Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Inter-state water dispute; Resource distribution;
Why in the News?
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) has restarted its protest against the Polavaram multipurpose project in Andhra Pradesh, claiming it will flood large areas in Malkangiri, Odisha, displacing many tribal communities.
What were the recommendations by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) 1969?
The Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT), was established to resolve water-sharing disputes concerning Godavari River water among the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh). It made several key recommendations regarding the utilization of Godavari River water. Notable points include:
- Water Allocation: The Tribunal allowed Andhra Pradesh to divert 80 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of Godavari water at 75% dependability for irrigation and other uses, which could also substitute releases from the Nagarjunasagar project for the Krishna delta.
- Inter-State Agreements: The Tribunal recognized various inter-state agreements that specified how water from the Godavari and its tributaries could be utilised, ensuring equitable distribution among the states involved.
- Project Approvals: The GWDT endorsed the construction of projects like Polavaram, provided they adhered to specified Full Reservoir Levels (FRL) and operational guidelines.
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What are the social and environmental impacts of the Polavaram Project?
- Social Impact: The project is expected to displace over 150,000 people across approximately 276 villages, with many of these being tribal communities. For every five acres irrigated, one tribal family is projected to lose their land.
- Infrastructure Strain: The project has faced funding challenges for rehabilitation efforts, leading to halted work on necessary infrastructure like canals, which could exacerbate social tensions among displaced populations.
- Environmental Impact: The dam’s backwaters will submerge an estimated 3,731 hectares of forest land. The environmental impact assessments have raised concerns about ecosystem disruption, including increased vulnerability to erosion and regional landslides.
How is the project being managed politically and administratively?
- National Project Status: Declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, the Central Government is responsible for executing the project while ensuring compliance with environmental and rehabilitation norms.
- Polavaram Project Authority: A governing body has been established to oversee project execution, comprising representatives from both state and central governments. This authority is tasked with ensuring timely execution and adherence to regulatory requirements.
- Political Dynamics: The project has become a focal point for regional politics, particularly as parties like the BJD leverage opposition against it to bolster their regional identity amidst changing political landscapes in states like Odisha.
What are the legal and regulatory challenges faced by the Polavaram Project?
- Ongoing Litigation: Multiple states have challenged the project in court on grounds of inadequate environmental assessments and potential adverse impacts on their territories. Legal disputes have persisted since at least 2011, complicating project timelines.
- Regulatory Compliance Issues: Environmental clearances for the project have been contentious, particularly following changes in flood situation estimates that were not incorporated into updated designs. This has raised questions about compliance with earlier environmental impact assessments conducted in 2005.
- Funding Challenges: Financial constraints have hindered progress on rehabilitation efforts for displaced populations, leading to further legal scrutiny regarding compliance with social justice norms and commitments made during project approval processes.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Impact Assessment and Mitigation: Conduct updated environmental and social impact assessments, including backwater studies, and implement robust mitigation measures for displaced populations, ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks.
- Strengthen Inter-State Collaboration: Establish a transparent and inclusive mechanism involving all affected states to address concerns, promote equitable resource sharing, and expedite the resolution of legal and administrative challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related manufacturing sector;
Why in the News?
Manufacturing output grew by 21.5% in 2022-23, but the GVA (Gross value addition) only grew by 7.3%. This is because input costs increased sharply by 24.4%, making production more expensive. As a result, even though industries produced more, their profits and value-added were reduced.
Note: GVA represents the value added by industries, while manufacturing output refers to total production. GVA reflects the economic contribution, factoring in costs like inputs.
What is the present scenario of India’s manufacturing sector?
- Growth Momentum: India’s manufacturing sector is experiencing significant growth, with a reported output increase of 21.5% in 2022-23, as indicated by the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI).
- This growth is attributed largely to the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, which has played a crucial role in boosting production across various sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
- Sectoral Contributions: Key sectors benefiting from the PLI scheme, such as basic metals and motor vehicles, collectively contributed 58% to total manufacturing output, showcasing robust performance driven by these incentives.
- Positive Economic Indicators: The gross value added (GVA) from manufacturing grew by 7.3%, highlighting an overall recovery in the sector post-COVID-19 disruptions.
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What are the current challenges facing the manufacturing sector?
- Input Cost Surge: A significant challenge is the rising input prices, which increased by 24.4% in 2022-23. This surge has created a gap between manufacturing output growth and GVA growth, indicating that while production volumes are increasing, profitability is being squeezed due to higher costs.
- Regional Imbalance: Manufacturing activity is heavily concentrated in a few states—Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh—accounting for over 54% of total manufacturing GVA. This concentration limits equitable development across the country.
- Skill Development Needs: There is a pressing need for skill enhancement to meet the demands of evolving manufacturing technologies and processes.
How can digital transformation contribute to the future of manufacturing?
- Adoption of Advanced Technologies: Digital transformation can enhance manufacturing efficiency through automation, data analytics, and IoT (Internet of Things) integration. This can lead to improved productivity and reduced operational costs.
- Supply Chain Optimization: Digital tools can streamline supply chain management, making it more resilient to disruptions and better able to respond to global demand fluctuations.
- Enhanced R&D Capabilities: Investing in digital technologies can foster innovation in product development and advanced manufacturing techniques, positioning India as a leader in high-tech manufacturing sectors.
What strategies can be implemented to stimulate growth in manufacturing? (Way forward)
- Expand PLI Scheme Scope: To further stimulate growth, the PLI scheme should be extended to include labour-intensive sectors such as apparel and furniture, as well as emerging industries like aerospace and space technology. This could unlock new growth opportunities and reduce import dependency.
- Streamline Import Regime: Implementing a simplified three-tier tariff system for imports—0–2.5% for raw materials, 2.5%–5% for intermediates, and 5%–7.5% for finished goods—could help lower input costs and enhance competitiveness.
- Focus on MSMEs: Tailoring PLI incentives for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by lowering capital investment thresholds could empower these businesses to scale up and innovate.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Devolution of funds;
Why in the News?
Recently, Tamil Nadu hosted the Sixteenth State Finance Commission, highlighting the need for fair resource allocation to performing states and addressing fiscal imbalances between the Union and states.
What are the primary challenges faced by State Finance Commissions?
- Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: There is a significant disparity in revenue-raising capabilities between the Union and state governments. The Union holds greater powers to generate revenue, while states bear most of the expenditure responsibilities. This imbalance has led to insufficient funds for states to meet developmental needs.
- Inequitable Resource Distribution: Despite efforts to achieve equitable redistribution through vertical and horizontal devolution, actual outcomes often fall short of expectations.
- For instance, the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s effective devolution was only 33.16% of the Union’s gross tax revenue, despite a declared share of 41%.
- Inadequate Devolution: The increasing reliance on cess and surcharges by the Union government has further constrained the financial resources available to states. This trend undermines the intended fiscal autonomy that states require to implement local schemes effectively.
- Demographic and Urbanization Challenges: Progressive states like Tamil Nadu face unique challenges related to ageing populations and rapid urbanisation, which strain their fiscal capacities while necessitating increased investment in infrastructure and services.
How can compliance with constitutional mandates be improved?
- Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Ensuring that SFCs operate within a robust legal framework that mandates transparency and accountability can enhance compliance with constitutional directives. This includes clearer guidelines on resource allocation and devolution processes.
- Public Disclosure: Mandating public disclosure of financial data and project details in accessible formats can foster greater transparency and allow for citizen engagement in governance, thereby ensuring that SFCs adhere more closely to their constitutional roles.
- Participatory Budgeting: Encouraging participatory budgeting practices can help align state financial decisions with local needs, ensuring that resources are allocated in a manner that reflects constitutional mandates for equitable development across regions.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of SFCs?
- Revising Devolution Principles: A reassessment of the principles governing vertical and horizontal devolution is essential to create a fairer distribution system that recognizes both the needs of less-developed states and the contributions of high-performing states like Tamil Nadu.
- Augmenting State Resources: Increasing the share of gross central taxes allocated to states from 41% to at least 50% could provide states with greater fiscal autonomy, allowing them to fund locally relevant initiatives effectively.
- Focus on Growth Incentives: Developing a progressive resource allocation methodology that rewards high-performing states can stimulate economic growth while ensuring that less-developed states also receive adequate support for their development needs.
- Addressing Urbanization Needs: Specific reforms aimed at addressing urbanization challenges—such as earmarking funds for infrastructure development—will be crucial for progressive states experiencing rapid urban growth.
Conclusion: State Finance Commissions must address fiscal imbalances, enhance devolution principles, and prioritise growth incentives to empower states. This is vital for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through equitable and inclusive development.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Oilfields in India;
Why in the News?
The Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, aimed at boosting domestic petroleum and mineral oil production while encouraging private investment to reduce reliance on imports.
What is the Oilfields Bill?
- The Oilfields Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948, which originally governed both oil and mineral operations. The amendment seeks to delineate the regulation of petroleum from mining activities, aligning it more closely with contemporary needs in the oil and gas sector. By doing so, it aims to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.
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What are the major proposed changes?
- Definition of Mineral Oils: The Bill expands the definition of “mineral oils” to include naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as crude oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil. However, it explicitly excludes coal, lignite, and helium from this definition.
- Introduction of Petroleum Leases: The Bill replaces references to “mining leases” with “petroleum leases,” defining these leases as agreements for various activities including exploration and production of mineral oils. Existing mining leases will remain valid under this new framework.
- Decriminalization of Offences: The Bill removes criminal penalties for violations of the Oilfields Act, replacing them with financial penalties. For instance, violations that previously could lead to imprisonment will now incur fines up to ₹25 lakh, with additional daily penalties for ongoing violations.
- Central Government Powers: The Bill empowers the central government to create rules regarding the granting and regulation of petroleum leases, including aspects like environmental protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.
- Encouragement of Private Investment: It includes provisions aimed at attracting private investment into the sector by ensuring stable lease terms and clarifying regulatory frameworks.
What are the criticisms and concerns?
- Impact on State Rights: Critics, including members from the DMK party, argue that the Bill undermines state rights regarding taxation on mining activities. They fear that redefining leases could shift regulatory power away from states to the central government, potentially affecting state revenue from royalties.
- Legal Challenges: There are concerns that framing petroleum operations under a different legal category could lead to conflicts with existing judicial rulings that affirm state powers over mining taxes. A recent Supreme Court ruling emphasized that states have exclusive rights to tax mining activities.
- Environmental Concerns: Opposition members have raised alarms about the potential environmental impacts of allowing greater private sector involvement in petroleum extraction. They advocate for prioritizing public sector companies like ONGC over private entities.
Way forward:
- Balanced Federal Approach: Establish a collaborative mechanism between the Centre and states to address concerns over taxation and royalties, ensuring equitable revenue sharing while maintaining clear regulatory roles.
- Sustainable Exploration Framework: Mandate robust environmental safeguards and prioritize public sector leadership alongside private investment to balance economic growth with ecological preservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary; Madhav National Park
Why in the News?
- Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
- Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.
About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:
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Ratapani TR |
Madhav TR |
| Location |
- Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
- 824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
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- Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
- 354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
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| History |
- Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
- Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
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- It was initially a national park.
- Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
- Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
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| Flora and Fauna |
- Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
- Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
- Water Bodies: Barna Reservoir, Ratapani Dam, seasonal streams.
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- Biome: Dry deciduous forests with significant scrub and grasslands.
- Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
- Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.
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Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?
- A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
- A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
- These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
- The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
- Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
- Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
- Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.
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PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India’s interest in West Africa;
Why in the News?
Despite China’s increasing involvement in financing and infrastructure development, India continues to hold a significant position as one of Nigeria’s key partners in West Africa.
What are the strategic objectives of India in West Africa?
- Strengthening Bilateral Relations: India aims to enhance its strategic partnership with Nigeria, which is pivotal as Nigeria is both the largest economy and democracy in Africa. This partnership is expected to extend beyond Nigeria, influencing broader regional dynamics in West Africa.
- Focus on Security Cooperation: Given the challenges of terrorism, piracy, and drug trafficking in Nigeria, India seeks to bolster security cooperation. This includes defence collaboration and joint efforts in counterterrorism operations against groups like Boko Haram.
- Development Partnerships: India positions itself as a development partner by providing concessional loans and capacity-building programs, demonstrating a commitment to supporting Nigeria’s socio-economic growth.
- Promotion of Global South Aspirations: Both India and Nigeria share common goals as leaders of the Global South, aiming to amplify their voices in international forums like the UN Security Council.
How does India plan to enhance its economic ties with West African countries?
- Diversifying Trade Relations: India plans to revitalize trade with Nigeria, which has seen a decline recently. Efforts include negotiating trade agreements such as the Economic Cooperation Agreement (ECA) and the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to facilitate investment and trade.
- Sectoral Collaboration: The focus areas for economic collaboration include defence, energy, technology, health, and education. India’s PM discussions with the President of Nigeria emphasized leveraging India’s expertise in these sectors to foster mutual growth.
- Infrastructure Development: India aims to support infrastructure development through concessional loans and technical assistance, building on existing projects that have benefited from Indian investment.
- Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: Enhancing cultural ties and promoting exchanges between citizens are also part of India’s strategy to strengthen bilateral relations, fostering goodwill and mutual understanding.
What challenges does India face in its engagement with West Africa?
- Geopolitical Competition: India’s engagement is challenged by China’s significant presence in Nigeria, where Chinese companies dominate various sectors including infrastructure and telecommunications. This competition complicates India’s efforts to establish itself as a key partner.
- Economic Fluctuations: The decline in trade between India and Nigeria from $14.95 billion in 2021-22 to $7.89 billion in 2023-24 highlights vulnerabilities due to shifting global oil markets and increasing imports from other countries like Russia.
- Political Instability: The political landscape in Nigeria can be unpredictable, posing risks for long-term investments and cooperation initiatives that require stability for successful implementation.
- Capacity Constraints: While India offers developmental assistance, the effectiveness of these initiatives can be hindered by local capacity constraints in Nigeria, necessitating a tailored approach that considers local needs and capabilities.
Way forward:
- Deepen Strategic Collaboration: Strengthen defence and security partnerships, diversify trade, and enhance collaboration in sectors like energy, technology, and health to counter China’s growing influence and foster mutual growth.
