Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FCRA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In recent developments, the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA) registration of two prominent non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the Centre for Policy Research (CPR) and World Vision India (WVI), has been cancelled.
FCRA: Regulating Foreign Donations
- Objective: FCRA regulates foreign donations to ensure they do not adversely affect India’s internal security.
- Compulsory Registration: Any association, group, or NGO intending to receive foreign donations must register under FCRA.
- Amendments: The FCRA was first enacted in 1976 and amended in 2010, with further changes in 2020.
Registration and Renewal
- Initial Registration: NGOs initially register under FCRA for five years, with the possibility of renewal if they adhere to the specified norms.
- Scope of Usage: Registered groups can receive foreign contributions for various programs, including social, educational, religious, economic, and cultural.
Cancellations and Renewals
- Cancellations: Since 2015, over 16,000 NGOs have had their FCRA registrations cancelled due to violations.
- Active NGOs: As of January 22, 16,989 FCRA-registered NGOs were active in India.
- Expired Registrations: Nearly 6,000 NGOs’ FCRA registrations ceased from January 1, 2022, either due to the MHA’s refusal to renew or NGOs not applying for renewal.
Significance and Controversies
- Risk of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing: The MHA’s 2012 report highlighted the vulnerability of the NGO sector to money laundering and terrorist financing risks.
- Record Number of Registrations: In 2023, 1,111 associations received fresh FCRA registrations.
- Reasons for Rejection: Out of 1,615 applications received for FCRA registration in 2021 and 2022, 722 were granted clearance, while 225 were rejected.
- Foreign Contribution Amount: In 2019-2022, a total of 13,520 associations received ₹55,741.51 crore in foreign contributions.
Reasons for Cancellation: CPR and WVI
- CPR Allegations: The MHA accused CPR of diverting foreign donations to fund protests and legal battles against developmental projects, affecting India’s economic interests. CPR’s publication of current affairs programs using foreign funds was deemed a violation.
- CPR’s Response: CPR deemed the ministry’s decision incomprehensible and disproportionate, challenging the reasoning behind equating policy reports on their website with current affairs programming.
- WVI’s Allegations: WVI had its FCRA registration cancelled for alleged violations from 2012-13 to 2020-21. WVI received the highest amount of foreign donations among all NGOs registered under the Act in 1986.
FCRA Amendments: Recent Changes
The FCRA underwent significant amendments in 2020, introducing several restrictions:
- Fund Transfer Prohibition: Section 7 of the Act prohibits the transfer of foreign funds received by an organization to any other individual or association.
- Designated Bank Account: Recipients must open an FCRA bank account in a designated SBI branch in New Delhi, mandating that all foreign funds be received in this account.
- Shared Information: The designated bank informs authorities about foreign remittances with source and receipt details.
- Aadhaar Requirement: The Government can collect Aadhaar numbers of key functionaries of organizations applying for FCRA registration.
- Cap on Administrative Expenditure: The portion of funds allowed as administrative expenditure was reduced from 50% to 20%.
Criticisms and Government’s Perspective
- Arbitrary Restrictions: NGOs criticize the prohibition on fund transfer as arbitrary and restrictive.
- Non-Sharing of Funds: This prohibition hinders the sharing of aid received as material, impacting collaborative efforts.
- Inconvenient Designated Bank: The requirement for a Delhi-based bank account is inconvenient for NGOs operating elsewhere.
- Government’s Justification: The government maintains that these amendments are necessary to prevent foreign state and non-state interference in India’s internal affairs and to curb malpractices in fund utilization.
Conclusion
- The FCRA plays a crucial role in regulating foreign donations to NGOs in India.
- The recent cancellations of CPR and WVI registrations, coupled with the amendments, highlight the complex and evolving landscape of foreign contributions and their impact on Indian NGOs.
- Understanding these developments is essential for comprehending the dynamics of funding, regulation, and accountability in the non-profit sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent invitation for travelers to explore the beauty of Lakshadweep sparked a surprising backlash from Maldivian officials, leading to heated debates on social media.
- This article delves into the distinctions between the Maldives and Lakshadweep as tourist destinations, comparing factors such as tourist numbers, infrastructure, and environmental concerns.
Maldives and Lakshadweep: A Geographical Overview
- Maldives: An archipelago of 1,190 coral islands and sandbanks grouped into over 20 atolls, located southwest of Kerala and Sri Lanka in the North Central Indian Ocean.
- Lakshadweep: Comprising 36 coral islands spread across a mere 32 sq km, it’s India’s smallest Union Territory. These islands lie north of the Maldives and are situated at varying distances of 220 km to 440 km from Kochi.
Tourism Statistics: A Stark Contrast
- Lakshadweep: In 2018, only 10,435 domestic and 1,313 foreign tourists visited, a negligible share compared to other Indian tourist destinations.
- Maldives: Data from January 2024 shows a daily average of nearly 6,000 tourist arrivals, totaling 1,01,626 arrivals. In 2023, over 1.87 million tourists visited, contributing significantly to the country’s economy.
Maldives’ Tourism Success Story
- Investment in Tourism: The Maldives has been investing in tourism since 1972, with tourism becoming the country’s most vital economic activity by the 1980s.
- Economic Contribution: Tourism directly contributes almost 30% of the Maldives’ GDP and generates over 60% of its foreign currency earnings.
- Connectivity: The country is served by 40 carriers from around the world, including airlines like Air India, Vistara, and IndiGo.
- Visa-Free Arrivals: The Maldives offers visa-free arrivals to major source markets like India, Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.
- Diverse Accommodations: With over 180 resorts, 15 hotels, 811 guesthouses, and 140 safari vessels, the Maldives offers more than 62,000 beds to tourists.
- Local Island Guesthouses: Starting in 2009, local island guesthouses allowed tourists to stay among the local population, providing privacy and luxury.
Lakshadweep’s Limited Potential and Environmental Concerns
- Small Area: Lakshadweep, with only 10 inhabited islands, has limited potential due to its small size.
- Environmental Concerns: Concerns over environmental damage and disruption of local livelihoods have hindered tourism development.
