These Newscards correspond to the explained section of various newspapers. They become immensely important for both prelims and mains and special attention needs to be paid to them
Recently, the apex court held that lawyers as ‘professionals’ could not be subjected to legal proceedings for providing faulty ‘service’ under the Consumer Protection Act 2019 (CPA). A similar case applies to Medical practitioners which is in high controversy.
What is the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)?
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Purpose
Enacted to provide simpler and quicker access to redressal of consumer grievances.
Repeals and replaces the CPA, 1986.
Introduction of Concept
Introduced the concept of ‘consumer’ and conferred additional rights on consumers.
Expands the scope of the definition of ‘consumer’ to include transactions conducted offline or online through electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling, or multi-level marketing.
Scope of Protection
Protects individuals fitting the definition of ‘consumer’ as defined by the Act.
Extends protection to a wider range of transactions, including those related to banking, insurance, transport, housing construction, entertainment, amusement, etc.
About the previous case –Indian Medical Association vs V P Shantha (1995):
In 1995, a three-judge bench of the SC ruled, “Doctors would be covered under the consumer protection law, allowing the filing of several medical negligence lawsuits against doctors for deficiency in service”.
The court also acknowledged that medical professional occupations are often “skilled” work which differs from other occupations and the success usually depends on factors that are beyond the doctor’s control.
Diversity of present Opinions:
What did the National Consumer Disputes Redressal (NCDR) Commission say?
In 2007, the NCDR Commission held that lawyers provide a service to their clients and hence they can be sued for deficiency of service.
This case ultimately reached the apex court where the judgement was passed recently.
What did the Apex court say?
The court said that the objective principle of the CPA 2019 was to protect consumers from unfair trade practices and unethical business practices (the law was not intended to include professionals).
The court noted that the legal profession is unique and cannot be compared with any other profession.
According to the SC, hiring or availing of an advocate is “a contract of personal service” and is therefore exempted from the scope of the consumer protection law.
About the Consumer Redressal Commissions in India:
Legal proceedings under the CPA are heard by the Commissions which are constituted at all the 3 tier- District, State, and National levels (According to the CPA, 1986).
The President of each Commission would be a person who was/ is qualified to be a judge at the District, High Court, and Supreme Court resp.
The other individuals who have the knowledge, experience, or capacity to deal with problems relating to economics, law, commerce, accountancy, industry, public affairs or administration.
Since there is no requirement for commission members to have knowledge in medical matters, they are not suited to deal with complex medical issues.
In 2024, another SC bench appeared to be more sympathetic to the medical practitioners and held that these professionals should not be held to the same standard as other occupations.
Why does the Apex Court not Exempt Medical Profession from the Purview of CPA?
Firstly, doctors have specific duties to their patients, such as deciding on treatment and its administration.
Secondly, if a doctor breaches these duties by failing to provide a reasonable standard of care, they can be held liable under the CPA.
Additionally, the court believes requiring commission members to have case-specific knowledge would be impractical and burdensome.
Conclusion: This decision aims to prevent potential imbalances between District and State Commissions in handling cases and places the responsibility on parties to provide evidence for informed decisions.
Mains level: Volatility and importance of shaping Inflation trends;
Why in the News?
The price fluctuations and Inflation trends in recent market underscore the necessity for Targeted Policy Interventions and a comprehensive grasp of Agricultural Supply Chains.
The Significance of Vegetable Triumvirate (trio):
Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) aren’t just statistical entities but essential ingredients in Indian cuisine, forming the backbone of many dishes.
These vegetables represent more than just a portion of the CPI basket; they embody cultural and dietary preferences deeply ingrained in Indian culinary traditions.
Volatility and its role in shaping Inflation trends by TOP vegetables:
Vegetable prices in India rose by approximately 15% year-on-year, indicating significant inflation in this category.
Highly Volatile: There was notable volatility in vegetable prices, with a sharp decrease of 0.7% in June followed by a substantial increase of 37.4% in July.
High Contribution to Inflation: Despite vegetables weighing only 6% in the total CPI basket, their contribution to inflation was about 30% in Feb/March 2024.
For example, Tomatoes having a weight of only 0.6% in the CPI basket, prices soared by 202% in July 2023, contributing to 18.1% of the total headline inflation.
The contribution of vegetables to headline inflation was 31.9%, with TOP (tomato, onion, and potato) contributing 17.2%, further highlighting their substantial impact on inflation trends.
Navigating Culinary and Economic Realities (Challenges):
Policy Challenges: The volatility in TOP prices underscores the need for effective policy interventions, including agricultural value chain reforms and improved storage facilities to stabilize prices and support farmers.
Farmers’ Plight: Farmers, who are often net buyers of these crops, bear the brunt of price fluctuations, necessitating measures like Minimum Support Prices to ensure their livelihoods are protected.
Government Response: Despite protests and demands from farmers, policy responses have been inconsistent, relying on short-term measures like export bans rather than addressing underlying structural issues in the agricultural sector.
Way forward:
Need for Value Chain Reforms: Implement reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and resilience of agricultural value chains for TOP vegetables.
Need Price Stabilization Mechanisms: Introduce mechanisms to stabilize prices of TOP vegetables, such as market interventions, buffer stocks, or price ceilings during periods of extreme volatility. This can help mitigate the impact of price fluctuations on consumers and farmers alike.
Minimum Support Prices (MSPs): Establish MSPs for TOP vegetables to provide farmers with a guaranteed floor price for their produce.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.(UPSC IAS/2019)
The prevalence of Congenital Anomalies and Neurological Challenges in newborns highlights the need for adequate Antenatal and Perinatal care to address them.
Key observations made by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5):
Perinatal mortality rates stand at 32 for 1,000 pregnancies, neonatal mortality rates at 25 for 1,000 live births, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal death.
Cause of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality:Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with early onset PE posing higher risks.
Combination of Maternal factors and Biomarkers: Screening based on maternal risk factors alone has suboptimal performance, while a combination of maternal factors and biomarkers like mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, and serum placental growth factor can improve detection rates significantly.
Early Intervention with Aspirin Prophylaxis: First-trimester screening models, like the FMF prediction algorithm, have been effective in identifying high-risk pregnancies for preterm PE, allowing for early intervention with aspirin prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia.
What is Pre-eclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia, high blood pressure, and high levels of protein in urine indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage.
Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.
Challenges to cure Pre-eclampsia (PE):
Complex Screening Protocols: Effective screening requires a combination of maternal history, demographics, color Doppler ultrasound, mean arterial pressure, and placental biomarkers, which may not be uniformly available or implemented.
Limited Resources: Not all healthcare facilities have access to advanced screening tools and technologies like color Doppler ultrasound and placental biomarker testing.
Lack of Awareness: Pregnant women may not be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with pre-eclampsia, leading to delayed presentation and diagnosis.
Delayed Intervention: Identifying high-risk pregnancies early is crucial, but delays in screening and diagnosis can lead to missed opportunities for timely intervention.
Pharmacological Challenges: Ensuring timely pharmacological intervention, such as aspirin prophylaxis, requires adherence to established protocols, which may only sometimes be followed.
Logistical Issues: Implementing widespread screening and management protocols involves logistical challenges, including training healthcare providers and ensuring the availability of necessary equipment.
Complexity of the Disorder: The systemic nature of pre-eclampsia, affecting multiple organs, complicates its management and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Programs in India:
“Samrakshan” program: The Indian Radiological and Imaging Association’s (IRIA) “Samrakshan” program aims to reduce pre-eclampsia from 8%-10% to 3% and fetal growth restriction from 25%-30% to 10% by the end of the decade.
The program focuses on spreading awareness, screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, and ensuring comprehensive care throughout pregnancy.
Way Forward:
Early Detection and Management: Early detection through regular prenatal care, including blood pressure monitoring and urine testing for protein, is crucial in managing pre-eclampsia.
Timely intervention can help prevent severe complications and ensure the well-being of both mother and baby.