- Focus on Regional Capacity Building: Expand developmental assistance with tailored initiatives addressing local needs, while supporting Nigeria’s stability through diplomatic engagement and joint Global South aspirations in international forums.
Mains PYQ:
Q Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of PLI Scheme;
Why in the News?
Six out of the 14 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, including textiles, solar modules, IT hardware, automobiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), and speciality steel, are progressing at a relatively slower pace.
What are the primary reasons for the slow implementation of PLI schemes?
- Stringent Eligibility Norms: Many industries have reported that the eligibility criteria for participation in PLI schemes are too stringent, which limits the number of companies that can benefit from the incentives.
- Initial Setup Challenges: Establishing a domestic manufacturing base from scratch is a monumental task. Industries such as solar modules and advanced chemistry cells (ACC) require substantial time—ranging from one-and-a-half to three years—to set up manufacturing operations, delaying employment generation.
- Access to Resources: Companies face difficulties in accessing critical resources, including Chinese machinery and skilled technicians, which can hinder their ability to ramp up production quickly.
- Market Dependency: Some sectors remain heavily reliant on imports and have not yet transitioned to a self-sufficient manufacturing model, impacting their growth under the PLI framework.
- Slow Disbursement of Funds: The initial years of the scheme saw minimal disbursement of funds, with only a small percentage of the total incentive outlay being paid out in the first two years.
Which sectors are experiencing the most significant slowdowns, and why?
- Textiles: This sector is struggling due to high competition and stringent norms that have slowed down participation and growth.
- Solar Modules: Despite being a strategic sector for renewable energy, delays in establishing manufacturing capabilities have led to slow progress.
- As of June 2024, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity reached 77.2 GW, but the solar cell capacity was only 7.6 GW, leading to supply shortages that delayed projects.
- Automobiles: While some companies are making progress, the automobile sector overall is hindered by initial setup challenges and fluctuating market conditions.
- Factors such as rising raw material costs and shifts in consumer preferences towards electric vehicles are creating a complex environment for traditional automakers.
- Advanced Chemical Cells (ACC): Similar to solar modules, this sector faces long commissioning periods that delay employment outcomes. Because of the lengthy development timelines for manufacturing facilities and the need for substantial investment in technology are contributing to slower growth in this strategic area.
- IT Hardware: Although recently upgraded with increased funding, it still lags behind in implementation compared to more successful sectors like mobile manufacturing.
What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of PLI schemes? (Way forward)
- Revising Eligibility Criteria: Simplifying the eligibility requirements could encourage more companies, especially smaller firms, to participate in the schemes and benefit from incentives.
- Increasing Support for Supply Chains: Establishing robust supply chains is crucial. The government could provide additional support to smaller suppliers who are essential for scaling up production across sectors.
- Streamlining Resource Access: Facilitating easier access to necessary machinery and skilled labor can help companies ramp up production more effectively and reduce dependency on imports.
- Regular Reviews and Adjustments: Continuous monitoring and adjustments based on sector performance can help identify bottlenecks early and allow for timely interventions.
- Encouraging Ancillary Industries: Promoting the establishment of ancillary industries around larger beneficiaries could create additional jobs and enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to land degradation;
Why in the News?
The UNCCD, a treaty addressing desertification and drought, partnered with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to release an analysis ahead of COP16’s launch in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
What is Land Degradation?
Land degradation is defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the “reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands” due to various pressures, including land use and management practices. This phenomenon results in diminished soil quality and productivity, affecting both ecosystems and human livelihoods. |
Why is it a Matter of Concern?
Land degradation poses significant risks to both humans and ecosystems:
- Water Insecurity: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity and reduces access to safe water, leading to a higher incidence of water- and food-borne diseases.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation lead to approximately 829,000 deaths per year from diarrheal diseases alone.
- Food Security: It reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing malnutrition risks.
- Health Risks: Degraded lands contribute to the spread of water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and lack of clean water. Respiratory issues can arise from soil erosion and dust.
- Environmental Impact: Eroded soil carries fertilizers and pesticides into water bodies, harming aquatic life and communities dependent on these resources.
- Climate Change: Healthy soils act as carbon sinks. Degradation leads to the release of stored carbon and nitrous oxide, exacerbating global warming. The report indicates that land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused carbon dioxide has decreased by 20% over the last decade.
What is Causing Land Degradation?
- Chemical Overuse: Excessive fertilisers and pesticides degrade soil; 50% of agricultural land suffers from nutrient depletion, salinisation, and waterlogging affecting 30% of irrigated lands globally.
- Soil Erosion: Unsustainable farming practices lead to the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil annually, reducing crop yields by up to 50% in some regions.
- Climate Change: Extreme weather events reduce global crop yields by 10%-50% by 2050; 12.6% of drylands were degraded between 1982-2015, affecting 213 million people.
- Urbanization: Rapid urban growth of 1 million hectares per year destroys habitats, reduces farmland, and increases runoff, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
- Deforestation and Overgrazing: 420 million hectares of forest lost since 1990; overgrazing degrades 34% of the global degraded area, weakening soil health and ecosystems.
Which Areas are the Worst Affected?
- Dry Regions: Areas such as South Asia, northern China, California (USA), and the Mediterranean are particularly vulnerable.
- Global Context: Approximately 15 million square kilometers of land are already degraded an area larger than Antarctica with an additional million square kilometers degrading each year. A third of humanity lives in drylands, which encompass three-quarters of Africa.
Way forward:
- Sustainable Land Management Practices: Promote eco-friendly agricultural methods, reforestation, and efficient irrigation to restore soil health, combat erosion, and improve water retention in degraded lands.
- Global Collaboration and Policy Implementation: Strengthen international frameworks like the UNCCD, allocate resources for affected regions, and adopt policies that integrate land restoration with climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Banking Sector Reforms;
Why in the News?
The Lok Sabha passed the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, marking the first piece of legislation to be approved during the Winter Session after the resolution of a week-long impasse.
What are the key features of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?
- Nomination Provisions: The Bill allows bank account holders to nominate up to four individuals for their accounts, with options for either successive or simultaneous nominations. However, locker holders will only have the option for successive nominations.
- Redefinition of “Substantial Interest”: The threshold for defining “substantial interest” for directorships is proposed to increase from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore, reflecting current economic conditions.
- Tenure of Directors: The tenure of directors (excluding chairpersons and whole-time directors) in cooperative banks will be extended from eight years to ten years, aligning with provisions in the Constitution (Ninety-Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011.
- Common Directorships: The Bill permits directors of Central Cooperative Banks to serve on the boards of State Cooperative Banks under certain conditions.
- Auditor Remuneration: It grants banks greater flexibility in determining the remuneration for statutory auditors, which was previously regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the central government.
- Reporting Dates: The reporting dates for regulatory compliance will shift from the second and fourth Fridays to the 15th and last day of every month, streamlining oversight processes.
What are the reasons for this amendment?
- Enhancing Governance: The amendments aim to strengthen governance standards within banks, ensuring better protection for depositors and investors while improving audit quality in public sector banks.
- Customer Convenience: By allowing multiple nominations, the Bill intends to simplify inheritance processes related to bank deposits and reduce instances of unclaimed deposits after an account holder’s demise.