- Capacity Constraints: Lakshadweep lacks the capacity and resources to host a large influx of tourists due to its fragile ecology.
- Supreme Court Recommendations: A Supreme Court-appointed panel recommended that all development proposals align with an Integrated Island Management Plan and respect carrying capacity limits.
- Restricted Entry: Entry to Lakshadweep is restricted, requiring permits issued by the Lakshadweep Administration.
- Infrastructure Challenges: Limited air and ferry connectivity, as well as inadequate accommodations, pose challenges for tourism development.
Prospects for Lakshadweep’s Tourism
- Positive Outlook: The recent interest from Prime Minister Modi has sparked optimism for Lakshadweep’s tourism potential.
- Planned Developments: Applications for tourism development on islands like Bangaram, Thirunakkara, Suheli Cheriyakara, and Cheriyam are expected, potentially leading to significant projects.
- High-end, Low-volume Tourism: Local authorities aim for high-end tourism with low visitor volumes to preserve the islands’ fragile environment.
Conclusion
- The Maldives and Lakshadweep, though neighbouring archipelagos, exhibit stark differences in tourist numbers, development, and environmental concerns.
- While the Maldives thrives as an international tourism hotspot, Lakshadweep faces limitations due to its ecological fragility, yet there is hope for responsible tourism development in the Union Territory.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: China-Maldives Relations
Introduction
- Nestled in the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean, the Maldives, with its modest landmass and population, may seem unassuming at first glance.
- However, this archipelago has become a focal point in the geopolitical landscape, drawing attention from global powers like India, China, and the United States.
- To understand its current significance, it is crucial to delve into the historical and contemporary dynamics that have shaped the Maldives’ role in the Indian Ocean region.
British Empire’s Legacy
- Strategic Role for the British Empire: The Maldives played a significant role for the British Empire in the late nineteenth century, aiding in the expansion of commercial and military influence in the Indian Ocean and beyond.
- Preeminent Power: Before becoming a modern political flashpoint, the Maldives served as a crucial outpost for the British Empire.
China-Maldives Ties: A Historical Perspective
- Ancient Connections: China maintains that its relationship with the Maldives dates back centuries, including interactions during the Tang dynasty (7th century AD) and along the ancient Silk Road.
- Ming Dynasty Navigator: The famous Chinese navigator, Zheng He, visited the Maldives in the early 15th century, leaving historical traces of this connection.
- Contemporary Diplomacy: Diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Maldives were officially established in 1972, with economic and trade ties initiated in 1981.
Xi Jinping Era
- Xi’s Visit: In 2014, under President Xi Jinping’s leadership, China and the Maldives solidified their relationship, with Xi becoming the first Chinese head of state to visit the Maldives.
- Belt & Road Initiative (BRI): The Maldives was among the first South Asian nations to join the One Belt, One Road initiative, now known as the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI).
- President Muizzu’s Visit: President Mohamed Muizzu’s visit to China after taking office marked a milestone. It was seen as a “new beginning” and a departure from previous Maldivian leaders’ foreign policy choices.
China’s Growing Role and India’s Concerns
- China’s Expanding Economic Cooperation: China’s economic cooperation with the Maldives has been on the rise, causing unease in India.
- India’s Concerns: India’s “hegemonic neighborhood first” policy has led to concerns about Beijing’s growing influence in South Asia.
- Geopolitical Tensions: The India-China rivalry and China’s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean have put the Maldives in the spotlight.
- US Engagement: The United States, recognizing the Maldives’ geostrategic significance, has intensified its engagement with the archipelago, opening its embassy in 2020.
China’s Perception of India’s Reaction
- Bilateral Relations Upgrade: During President Muizzu’s visit, China upgraded its bilateral relationship with the Maldives from a “comprehensive friendly cooperative partnership” to a “comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership.”
- Maritime Calculations: Observers acknowledge that China’s maritime interests play a significant role in this diplomatic shift.
- Indian Annoyance: China candidly commented on India’s perceived annoyance with the Maldives’ growing ties with China, suggesting a lack of confidence in India’s bilateral relationship with the Maldives.
Conclusion
- The Maldives’ strategic location in the Indian Ocean has thrust it into the spotlight of global power struggles.
- As India, China, and the United States vie for influence in this crucial region, the Maldives finds itself at the intersection of geopolitical ambitions.
- Whether this triangular tug of war will reshape historical and strategic equations or lead to a delicate balance remains uncertain, but the Maldives’ significance on the world stage is undeniable.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Somnath Temple
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22, 2024, has sparked discussions about the role of politics and religion in India.
- In this historical analysis, we delve into the lesser-known aspects of another significant temple, the Somnath Temple, to understand its complex historical background and the British influence on its perception.
Somnath, Till 1947
- Historical Significance: Located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval, Gujarat, Somnath is a revered Hindu pilgrimage site.
- Temple’s Legacy: The temple is known as the “holy place of the First Aadi Jyotirling Shree Somnath Mahadev” and holds religious significance.
- Maratha Queen’s Effort: In 1782, Maratha queen Ahalyabai Holkar built a small temple at the site, but the grandeur of the original was not restored.
Somnath’s Decline
- Historical Attacks: The temple faced numerous attacks throughout history, including the devastating raid by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026 CE.
- Diverse Rulers: While some Muslim rulers permitted worship at the temple, such as Akbar in the sixteenth century, others, like Aurangzeb, ordered its destruction in 1706.
- Abul Fazl’s Remark: Historian Abul Fazl described Mahmud of Ghazni’s raid as “the plunder of the virtuous,” acknowledging the temple’s significance.
- British Intervention: In 1842, British Governor General Lord Ellenborough used the “gates of Somnath” as a symbol of avenging an insult during an Afghanistan expedition.
After Independence
- Junagadh’s Accesion to Pakistan: After Independence, the Nawab of Junagadh attempted to accede to Pakistan, leading to unrest.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Decision: On November 12, 1947, Patel announced the reconstruction of Somnath, endorsed by the Union Cabinet.
- Mahatma Gandhi’s Suggestion: Gandhi proposed that the temple’s funding should come from the public, leading to the creation of a Trust under K M Munshi.