Promoting Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women is essential for early recognition and prompt action.
Education on risk factors, preventive measures, and the importance of regular antenatal check-ups can significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Ensuring Access to Quality Maternal Healthcare: Access to quality maternal healthcare services, including skilled antenatal care, monitoring, and timely interventions, is vital in addressing pre-eclampsia and reducing maternal mortality rates.
Empowering healthcare providers with the knowledge and resources to manage pre-eclampsia effectively is key to ensuring safe motherhood.
Collaborative Efforts for Maternal Health: Collaboration between governments, healthcare institutions, non-profit organisations, and the private sector is essential in implementing comprehensive maternal health programs that prioritise the prevention, early detection, and management of pre-eclampsia.
Conclusion: By spotlighting pre-eclampsia and emphasising the importance of early detection, awareness, access to quality care, and collaborative efforts, we can strive towards ensuring safe motherhood for all women, safeguarding the health and well-being of mothers and their babies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.(UPSC IAS/2013)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO countries; NPT; Bordering countries of Russia and Ukraine;
Mains level: Nuclear Policies and the Global geopolitics; NATO countries; NPT;
Why in the news?
The Russia-Ukraine war persists with no end in sight. Russia’s nuclear drills and plans to station weapons in Belarus escalate Global tensions and are deeply concerning.
What is the NPT and how does it address Russia’s actions?
The NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) is a multilateral agreement aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of Nuclear energy.
It defines Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) as those that had manufactured and detonated a nuclear explosive device before 1967, with all other states considered non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS).
The NPT has addressed Russia’s actions in several ways:
Russia, as a NWS, is obligated under Article VI to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament. However, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has increased the salience of nuclear weapons in ways that threaten to erode this bargain.
The NPT’s 2022 Review Conference specifically condemned overt nuclear threats, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) called for nuclear deterrence to be delegitimized.
The NPT requires NNWS to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards on all nuclear materials on their territories. However, the IAEA has found several states, including Russia, in non-compliance with their safeguards agreements.
The NPT’s review process, where state parties convene every five years to review the implementation of the Treaty, has been unable to reach a consensus on condemning Russia’s nuclear threats due to Russia’s objections.
The Shift in Nuclear Policy of Russia:
Criticism by Western countries: The international community has expressed concern over Russia’s nuclear rhetoric, calling for accountability. Western states and allies condemn Russia’s actions and seek to address them through initiatives like the United Nations and the NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) to uphold norms and deter irresponsible behaviour.
Changing Nuclear Threshold and Policy: Russia appears to be considering lowering the threshold for nuclear weapon use, which could set a dangerous precedent.
Traditionally, Nuclear Weapons were reserved for existential threats, but Russia is now signalling a potential first-use policy even for non-existent threats.
Erosion of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): For decades, the principle of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) deterred the use of nuclear weapons. Russia’s current stance threatens this principle, suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in conflicts that do not directly jeopardize National survival.
What are the consequences of Russia’s nuclear rhetoric for Global Security?
It has raised the risk of nuclear escalation and use, as Russia has purposefully increased the level of risk to discourage Western support for Ukraine and instill fear. Russia’s actions may encourage other nuclear-armed states, like Iran and North Korea, to adopt similar tactics.
This undermines the long-standing separation between Conventional and Nuclear warfare.
Undermined Strategic Stability and the Global Nuclear Order: Russia’s actions have broken down nuclear guidelines and norms, advocating for nuclear use against Ukraine and NATO. This has contributed to the return of nuclear arms competition on the global stage.
It has caused alarm and fear among Russia’s neighbors, who worry that if Russia is not stopped in Ukraine, it may turn aggression against other territories. Small countries like Moldova, Georgia, and even Russia’s allies like Kazakhstan fear becoming Putin’s next target.
It has required the international community to respond with strong deterrence and accountability measures. The West has emphasized that Russian nuclear use would have devastating consequences.
Holding Russia accountable through multilateral initiatives is crucial to upholding norms and deterring further irresponsible behaviour.
Way forward:
Strengthen International Diplomatic Engagement: Initiate high-level dialogues involving all nuclear-armed states to reinforce commitments to non-proliferation treaties and discourage the lowering of nuclear use thresholds.
Revise and Reinforce Security Assurances: Provide renewed and clear security assurances to non-nuclear states to discourage them from pursuing nuclear weapons. Revisit agreements like the Budapest Memorandum to ensure their effectiveness and credibility.
Mains PYQ:
Q (UPSC IAS/2022)
(a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair.
(b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bordering countries with Iran;
Mains level: India- Iran Relations;
Why in the News?
The sudden demise of Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash has sent shockwaves through the Islamic Republic, grappling with the implications for the country’s future leadership.
India is closely monitoring the unfolding of Iran’s succession plan, given the significant geopolitical and economic stakes involved.
India and Iran have recently signed a 10-year agreement to develop and operate a terminal at the strategic Chabahar Port, enhancing trade connections with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries.
BACK2BASICS: India-Iran Bilateral Relations:
Pre-Cold War Era: India and Iran span centuries of relationship which is marked by meaningful interactions. Both countries shared a border till 1947 with several common features in their language, culture, and traditions. They established their diplomatic ties in March 1950.
Cold War Era (1950-1990): India followed its Non-alignment policy, but paralleling strong links with the Soviet Union (USSR), while Iran was an open member of the Western Bloc and enjoyed close ties with the United States.
Therefore, the relations between India and Iran suffered due to their differing political interests.
Post Cold-War Era:
Iran’s continuously supported Pakistan in the India–Pakistan border conflicts. This was also a major reason that India had expressed strong opposition to Iran’s Nuclear program.
India’s close relations with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War greatly strained bilateral ties.
Oil Trade: In 2019, due to the sanctions imposed by the US on Iran, India stopped importing crude oil from the country. Before 2019, India was the second biggest buyer of oil from Iran.
During recent times in 2021, both countries continued to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government until the Taliban recaptured Afghanistan.
Other Trades:
India-Iran bilateral trade during the FY 2020-21 was USD 2.1 billion, a decrease of 56 % as compared to USD 4.8 billion during FY 2019-20.
Our Exports to Iran: rice, tea, sugar, fresh fruits, drugs/pharmaceuticals, man-made staple fibers, electrical machinery, artificial jewelry etc.
Our Imports from Iran: dry fruits, inorganic/organic chemicals, glass and glassware, natural or cultured pearls, precious or semiprecious stones, leather, gypsum, etc.
About Raisi’s Rise and Hardline Agenda:
Ebrahim Raisi, had politically risen through the ranks of Iran’s theocracy and was widely seen as a leading candidate to succeed.
His presidency was part of a broader consolidation of power by hardliners dedicated to shoring up the pillars of the Islamic Republic against dissent and external threats.
Raisi’s death poses significant challenges for the conservative hardliners who had backed him as a unifying figure loyal to the Supreme Leader.
Raisi’s demise opens the door for the ambitions of the powerful Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), which has exploited its constitutionally mandated roles to expand its political and economic influence.
Raisi’s death introduces great uncertainty into the succession process, with various factions and figures vying for influence.
What are the potential implications of Iran’s succession plan for India?
Trade ties: The death of President Raisi could impact India-Iran trade relations, which reached $2.33 billion in 2023-24 under Raisi’s policies.
Regional stability: India has enjoyed good ties with Iran and has been involved in key projects like the development of the Chabahar port, which serves as India’s gateway to Central Asia.
The succession plan in Iran could affect regional stability and India’s relation to energy security and connectivity.
Foreign policy alignment: Changes in Iran’s stance towards regional conflicts and international agreements could influence India’s foreign policy decisions in the Middle East.
Security concerns: Instability or changes in Iran’s approach to regional conflicts or its relations with other countries could impact India’s security calculations.