- Alignment with Constitutional Provisions: Increasing director tenures in cooperative banks aligns banking regulations with constitutional amendments that govern cooperative societies.
What would be the significant impact of this amendment?
- Improved Customer Experience: The ability to nominate multiple individuals enhances customer convenience and ensures smoother transitions in account management after an account holder’s death.
- Strengthened Governance Framework: By redefining substantial interest and increasing director tenures, the Bill aims to foster a more robust governance framework within cooperative banks, potentially leading to better decision-making and accountability.
- Regulatory Compliance Efficiency: Changing reporting dates is expected to improve compliance efficiency, allowing banks to better align their reporting practices with regulatory requirements.
What is the criticism faced by the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?
- Concerns Over Financial Practices: Opposition leaders raised concerns regarding rising imports from China amid strained relations and questioned broader financial practices like demonetization and electoral bonds.
- Banking Fees and Cybersecurity Risks: Critics highlighted issues related to fees for basic banking services such as ATM withdrawals and SMS alerts, particularly emphasizing vulnerabilities faced by senior citizens concerning cyber fraud.
- Economic Context: Some opposition members criticized the timing of the Bill against a backdrop of economic challenges such as inflation exceeding growth rates, potentially leading to stagflation. They expressed skepticism about whether these amendments would effectively address underlying economic issues.
Way forward:
- Addressing Broader Economic Concerns: The government should focus on macroeconomic reforms to manage inflation and foster sustainable growth. The Banking Laws Amendment should be complemented by policies that address the root causes of economic challenges, ensuring the banking sector thrives amidst broader financial stability.
- Strengthening Cybersecurity and Customer Protection: Banks should enhance security measures, especially for senior citizens, to safeguard against rising cyber fraud.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian and USA Constitution; President;
Why in the News?
U.S. President Joe Biden has issued an unconditional pardon to his son, Hunter Biden, who was facing sentencing for federal tax and gun-related convictions.
What is the history of the pardoning power in the U.S.?
- Constitutional Basis: The U.S. Constitution grants the President the power to grant pardons for federal offenses under Article II, Section 2, which states that the President can “grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment”.
- Historical Use: This power has been exercised by every president since George Washington. Notable historical examples include George Washington’s pardon of participants in the Whiskey Rebellion and Bill Clinton’s pardon of his half-brother Roger on his last day in office.
- Controversial Pardons: The pardoning power has often been mired in controversy, with instances such as Donald Trump pardoning his son-in-law’s father and Joe Biden now pardoning his son Hunter. These actions have raised questions about nepotism and pthe olitical motivations behind such decisions.
What is the current controversy?
- Hunter Biden’s Pardon: President Joe Biden granted an unconditional pardon to his son Hunter for federal tax and gun convictions.
- This decision has sparked significant backlash from both Republicans and some Democrats, who view it as an abuse of power and a contradiction to Biden’s earlier statements that he would not intervene in his son’s legal matters.
- Political Motivations: Biden defended his decision by claiming Hunter was unfairly prosecuted due to political motives. Critics argue that this reflects a broader pattern of using presidential pardons for personal or political gain, undermining public trust in the justice system 37.
What is the Indian system?
- Constitutional Provisions: In India, Articles 72 and 161 empower the President and Governors to grant pardons, commutations, remissions, or reprieves. Unlike in the U.S., these powers are exercised on the advice of the council of ministers.
- Nature of Pardon: A pardon in India absolves an offender from conviction and all associated disqualifications. The Supreme Court has held that this power is subject to judicial review to prevent arbitrary or biased decisions.
- Political Controversies: Similar to the U.S., pardoning decisions in India have been embroiled in political controversies, often reflecting governmental biases or public sentiment at the time.
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Way Forward
- Need for Reform: Critics argue that modern uses of pardoning powers often serve political interests rather than justice. There is a call for reform to ensure that these powers are exercised transparently and judiciously.
- Establishing Review Mechanisms: Learning from practices in other democracies, such as the UK’s Criminal Cases Review Commission, which investigates alleged miscarriages of justice, could help establish a more systematic approach to reviewing pardons and clemency applications 6.
- Maintaining Public Trust: It is crucial for any future exercise of pardoning power to be conducted without perceptions of nepotism or bias.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Coastal erosion; Climate change impact;
Why in the News?
During the ongoing Winter Session of Parliament, the Union Environment Ministry presented data shedding light on the critical issue of coastal erosion in India.
What are the key findings of the report?
- Extent of Coastal Erosion Nationwide:
- 33.6% of India’s coastline has been affected by erosion over the past three decades.
- 26.9% of the coastline has shown growth (accretion), while 39.6% remains stable.
- Regional Variations in Karnataka:
- Dakshina Kannada: The most severely affected district in Karnataka, with 48.4% of its 36.66 km coastline eroded (17.74 km).
- Udupi: Reported 34.7% erosion of its 100.71 km coastline (34.96 km).
- Uttara Kannada: Reported the lowest erosion, at 12.3% of its 175.65 km coastline (21.64 km).
- Data and Methodology: The study, conducted by the National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), utilized satellite imagery and field surveys to monitor shoreline changes from 1990 to 2018.
- Risk Identification and Mapping: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS) has prepared Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Maps (MHVM), incorporating data on extreme water levels, sea level rise, and shoreline changes to highlight areas prone to disasters like tsunamis and storm surges.
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What are the causes of coastal erosion in India?
- Rising Sea Levels: Climate change has led to increased sea levels, which amplify storm surges and coastal flooding, significantly contributing to erosion.
- Sand Mining and Infrastructure Projects: Unregulated sand extraction and construction activities, such as ports and seawalls, disrupt natural sediment flow, exacerbating erosion in vulnerable areas.
- For example, illegal sand mining along the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River has reduced river channel width by up to 55%, significantly increasing erosion risks along the banks.
- Mangrove Depletion: The loss of mangroves, which act as natural barriers against wave action, leaves coastlines more exposed to erosion. For instance, after Cyclone Gaja in 2019, Muthupet mangroves in Tamil Nadu lost nearly three square kilometres of coverage due to uprooted trees.
- Cyclonic Activity: An increase in cyclonic events has destabilised coastal systems, further intensifying erosion. As per the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reported that 75% of the Indian coastline is susceptible to cyclones and related hazards.
CASE STUDY: Mitigation Efforts in Karnataka
- Shoreline Management Plan: The Karnataka government has developed this plan under the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 2019 to address coastal erosion effectively.
- Karnataka Strengthening Coastal Resilience and Economy (K-SHORE) Project: Funded by the World Bank, this initiative aims to enhance coastal protection, improve community livelihoods, and tackle marine plastic pollution along Karnataka’s coast.
- Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Maps (MHVM): Created by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS), these maps identify areas at risk from disasters like tsunamis and storm surges using data on shoreline changes and sea level rise.
- Community-Driven Conservation Programs: Experts advocate for community involvement in conservation efforts, along with real-time monitoring of erosion using artificial intelligence for sustainable solutions.
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Why there is a need for a paradigm shift?
- Ineffectiveness of Traditional Methods: Long-standing strategies like constructing concrete sea walls have proven ineffective over the past 30 years in preventing coastal erosion.