Nehru’s Opposition to the Inauguration
- Political Implications: Nehru opposed President Rajendra Prasad’s participation in the temple’s spectacular opening.
- Concerns about Secularism: Nehru expressed reservations about the government’s involvement in a ceremony with potential political and revivalist implications.
- Financial Concerns: He criticized the Saurashtra government’s contribution to the event, citing austerity measures and economic challenges.
- Secular State: Nehru emphasized the importance of India being a secular state and not associating with religious events.
- Opposition to External Affairs Circular: He objected to a circular requesting the collection of water, soil, and twigs from foreign countries for the ceremony.
Conclusion
- The story of Somnath temple’s revival encapsulates India’s complex journey through history, politics, and religion.
- It highlights the delicate balance between preserving historical heritage and upholding the principles of a secular state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Iran-Pakistan Relations
Introduction
- Recent events have thrust the relationship between Iran and Pakistan into the spotlight, with missile strikes, drone attacks, and territorial disputes escalating tensions between the two neighboring nations.
- In this comprehensive analysis, we examine the historical context, evolving dynamics, and broader implications of the Iran-Pakistan relationship.
Iran-Pakistan: Historical Background
[A] Pre-1979: Allies under the Shadow of Superpowers
- Alliance and CENTO: Before Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979, both countries were aligned with the United States and were part of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), a military alliance modeled on NATO.
- Support During Wars: Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan during its wars against India in 1965 and 1971.
[B] Post-1979: A Shift in Alliances
- Sectarian Divide: After Ayatollah Khomeini’s Shiite regime took power in Iran, Pakistan, a Sunni-majority nation, found itself at odds with Iran due to sectarian differences.
- Geopolitical Differences: Differences emerged as Iran became a sworn enemy of the United States after 1979, while Pakistan drew closer to the U.S., particularly during the “War on Terror” post-9/11.
- Focus on Exporting Revolution: Iran’s foreign policy, centred on exporting the Islamic revolution, made its Arab neighbours uneasy, leading to a divergence in regional priorities.
- Opposite Sides in Afghanistan: Iran backed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in Afghanistan, a group created with Pakistan’s support, leading to further tensions.
Attempts at Reconciliation
- 1995: Benazir Bhutto’s Visit: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto referred to Iran as “a friend, a neighbor, and a brother in Islam” during her visit to Tehran in 1995, emphasizing cooperation and regretting U.S. sanctions.
- Zardari’s Era: Asif Ali Zardari’s presidency saw increased cooperation with Iran, particularly in trade and energy, though Sunni-Shiite tensions persisted.
- Nawaz Sharif’s Shift: Nawaz Sharif, upon becoming Prime Minister in 2013, realigned Pakistan’s stance away from Iran, strengthening ties with Arab allies and leaving the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project incomplete.
The Balochistan Conundrum
- Shared Ethnicity: The Baloch population, living on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, shares deep cultural, ethnic, and linguistic ties.
- Marginalization and Grievances: Baloch communities in both nations have been marginalized, leading to separatist movements.
- Cross-Border Insurgency: Baloch insurgents operate across the porous border, targeting military and civilian targets, complicating relations.
- Differences in Insurgent Groups: Baloch insurgents in Iran often have religious affiliations, while those in Pakistan lean towards secular ethno-nationalism.
Broader Regional Implications
- Regional Power Dynamics: The involvement of Arabs, Israelis, and Iranians in the Balochistan issue reflects broader regional power politics.
- Strategic Significance: Balochistan’s location at the mouth of the Gulf makes it integral to geopolitical strategies, including China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- Balancing Act: India’s involvement in Iran and the Chabahar port development, seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar port, adds to regional complexities.
- Middle East Policy Shift: India’s economic and security interests in the Middle East are prompting a shift in its traditionally neutral stance towards regional conflicts.
Conclusion
- The recent cross-border strikes and tensions between Iran and Pakistan underscore the fragility of their relationship, complicated by historical, sectarian, and geopolitical factors.
- While both nations are likely to seek de-escalation, the Balochistan issue, regional power dynamics, and India’s evolving role in the Middle East are challenging established assumptions about security in the region.
- As the Gulf’s conflicts spill into the Baloch frontier, a weakened Pakistan may find itself increasingly entangled in the Middle East’s widening conflict theatre, demanding a reevaluation of India’s regional strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sub-Categorization of SCs, OBCs
Mains level: Horizontal Reservation
Introduction
- The Union government of India has taken a significant step by forming a committee of Secretaries to address the pressing issue of equitable distribution of benefits, schemes, and initiatives among the diverse Scheduled Castes (SCs) spread across the nation.
- This move has been triggered by a longstanding demand for sub-categorization of SCs, particularly raised by the Madiga community in Telangana.
Need for Sub-Categorization
- Historical Imbalance: Over 1,200 Scheduled Castes exist in India, leading to varying degrees of backwardness and underrepresentation.
- Demand from Madiga Community: The Madiga community in Telangana has been vocal about sub-categorization to ensure fair allocation of benefits.
- Prime Minister’s Commitment: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pledge to address this issue gained prominence during the Telangana Assembly election.
Supreme Court’s Role
- Constitutional Challenge: A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court is set to examine the permissibility of sub-categorization among SCs and Scheduled Tribes.
- Focus on Reservation: The Supreme Court’s hearing revolves around the constitutionality of sub-categorization concerning reservation in jobs and education, leaving other aspects open for consideration.
Legal Landscape to date
- State-Level Attempts: In the past two decades, several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted to introduce reservation laws for sub-categorizing SCs within their jurisdictions. However, these efforts have been entangled in legal battles, awaiting a decision from a Supreme Court Constitution Bench.
- Andhra Pradesh’s Initiative: The issue gained prominence when the Andhra Pradesh government established a commission in 1996, led by Justice Ramachandra Raju, to recommend sub-categorization based on disparities among SC communities. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that states lacked unilateral authority to sub-categorize communities within the SC and Scheduled Tribes (ST) lists, as this prerogative rested with Parliament and the President.
