full Convertibility: Achieving full capital account convertibility is essential for internationalization, meaning there would be no restrictions on converting rupees into foreign currency or vice versa for investments and loans.
- Strengthening Economic Sovereignty: Reducing reliance on foreign currencies enhances India’s economic sovereignty and minimizes exposure to currency fluctuations, thereby stabilizing trade relations.
- Enhancing Global Trade: By allowing direct transactions in rupees, internationalization can simplify cross-border trade processes, eliminate currency conversion needs, and reduce transaction costs.
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What are the significance of Internationalisation of Rupee?
- Reducing Exchange Rate Risks: By promoting INR usage in international trade, India can mitigate exchange rate risks associated with reliance on major currencies like the USD.
- Enhancing Trade Competitiveness: Facilitating rupee transactions can improve India’s trade competitiveness by lowering transaction costs and simplifying payment processes for exporters and importers.
- Strengthening Economic Sovereignty: Greater acceptance of the INR in global markets can enhance India’s economic sovereignty and reduce vulnerability to external economic shocks and geopolitical tensions.
- Encouraging Foreign Investment: The ability to conduct transactions in INR may attract more foreign investors looking for stable investment opportunities in India
Way forward:
- Strengthen Global Agreements: Expand bilateral and multilateral trade agreements to encourage invoicing and settlement in rupees, promoting its global acceptability.
- Enhance Domestic Financial Infrastructure: Improve financial systems to support seamless cross-border rupee transactions, including achieving full capital account convertibility and increasing trust in the INR.
Mains PYQ:
Q How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Democratic countries;
Why in the News?
Europe and India need a stronger, more practical partnership and together with the United States, they can become an unbeatable force.
Why do all democratic countries need to come together?
- Unified Front Against Authoritarianism: Democracies can counter coercive tactics and aggression from authoritarian regimes like China and Russia by standing together to deter threats to vulnerable nations, and reinforcing global stability.
- Advocating Democratic Principles: A collective alliance provides a platform to promote democratic values such as human rights, the rule of law, and free markets fostering an international environment supportive of democracy.
- Addressing Global Challenges Collaboratively: Democracies can pool resources and expertise to tackle global issues like climate change, terrorism, and public health crises through joint strategies and initiatives.
- Strengthening Economic Ties: Enhanced economic cooperation within an alliance can promote free trade, reduce barriers, and create a resilient network to counter economic coercion from non-democratic states.
- Bolstering Democratic Resilience: By sharing best practices, democracies can strengthen their institutions, address internal polarisation, and enhance resilience against threats to their democratic systems.
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What is the strategic importance of India in a global alliance of democracies?
- Geopolitical Counterbalance: India serves as a crucial counterbalance to China in the Indo-Pacific region.
- As a democracy with significant economic growth potential, India’s alignment with European democracies can help counter authoritarian influences, particularly from Russia and China, which pose threats to global democratic norms.
- Economic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is economically significant, with India projected to become the world’s third-largest economy in the next decade.
- Strengthening trade ties can enhance economic security for both parties and reduce dependency on China. The EU has recognised India as a ‘Trusted Partner’ in critical sectors such as technology and pharmaceuticals.
- Shared Values: Both Europe and India share foundational values of democracy, rule of law, and human rights. This commonality provides a strong basis for collaboration on global issues such as climate change, security, and sustainable development.
How can India contribute to the promotion and protection of democratic norms internationally?
- Promoting Democratic Values: India can advocate for democratic governance and human rights on international platforms, leveraging its status as the world’s largest democracy to influence other nations positively.
- Collaborative Initiatives: Through partnerships like the Trade and Technology Council (TTC), India can collaborate with Europe on emerging technologies and critical industries.
- Such cooperation can promote transparency and ethical standards in technology development.
- Defense Cooperation: India’s existing defense collaborations with the U.S. and its role in multilateral security frameworks like the Quad can be expanded to include European partners, enhancing collective security against authoritarian regimes.