- Recommendations Against Human Habitation: Engineers recommend restricting habitation in vulnerable areas to mitigate risks associated with coastal erosion; however, political interests often overshadow these warnings.
- Investment in Sustainable Solutions: Environmental activists argue that funds currently allocated for traditional coastal structures would be better spent on creating safe townships away from vulnerable coastlines, ensuring community safety during extreme weather events.
- Holistic Approaches Needed: A multi-faceted strategy involving ecosystem restoration (e.g., mangrove replantation), stricter regulation of sand mining, and innovative solutions like artificial reefs is essential for effective long-term management of coastal erosion issues.
Way forward:
- Adopt Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): Implement holistic strategies combining ecosystem restoration, stricter regulations on sand mining, and innovative measures like artificial reefs and eco-friendly breakwaters to ensure long-term coastal resilience.
- Promote Managed Retreat and Community Awareness: Relocate vulnerable communities to safer areas away from high-risk zones while fostering community-driven conservation efforts and leveraging real-time monitoring technologies like AI to mitigate erosion impacts effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to GDP;
Why in the News?
India has been growing well even with global challenges. After growing by 8.2% in 2023-24 and 6.7% in the first quarter of 2024-25, growth slowed down to 5.4% in the second quarter.
Is the Slowdown in GDP Growth a Temporary Setback or a Sign of a Longer-Term Trend?
- Current Growth Trends: India’s GDP growth decelerated to 5.4% in the second quarter of FY 2024-25, down from 6.7% in the previous quarter and 8.1% in the same quarter last year. This sharp decline has raised concerns about the sustainability of growth, particularly given that industrial performance has been poor, especially in the mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors.
- Sectoral Performance: The industrial sector’s growth slowed to 3.6% from 8.3%, indicating significant challenges in manufacturing and mining.
- While agriculture has shown recovery due to good Kharif harvests, and the services sector remains robust, the overall industrial slowdown suggests vulnerabilities that could impact future growth.
- Expectations for Recovery: Despite the current slowdown, there are expectations for GDP growth to rebound in the latter half of the fiscal year due to improved government expenditure and rural consumption. However, this recovery is contingent upon various factors, including global economic conditions and domestic consumption patterns.
- Long-Term Concerns: Analysts caution that while some recovery is anticipated, the overall GDP growth for FY 2024-25 is projected to be lower at around 6.5%, which is a decrease from the 7-8% range seen in previous years.
Measures to Stimulate Consumer Sentiment and Boost Household Spending
- Tax Benefits for Households: The government could consider implementing tax incentives aimed at increasing disposable income for households, thereby encouraging spending. This could involve direct tax cuts or enhanced deductions for certain expenditures.
- Job Creation Initiatives: A strong focus on job creation, especially in sectors vulnerable to automation, could bolster household incomes and consumer confidence. Initiatives could include skill development programs and incentives for businesses that hire more workers.
- Support for Agriculture: Given the positive impact of agricultural performance on rural consumption, enhancing support for farmers through subsidies or better access to markets could further stimulate spending in rural areas.
- Addressing Inflation Concerns: Moderating food inflation through effective supply chain management and price controls could help ease consumer spending pressures. Ensuring stable prices for essential commodities would improve overall consumer sentiment.
- Incentives for Private Investment: Encouraging private sector investment through favorable policies and easing regulatory burdens can lead to increased economic activity and job creation.
How Should Policymakers Respond to Current Economic Challenges? (Way forward)
- Enhance Public Investment: Policymakers should prioritize increasing government capital expenditure (capex), which has been weak due to election-related restrictions. A robust public investment strategy can stimulate economic activity and create jobs.
- Focus on Deregulation: Continued efforts to deregulate sectors can improve business confidence and attract private investments, fostering a more conducive environment for growth.
- Monitor Global Developments: Policymakers need to remain vigilant regarding global economic trends that could impact India’s economy, including potential trade wars or geopolitical tensions. Preparing contingency plans will be crucial in mitigating risks associated with global volatility.
- Strengthen Domestic Demand: Given the uncertain global environment, strengthening domestic demand through targeted fiscal policies will be essential for sustainable growth. This includes measures that directly enhance consumer spending power.
- Long-Term Growth Strategy: A comprehensive strategy focusing on enhancing productivity across sectors, investing in infrastructure, and fostering innovation will be critical for raising India’s potential GDP growth over the long term.
Mains PYQ:
Q Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to disabled people;
Why in the News?
December 3, International Day of Persons with Disabilities, promotes awareness of their rights, inclusion, and needs, emphasizing support for one of the world’s most marginalized and underrepresented communities.
What are the barriers faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing nutrition services?
- Physical Accessibility: Many individuals with disabilities face challenges in accessing physical locations where nutrition services are provided, such as grocery stores or health clinics. This includes barriers like lack of ramps, inaccessible transportation, and inadequate facilities.
- Lack of Knowledge and Skills: Individuals with disabilities may have limited knowledge about nutrition and cooking skills, which can hinder their ability to prepare healthy meals. This is often compounded by the need for assistance from caregivers who may not be well-informed about nutritional needs.
- Financial Constraints: Economic factors play a significant role; many individuals with disabilities experience financial instability, limiting their ability to purchase nutritious food. This is particularly true in low-income households where resources are scarce.
- Social Isolation and Stigma: People with disabilities often face social isolation and stigma, which can affect their access to community resources and support networks that provide nutritional assistance or education.
- Complex Health Needs: Many individuals with disabilities have specific dietary requirements or face challenges related to feeding, swallowing, or digestion, making it difficult to meet their nutritional needs without tailored support.
- Inadequate Public Health Support: In many regions, public health systems fail to provide adequate nutritional support for individuals with disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where resources may be limited.
How can nutrition programs be adapted to ensure they are inclusive of individuals with disabilities?
- Tailored Nutritional Education: Nutrition programs should include educational components that cater specifically to the needs of individuals with disabilities, focusing on accessible cooking methods and meal planning that accommodate various dietary restrictions.
- Accessible Service Delivery: Programs should ensure that nutrition services are delivered in accessible locations and formats, including home visits for those unable to travel or online platforms for remote consultations.
- Community Engagement: Involving individuals with disabilities in the design and implementation of nutrition programs can help ensure that their unique needs are met. This could include feedback mechanisms to adapt services based on community input.
- Training for Caregivers: Providing training for caregivers on the specific nutritional needs of individuals with disabilities can enhance meal preparation and dietary management at home.
- Financial Assistance Programs: Implementing subsidies or financial assistance programs can help alleviate the economic burden on families caring for individuals with disabilities, enabling them to purchase healthier food options.
- Integration with Health Services: Nutrition programs should be integrated with broader health services to provide comprehensive support that addresses both nutritional needs and overall health outcomes.
What role do Anganwadi workers play in promoting disability inclusion in their communities?
- Early Identification and Referral: Anganwadi workers play a crucial role in the early identification of disabilities among children through monitoring developmental milestones and referring families to appropriate health services.
- Community Education: They engage communities through initiatives like podcasts (e.g., “Nanhe Farishtey”) to raise awareness about disabilities and promote inclusive practices within local settings.
- Nutrition Service Delivery: As frontline community nutrition providers, Anganwadi workers deliver vital nutrition services tailored to the needs of children with disabilities, ensuring they receive adequate dietary support.