- Contradictory Rulings: A 2020 judgment by a five-judge Bench, led by Justice Arun Mishra, contradicted the 2004 ruling by suggesting that determining benefits within the SC/ST lists would not constitute “tinkering” and could be within the purview of states. This contradiction led to the referral of the 2020 judgment to a larger Bench.
Government Committee’s Mandate
- Equitable Strategies: The committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, aims to explore alternative approaches to address grievances within the SC communities.
- No Involvement in Reservation: The committee is explicitly instructed not to interfere with reservation-related matters, such as quota distribution for employment and education.
- Focus on Special Initiatives: Instead, it will concentrate on strategies like special initiatives and the realignment of existing schemes to benefit underprivileged SCs.
- Committee Members: The committee comprises Secretaries from the Home Ministry, Law Ministry, Tribal Affairs Ministry, and Social Justice Ministry.
- Submission of Findings: Although no specific deadline is set, the committee is urged to present its findings as soon as possible.
The Madiga Community’s Struggle
- Long-standing Demand: The Madiga community has advocated for sub-categorization since 1994, initiating the formation of commissions to explore possibilities.
- Concerns of Exclusion: Madigas allege that the benefits meant for SCs have predominantly favored the Mala community, leaving them marginalized.
- State Initiatives: Several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted state-level reservation laws to sub-categorize SCs.
- Pending Supreme Court Decision: These efforts are stalled, awaiting the Supreme Court’s verdict on the matter.
Arguments for Sub-Categorization
- Addressing Graded Inequalities: Advocates argue that sub-categorization rectifies the graded inequalities within SC communities. It ensures that the most backward communities receive their due share of benefits, preventing the dominance of relatively advanced communities.
- Representation at All Levels: The goal is to ensure representation at all levels, including higher positions. However, the most marginalized SCs lag so far behind that even reserved positions at advanced levels may not benefit them due to a lack of suitable candidates.
Data Requirements for Sub-Categorization
- Emphasis on Robust Data: Legal experts stress the significance of comprehensive data, including population figures, socio-economic indicators, and community-specific information.
- Basis for Fair Categorization: This data serves as the foundation for reasonable categorization, quota allocation, and informed policy decisions.
Conclusion
- The initiative to address sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes is a critical step towards achieving equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities.
- While the Supreme Court grapples with the constitutional aspects of reservation, the government committee seeks alternative means to ensure the welfare of the most marginalized SCs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: China-Taiwan Relations
Introduction
- Taiwan’s presidential election on January 13, which saw the victory of the ruling party candidate Lai Ching-te, carries significant implications not only for the island but also for global geopolitics.
- To understand the dynamics at play, it’s crucial to delve into the complex history and evolving relationship between China and Taiwan.
Taiwan Tension: A Historical Background
- Early Settlement: Taiwan’s first known settlers were Austronesian tribal people, believed to have migrated from southern China.
- Chinese Records: Chinese records from AD 239 mention Taiwan, forming part of China’s territorial claim.
- Qing Dynasty and Japan: Taiwan was administered by China’s Qing dynasty and later ceded to Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War.
- Post-World War II: After World War II, Taiwan was officially considered occupied by the Republic of China (ROC), with the consent of the US and UK.
Civil War and Exile
- Civil War: A civil war broke out in China, leading Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) government, along with supporters, to flee to Taiwan in 1949.
- Dictatorship Era: Chiang established a dictatorship that ruled Taiwan until the 1980s.
- Transition to Democracy: After Chiang’s death, Taiwan embarked on a transition to democracy, holding its first elections in 1996.
Status of Taiwan
- Disagreement: There is disagreement regarding Taiwan’s status.
- Independent Governance: Taiwan has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and an armed forces.
- Decline in Recognition: Over time, the number of countries recognizing Taiwan as the ROC government has dwindled, largely due to diplomatic pressure from China.
Evolving Relations with China
- 1980s Improvement: Relations started improving in the 1980s as Taiwan relaxed rules on visits and investments in China.
- One Country, Two Systems: China proposed the “one country, two systems” option, which Taiwan rejected.
- Political Shift: The election of Chen Shui-bian in 2000 marked a shift, as he openly backed Taiwan “independence.”
- Anti-Secession Law: China passed an anti-secession law in 2005, threatening non-peaceful means against Taiwan.
- Cross-Strait Relations: Cross-strait relations soured under President Tsai Ing-wen, with China cutting off official communications due to her refusal to endorse a single Chinese nation concept.
US Involvement
- US-Taiwan Relations: The US officially recognizes Beijing but remains Taiwan’s significant international supporter.
- Defensive Commitment: The US is bound by law to provide Taiwan with defensive weapons, and President Joe Biden has stated a commitment to defending Taiwan militarily.
- Contested Issue: Taiwan remains a contentious issue in US-China relations, with Beijing condemning perceived US support for Taipei.
- Increased Tensions: China has intensified its “grey zone warfare” around Taiwan, sending fighter jets and conducting military drills in response to US-Taiwan exchanges.
Conclusion
- The results of Taiwan’s presidential election and the evolving China-Taiwan relationship have far-reaching implications for global politics.
- Balancing diplomatic recognition, territorial disputes, and US involvement, the delicate equilibrium in the Taiwan Strait will continue to shape the course of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kafala System
Mains level: India-UAE Relations
Introduction
- PM Modi recently highlighted the strength of India-UAE relations at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024.
- Bilateral discussions were held with UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, who was the Chief Guest.
India-UAE Relations: Historical Context
India-UAE relations have seen significant milestones:
- India-UAE CEPA: Effective since May 1, 2022, this agreement has slashed tariffs on over 80% of products, facilitating duty-free access for 90% of Indian exports to the UAE. Non-oil trade surged to $50 billion from May 2022 to April 2023, with a $100 billion target by 2030.
- IMEC: The UAE is vital to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- I2U2 Group: Comprising India, UAE, Israel, and the U.S., this group promotes technological and private-sector cooperation in water, energy, and transportation.
- Rupee-Dirham Agreement: The Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of the UAE have established a framework for using local currencies in cross-border transactions, reducing dependence on the U.S. Dollar.