What challenges does India face in leading or participating in this alliance?
- Balancing Relations with Russia and China: India’s historical ties with Russia complicate its position within a democratic alliance. While it seeks to maintain these relationships for strategic reasons, it must also navigate criticism from Western allies regarding its stance on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Internal Democratic Challenges: India faces significant internal challenges related to its democratic processes, including concerns about political dissent and civil liberties.
- Addressing these issues is essential for India to lead effectively within a global democratic alliance.
- Trade Negotiation Stagnation: Ongoing negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and India have faced hurdles due to disagreements over sustainability measures and human rights issues.
- Progress in these negotiations is crucial for realizing the full potential of their partnership.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Internal Democracy and Rule of Law: India should address domestic concerns related to political dissent, civil liberties, and democratic processes to enhance its credibility and leadership role within a global democratic alliance.
- Expanding Strategic Partnerships: India should accelerate negotiations on trade agreements, deepen collaboration in critical sectors like technology and defense, and align with democratic allies to counter authoritarian influences effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Indian and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to the healthcare sector;
Why in the News?
The HPV vaccine works best if given before coming into contact with the virus. It is recommended for children aged 12 to 13 and for people who are more likely to get HPV.
What are the health benefits of including the HPV vaccine in the national immunization program?
- Prevention of Cervical Cancer: The HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of cervical cancers caused by HPV, significantly reducing incidence rates and mortality associated with this disease.
- Broader Cancer Protection: Vaccination also protects against other HPV-related cancers, including those of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx, promoting overall public health.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Early vaccination can lead to long-term savings in healthcare costs by reducing the need for cancer treatments and associated healthcare services.
- Equity and Accessibility: Making the HPV vaccine part of the national immunization program would enhance accessibility for all demographics, particularly in low- and middle-income regions where cervical cancer rates are disproportionately high.
What are the economic implications of integrating the HPV vaccine into the national immunization program?
- Healthcare Savings: By preventing cervical cancer, the integration of the HPV vaccine into the national immunization program can lead to substantial reductions in treatment costs and hospitalizations related to advanced cancer stages.
- Increased Productivity: Healthier populations contribute to economic productivity as fewer individuals suffer from debilitating illnesses that impede work and social engagement.
- Investment in Public Health: Allocating resources for HPV vaccination can enhance public health infrastructure and create a more robust healthcare system capable of addressing other health issues.
What are the barriers to HPV vaccination?
- High Vaccine Costs: The prohibitive cost of HPV vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix limits their accessibility for many Indian families. Although the indigenous vaccine, CERVAVAC, offers a more affordable alternative, affordability remains a key barrier to widespread vaccination.
- Low Awareness Levels: A significant lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer results in poor understanding of the vaccine’s benefits, contributing to low acceptance and coverage rates.
- Cultural and Social Stigma: Cultural taboos around sexual health and reproductive issues discourage parents from vaccinating children, particularly girls, due to misconceptions about the vaccine’s necessity or fears of promoting promiscuity.
- Gender Bias in Vaccination Efforts: The focus on HPV as a women-centric infection leads to insufficient promotion of vaccination among boys and young men, perpetuating gender disparities in healthcare and reducing overall campaign effectiveness.
- Policy and Budgetary Constraints: Despite recommendations for including the HPV vaccine in national immunization programs, delays caused by budgetary limitations and competing health priorities hinder its integration and accessibility.
What strategies can be employed to overcome barriers to HPV vaccination uptake? (Way forward)
- Awareness Campaigns: Implementing educational initiatives to inform communities about the benefits and safety of the HPV vaccine can help dispel myths and cultural stigmas surrounding vaccination.
- Subsidizing Costs: Reducing the financial burden through government subsidies or integrating the vaccine into public health programs can improve accessibility for lower-income populations.