- Collaboration with Other Health Workers: Anganwadi workers collaborate with Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers to create a network of support for families dealing with disabilities, facilitating access to medical care and government benefits.
- Capacity Building: Ongoing training on disability inclusion through protocols like the ‘Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children’ equips workers with the knowledge necessary to support children with disabilities effectively.
- Advocacy for Rights and Resources: They advocate for the rights of persons with disabilities within their communities, helping families navigate available resources such as disability certificates and pensions.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Inclusive Infrastructure and Services: Develop accessible infrastructure, including Anganwadi centres and transportation, while integrating nutrition programs with health services to provide tailored support for individuals with disabilities.
- Empower Community and Frontline Workers: Enhance training for Anganwadi workers and caregivers, promote community engagement to address stigma, and ensure financial support for families to improve access to nutritious food and essential services.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Prison;
Why in the News?
President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning report, Prisons in India: Mapping Prison Manuals and Measures for Reformation and Decongestion, highlighting electronic prisoner tracking to tackle overcrowding.
What are the key finding of the report?
- Addressing Overcrowding: The report highlights the critical issue of overcrowding in Indian prisons, which had an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, with a significant number of inmates being undertrials (75.8%). It proposes that electronic tracking could serve as a cost-effective alternative to incarceration, allowing for the release of low and moderate-risk prisoners while ensuring compliance with legal conditions.
- Implementation Recommendations: The report suggests initiating pilot programs for electronic monitoring, specifically targeting undertrial prisoners who exhibit good behavior. This phased approach aims to assess community readiness and the feasibility of broader implementation while ensuring that such measures respect individual rights and privacy concerns.
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What are the benefits of electronic tracking of people out of prison on bail?
- Reduction in Overcrowding: Electronic tracking can significantly alleviate prison overcrowding. With Indian prisons operating at an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, implementing electronic monitoring for low and moderate-risk undertrials could free up space and resources.
- Cost-Effectiveness: The financial implications are substantial; for instance, the annual cost of maintaining a single undertrial prisoner in Odisha is around Rs 1 lakh, while the cost of an electronic tracker is estimated to be between Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000. This shift could lead to considerable savings in prison management costs.
- Improved Rehabilitation: Allowing undertrials to remain in the community while monitored electronically supports their rehabilitation. It enables them to continue education and work, thereby maintaining family connections crucial for reintegration into society.
- Enhanced Monitoring: Electronic tracking provides a reliable method to ensure compliance with release conditions, reducing the risk of absconding or re-offending.
What are the present challenges in India?
- Privacy Concerns: The use of electronic monitoring raises significant privacy issues. Continuous surveillance can be perceived as intrusive and may infringe on individuals’ fundamental rights, as highlighted by recent Supreme Court rulings against invasive bail conditions.
- Technical Reliability: The effectiveness of electronic tracking systems depends on the technology’s reliability. Issues such as device malfunctions or signal loss can undermine the monitoring process.
- Human Rights Risks: There is a potential for misuse or overuse of electronic tracking, leading to human rights violations. Clear guidelines and safeguards are essential to prevent abuse of this technology.
- Stigmatisation: Individuals may face social stigma associated with wearing electronic tracking devices, which can exacerbate feelings of isolation and mental health issues.
- Implementation Costs: While the initial costs may be lower than incarceration, establishing a comprehensive electronic tracking system requires significant investment in technology and training for law enforcement personnel.
What are the lessons from other countries?
- E-Carceration Concerns: In the United States, electronic monitoring has been criticized as a form of ‘e-carceration’, extending punitive measures beyond physical jails and potentially creating oppressive environments, particularly for marginalized communities.
- Cost-Bearing Issues: In some jurisdictions, costs associated with electronic monitoring are borne by the monitored individuals rather than the government, leading to additional financial burdens that could deter participation in such programs.
- Community Impact: Studies show that over-reliance on electronic monitoring can disproportionately affect specific demographics, similar to how marginalized groups are overrepresented in prison populations in India.
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Way forward:
- Balancing Privacy and Efficiency: Implement clear guidelines and legal safeguards to ensure electronic tracking respects privacy and prevents misuse. Regular audits and judicial oversight can mitigate potential human rights violations.
- Equitable and Scalable Implementation: Subsidize costs for underprivileged individuals and invest in reliable technology and training for law enforcement. Pilot programs can identify best practices before nationwide adoption.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Health Care issues in India;
Why in the News?
The recent cardiac arrest and subsequent death of a Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) bus driver while on duty has sparked conversations about worsening health outcomes in urban areas.
What are the primary risk factors contributing to the rising NCD burden in urban areas?
- High-Stress Work Environments: Many urban workers, including bus drivers, face high levels of stress due to long hours, erratic schedules, and demanding job conditions.
- The BMTC study indicated that over 40% of its employees aged 45-60 are at risk for cardiovascular diseases, exacerbated by factors like continuous driving and poor eating habits.
- Poor Nutrition and Lifestyle: Workers often lack access to healthy food options and exercise opportunities, leading to increased rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
- The BMTC workforce has shown alarming rates of these conditions, which are often linked to lifestyle choices made under stressful work conditions.
- Lack of Health Insurance and Support: Many informal workers do not have health insurance or access to regular health screenings. This lack of support can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of NCDs, increasing the risk of severe health events like heart attacks.
- Socioeconomic Marginalization: A significant portion of the urban population lives in slums or informal settlements, where access to healthcare is limited. This socioeconomic status contributes to poor health outcomes and a higher prevalence of NCDs.
How can urban health systems be strengthened to effectively manage NCDs?
- Improving Access to Primary Healthcare: Urban health systems must focus on making primary healthcare services more accessible to marginalized communities. This includes expanding facilities in underserved areas and ensuring that services are affordable and culturally appropriate.
- Implementing Regular Health Screenings: Regular health evaluations for high-risk populations, such as bus drivers and other transport workers, should be mandated. These screenings can help identify risk factors early on and facilitate timely interventions.
- Integrating Health Services with Employment Policies: Employers should collaborate with health departments to create programs that promote employee wellness, including stress management workshops and nutrition education tailored for their workforce.
- Community-Based Health Promotion: Local organizations can play a crucial role in educating communities about NCD risks and promoting healthy lifestyles through workshops and outreach programs that engage residents directly.
What role do public awareness and community engagement play in combating NCDs?
- Raising Awareness About NCD Risks: Public campaigns can educate individuals about the importance of regular health screenings and lifestyle changes that reduce the risk of NCDs. Awareness initiatives can empower communities to take charge of their health.
- Encouraging Community Participation: Engaging community members in health promotion activities fosters a sense of ownership over their health outcomes. Community-led initiatives can effectively address local health issues by tailoring solutions to specific needs.
- Utilizing Technology for Monitoring Health: Digital tools can facilitate real-time monitoring of health metrics for at-risk populations, enabling proactive management of conditions like hypertension and diabetes.
- Creating Support Networks: Building networks among workers can provide emotional support and share resources for managing health issues collectively, which is particularly beneficial for those facing similar challenges in high-stress jobs.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Urban Primary Healthcare: Expand access to affordable and culturally relevant primary health services, implement regular screenings for high-risk groups, and integrate wellness programs with employment policies for vulnerable workers.