- Cultural Exchange: The UAE’s tolerance is evident with the construction of the BAPS Hindu Mandir in Abu Dhabi, the first temple of its kind.
Significance of India-UAE Relations
These relations hold immense strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance:
[A] Strategic Significance:
- Security Concerns: Amid conflicts in the Middle East, the India-UAE alliance enhances both nations’ security, including fighting piracy and terrorism.
- Energy Security: The UAE is India’s sixth-largest crude oil exporter, playing a key role in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves Program.
[B] Political Significance:
- Multilateral Reforms: The UAE supports India in various international platforms.
- Counterbalancing China’s Regional Dominance: India’s strengthened relations with the UAE help offset China’s growing presence in the region.
- Engagement with Regional Alliances: Enhanced India-UAE relations could pave the way for India’s membership in organizations like the OIC and a free trade agreement with the GCC.
[C] Economic Significance:
- Remittances: The UAE is a major source of remittance inflows to India.
- Trade and Investments: The UAE is India’s third-largest trade partner, with substantial investments in various sectors.
- Access to the African Market: Relations with the UAE facilitate India’s entry into the African market.
[D] Cultural Significance:
- Safeguarding Indian Diaspora Interests: A robust relationship protects the interests of the large Indian expatriate community.
- Boosting India’s Soft Power: Positive relations enhance India’s soft power in the Middle East.
Challenges to India-UAE Relations
- Trade Restrictions: The UAE’s Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs), including SPS measures and TBT, have affected Indian exports, particularly in sectors like poultry and processed foods.
- Chinese Economic Influence: China’s “Cheque Book Diplomacy” overshadows Indian enterprises in the UAE.
- Kafala Labour System: Harsh conditions for immigrant laborers, passport confiscation, and delayed wages pose significant issues.
- Financial Aid to Pakistan: Concerns arise due to the UAE’s substantial financial assistance to Pakistan.
- Iran-Arab Dispute: Balancing ties with the UAE and Iran amid their conflict is a diplomatic challenge.
Way Forward
- Clarity in Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): Establish transparent NTB practices for smoother trade relations.
- Comprehensive Strategic Dialogue: Initiate high-level dialogues to address strategic, defense, and political issues.
- Harmonization with UAE’s ‘Vision 2021’: Collaborate in emerging sectors to reinforce economic ties.
- Joint Ventures in Technology and Innovation: Encourage collaborations in cutting-edge technology.
- Healthcare Cooperation: Collaborate in healthcare research and public health initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Science Communication, Various initiatives mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Science communication is an essential bridge between the scientific community and the public, fostering understanding, engagement, and informed decision-making.
- In India, the recent focus on communicating science, particularly during Chandrayaan-3 and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the growing importance of this discipline.
- However, gaps and challenges persist in effectively conveying scientific information.
Role of Science Communication
- Science communication encompasses all aspects of conveying scientific knowledge, fostering discussions on ethical, societal, and political impacts, and engaging scientists and diverse audiences.
- In today’s context, it extends to sharing research findings, institutional outreach, and public engagement with science.
Contemporary Science Communication in India
- Government Initiatives: In 2021, the CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR) was established. National science funding agencies and research organizations actively engage in science communication through press releases, social media campaigns, exhibitions, and lectures.
- Growing Landscape: Science communication extends to research organizations, universities, social enterprises, non-profits, and art-science collaborations. It bridges journalism, education, outreach, and art with science.
Government-Led Efforts
India’s commitment to science communication dates back to the post-independence era. Key milestones include:
- Publications & Information Directorate (PID): Established in 1951 under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PID published national science magazines to disseminate scientific knowledge.
- Birla Industrial and Technological Museum (1959): Focused on defining India’s scientific heritage and promoting science education.
- 42nd Amendment to the Constitution (1976): Introduced Article 51 A (h), emphasizing the development of a scientific temper among citizens.
- National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC): Formed during the sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), emphasizing the popularization of science.
- Vigyan Prasar (1989): An autonomous organization set up by the Department of Science and Technology to popularize science.
Addressing Challenges and Forging Ahead
To enhance science communication in India:
- Formal Education and Training: Introduce masters and doctoral programs in science communication. These programs will cultivate a cadre of skilled communicators attuned to India’s diverse contexts.
- Integration with Scientific Process: Encourage scientists to actively participate in science communication. This includes incorporating communication as part of research and rewarding scientists for their efforts.
- Large-Scale Strategy: Establish a professional organization that collaborates with government departments, stakeholders, and experts to create comprehensive science communication frameworks. These frameworks must span various disciplines, media formats, and demographic groups.
Conclusion
- Science communication plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific literacy, public engagement, and informed decision-making in India.
- By addressing current gaps and embracing a forward-looking approach, India can build a robust science communication ecosystem that effectively bridges the gap between science and society, empowering citizens and propelling scientific progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Surgery
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Global surgery, despite its critical importance, often remains in the shadows of global health initiatives.
- This is particularly evident in South Asia, where the world’s largest population lacking access to essential surgery resides.
Why discuss this?
- Global surgery aims to address this disparity by focusing on equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, encompassing a range of procedures.
- While 2015 marked a turning point in recognizing the significance of global surgery, this field’s history goes back several decades.
What is Global Surgery?
- Equitable Access: Global surgery prioritizes providing equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but also in under-served populations within high-income countries (HICs).
- Scope of Surgery: It encompasses essential and emergency surgeries, including surgery, obstetrics, trauma, and anaesthesia (SOTA).
Emergence of Global Surgery
- Annus Mirabilis of 2015: This year marked a pivotal moment in recognizing the global significance of surgical care.
- Influential Reports: The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN) report sponsored by the World Bank and The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) played key roles.
- WHO Resolution 68.15: The World Health Organization Declaration on Safe Surgery highlighted the essential role of surgical systems in achieving universal health coverage.
Magnitude of the Problem
- Access Disparities: Over 70% of the global population, around five billion people, lack timely access to safe and affordable surgical care.