Way Forward
India needs to prioritize economic projects like the Chabahar Port, which are crucial for regional trade and India’s strategic interests, ensuring long-term agreements and investments. Further, maintaining a delicate balance between US relations and Iran ties by leveraging diplomatic channels to navigate sanctions can help.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Functions of RBI; Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations;
Mains level: Banking and Regulations; Issue of NPA’s;
Why in the News?
The RBI has issued draft regulations for a Harmonized Prudential Framework and revised DCCO criteria, to enhance the Regulatory Framework for long-term (infrastructure, non-infrastructure, and commercial real estate sectors) project financing.
RBI’s purpose behind this is to regulate and supervise payment and settlement systems in the country, ensuring safe, secure, and efficient mechanisms for financial transactions.
What is the Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations (DCCO)?
The DCCO is a critical milestone for project loans, indicating the start of revenue-generating activities for the project.
Banks maintain the DCCO for project loans for several key reasons:
Asset classification: The DCCO is crucial for determining the asset classification of a project loan. If the project fails to commence commercial operations by the stipulated DCCO, the loan may be classified as a Non-performing asset (NPA).
Restructuring: The DCCO is used as a reference point for allowing the restructuring of project loans without treating it as an NPA. RBI guidelines permit banks to extend the DCCO by up to 1 year for commercial real estate projects and up to 2 years for infrastructure projects, without downgrading the asset classification, provided certain conditions are met.
Viability assessment: When extending the DCCO, banks must satisfy themselves about the viability of the project and the restructuring plan.
Provisioning: If a loan remains in the pre-commencement of the commercial operations phase for an extended period, banks may need to make higher provisions, considering the risk involved.
Monitoring and control: Maintaining a clear DCCO allows banks to monitor the project’s progress and take timely action if there are delays or cost overruns. This helps in managing the bank’s exposure and mitigating risks.
Key Highlights of the Proposed New Framework:
Income Recognition and Asset Classification: The draft framework outlines guidelines for Income Recognition, Asset Classification, and Provisioning of Advances for Projects Under Implementation (IRACP-PUIMP).
It emphasizes the importance of monitoring stress in projects and initiating resolution plans proactively.
Increase in general provisioning at the construction stage from 0.4% to 5% on all existing and fresh exposures, phased over three years (2% for FY25, 3.5% for FY26, and 5% for FY27).
Restructuring Norms: The RBI has prescribed norms for restructuring exposure in projects due to changes in the DCCO.
Lenders are required to have a board-approved policy for resolving stress in projects, triggered by a credit event during the construction phase.
Provisioning can be reduced to 2.5% and 1% at the operational phase if certain conditions are met.
Consortium Arrangements: In projects financed under consortium arrangements, specific exposure limits have been set based on the aggregate exposure of lenders.
Individual lenders must maintain a Minimum Exposure Percentage to ensure a balanced risk-sharing mechanism.
Financial Closure and Repayment Structure: The framework mandates that financial closure must be achieved before the disbursement of funds.
It discourages moratoriums on repayments beyond the DCCO period and sets guidelines for the repayment tenor not exceeding 85% of the economic life of the project.
Projects must demonstrate a positive net operating cash flow to cover all repayment obligations and a reduction in total long-term debt by at least 20%.
Net Present Value (NPV) Requirement: A positive NPV is a prerequisite for any project financed by lenders. The RBI stresses the importance of reevaluating the project NPV annually to ensure financial viability and address credit impairment risks.
Guidelines for a standby credit facility to fund cost overruns due to delays, with incremental funding of 10% of the original project cost.
ICRA Observations:
ICRA set up in 1991 is an independent and professional investment Information and Credit Rating Agency. It observed the proposed new framework could have the following implications:
Profitability Impact: Higher provisioning requirements for projects under implementation could impact the profitability of Non-banking Financial Companies and Infrastructure Financing Companies. The impact will be spread over 3 years.
Funding Costs: Estimated increase in funding costs by 20-40 basis points as lenders build additional risk premiums.
Major banks like SBI, Union Bank of India, and Bank of Baroda do not foresee significant impacts, although the pricing of loans may need adjustments.
Way Forward:
Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance: Implement robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new regulations. Regularly review and update the prudential framework to adapt to evolving market conditions.
Capacity Building: Train bank staff and stakeholders on the new regulatory requirements and best practices for project financing.
Prelims PYQ:
Q The Reserve Bank of India regulates the commercial banks in matters of: (UPSC CSE 2013)
liquidity of assets
branch expansion
merger of banks
winding-up of banks
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
It was formed as part of the Environmental Protocol (Madrid Protocol, 1991) to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into force in 1998.
Aim: To advice and formulate recommendations on environmental protection measures in the Antarctic region.
Composition: It consists of representatives from the consultative parties to the Antarctic Treaty, which includes countries active in Antarctic research and governance.
Functions:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The CEP oversees the EIA process for activities conducted in the Antarctic region to ensure they minimize environmental impacts.
Site Inspections: It conducts inspections of Antarctic facilities and activities to verify compliance with environmental regulations.
Scientific Research: The CEP promotes scientific research on Antarctic ecosystems and advises on measures to conserve biodiversity.
Waste Management: It develops guidelines for waste management and pollution prevention in the Antarctic, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment.
Policy Formulation: The CEP formulates policies and guidelines related to environmental protection in the Antarctic Treaty.
Back2Basics: Madrid Protocol, 1991
The Madrid Protocol refers to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
It is an international agreement that was adopted in 1991 and entered into force in 1998.
Key aspects of the Madrid Protocol include:
Environmental Principles: The Protocol outlines principles for the protection of the Antarctic environment, including the conservation of living resources, the prevention of pollution, and the protection of wilderness and scientific values.
Designation of Protected Areas: It designates certain areas of Antarctica as specially protected areas (SPAs) and sites of special scientific interest (SSSI), where specific environmental protection measures apply to safeguard their ecological, scientific, and aesthetic values.
Waste Management: It establishes guidelines and regulations for waste management and pollution prevention in Antarctica, aiming to minimize human impact on the environment and prevent pollution of the Antarctic ecosystem.
Prohibition of Mineral Resource Activities: The Protocol prohibits all mineral resource activities, including exploration and exploitation, in Antarctica. This provision aims to preserve the pristine and fragile nature of the Antarctic environment and prevent the potential environmental damage associated with mineral extraction.
Consultative Mechanisms: The Protocol establishes mechanisms for consultation and cooperation. This includes the CEP, which provides advice and recommendations on environmental matters to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM).
PYQs:
[2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain.
[2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?
(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.
(b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.
(c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
(d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Data related to consumer size and consumption expenditure
Why in the news?
In 2023, India became the world’s most populous country, contrasting China’s declining birth rate. This prompts a comparison of their consumption patterns and geopolitical implications.
Consumer size of India and China
Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE):
India’s PFCE as a percentage of GDP is significantly higher than China’s, with India spending over 58% of its GDP on consumption compared to China’s 38%.
Final consumption, including government expenditure, constitutes 68% of India’s GDP and 53% of China’s GDP.
Despite China’s larger economy, its PFCE is only about 3.5 times that of India’s, indicating a higher contribution of consumption to India’s GDP.
Expenditure by Categories:
India’s consumption expenditure is characterized by higher spending on food, clothing, footwear, and transport, typical of a developing market.
In contrast, China’s consumption basket represents a relatively developed market, with higher spending on housing, white goods, recreation, education, and healthcare.
India spends approximately half of what China spends on food, transport, and clothing and footwear, despite being a fifth of China’s economy.
Real growth rates of individual consumption categories in India often outperform nominal growth rates observed in China.
Conclusion: India’s higher PFCE as a percentage of GDP reflects a greater reliance on consumption-driven growth compared to China.The composition of consumption expenditure in India and China highlights differences in market maturity and consumer behavior.Despite China’s larger economy, India’s consumption expenditure is relatively significant, indicating the potential for continued growth and economic development.
Mains PYQ
Q The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Terms and concepts in News; New Humanism;
Mains level: Types of Democracies; Radical Democracy;
Why in the News?