- Engaging Healthcare Providers: Training healthcare professionals to communicate the importance of HPV vaccination effectively can encourage more patients to get vaccinated, particularly among hesitant parents and young adults.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to crime;
Why in the News?
The death sentence given to Kerala nurse Nimisha Priya in Yemen for murdering her partner has sparked debates on her acquittal, repatriation, and the role of ‘blood money‘ compensation.
What does ‘blood money’ mean?
- ‘Blood money’, known as ‘diya/diyah‘ (in Arabic), refers to the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage under Islamic law. It serves as an alternative to the principle of qisas, which allows for retribution.
- The concept aims to promote forgiveness and reconciliation while providing reparative justice to the victim’s family, preventing cycles of vengeance that could lead to further conflict.
How does it figure in Islamic Sharia law?
- Definition and Purpose: In Islamic Sharia law, diyah (blood money) is the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage caused unintentionally.
- It serves as an alternative to qisas (retaliation), allowing the victim’s family to choose between seeking retribution or accepting compensation, thereby promoting forgiveness and reconciliation within the community.
- Legal Framework: The amount of diyah is typically determined through negotiation and varies based on factors such as the victim’s gender and religion.
- In traditional Islamic law, homicide is treated as a civil matter between individuals rather than solely a state issue, with the victim or their heirs having significant authority in deciding the resolution.
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What’s India’s stand on ‘diya’?
- The Indian legal system does not incorporate ‘diyah’ as a means of compensation for victims or their families. Instead, it emphasizes formal legal proceedings and criminal justice processes without the option for monetary compensation in cases of homicide or serious offenses.
- Introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining allows for some level of negotiation between the accused and the prosecution, enabling victims to receive compensation under specific conditions.
- However, this process is limited to certain offenses and does not encompass the broader cultural and social implications associated with diyah in Islamic law.
Have there been other Indians who were pardoned with ‘blood money’?
Yes, there have been several instances involving Indian nationals who were pardoned through the payment of blood money.
- Ten Indians in UAE (2017): In this case, ten Indian nationals were forgiven by the victim’s family after a blood money payment of 200,000 dirhams was made.
- Seventeen Indians in UAE (2009): These individuals were on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national but were pardoned after a blood money amounting to nearly ₹4 crore was paid. The Indian consulate actively participated by hiring a law firm to advocate for their case.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Diplomatic Interventions: The Indian government should establish dedicated legal aid and consular support mechanisms to negotiate and facilitate the resolution of cases involving citizens abroad, ensuring transparency in blood money arrangements.
- Promote International Legal Awareness: Educate Indian expatriates on local laws and the implications of blood money practices in host countries to prevent legal entanglements and ensure better compliance with local regulations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues and benefits related to MSP;
Why in the News?
There is an ongoing heated discussion about whether farmers should be given a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP).
Is a legal guarantee for MSP feasible within India’s economic framework?The arguments in favour of the legalisation of MSP:
- Protects Farmers from Market Fluctuations: Farmers often face volatile market prices due to surplus production, inadequate infrastructure, or global competition. A legal guarantee for MSP ensures a minimum income and shields them from sudden price crashes.
- Example: Crops like onions and tomatoes frequently see price collapses that leave farmers unable to cover costs.
- Addresses Rural Distress and Ensures Livelihood Security: A guaranteed MSP provides a reliable source of income, reducing poverty and addressing the rural distress that drives issues like farmer suicides.
- Example: In drought-prone regions, assured MSP acts as a safety net against the dual impacts of climate change and market failures.
- Supports National Food Security: Incentivizing farmers through a guaranteed MSP ensures the continued production of essential crops, securing food for the nation and stabilizing food prices for consumers.
- Example: Government procurement of rice and wheat at MSP forms the backbone of the Public Distribution System (PDS), ensuring affordable food for millions.
The arguments against the legalisation of MSP:
- Risk of Market Distortions: A legally enforced MSP could disrupt natural price discovery, discouraging private investment in agriculture and creating inefficiencies in the market. Example: Guaranteed MSP could encourage overproduction of certain crops, leading to supply gluts and environmental degradation.