- Regional Disparities: Access gaps are most severe in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), with 99% and 96% of people facing disparities, compared to 24% in HICs.
- South Asia’s Challenge: Over 1.6 billion people, over 98% of South Asia’s population, lack access to safe and affordable SOTA care.
- Disease Burden: In 2010, surgically treatable conditions caused around 17 million deaths, surpassing the combined mortality burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
- Economic Impact: The cumulative projected loss to global GDP due to insufficient surgical care could reach $20.7 trillion by 2030.
Current Efforts and Neglect
- Neglect in Policies: Surgical care often receives little attention in international and national policies.
- Limited Research Focus: Research in global surgery is underrepresented compared to global health.
- Funding Neglect: Funding for surgery is significantly lower than for other health sectors.
- Research Funding Disparity: Research funding for surgery-related projects is scarce compared to other health fields.
Way Forward
- Cost-Effectiveness: Global surgery has demonstrated that emergency and essential surgical care is cost-effective and cost-beneficial.
- Policy Commitment: Many countries have initiated National Surgical, Obstetrics, and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPs), demonstrating political and policy commitment.
- Positive Initiatives: Several South Asian countries have launched initiatives to expand surgical access.
- Research and Innovation: Prioritizing research, policy support, and sustainable financing are key to addressing global surgery challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UTF Harbour Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- With President Muizzu’s administration insisting on the withdrawal of Indian troops, a high-level core group has been set up to negotiate this process.
- This situation raises questions about the reasons behind the presence of Indian troops and the factors fueling the ‘India Out’ campaign.
Overview of the Current Situation
- Official Statement: Maldives affirmed the policy of President Muizzu’s administration to remove Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
- Negotiation Group: A core group, including Indian High Commissioner, met in Male to discuss the troop withdrawal, though the Indian government has not yet commented on these reports.
Indian Military Presence in the Maldives
- Troop Numbers: Contrary to the rhetoric of the ‘India Out’ campaign, only 88 Indian military personnel are stationed in the Maldives, primarily for training purposes.
- Historical Context: Indian soldiers have been sent to the Maldives for training in combat, reconnaissance, and rescue-aid operations. The only time Indian troops were involved in active military operations was during the 1988 coup attempt, at the request of then-President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.
Factors behind the ‘India Out’ Campaign
- Controversy over Helicopters: The gifting of two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters by India, used for humanitarian purposes, became a point of contention, portrayed as a military presence by certain political factions.
- Perceived Lack of Transparency: The Solih government’s alleged opacity in dealings with India fueled suspicions.
- Maritime Security Dependence: The Maldives relies on India for maritime security, collaborating to counter common threats.
- Police Academy Speculations: The construction of a new police academy with Indian assistance led to rumours about its purpose and scale.
- UTF Harbour Project Agreement: Speculations about the UTF (Uthuru Thila Falhu- Island) project being turned into an Indian naval base, despite official clarifications to the contrary.
Conclusion
- The insistence on the withdrawal of Indian troops from the Maldives and the ensuing ‘India Out’ campaign reflect a complex interplay of historical, political, and security factors.
- While the Indian military presence has been primarily for training and humanitarian assistance, various internal and external elements have contributed to the current sentiment.
- Understanding these nuances is crucial for comprehending the evolving relationship between India and the Maldives and the broader geopolitical implications in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
Overview of the Project and Violations
- Project Details: The Lower Orr dam, a part of the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project’s second phase, began construction in 2019.
- Violation of Clearance Laws: In 2022, an expert appraisal committee (EAC) reported that the project commenced without formal clearance from the Environment Ministry.
- Incomplete Construction: As of the last report, about 82% of the dam and 33.5% of the canal network were completed without necessary clearances.
- EAC’s Recent Recommendations: In December 2023, the EAC called for a fresh evaluation and more data on potential damage caused by the construction.
What is the Ken Betwa Link Project?
- First of its Kind: This project is the inaugural venture under the National Perspective Plan for interlinking Indian rivers.
- River Linking: It involves transferring water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
Phases of the Project
- Phase-I Components: This includes the Daudhan dam complex, Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa link canal, and Power houses.
- Phase-II Components: The second phase will see the construction of the Lower Orr dam, Bina complex project, and Kotha barrage.
Utility of the Project
- Irrigation Benefits: The project aims to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares annually.
- Drinking Water Supply: It is expected to provide drinking water to 62 lakh people.
- Power Generation: The project will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
- Regional Development: It promises to bring socio-economic prosperity to the Bundelkhand region through increased agricultural activities and employment.
- Combating Rural Distress: The project is also seen as a solution to distress migration from this region.
Ecological Issues with the Project
- Scientific Basis: Concerns have been raised about the ‘surplus and deficit’ model and the availability of water in the Ken River.
- Water Sharing Disputes: UP and MP have had disagreements over water sharing, especially during non-monsoonal months.
- Environmental Impact: The project involves creating a reservoir dam in the Panna National Park and Tiger Reserve, impacting the downstream Ken Gharial Sanctuary.
- Wildlife Act Compliance: Approval by the National Board for Wildlife, as required under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, has not been confirmed.
Issues with the Projects
- Displacement: The project will lead to significant displacement of people.
- Topographical Changes: The flat topography of the Ganga basin poses challenges for dam construction.
- Inundation and Seismic Hazards: Large-scale water transfer risks inundating forests and creating seismic hazards in the Himalayan region.
- Financial and Political Challenges: The project requires substantial financial investment and political support.
- Land Acquisition and Ecological Feasibility: Consensus building for land acquisition and ecological concerns are major hurdles.
Criticisms of Such Projects
- Questionable Science: Critics argue that these projects are based on outdated water management understanding.
- Contravention with Nature: They are seen as going against natural processes, posing more threats than opportunities.
Way Forward
- Expert Scrutiny: Thorough and independent expert scrutiny during the approval stage is crucial.
- Independent Hydrological Study: A comprehensive study of these rivers is necessary to assess the feasibility and impact.
Conclusion
- Developmental projects like the Ken-Betwa Link should not compromise fragile ecosystems or important wildlife habitats.