The ongoing socio-political and economic crises highlight the need for societal reorganization.
Manabendra Nath Roy and colleagues proposed a theory reconciling Freedom with justice, countering the failures of Liberal democracy and modern dictatorship.
They highlighted crises on the following grounds:
19th Century Liberal Democracy and Capitalist Exploitation.
Degeneration of Communism and Rise of Fascism.
World Wars and Global Conflict.
What is Radical Democracy?
Radical democracy is a form of democracy that advocates for an extensive expansion of equality and liberty. It views democracy as an ongoing, inclusive, and reflexive process.
Radical democracy differs from traditional democracy’s approach to equality, liberty, and the democratic process.
Traditional democracy typically focuses on established structures and procedures, aiming for consensus and stability.
The key principles of radical democracy in India (by M. N. Roy):
Decentralized Democracy: Radical democracy advocates for a highly decentralized democracy based on a network of people’s committees, enabling citizens to exercise democratic control over the state.
Economic Reorganization: It emphasizes the progressive satisfaction of material needs as a prerequisite for individuals to unfold their intellectual potential, with economic liberation being essential for advancing toward freedom.
Collective Efforts for Freedom: It envisions a world of freedom achieved through the collective efforts of intellectually free individuals who act as guides and friends of the people, promoting rational and ethical political practices.
Social Renaissance: Radical democracies stressed the importance of educating people on freedom and rational cooperative living to achieve social revolution, requiring an increasing number of individuals committed to freedom, reason, and social harmony.
Party-less Democracy Critique: Roy’s advocacy for party-less democracy is critiqued for potentially contradicting the fundamental democratic freedom of association, as political parties play a crucial role in democratic processes.
Significance of Radical Approach towards Elections:
Empowerment of Citizens: Radical democracy emphasizes empowering citizens beyond mere voting, focusing on raising individuals’ dignity and enabling active participation in decision-making processes.
Critique of Traditional Democracy: Challenges the limitations of traditional liberal democracy, highlighting how parliamentary systems can lead to demagoguery and a loss of civil liberties, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals.
Decentralization and Local Participation: Advocates for decentralization of legislative power to local councils, promoting direct participation and accountability at the grassroots level, ensuring a more inclusive and responsive democratic process.
Protection Against Authoritarianism: Seeks to safeguard against authoritarianism and dictatorship by dispersing power and preventing monopolization by political parties or their leaders, fostering a more pluralistic and accountable political landscape.
Enhanced Democratic Culture: Promotes a vibrant democratic culture that goes beyond institutional arrangements, emphasizing citizen empowerment through critical thinking, and participatory politics, and cultivating a public ethos that values democratic principles and practices.
How does a Radical Democracy provide a Humanist Economy?
Roy criticizes Capitalist and Nationalized economies for their centralization and failure to prioritize human needs.
He advocates for the modernization of agriculturethrough better irrigation, fertility improvement, and infrastructure development, emphasizing the cooperative organization of rural economies.
Economic policies should focuson social security, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and improving health, housing, and education.
Roy argues for a balanced approach to industrialization that addresses immediate needs and promotes social and economic justice, warning against rapid industrialization that benefits only a small fraction of the population.
Significance of Radical Democracy:
Achieve true freedom and social justice: Radical democracy, according to Roy, is essential for achieving true freedom and social justice. Democracy should be viewed as a product of civilization, possible only in advanced societies where individual freedom is recognized as interconnected with the freedom of others.
Prevent totalitarianism: Roy emphasizes that economic deprivation and social oppression pave the way for totalitarianism. To prevent this, democracy must be grounded in individual creativity, rationality, and collective efforts to transform society.
Humanism and moral radicalism: He advocates for a philosophy rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, asserting that humans are the creators of their world and emphasizing the need for a rational and scientific approach to societal development.
Conclusion: Radical democracy, rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, is crucial for true freedom and social justice, requiring a rational, creative, and collective effort to transform society and prevent totalitarianism.
Manabendra Nath Roy, better known as M. N. Roy, was a prominent 20th-century Indian revolutionary, philosopher, radical activist, and political theorist. He played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. Roy’s political career was marked by his involvement in various revolutionary activities, his advocacy for radical humanism, and his contributions to Marxist philosophy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (UPSC IAS/2014)
Prelims PYQs
Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
a) Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C . George
b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Day al Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
c) C .P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSMEs;
Mains level: Reviewing the Category of Micro-Enterprises
Why in the News?
A parliamentary panel suggested separating micro-enterprises from the broader MSME category and recommended revising definitions every five years.
A government order for timely MSME payments has exposed knowledge gaps and unintentionally marginalized smaller enterprises, highlighting issues in understanding their structure and operations.
Present Status:
According to the NationalSample Survey Organisations (NSSO) Unorganised Enterprise Survey2016, 95% of the enterprises surveyed reported revenues under Rs 50 lakh per annum. Of them, 89% reported an annual revenue of under Rs 12 lakh.
In the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), more than 66% of the enterprises reported an annual revenue of less than Rs 50 lakh, and of them, 45% reported annual revenues of Rs 12 lakh.
What are the Categories of Micro-Enterprises?
Category 1 – Micro: More than 98% of the MSMEs are within this category, with reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh and less.
Category 2 – Small: The MSMEs that are reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh to Rs 5 crore.
Present Ambiguity and structural Gap in defining MSMEs
Lack of Clarity and Consistency in defination: In India, the MSMED Act of 2006 categorized MSMEs based on investment in plants and machinery, which led to industries keeping their plants small to maintain MSME advantages.
However, the MSMED Amendment Bill, 2018 proposed defining MSMEs solely based on yearly turnover, which has been criticized for under-reporting of qualifying enterprises.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Approaches: There are two main techniques for defining MSMEs: quantitative and qualitative, with MSMEs typically defined using a quantitative approach. Quantitative criteria like number of employees, total assets, and yearly revenue have limitations as they vary by industry and sector.
Impact on Micro Enterprises: The ambiguity in defining MSMEs negatively impacts micro-enterprises, leading to issues like delayed payments and limited access to benefits and support schemes.
Moreover, the unregistered micro-enterprises have been worse hit by the COVID-19 pandemic than small and medium enterprises, with micro-enterprises accounting for more than two-thirds of all MSMEs and having a higher rate of informality.
Way forward:
Enhanced Data Collection: Conduct regular and comprehensive surveys to gather detailed data on MSMEs, particularly focusing on micro-enterprises.
Further Classification within Micro-Enterprises: Establish sub-categories within the micro-enterprise category based on revenue thresholds (e.g., below Rs 10 lakh, Rs 10-25 lakh, Rs 25-50 lakh).
Revenue Diversity: Significant variation in revenue among micro-enterprises necessitates further classification.
Targeted Policies: Addressing classification gaps can enhance policy effectiveness, supporting micro-enterprise growth and sustainability.
BACK2BASICS
Program and Policies
Explanation
MSME Development Act, 2006
Provides the legal framework for defining MSMEs and their classification into micro, small, and medium enterprises.
Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises
Provides credit guarantee cover of up to 75% of the credit to micro and small enterprises.
Udyog Aadhaar
A simple online process for MSME registration, requiring only the Aadhaar number and a self-declaration.
MSME Samadhaan
Mechanism to facilitate the promotion and development of MSMEs, including Khadi, Village, and Coir Industries.
Mudra Yojana
Provides loans up to 10 lakh to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.
ZED Scheme
Aims to enhance the manufacturing capabilities and competitiveness of MSMEs through Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED) certification.
Stand-Up India
Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch
Make in India: Focuses on making India a global manufacturing hub, with MSMEs playing a crucial role.
Stand-Up India: Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch
Mains PYQ:
Q Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Present challenges in the Manufacturing sector;
Why in the News?
The emphasis on workers’ accommodation in the manufacturing sector is gaining traction in the news due to its potential to address key challenges and unlock India’s manufacturing ambitions.