- Unsustainable Fiscal Burden: Implementing MSP for a wide range of crops would require massive public expenditure, diverting resources from other developmental priorities like healthcare and education.
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What mechanisms can ensure farmers receive the MSP without direct government purchases?
- Widening Food Basket: Expanding the food basket in the Public Distribution System (PDS) and increasing procurement levels at MSP can help ensure farmers receive fair prices without direct purchases.
- Market Intervention Schemes: Establishing targeted market intervention schemes can prevent prices from falling below the MSP, thus providing farmers with necessary price support.
- Price Deficit Payment (PDP): A legally mandated compensation mechanism for farmers when market prices fall below the MSP could be implemented. This would not require direct procurement but would ensure farmers are compensated based on official data regarding area sown and average productivity.
What are the broader implications of a legal MSP guarantee on agricultural policy and farmer welfare?
- Social Contract: The demand for a legally guaranteed MSP reflects an unwritten social contract between the Indian state and farmers. Breaching this contract could lead to further disenfranchisement of farmers facing challenges like climate change and global competition.
- Market Dynamics: A legal guarantee could alter market dynamics by ensuring that farmers are not solely dependent on volatile market conditions. This might encourage more stable agricultural production and investment in rural areas.
- Political Considerations: Given the electoral implications of food prices in a democracy, a legally guaranteed MSP could compel governments to prioritise farmer welfare over consumer price suppression, potentially leading to more balanced agricultural policies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Decentralized Procurement and PDP Mechanisms: Expand the food basket under PDS and introduce Price Deficit Payment (PDP) schemes to ensure farmers receive MSP without burdening government finances through direct procurement. This would also reduce inefficiencies in distribution.
- Promote Diversification and Agri-Infrastructure: Encourage crop diversification by linking MSP with environmentally sustainable and high-value crops, supported by improved storage, transportation, and market access to minimize post-harvest losses and enhance farmer incomes sustainably.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to women empowerment; Women Representation in Politics;
Why in the News?
The 267th Law Commission Report that was recently released, recommended including “hate speech” within the Indian Penal Code, indicating a governmental acknowledgment of the need to address this pervasive issue.
- This has reignited conversations about the legal framework surrounding hate speech, particularly against women in politics.
Key Highlights made by the 267th Law Commission Report:
- Definition and Scope of Hate Speech: The report begins by providing a comprehensive definition of hate speech, emphasizing its potential to incite violence, discrimination, and social discord. It categorizes hate speech as any communication that demeans or vilifies individuals based on attributes such as religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity.
- Proposed Legal Provisions: One of the report’s central recommendations is the amendment of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also suggests penalties that reflect the severity of the offense, thereby reinforcing the message that hate speech will not be tolerated in a democratic society.
- Protection of Minority Communities: The commission advocates for legal safeguards that ensure minority communities are not disproportionately targeted within public discourse. By highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by minorities, the report calls for a proactive approach to uphold their rights and dignity in the face of societal prejudice.
- Balancing Free Speech and Protection: The commission emphasizes that while free speech is a fundamental right, it should not come at the expense of public order or individual safety. The proposed laws aim to delineate clear boundaries that prevent hate speech without infringing upon legitimate expressions of opinion or dissent.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: The report additionally recommends launching extensive public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the harmful consequences of hate speech.
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What factors contribute to the normalization of hate speech against women in politics?
- Cultural Attitudes: Misogynistic remarks are often rooted in deep-seated cultural attitudes that devalue women, reflecting a broader societal acceptance of gender discrimination and objectification.
- Political Discourse: Political speeches frequently employ derogatory language towards women, which normalizes such behaviour and diminishes the seriousness of misogyny in public life.