- Promote Community-Led Health Initiatives: Engage local organizations and residents to raise awareness about NCD risks, encourage healthy lifestyles, and utilize digital tools for real-time health monitoring and proactive care.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to AI;
Why in the News?
In October, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) held discussions with industry leaders and experts about establishing an AI Safety Institute as part of the IndiaAI Mission.
What are the core objectives and focus areas for the AI Safety Institute?
- Setting Standards for AI Safety: The AISI aims to develop frameworks, guidelines, and standards for safe AI deployment without acting as a regulatory body. This approach is designed to foster innovation while ensuring safety.
- Enhancing Domestic Capacity: The institute will focus on building domestic capabilities in AI safety, leveraging India’s unique strengths and addressing local challenges related to AI deployment.
- Promoting Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration: Engaging various stakeholders—including government bodies, industry players, academia, and civil society—is crucial for creating a comprehensive approach to AI safety that reflects diverse perspectives.
- Risk Assessment and Mitigation: The AISI will develop tools for risk assessment and mitigation related to AI technologies, focusing on issues such as bias, discrimination, and social exclusion.
- Global Engagement: By integrating into international networks like the Bletchley Process, the AISI will participate in global dialogues on AI safety, bringing forward the concerns of developing countries and contributing to a more inclusive governance framework.
How should the organizational structure of the AISI be designed to ensure scalability and independence?
- Independence from Regulatory Bodies: The AISI should operate independently from rulemaking and enforcement authorities to maintain its focus on research, testing, and standardization rather than regulatory compliance.
- Collaboration with Academic Institutions: Establishing the AISI within academic institutions (e.g., IITs) can provide it with a degree of independence while tapping into existing research capabilities and expertise.
- Scalable Framework: The organizational structure should be designed for scalability, allowing the institute to adapt to evolving technological landscapes and increasing demands for AI safety oversight.
- Technical Research Focus: The AISI should prioritize technical research and development of indigenous AI safety tools that address India’s specific challenges while aligning with global standards.
What strategies can be implemented to engage stakeholders and build partnerships for effective AI safety governance? (Way forward)
- Building Strong Partnerships: The AISI should actively seek partnerships with key stakeholders in government, industry, academia, and civil society both nationally and internationally to foster collaboration on AI safety initiatives.
- Engaging in Global Dialogues: Participation in international forums and dialogues on AI governance will help position India as a leader in global discussions on AI safety, allowing for knowledge exchange and shared best practices.
- Community Involvement: Engaging local communities through outreach programs can raise awareness about AI risks and promote inclusive participation in shaping AI governance policies.
- Establishing Voluntary Compliance Tools: Developing voluntary compliance toolkits can help industries adopt best practices in AI safety without imposing stringent regulatory requirements that could stifle innovation.
- Continuous Feedback Mechanisms: Implementing mechanisms for continuous feedback from stakeholders will ensure that the AISI remains responsive to emerging challenges in AI technology and governance.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to family Planning;
Why in the News?
According to NFHS-5, 97% of women and 97.5% of men are aware of modern contraceptives, yet the burden primarily falls on women, with female sterilisation being the most prevalent.
What are the current trends in contraceptive decision-making among Indian couples?
- Dominance of Female Sterilization: As of the latest reports, female sterilisation accounts for 37.9% of total sterilizations, while male sterilisation through vasectomies remains critically low at just 0.3%.
- Decline in Male Sterilization: The use of male sterilization has been steadily decreasing over the past three decades.
- Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) show that the percentage of vasectomies has remained stagnant at around 0.3% in both NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-20), reflecting a broader trend of declining male participation in family planning.
- Government Targets Not Met: The National Health Policy 2017 aimed to increase male sterilization to at least 30%, a target that remains unmet, indicating systemic issues within the family planning framework.
How does societal perception impact men’s involvement in family planning?
- Perception of Burden: Many men view vasectomy as an undue burden, fearing loss of wages and questioning their masculinity. Women often echo this sentiment, believing that men should not be “burdened” by sterilization responsibilities due to their economic roles.
- Lack of Awareness: There is a widespread lack of awareness regarding the benefits and safety of vasectomies, compounded by misconceptions about their effects on libido and masculinity. This misinformation contributes to low acceptance rates among men.
- Cultural Norms: Traditional gender roles reinforce the notion that women should handle family planning, leading to a lack of male engagement in reproductive health discussions.
What strategies can be implemented to promote shared responsibility in contraceptive use? (Way forward)
- Education and Awareness Campaigns: Initiatives should focus on educating both genders about reproductive health and shared responsibilities through school programs and community workshops. Early sensitization can help normalize discussions around male sterilization.
- Conditional Cash Incentives: Increasing financial incentives for men who opt for vasectomies can encourage participation. Evidence from Maharashtra suggests that cash incentives have led to higher rates of vasectomy acceptance among rural men.
- Training Healthcare Providers: Enhancing training for healthcare workers on no-scalpel vasectomies can improve service delivery, particularly in rural areas with limited access to skilled practitioners.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Drawing lessons from countries like South Korea and Brazil, India can implement mass media campaigns to reshape societal attitudes towards male contraceptive responsibility, emphasising the safety and simplicity of vasectomies compared to female sterilization procedures.
- Policy Implementation with Concrete Steps: The government should ensure that policies are actionable, with clear steps outlined to achieve targets related to male participation in family planning efforts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges due to wildfire;
Why in the News?
A study published in The Lancet revealed that pollution from landscape fires, including agricultural burning in northern India during winters, may have caused over 1.2 lakh deaths annually in India between 2000 and 2019.
What is Wildfire and Its Types?
- Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that burn in natural landscapes, including forests, grasslands, and savannas. They can occur due to natural causes, such as lightning strikes, or human activities, including agricultural burning and land clearing.
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- Forest Fires: These occur in wooded areas and can spread rapidly due to dry conditions and strong winds.
- Grassland Fires: Also known as prairie fires, these occur in grasslands and can be beneficial for ecosystem regeneration but are destructive if uncontrolled.
- Vegetation Fires: These include fires that burn through shrublands and other types of vegetation, often exacerbated by drought conditions.
- Agricultural Burning: A common practice in many regions, particularly in northern India during winters, where farmers burn crop stubble to clear fields for new planting. This practice significantly contributes to air pollution.
What are the Global and Local Impacts of Landscape Fire Pollution?
Global Impact:
- Death Toll: A recent study published in The Lancet estimates that globally, landscape fires are responsible for over 1.53 million deaths annually due to air pollution, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries.
- Health Risks: The study highlights that approximately 450,000 deaths each year are linked to cardiovascular diseases and 220,000 to respiratory diseases caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) released from these fires.
- Geographical Disparities: The highest mortality rates from fire-related air pollution are found in countries like China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Indonesia, and Nigeria.
Local Impact (India):
- Annual Deaths: In India alone, it is estimated that landscape fires contributed to about 2.55 million deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases between 2000 and 2019, averaging over 120,000 deaths per year.
- Seasonal Pollution: During winter months (October to December), northern India experiences severe air quality issues due to agricultural burning combined with cooler temperatures that trap pollutants close to the ground.