About India’s goal to $10 trillion by 2035
India aims to grow its economy to $10 trillion by 2035, with a specific focus on transforming the manufacturing sector to increase its GDP share from 15% to 25%. This ambitious goal involves a four-fold growth in manufacturing to enhance employment elasticity.
Present Challenges:
Inadequate Infrastructure: Many factories currently lack the necessary infrastructure to support large-scale manufacturing, particularly in terms of workers’ accommodation.
Land Regulation: Existing industrial land allocation regulations do not typically account for worker housing, necessitating regulatory changes at the state level.
Commute and Productivity: Workers often face long commutes, with studies showing travel times of up to two hours each way, leading to exhaustion and reduced productivity.
Living Conditions: Many workers live in ad hoc accommodations, which are not ideal for maintaining a stable and productive workforce.
Skill Gaps: There is a need for more targeted skill development programs to enhance worker productivity and adaptability to new manufacturing processes and technologies.
Lack of Coordinated Policy: There is a need for a more coordinated approach between state and central governments to provide the necessary fiscal and policy support.
Economic Factors that will steer Enlightened Self-Interest:
Transportation Savings: By providing on-premises or factory-adjacent accommodation, companies can significantly reduce transportation costs, estimated at over Rs 5,000 per worker per month.
Increased Productivity: Reduced commute times and better living conditions can lead to increased worker productivity.
Reduced Attrition: Better living conditions and reduced commuting stress can decrease workforce attrition, ensuring a more stable and experienced workforce.
Better Training Facilities: On-site accommodation can facilitate better training programs, enhancing workers’ skills and productivity.
Lower Carbon Footprint: Reducing the need for long commutes can lower the overall carbon footprint of manufacturing operations.
Way forward:
Tax and Fiscal Incentives: The Union government can catalyze investment in workers’ accommodation through tax incentives, GST reductions, and other fiscal benefits.
Priority Sector Tagging: Tagging workers’ accommodation as a priority sector for construction finance can attract more investment.
Collaborative Financing: Leveraging vehicles like the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) to finance credible worker housing projects can boost infrastructure development.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)
Mains level: Trades and Relations; Changing Geopolitics of the World;
Why in the News?
It is widely believed that renewing the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) program would pave the way for comprehensive U.S.-India trade negotiations, potentially elevating the bilateral trade relationship to new heights.
What is the ‘Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)’ Program about?
The Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) is a trade initiative by developed countries to aid developing countries.
Nearly all developed countries have their versions of the GSP, tailored to their economic and policy goals.
It involves reducing tariffs on imports from these countries, aiming to stimulate their economic development. (It is not formally part of the World Trade Organization).
Origin and its Evolution:
During the 1960s: The idea of the GSP emerged during the 1960s as part of broader efforts within the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to help developing countries gain better access to markets in developed countries.
During 1968: UNCTAD proposed the GSP as a mechanism to offer non-reciprocal, non-discriminatory tariff preferences to developing countries, aiming to promote their economic growth and industrialization.
During 1974: The US officially established its GSP program under the Trade Act of 1974. This act authorized the U.S. to provide duty-free treatment for selected products imported from designated beneficiary developing countries (BDCs).
The Significance of Renewing the GSP:
US Factor: The GSP program is unique because it requires periodic reauthorization by Congress. This program of the U.S. expired in 2020 and has not yet been renewed, despite bipartisan support.
For Stability in the Market: Renewal is challenging in a polarized political environment but is crucial for maintaining stable market access for developing countries.
For Diversification: The GSP supports small businesses and women-owned enterprises, encouraging economic empowerment and diversification away from Chinese imports.
To bring Reform: It will promote labor and environmental reforms and reduce tariff costs for American businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises.
Significance of US – India Trade Relationship:
Broader the Trade agreement: The U.S. and India have a significant trade relationship, with bilateral trade worth around $200 billion. Renewing the GSP could facilitate further negotiations and potentially lead to a broader trade agreement.
Need for GSP renewal: Before the GSP expired, the U.S. and India were close to a trade deal covering various sectors including medical devices, agriculture, ethanol, and IT products.
Despite ongoing trade dialogues, the U.S. is currently not negotiating new Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), making GSP renewal a key tool for enhancing trade relations.
A renewed GSP could cover multiple areas such as labour rights, environmental laws, and regulatory practices, fostering a more robust and ambitious trade partnership.
Strategic Importance:
In the Indo-Pacific region.
It can significantly boost trade and economic cooperation between the two countries.
It would signal a mutual commitment to deepening their trade relationship and addressing broader economic and regulatory issues.
Way forward:
Utilize GSP as a Negotiation Tool: Leverage GSP renewal as a platform to initiate broader trade negotiations between the U.S. and India, potentially leading to a more comprehensive trade agreement.
Focus on Strategic Sectors: Identify and prioritize sectors such as technology, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture where both countries have mutual interests and complementary strengths.
Mains PYQ:
Q “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuclear treaties and Co-operations; 123 Agreement;
Mains level: Nuclear Cooperation Agreement; Major powers;
Why in the News?
White House National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan will visit Saudi Arabia to discuss a Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, aiming to foster Israeli-Saudi normalization.
What is a Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement?
A civil nuclear cooperation agreement, often referred to as a “123 Agreement” after Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, sets the terms under which the United States can engage in significant nuclear cooperation with other countries.
This includes the transfer of nuclear materials, technology, and information. Such agreements are designed to ensure that the cooperation is for peaceful purposes and to prevent nuclear proliferation.
They require the partner country to adhere to nine nonproliferation criteria, including physical security measures, safeguards, and a commitment not to use the technology for nuclear weapons development. Additionally, these agreements must be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Congress.
Why does Saudi Arabia want a US nuclear cooperation agreement?
Saudi Arabia’s interest in a Nuclear Cooperation Agreement with the U.S. is driven by two primary motivations:
Energy Diversification and its Vision 2030: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030 plan aims to diversify the Saudi economy and reduce its reliance on oil.
Part of this vision includes developing renewable energy sources, and nuclear energy is seen as a key component.
Strategic Considerations: There is also speculation that Saudi Arabia seeks to develop nuclear expertise as a hedge against Iran’s nuclear capabilities. The Saudi leadership has indicated that if Iran were to develop nuclear weapons, Saudi Arabia might consider doing the same.
This potential for nuclear proliferation is a concern for arms control advocates and some U.S. lawmakers.
How would the US benefit from such a deal?
Strategic Gains: The agreement could be a component of a broader effort to normalize relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel, thereby enhancing regional stability and security. This would bolster U.S. efforts to counter Iranian influence in the Middle East and build a coalition of allies in the region.
Commercial Opportunities: U.S. nuclear companies could secure lucrative contracts to build and operate nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia. This would provide a significant boost to the U.S. nuclear industry, which faces competition from Russian and Chinese firms.
Geopolitical Influence: Strengthening ties with Saudi Arabia would reinforce U.S. influence in the Gulf region at a time when China is seeking to expand its presence. This would help maintain the U.S. strategic foothold in one of the world’s most geopolitically significant areas.
What are some likely hurdles to it?
Several challenges could impede the realization of a U.S.-Saudi nuclear cooperation agreement:
Gaza Conflict: The ongoing conflict in Gaza, particularly the high Palestinian casualties resulting from Israeli military actions, complicates Saudi willingness to normalize relations with Israel.
Nonproliferation Concerns: There are substantial concerns about the potential for nuclear proliferation. Ensuring that Saudi Arabia complies with stringent nonproliferation standards and does not pursue nuclear weapons capabilities will be a critical and contentious issue.
Congressional Approval: Any agreement would need to pass through the U.S. Congress, where it could face opposition from lawmakers worried about proliferation risks and regional security dynamics. Congressional scrutiny could delay or block the agreement.
Need of high Technical and Operational Details: Negotiating the specifics of nuclear technology transfer, including whether Saudi Arabia would be allowed to enrich uranium on its soil, and ensuring robust safeguards to prevent misuse of nuclear materials, are complex issues that require careful handling.