- Lack of Accountability: Political parties often distance themselves from offensive remarks only after public backlash, leading to a culture where such comments are tolerated until they provoke outrage.
| Note: The word “misogyny” comes from Greek roots: “misein,” which means “to hate,” and “gyne,” which means “woman.” Misogyny can show up in various ways, such as male privilege, discrimination against women, sexual harassment, insulting or demeaning women, violence, and treating women as objects. |
How does hate speech impact women’s participation in politics?
- Discouragement and Marginalization: Hate speech creates an intimidating environment for women, discouraging them from participating in politics and undermining their credibility as leaders.
- Social Isolation: The prevalence of hostile commentary can isolate women politicians, making it difficult for them to connect with constituents and build supportive networks.
- Psychological Effects: Constant exposure to misogynistic remarks can lead to emotional distress, affecting women’s confidence and willingness to engage in political activities.
How are Panchayats playing a good field in building awareness?
- Women Representation: Nearly 20 states have achieved 50% representation of women in Panchayati Raj institutions, fostering an environment where women’s voices are amplified in local governance.
- Empowerment Initiatives: There has been an emergence of all-women panchayats like ‘Manje Rai Panchayat’ in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra and ‘Kultikri Gram Panchayat’ under Jhargram sub-division in West Bengal.
- For example, the political women leaders like Mamta Devi exemplify effective governance by addressing infrastructure, and livelihood issues, and mobilizing women within their communities.
What are the key recommendations from the Global Gender Gap 2023 Report?
- ‘Women in local governance’ have been added as an indicator in the 2023 Global Gender Gap Report (India is ranked quite low at 127/146).
- The report emphasizes the urgent need for legal recognition of gender-based hate speech. This entails developing laws that specifically address and penalize hate speech directed at women.
- The report calls for enhanced accountability and commitment towards gender equality, not just through government schemes but as a fundamental aspect of political culture.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Enact comprehensive hate speech laws that explicitly address gender-based discrimination and ensure accountability for misogynistic remarks in politics, alongside implementing the recommendations of the 267th Law Commission Report.
- Promote Women-Centric Governance: Encourage greater representation of women in all levels of governance, drawing inspiration from successful initiatives in Panchayati Raj institutions, while supporting leadership training and public awareness campaigns to combat societal biases.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Disaster Management;
Why in the News?
Recently, PM released the IMD’s Vision Document 2047, outlining a plan to achieve nearly perfect weather forecasts for up to three days and 90% accuracy for forecasts made five days ahead by 2047.
What is IMD’s Vision Document 2047?
- The Vision Document aims for zero-error forecast accuracy for up to three days lead time and 90% accuracy for forecasts issued five days in advance by 2047. This ambitious target reflects India’s commitment to improving weather forecasting capabilities significantly.
- Focus Areas: The document emphasises enhancing weather surveillance technologies, improving atmospheric observations, and leveraging high-performance computing systems.
- It also highlights the importance of developing advanced earth system models and data-driven methods, including the use of AI and machine learning.
Why does India need an Earth warning system?
- High Seismic Vulnerability: India lies in a seismically active zone, with regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the Northeast being particularly earthquake-prone. Early warning systems can help reduce damage and save lives in these areas. Example: The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread devastation.
- Risk to Dense Urban Areas: Major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata are vulnerable to earthquakes. Early warnings can help evacuate people, protect infrastructure, and minimize casualties. Example: A strong earthquake in Delhi could severely impact millions.
- Limited Preparedness and Response Time: Earthquakes give little to no time for people to react. A warning system could provide crucial seconds or minutes to activate emergency protocols, limiting loss of life and property. Example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused devastation in northern India.
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How can India achieve zero-error accuracy in forecasting disasters?
- Technological Advancements: The implementation of Mission Mausam involves deploying next-generation radars, satellites with advanced instruments, and high-performance computing systems. These tools are crucial for improving the precision of weather predictions.