- Socio-Economic Factors: The study indicates that deaths caused by wildfires are four times higher in low-income countries compared to high-income nations. Lower socio-economic regions face greater health risks from fire-related air pollution.
What are the steps taken by the Government to the wildfire?
- Forest Protection Division: Headed by the DIG of Forests, this division oversees forest fire management at the central level.
- Community Involvement: The government encourages active participation in forest fire management through mechanisms like Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Eco-Development Committees (EDCs).
- National Action Plan for Forest Fires (NAPFF): Introduced in 2018, the plan focuses on reducing forest fires by fostering collaboration between forest communities and state forest departments.
- Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM): A government-sponsored initiative aimed at assisting states in effectively managing and preventing forest fires.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Community-Based Management: Enhance capacity building, training, and incentivization for local communities through Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) to actively prevent and manage wildfires.
- Leverage Technology and Research: Implement advanced monitoring systems like satellite-based fire detection and promote research on fire-resistant vegetation to mitigate the impact of wildfires and associated air pollution.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: HIV/AIDS
Why in the News?
The stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS impacts not only those living with the virus but also affects healthcare practices as a whole. India needs policies that address both the medical treatment of HIV and the social issues that prevent effective healthcare.
Background:
- In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo identified the AIDS-causing virus. By the mid-1980s, HIV/AIDS symbolized fear, targeting immune cells and posing immense medical challenges without effective treatments.
- In August 1987, the U.S. beaches saw a disturbing “Syringe Tide,” with used syringes and medical waste washing ashore, alarming the public and creating a national outcry over health concerns.
- In 1986, India passed the Environmental Protection Act, marking its first major step towards environmental protection. It also identified the first HIV case at Madras Medical College.
- Despite this progress, biomedical waste was not recognized as ‘hazardous waste’, and the 1989 Hazardous Waste Rules did not include biomedical waste, leaving its disposal to local bodies.
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Why did the USA pass the Medical Waste Tracking Act, of 1988?
- Public Health Crisis: The syringe tide incident, where used syringes and medical waste washed ashore, raised severe public health concerns, especially given the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Many syringes found were reportedly HIV-positive, amplifying fears about contamination and disease transmission.
- Economic Impact: The tourism industry suffered significant losses, estimated at over $1 billion due to beach closures and public fear of contaminated shorelines. This economic fallout prompted a swift governmental response to restore public confidence and safety.
- Regulatory Framework: The Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 established a clear framework for monitoring and managing medical waste from its generation to disposal. This legislation recognized medical waste as a distinct category requiring specific handling procedures to prevent similar incidents in the future.
What are the new Biomedical Waste Regulations in India?
- Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, introduced in 1998: It marked a significant step by formally recognizing hospital waste as hazardous. This legislation empowered Pollution Control Boards to oversee waste management practices.
- Biomedical Waste Management Rules (BMWM Rules)), 2016: It represents a comprehensive regulatory framework aimed at managing biomedical waste effectively.
- Initially, biomedical waste was categorized into ten different types. This was later simplified to four color-coded categories in the 2016 amendments, which aimed to streamline the segregation process
- Segregation and Treatment: Current regulations mandate that biomedical waste be segregated at the point of generation into specific categories (e.g., infectious, non-infectious) and treated accordingly before disposal.
- Yellow Bags: For human anatomical waste, soiled waste, expired medicines, and chemical waste. This waste is typically treated through incineration.
- Red Bags: For recyclable contaminated waste such as tubing and syringes (without needles), which undergo autoclaving before recycling.
- White Containers: For sharps like needles and blades, which are sterilized before disposal.
- Blue Boxes: For glassware that is disinfected or autoclaved.
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How do these regulations aim to address environmental concerns?
- The regulations aim to prevent environmental contamination by ensuring that biomedical waste is not mixed with general waste streams, thus reducing the risk of hazardous materials entering landfills or water bodies.
- By regulating how medical waste is handled and disposed of, these laws protect public health and the occupational safety of healthcare workers who may be exposed to hazardous materials during their work.
What challenges exist in implementing these biomedical waste regulations?
- Compliance Gaps: Despite established regulations, many healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas, struggle with compliance due to a lack of resources, training, or awareness about proper waste management practices.
- Occupational Hazards: Healthcare professionals continue to face risks from improperly managed biomedical waste, which can lead to exposure to infectious materials and other hazardous substances.
- Infrastructure Limitations: Inadequate infrastructure for waste segregation and treatment remains a significant challenge in many regions of India, hindering the effective implementation of existing regulations.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Infrastructure and Training: Invest in modern waste treatment facilities and ensure regular training programs for healthcare workers, particularly in rural areas, to enhance compliance with biomedical waste regulations.
- Enforce Strict Monitoring and Penalties: Implement robust monitoring systems and impose penalties for non-compliance to ensure accountability and adherence to waste management standards across all healthcare facilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Governance Issues related to digital content;
Why in the News?
In the first half of 2024, the Asian News International (ANI) filed a defamation suit against Wikipedia Foundation and three Wikipedia administrators in the Delhi High Court, which ordered Wikipedia to disclose the administrators’ details.
What are the charges levelled by ANI in the defamation against Wikipedia?
- Defamatory Statements: ANI claims that its Wikipedia page contains false and misleading statements, including accusations of being a “propaganda tool” for the Indian government and distributing materials from fake news websites. They argue these claims tarnish their reputation and professional standing.
- Interference with Edits: ANI alleges that Wikipedia administrators have actively removed edits made by ANI-associated editors that sought to correct these statements, thereby violating their rights and obligations as an intermediary under Indian law.
Who is Allowed to Edit Wikipedia Pages?
- Any Member of the Wikipedia Community: Wikipedia allows any user to edit pages, provided they follow the platform’s guidelines. However, there are certain restrictions based on page status and the user’s account level.
- Extended Confirmed Users: Pages with a high risk of vandalism or controversial topics may be protected, meaning only editors with extended confirmed status (long-standing accounts and a minimum number of edits) can edit these pages.
- Administrators: These are experienced editors elected by the community who can make additional changes, including protecting pages, blocking users, and performing technical functions.
What are the Guidelines for Editing Wikipedia Pages?
- Reliability and Verifiability: All statements on Wikipedia must be backed by reliable, verifiable sources. Original research is not allowed, and editors are prohibited from publishing ideas or analyses not previously published elsewhere.
- Neutral Point of View (NPOV): Editors are required to maintain neutrality in writing articles. Content should not be biased or represent a particular viewpoint.
- Consensus and Collaboration: Wikipedia is a community-driven platform, and decisions about the content are made through consensus. Editors are encouraged to work together to resolve disputes.
- Page Protection: If a page is subject to frequent vandalism or disputes, it can be marked for protection, either for extended confirmed users or administrators only. This is done to maintain the integrity of the content.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Framework for Online Defamation: The Indian government should create clear legal guidelines to address defamation issues related to online platforms, ensuring accountability for platforms like Wikimedia in cases of false or misleading content.
- Promote Digital Literacy and Content Regulation: The government should invest in promoting digital literacy to help users better understand and navigate online content, and ensure platforms like Wikipedia adhere to stricter content verification and neutrality standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2016)
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