Way Forward:
Need for Strict Safeguards: Establish stringent nonproliferation safeguards within the agreement, ensuring that Saudi Arabia adheres to international standards and commits to using nuclear technology solely for peaceful purposes.
Need Regular Inspections: Implement a robust regime of regular inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to monitor Saudi nuclear facilities and ensure compliance with the agreement.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (15) (UPSC IAS/2018)
To protect the rights of village landowners in Haryana, the Supreme Court has permitted a review of a 2022 judgment by Justices Hemant Gupta and V Ramasubramanian that allowed gram panchayats to acquire ‘shamlat deh’ land.
Context:
What is ‘Shamlat deh’?
It refers to common land in the village, formed by multiple landowners each contributing an equal portion of their holdings to serve the “common purposes” of the village community. It is kept aside for common use in villages, as part of the Punjab Land Revenue Act of 1887.
Article 31A was inserted by the First Amendment Act of 1951 in the Indian Constitution. It aimed to protect laws related to agrarian reforms and the acquisition of estates.
According to the Supreme Court (April 2022), such land should be utilized by panchayats only for the needs of villagers. No part of the land can be re-partitioned amongst the proprietors, and such land would not be available for sale.
A Bench of Justices B R Gavai and Sandeep Mehta reopened the challenge to the 1992 amendment on May 17, 2024, after observing that the 2022 decision disregarded an important and relevant Constitution Bench decision in the case of Bhagat Ram vs State of Punjab (1967).
Bhagat Ram: Clarifying the Meaning of Land Acquisition under Article 31A:
In 1967, a five-judge Bench reviewed a land consolidation scheme for the village of Dolike Sunderpur that reserved lands for common purposes and diverted the income to the panchayat.
Landowners’ Argument: The scheme violated the second provision of Article 31A, which prevents acquiring land below the ceiling limit without compensation at market value.
State’s Argument: The reservation for the panchayat was not land acquisition since the income would benefit the village.
Ajit Singh v State of Punjab (1967): Distinguished land acquisition from modification or extinguishment of land rights.
SC Decision: The panchayat was effectively acquiring land by reserving its income, making the state the beneficiary. The court ruled that the second provision of Article 31A applied. Punjab argued the acquisition predated the 17th amendment, but the SC noted the scheme’s implementation was stayed, hence possession and control had not been transferred.
Does Shamlat Land Belong to the Landowners or the Panchayat?
In 2003, the Punjab and Haryana High Court reviewed a challenge to the 1992 amendment to the Punjab Act that vested control of ‘shamlat deh’ land in Haryana with the gram panchayat.
Petitioners’ Argument: The Landowners however argued that the amendment did not allow panchayats to control the land for common purposes without compensation, violating Article 31A.
High Court Decision: The court distinguished between land reserved for common purposes under the Consolidation Act (vested with the gram panchayat) and land contributed by proprietors but not reserved under the consolidation scheme (which could not vest with the panchayat without compensation).
The decision relied on the SC’s Bhagat Ram ruling that acquiring land without compensation violates the second proviso of Article 31A.
SC Allows Review of 2022 Judgment:
The 2022 Supreme Court decision by Justices Gupta and Ramasubramanian overruled the 2003 High Court decision, finding no need for compensation as Article 31 had been omitted. The court ruled that the panchayat merely managed the land on behalf of landholders and that control was vested in the panchayat upon assignment.
Karnail Singh Review: Justices Gavai and Mehta reopened the challenge, noting the 2022 decision’s cursory reference to Bhagat Ram without addressing why the High Court’s reliance on it was wrong.
The court found that ignoring a Constitution Bench decision was a manifest error, justifying a review.
Recalled the 2022 SC decision: The 2022 decision was recalled, and the challenge to the 2003 High Court decision was set to be reheard, starting on August 7, 2024.
Way Forward:
Need Comprehensive Judicial Reviews: Conduct detailed reviews of prior relevant judgments to provide clear, well-founded reasoning in court decisions.
Need Clear Compensation Guidelines: Establish explicit guidelines for compensation in land acquisition cases, particularly those involving common land like ‘shamlat deh’, to protect landowners’ rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 has come into effect from Ist January 2014. What are the key issues which would get addressed with the Act in place? What implications would it have on industrialization and agriculture in India? (UPSC IAS/2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glaciers;
Mains level: Climate change; Issue of rise in Temperatures;
Why in the News?
Venezuela has likely become the first country to lose all its glaciers, with its last Humboldt glacier melting faster than anticipated. While scientists projected it to last another decade, its rapid melting exceeded expectations.
Background:
Venezuela was home to six glaciers about 5,000 meters above sea level in the Andes mountains.
By 2011, five of them had vanished. Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade.
What are glaciers?
Glaciers are large masses of ice that form on land over long periods through the accumulation and compaction of snow. They flow like slow rivers and typically develop in regions with near-freezing temperatures, significant snowfall, and minimal summer melting.
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), they usually exist and form in areas where mean annual temperatures reach near the freezing point; winter precipitation leads to significant snow accumulations; and temperatures throughout the remaining year do not cause the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow accumulation.
Why are Glaciers disappearing?
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution have released large amounts of GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
Heat Trapping: The greenhouse gases act as a blanket, trapping heat in the atmosphere. While they allow sunlight to pass through, they prevent the heat from escaping back into space, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
The global average temperature has increased by at least 1.1 degrees Celsius since 1880 due to the skyrocketing emissions of GHGs in recent decades.
Consequences of Temperature Rise: The temperature rise has resulted in devastating consequences such as more frequent and intense heatwaves, floods, droughts, and a rise in sea levels.
Accelerated Melting: Glaciers, like ice cubes exposed to heat, are melting at accelerated rates due to the warmer temperatures caused by global warming.
Natural Climate Phenomena: Natural climate phenomena like El Nino can exacerbate glacier melting by causing abnormal warming of surface waters, as observed in the case of the Humboldt glacier in Venezuela.
What are the impacts of Glacier Loss?
Freshwater Source: Glaciers are crucial sources of freshwater, especially during hot and dry periods, providing water for local communities, plants, and animals. Their disappearance would increase dependence on sporadic rainfall for freshwater supply.
Temperature Regulation: Glacial runoff helps regulate downstream water temperatures, particularly keeping them cooler. This is essential for many aquatic species that require cold water temperatures to survive, impacting the entire ecosystem.
Ecosystem Impact: Glacier loss directly affects aquatic species, disrupting the food web and potentially leading to declines in biodiversity.
Contribution to Sea Level Rise: Melting glaciers contribute to rising sea levels, although smaller glaciers like Venezuela’s Humboldt glacier may not substantially impact sea levels.
Cultural Impact: The loss of glaciers has significant cultural implications, particularly for communities where glaciers are part of their cultural identity. Activities such as mountaineering and tourism, which rely on glaciers, would be affected.
Tourism and Recreation: Glaciers are often major tourist attractions, drawing visitors for activities like mountaineering and sightseeing. The disappearance of glaciers would impact tourism and recreational activities in affected regions.
Way Forward:
International Cooperation: Foster collaboration among countries to tackle climate change on a global scale. Support international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Protect and Preserve Glacier Areas: Establish and enforce conservation measures to protect glacier regions from further degradation. This can involve creating protected areas, implementing zoning regulations, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. (UPSC IAS/2014)
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is the dependency ratio?
Mains level: What are the opportunities for India?
Why in the News?
In a recent statement, the Finance Minister highlighted the pressing need for sophistication in India’s manufacturing sector to drive economic growth and competitiveness.
The sophisticated manufacturing sector provides a conducive environment to enhance the efficiency of producing goods and services.
What is the current state of Indian Manufacturing?
India’s manufacturing sector’s Gross Value Added (GVA) as a percentage of GDP has shown an upward trend (since 2014), currently hovering around 18%. There is a consensus that to compete on a global scale, Indian manufacturing needs to evolve and embrace sophistication in its processes, technologies, and products.