- The potential destructive impact on the flow of water and sanctuary ecosystems, along with legal compliance, needs clear assessment and consideration.
- Sound environmental governance and due diligence are essential in balancing developmental needs with ecological preservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Bhutan Relations and China Factor
Introduction
- In a significant political development, Tshering Tobgay and the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) emerged victorious in Bhutan’s recent runoff election, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s young democracy.
- Bhutan’s election not only reflects the evolving political dynamics within but also has broader implications for the region, particularly in terms of Bhutan’s relations with India and China.
Bhutan’s Democratic Evolution
- Fair Elections: Unlike some neighbouring countries, Bhutan’s elections have been largely free from tampering or political violence.
- Monarchy to Democracy: Since transitioning from a monarchy to a parliamentary democracy in 2008, Bhutan has seen its democratic processes evolve, with increased party participation and voter choice.
- Challenges: Despite progress, concerns about media censorship and discrimination against minorities persist.
Economic Context of the Elections
- Economic Challenges: Bhutan faces economic difficulties, including a struggling tourism sector, high youth unemployment, and significant emigration for better opportunities.
- Tobgay’s Economic Focus: Tobgay’s campaign centred on addressing these economic issues, promising investment and solutions to curb the emigration trend.
India’s Role and Regional Implications
- India-Bhutan Relations: India remains Bhutan’s largest donor and ally, playing a crucial role in Bhutan’s economic recovery and infrastructure development.
- Hydroelectric Potential: Bhutan’s untapped hydroelectric resources present opportunities for energy trade with India.
- China Factor: Recent years have seen heightened tensions between India and China over Bhutan, especially in the disputed Doklam region.
- Tobgay’s Pro-India Stance: Tobgay is perceived as pro-India, which aligns with India’s strategic interests in the region. His election has been positively received by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Conclusion
- Tshering Tobgay’s election victory in Bhutan is a testament to the country’s maturing democracy and its ability to navigate complex economic and geopolitical challenges.
- As Bhutan continues to balance its relationships with major powers like India and China, Tobgay’s leadership will be pivotal in shaping the nation’s future trajectory, both domestically and in the broader South Asian context.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Split and Merger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Maharashtra Assembly Speaker ruled that the ruling faction of a political party was the legitimate and real, having the support of the majority of the party’s MLAs.
Anti-Defection Law in India
- Rise of Political Instability: The late 1970s saw rampant floor-crossing by legislators, epitomized by the phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” after MLA Gaya Lal’s frequent party changes in 1967.
- Legislative Efforts: Various bills, including the 32nd and 48th Constitution Amendment Bills, were introduced to address defections but lapsed or were not passed.
- Enactment of the Law: The 52nd Amendment in 1985, under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, introduced the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, embedding the anti-defection law.
Features of the Anti-Defection Law
[A] Disqualification Criteria:
- Members of Political Parties: Disqualification occurs if a member voluntarily gives up their party membership or defies the party’s directive without prior permission, which is not condoned within 15 days.
- Independent Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after election.
- Nominated Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after six months from taking their seat in the House.
[B] Exceptions:
- Merger: A member is not disqualified if their original party merges with another party, and at least two-thirds of its members agree to the merger.
- Presiding Officers: Members who become presiding officers can relinquish party membership and rejoin it after their term without facing disqualification.
[C] Decision Makin:
- Deciding Authority: The presiding officer of the respective House is the authority to decide on disqualification matters, subject to judicial review as established in the Kihoto Hollohan case (1991).
- Rule-making Power: The presiding officer can formulate rules for implementing the Tenth Schedule, subject to the approval of the House.
- Procedure for Disqualification: The presiding officer acts upon a defection case upon receiving a complaint. The accused member must be given a chance to explain, and the matter can be referred to a committee for inquiry.
- Position of Speaker: Party whips do not apply to the Speaker. However, questions of disqualification under the law concerning the Speaker or Chairman are decided by a member elected by the House.
Judicial Interpretations and Election Commission’s Role
- Key Judgments: The Kihoto Hollohan case (1991) made the Speaker’s decision on defection subject to judicial review. Other significant cases include Ravi Naik vs Union of India and G. Viswanathan Vs. The Hon’ble Speaker, Tamil Nadu, which clarified aspects of voluntary membership relinquishment and expulsion.
- Election Commission’s Guidelines: The EC resolves intra-party disputes based on majority support in both organizational and legislative wings and may freeze party symbols in unresolved cases.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Discriminatory Features: The law is criticized for not differentiating between dissent and defection and for its approach to individual versus group defections.
- Absence of Time Limit: The lack of a mandated timeframe for decisions on defection cases has led to manipulation and delays.
- Impact on Democratic Functioning: Critics argue that the law restricts legislators’ freedom and weakens legislative checks on the executive.
Debate on Repeal or Amendment
- Arguments for Repeal: Some argue for the law’s repeal, citing its failure to prevent defections and its hindrance to representative democracy.
- Arguments against Repeal: Proponents believe it ensures government stability, recognizes party systems, and reduces corruption.
- Suggested Amendments: Recommendations for amendments include limiting the law’s scope, enhancing decision-making processes, and promoting intra-party democracy.
Expert Recommendations
- Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and Law Commission (170th Report, 1999): Suggested amendments include limiting disqualification and involving the President/Governor and EC in decision-making.
- Constitution Review Commission (2002): Proposed barring defectors from holding public office and invalidating their votes in toppling governments.
- Election Commission’s Proposal: Recommended that decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/Governor based on the EC’s binding advice.
Way Forward
- Amending the Law: Amendments should address existing shortcomings, such as defining “voluntarily giving up membership” and removing distinctions in disqualification criteria.
- Enhancing Democratic Functioning: Reforms should focus on promoting intra-party democracy and regulating the use of whips.
- Voter Responsibility: The electorate’s role in holding defectors accountable through the ballot remains crucial.
Conclusion
- Navigating Political Stability and Democracy: The anti-defection law seeks to balance political stability with democratic representation and legislative accountability.