- Data Assimilation and Modeling: Enhancing data assimilation processes and developing improved earth system models will contribute to better forecasting accuracy. The integration of AI/ML tools is expected to refine weather predictions further.
- Capacity Building: The initiative will also focus on building capacity within meteorological services to ensure that no severe weather events go undetected. This includes training personnel and enhancing operational frameworks for the timely dissemination of forecasts.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government in the past year?
- Amendment of the Disaster Management Act: In August 2024, the government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha.
- This bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and large cities, the creation of disaster databases at national and state levels, and the formation of State Disaster Response Forces to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
- Investment in Urban Flood Mitigation: In August 2024, India announced plans to invest nearly $300 million over two years to mitigate urban flooding and conserve water in major cities, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
- The initiative focuses on expanding water bodies like lakes and constructing drainage systems to manage excessive rainfall during monsoon seasons.
- Addressing Urban Heat Islands: In June 2024, government officials acknowledged that rapid urbanization has turned cities into “heat traps,” exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
- Efforts are underway to implement heat action plans, which include provisioning drinking water, improving medical facilities, rescheduling outdoor work, and increasing green spaces to mitigate urban heat.
- Enhancement of Early Warning Systems: The government has been working to improve early warning systems for various natural disasters, including floods and heatwaves, to provide timely alerts and reduce the impact on vulnerable populations.
- Capacity Building and Training: There has been a focus on training and capacity building for disaster response teams at both national and state levels. For instance, In 2024, the NDRF organised a multi-agency mock drill in Assam to simulate a response to a major flood disaster.
What are the challenges in forecasting a disaster?
- Data Gaps and Limited Technology: Forecasting requires high-quality, real-time data from advanced technologies like satellite imagery, weather radars, and seismic sensors. However, data scarcity in remote areas or regions with underdeveloped infrastructure hampers accurate predictions.
- Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India resulted from a cloudburst that was not forecasted in time due to a lack of localized meteorological data and advanced radar systems.
- Unpredictability of Natural Phenomena: Some disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are inherently unpredictable because they result from sudden geological shifts.
- Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami followed a massive earthquake, but the lack of a regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean made it impossible to alert affected countries in time.
- Challenges in Communication and Dissemination: Even when forecasts are accurate, ineffective communication of warnings to vulnerable populations due to language barriers, poor outreach, or lack of awareness can render forecasts ineffective.
- Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021) in India, while the forecast was accurate, several fishermen ignored warnings to evacuate, leading to fatalities despite advanced cyclone prediction systems.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Technological and Data Capabilities: Invest in localized weather stations, advanced radar systems, and seismic sensors in remote areas, while leveraging AI and machine learning for precise forecasting and real-time data integration.
- Enhance Community Awareness and Communication: Develop multilingual, accessible early warning systems and conduct regular public awareness campaigns to ensure timely dissemination and community readiness during disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sunrise sectors;
Why in the News?
India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.
What are the Sunrise sectors?
- Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
- Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.
Key Sunrise Sectors:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
- Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.
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What are the potential impacts?
- Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
- Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
- Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.
What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?
- Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
- Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
- Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.
Way forward:
- Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
- Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.
Mains PYQ:
Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Border security;
Why in the News?
Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.
What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?
- 1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
- Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.
What are the issues between India and Bangladesh?
- Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
- Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
- Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.
Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border?
- To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
- To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
- To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
- Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
- Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
- Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Promotion of SciTech
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.
What is Authentic and practical research?
- Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.
What is India’s status in patents and technology?
- Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
- Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.
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What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?
- Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
- Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
- Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
- Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.
How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?
- Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
- Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
- Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.
What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?
- Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
- Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.
What are the barriers to effective research in India?
- Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
- Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
- Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
- Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian diaspora;
Why in the News?
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.
Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?
- Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
- This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
- Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
- The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
- The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
- The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
- The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
- These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
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What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?
- Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
- For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
- Global Conflicts: Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
- For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
- Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
- Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.
What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?
- Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
- Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
- Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
- Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
- Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
- Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
- Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
- Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
- Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.
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How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward)
- Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
- Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
- Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
- Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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