India’s Dependency Ratio: The dependency ratio is a measure that compares the number of dependents (people who are either too young or too old to work) to the working-age population.
According to the Economic Survey 2018-19, India’s Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of working-age,i.e. 20-59 years, population is expected to hit 59%.
Importance of Sophistication in Manufacturing:
Leveraging the Demographic Dividend: India’s young population and low dependency ratio offer a significant advantage in terms of labor force and consumption. To capitalize on this demographic dividend, there is a strong focus on ramping up skills in the Indian workforce through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
Enhancing Productivity and Quality: Embracing sophistication is crucial for enhancing productivity, quality, and competitiveness in the global market. By investing in technology, automation, and research and development, manufacturers can improve efficiency and deliver high-quality products.
Increasing Share in Global Value Chains: To increase India’s share in global manufacturing and value chains, the government is considering providing policy support. This will help reduce dependence on imports and make India more Self-reliant (Atmanirbhar).
Attracting Investments: Sophistication in manufacturing can attract significant investments from global companies looking to reduce their dependence on China. According to a Capgemini Research Institute report, 65% of senior executives in the U.S. and Europe plan to increase manufacturing investments significantly in India.
Unlocking Opportunities in Specific Sectors: Sophistication in manufacturing can help unlock opportunities in sectors such as food spending, financial services, and consumer markets. By 2031, India’s consumer market is projected to double, presenting a $2.9 trillion opportunity.
What are the Challenges hindering the growth of the Sophisticated Manufacturing sector?
Inadequate infrastructure: Lack of reliable power supply, poor connectivity, and limited access to advanced technologies. Difficulty in obtaining credit, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), to invest in technology upgradation.
Skill gaps: Shortage of skilled workers trained in modern manufacturing techniques and technologies
Weak Intellectual Property Rights: Insufficient protection of patents, trademarks, and copyrights, discouraging innovation
Regulatory hurdles: Complex bureaucratic processes, lack of clarity in policies, and inconsistent implementation
Government Initiatives and Support
Make in India Initiative: Launched in 2014, the program aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by facilitating investment, fostering innovation, building best-in-class infrastructure, and making doing business easier. It focuses on 25 sectors, including automobiles, aviation, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
National Manufacturing Policy: Introduced in 2011, it aims to increase the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% and create 100 million jobs by 2022. It focuses on enhancing skill development, promoting innovation, and creating a favorable business environment.
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: It provides financial incentives to boost domestic manufacturing and attract investments in key sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, and telecom. It has helped reduce import dependence and increase exports in sectors like telecom and mobile manufacturing
Way Forward:
Role of Financial Institutions: By providing access to capital, facilitating technology adoption, and offering financial expertise, they can empower manufacturers to invest in sophistication and drive growth.
Enhanced Strategies: Manufacturers need to prioritize investments in technology, automation, research and development, and skill development to enhance sophistication. Collaborating with financial institutions for tailored financial solutions can help accelerate this transformation.
Competitive Outlook: As Indian manufacturing embraces sophistication, it is poised to unlock new opportunities, improve competitiveness, and contribute significantly to the country’s economic growth. By aligning with the Finance Minister’s vision, the sector can chart a path towards sustainable success in the global market.
Conclusion: The Finance Minister’s call for sophistication in Indian manufacturing underscores the need for a strategic shift towards innovation, efficiency, and quality. With concerted efforts from stakeholders, including the government, financial institutions, and manufacturers, India can elevate its manufacturing sector to new heights of success and competitiveness.
Mains PYQ:
Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NSG group and NPT
Mains level: Why did India choose to conduct nuclear tests?
Why in the News?
In the year 2024, India’s Pokhran-I have completed 50 years of its tests. The present variation in adopting Nuclear policies (especially Russia and China) around the world, reminds us of the historic Pokhran tests of 1974 by the Indian Government that were held amid secrecy.
Background:
Post-World War II, new global alliances and alignments emerged amidst the Cold War between the US and USSR.
The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) signed in 1968, aimed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. It defined nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear states, but India objected to its discriminatory nature towards non-nuclear states.
India refused to sign the NPT due to its failure to address India’s concerns about the discriminatory nature of the treaty, particularly regarding non-nuclear states’ obligations.
Why did India choose to conduct Nuclear Tests?
India viewed the NPT as discriminatory towards non-nuclear stateslike itself, leading to its decision to conduct nuclear tests independently.
Indian scientists, notably Homi J Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, laid the groundwork for nuclear energy in India. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established in 1954.
Changes in leadership post-1960s, coupled with conflicts with China and Pakistan, influenced India’s decision to pursue nuclear capabilities. China’s nuclear tests in 1964 also played a role.
How did Pokhran-I happen?
In Secrecy and Uncertainty: India conducted the nuclear test at Pokhran in 1974 without prior announcement, even amidst internal uncertainty among key decision-makers.
Operation Smiling Buddha (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the code name of India’s first successful nuclear weapon test on 18 May 1974.
The test demonstrated India’s nuclear capabilities and its ability to defend itself, though India chose not to weaponize immediately. The choice of Buddha Jayanti for the test date carried symbolic significance.
By Autonomous Approval: Despite opposition from some advisers, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave the go-ahead for the test, signaling India’s resolve.
What was the impact of the Pokhran-I Test?
Global Criticism: India faced criticism and sanctions from various countries, including the US, following the tests. The US enacted the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act in 1978, halting nuclear assistance to India.
Despite international criticism, India asserted itself as a nuclear-capable nation, paving the way for future developments like Pokhran-II in 1998.
Diplomatic Goals: India sought acceptance as a responsible nuclear power and aimed to join international groups like the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), facing resistance from some countries, notably China.
India’s nuclear tests marked a significant milestone in its defense and foreign policy, shaping its stance on nuclear issues and its position in global nuclear politics.
Way forward for being in the NSG group:
Engage in Diplomatic Outreach:
Strengthen bilateral relations with NSG member countries.
Engage in diplomatic dialogue to address concerns and build consensus on India’s membership.
Demonstrate Commitment to Nonproliferation:
Continue adhering to nonproliferation norms and standards.
Showcase India’s responsible nuclear behaviour and track record in nuclear security.
Mains PYQ
Q With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks) (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trends in wheat and Rice production
Mains level: National food security;
Why in the News?
The recent drop in agricultural production due to El-Nino has highlighted once more the critical role Punjab and Haryana play in ensuring India’s food security.
Role of Punjab and Haryana for the Food Security of India:
Punjab and Haryana are crucial in years with bad monsoons or climate shocks.
The average per hectare wheat and paddy yields in these states are 4.8 tonnes and 6.5 tonnes, respectively, significantly higher than the all-India averages of 3.5 tonnes and 4.1 tonnes.
Wheat Production:
Traditional procurement: Until the mid-2000s, Punjab and Haryana supplied over 90% of the wheat for India’s public distribution system (PDS) and other government programs.
Impact of the Green Revolution: The spread of high-yielding varieties to other states and the establishment of infrastructure for buying grain at minimum support prices (MSP) reduced Punjab and Haryana’s share to around 65% by the early 2010s.
In 2019-20 and 2020-21, total wheat procurement reached record levels (39-43.3 million tons), with Punjab and Haryana’s share falling to just over 50%. Madhya Pradesh became the top wheat procurer in 2019-20, surpassing Punjab.
Climate Shocks: The last three years have seen production setbacks due to climate shocks, including: An unseasonal temperature surge in March 2022. Heavy rain in March 2023 during the grain formation stage.
Recent Climate Impact:
In 2023-24, unusually warm temperatures in November-December impacted wheat yields, especially in central India. The delayed winter, attributed to El Nino, led to premature flowering and shortened the vegetative growth phase.
Regional Impact:
Madhya Pradesh’s wheat procurement dropped significantly from 12.8-12.9 million tons in 2019-20 and 2020-21 to about 4.6 million tons.
Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also saw significant declines from their 2020-21 highs.
Punjab and Haryana have been less affected due to longer winters and later sowing (early to mid-November).
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar reported good production due to near-normal March temperatures, but much of their produce was sold to private traders at prices above the MSP.
Rice production in the states:
Traditional Procurement: Government rice procurement was historically concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, and the Godavari-Krishna and Kaveri delta regions of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu (TN).
Diversification: There has been a diversification in rice procurement, with new states like Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh (UP) becoming significant contributors to the Central pool.
Change in Procurement Shares: The combined share of Punjab and Haryana in total rice procurement decreased from 43-44% in the early 2000s to an average of 28.8% in the four years ending 2022-23. In the current crop year, this share has risen to around 32.9%, with some procurements still pending in Telangana, AP, and TN.
Impact of Irrigation:
Farmers in Punjab and Haryana, with assured access to irrigation, did not suffer production losses from last year’s patchy monsoon attributed to El Niño.
In contrast, states like Telangana saw reduced rabi paddy planting and struggled with irrigation due to depleted groundwater levels.
Policy implications
NFSA Entitlements: Under the NFSA, about 813.5 million people are entitled to receive 5 kg of wheat or rice per month through the Public Distribution System (PDS) at highly subsidized prices.
Current Government Policy: Since January 2023, the current government has been providing this grain to all NFSA beneficiaries free of cost.
Way Forward:
Adoption of Climate-Resilient Varieties: Develop and promote high-yield, climate-resilient wheat varieties that are tolerant to heat, drought, and diseases.
Efficient Irrigation Systems: Invest in modern irrigation systems such as drip and sprinkler irrigation to ensure efficient water use.
Invest in Agricultural Research: Increase funding for agricultural research institutions to develop new wheat varieties and innovative farming techniques.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good availability of water? (UPSC IAS/2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Parties and their registration/de-registration in India;
Mains level: Issues related to Political Parties;
Why in the News?
The ECI urges star campaigners to uphold societal harmony, sparking debate on its efficacy in curbing MCC violations and enforcing norms.
Criteria for Registration of Political Parties:
Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) outlines the criteria for registering a political party with the Election Commission of India (ECI).
Any party seeking registration must submit a copy of its memorandum or constitution. This document must declare that the party will faithfully adhere to the Constitution of India.
Additionally, it must commit to the principles of socialism, secularism, and democracy, and uphold the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
How are political parties registered in India?
A political party recognized as a ‘National’ or ‘state’ party under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 (Symbols Order) by the Election Commission of India (ECI) is referred to as a Recognized Political Party (RPP).
Recognition as a ‘National’ or ‘state’ political party is contingent upon meeting specific criteria, such as winning a requisite number of seats or obtaining a required percentage of votes in a general election to the Lok Sabha or State Assembly.
Currently, there are 6 National political parties and 61 state political parties that have been granted recognition. Recognized parties benefit from additional privileges, including the reservation of a symbol during elections and the designation of forty ‘star campaigners’.
Registered political parties enjoy the following legal benefits:
Tax exemption for donations received under Section 13A of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Common symbol for contesting general elections to the Lok Sabha/State Assemblies
Twenty ‘star campaigners’ during the election campaign. As per the ECI, there are 2,790 active registered political parties in India.
What are the issues related Criteria for Deregistration?
Misuse of Privileges: Non-contesting RUPPs raise concerns about potential misuse of benefits like income tax exemption and donations for purposes such as money laundering.
Absence of De-registration Powers: The Representation of the People Act (RP Act) does not explicitly empower the Election Commission of India (ECI) to de-register political parties for failure to contest elections, conduct inner-party elections, or submit required returns.
Legal Limitations: The Supreme Court ruling in “Indian National Congress versus Institute of Social Welfare & Ors (2002)” affirmed that the ECI lacks the authority to de-register political parties under the RP Act, except under extraordinary circumstances such as fraudulent registration or cessation of allegiance to the Constitution.
Violations of Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Recognised political parties have been found guilty of breaching the MCC, which prohibits the exploitation of caste and communal sentiments for electoral gain, as well as voter bribery and intimidation.
What needs to be done? (Way Forward)
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has proposed amendments to the law in its 2016 memorandum for electoral reforms, aiming to grant the ECI the authority to deregister political parties.
The Law Commission’s 255th report on ‘Electoral reforms’ in 2015 also advocated for amendments allowing the de-registration of a political party if it abstains from contesting elections for 10 consecutive years. These recommendations should be put into effect.
Paragraph 16A of the Symbols order grants the ECI the power to suspend or revoke the recognition of a recognized political party if it fails to adhere to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) or comply with lawful directives from the Commission.
Although this provision has been utilized only once, as seen in the temporary suspension of the National People’s Party’s recognition in 2015 for non-compliance with ECI directives, stricter enforcement of this measure would foster adherence to the MCC.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct.(UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hysterectomy Among Women;
Mains level: Health and disease Issues; Hysterectomy Among Women;
Why in the News?
According to the recent report published in Women’s Reproductive Health under the title ‘Reported Reasons for Undergoing Hysterectomy Among Women Aged 45 Years and Above‘, it was seen that data is lacking on women’s health conditions; thus the true magnitude is never known, impeding funding and escaping the attention of policymakers.
What is Hysterectomy?
A hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus. After a hysterectomy, you will not menstruate (have periods) or be able to get pregnant.
Uterus removal is a common treatment for a variety of conditions that affect a woman’s reproductive organs.
Key highlights of the Report:
Reasons for Undertaking Hysterectomy:
Medical Conditions: Common medical reasons such as fibroids, excessive bleeding, prolapse, endometriosis, and cancer.
Socioeconomic Factors: Influence of sociodemographic factors like age, education, income, and access to healthcare services.
Cultural and Regional Differences: Variations in hysterectomy rates and reasons across different regions and cultural contexts within India.
Frequency of Hysterectomy:
Global Context: Hysterectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgeries among women worldwide.
Prevalence in India: The countrywide hysterectomy prevalence rate is 11.5%. The highest prevalence is reported in the southern (18.2%) and western (12.7%) regions of India.
According to the NFHS-5 (2019-2021), 3.3% of women aged 15–49 underwent hysterectomy, a slight increase from 3.2% in NFHS-4. Alarmingly, 50% of women who underwent hysterectomy did so before the age of 35.
Regional Variations: Andhra Pradesh has the highest prevalence rate at 63 per 1,000 women, followed by Telangana (55 per 1,000), Karnataka (29 per 1,000), and Punjab (23 per 1,000).
Sociodemographic Factors: Higher risk of hysterectomy among women from the OBC category, the richest wealth quintile, those with lower education levels, those who married at a younger age, and those with three or more children.
Most Cited Reasons for Hysterectomy:
Primary Reasons:
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding or Pain: Cited by 32.1% of women as the reason for undergoing hysterectomy.
Fibroids or Cysts: Cited by 24.2% of women as the reason for the surgery.
Uterine Prolapse: Cited by 16.3% of women.
Less Frequently Reported Reasons:
Cancer: Among the least reported reasons for undergoing a hysterectomy.
Severe Post-Partum Hemorrhage is also among the least reported reasons.
Sociodemographic Factors:
Higher risk of undergoing hysterectomy among women from the OBC category, the richest wealth quintile, those with lower education levels, those who married at a younger age, and those with three or more children.
What are the Ministerial guidelines?
Hysterectomy is a major surgery with a long recovery time and should be considered only after less invasive treatments have been tried.
The government emphasizes on attempting nonsurgical alternatives in elective cases before opting for a hysterectomy.
Way Forward:
Healthcare Providers: Train healthcare providers about the potential overuse of hysterectomy and emphasize the importance of considering nonsurgical alternatives.
Public Awareness: Launch awareness campaigns to educate women about gynecological health, the implications of hysterectomy, and available alternatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