- Adapting to Contemporary Politics: As political dynamics evolve, so must the legal frameworks, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea cultivation in India
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Echoes of the Past: India’s tea industry is facing challenges similar to the “dark phase” of 2002-07, as noted by the Tea Association of India (TAI).
- Key Concerns: Stagnant prices, oversupply, demand-supply gap, and a trend towards cheaper teas are major issues impacting the industry.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- Previous Crisis: The industry suffered a significant slump during 2002-07 due to regulatory challenges, falling demand, competition from cheaper international teas, and export quality concerns.
- Current Scenario: Despite India’s economic strides, the tea industry struggles with stagnant prices and increasing input costs, leading to estate closures and reliance on subsidies.
Demand-Supply Imbalance and Quality Concerns
- Oversupply Issues: The meeting highlighted the critical problem of oversupply leading to an imbalance between availability and consumption.
- Quality Decline: To make tea more affordable, there has been a decline in quality, resulting in a “race to the bottom.”
Proposed Measures and Tea Board of India’s Role
- Repositioning Tea: TAI suggests repositioning tea to enhance its perception and consumption patterns.
- Regulatory Steps: Measures include regulating tea waste sold domestically, restricting import of low-quality teas, and promoting tea’s health benefits.
- Potential Impact: Regulating waste could reduce supply by 15-20 million kg, and limiting imports could remove an additional 30 million kg of low-quality teas.
Tea Industry Statistics and Trends
- Production and Export: India’s tea production increased by 39% from 2008 to 2022, with a slight projected increase in 2023. However, exports till October 2023 decreased by 2% compared to 2022.
- Import Increase: Tea imports rose from 27 million kg in 2021 to 30 million kg in 2022.
Overview of the Indian Tea Industry
- Global Standing: India is the second-largest tea producer and the fourth-largest exporter globally, with a significant domestic consumption market.
- Employment and Regulation: The industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with the Tea Board of India regulating cultivation.
- Main Growing Regions: The Northeast, including Assam, and north Bengal are major tea-growing areas, with significant cultivation in the Nilgiris in south India.
Challenges and Issues
- Global Competition and Quality Decline: Competition from countries like Kenya and the demand for organic tea have affected India’s market position.
- Worker Conditions and Small Tea Growers: Poor worker conditions and challenges faced by small tea growers, including pricing and recognition issues, are significant concerns.
- External Factors: Global events like the Russia-Ukraine war have further compounded problems for the industry.
Tea Board of India Initiatives
- Establishment: The Tea Board was set up under the Tea Act 1953 and functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce. Headquarters are located in Kolkata, the Board is reconstituted every three years.
- Promotional Efforts: The Board undertakes various initiatives to promote packaged Indian tea and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Promotional Activities: The Board supports packaged Indian tea promotion and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Tea Development and Promotion Scheme: This scheme aims to enhance productivity, quality, worker welfare, and market promotion.
- Support for Small Growers: The Board has formed SHGs, FPOs, and FPCs to assist small tea growers.
Way Forward
- One District One Product (ODOP) Program: This program can help promote Indian tea.
- Improving ‘AROMA’: ‘AROMA’ stands for Assistance to small growers, Re-energizing infrastructure, Organic and GI tea promotion, Modernization of supply chains, and Adaptability to climate change.
- Supporting Small Farmers: Enhancing production, quality, and sustainability while focusing on high-value markets is crucial for the industry’s growth.
Try this PYQ from 2022
Consider the following States:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Kerala
- Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
(a) Only one State
(b) Only two States
(c) Only three States
(d) All four States
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Tiger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Launch and Growth: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has evolved from a forest bureaucracy-administered initiative to a statutory category in 2006, becoming a global success story in conservation.
- Expansion of Tiger Reserves: From nine reserves in 1973, India now boasts 54 reserves across 18 states, covering 2.38% of the country’s land area.
Tiger Population and Conservation Efforts
- Census Methods and Population Growth: The transition from the pug-mark method to camera-trap techniques has shown a significant increase in tiger numbers, with India now home to three-quarters of the world’s tiger population.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act (WLPA) 1972: This Act introduced National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, changing the rights of forest dwellers and centralizing control with the State government.
Project Tiger’s Transformation and Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH)
- From Centrally Sponsored Scheme to CTH: Project Tiger’s shift to a focus on CTHs aimed to prioritize tiger-centric conservation, introducing Buffer Areas around CTHs.
- 2006 Amendment and NTCA Formation: The amendment to WLPA in 2006 led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and a tiger conservation plan, though CTHs remained inviolate.
Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 and Its Implications
- Recognition of Forest Dwellers’ Rights: The FRA recognized the rights of forest dwellers, including in Tiger Reserves, and established Gram Sabhas as authorities for forest management.
- Introduction of Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH): The FRA introduced CWH, ensuring that notified areas couldn’t be diverted for non-forestry purposes.
Challenges in CTH Delineation and Legal Compliance
- Hasty CTH Notifications: In 2007, a rushed process led to the notification of 26 Tiger Reserves without full compliance with legal provisions.
- Lack of Buffer Areas: Initially, most CTHs lacked Buffer Areas, a situation rectified only after Supreme Court intervention in 2012.
Relocation and Rehabilitation Issues
- Legal Framework for Relocation: WLPA and LARR Act 2013 outline the process for voluntary relocation, with specific compensation and rehabilitation requirements.
- Implementation Gaps: Actual relocation practices often fall short of legal requirements, leading to minimal consent and inadequate compensation.
Conflict between Tiger Conservation and Forest Dwellers’ Rights
- Resistance to Forest Rights Recognition: Tiger Reserves often witness resistance to recognizing forest dwellers’ rights, leading to conflicts.
- NTCA’s Role and Legal Challenges: NTCA’s actions, including temporary bans and wildlife clearance requirements, have sometimes conflicted with the legal rights of forest dwellers.
Conclusion
- Balancing Biodiversity and Human Interests: India’s journey with Project Tiger highlights the need to balance tiger conservation with the rights and livelihoods of forest dwellers.
- Future Prospects: As tiger populations and reserves grow, India faces the challenge of managing increasing human-wildlife conflicts while ensuring sustainable conservation practices.
- Legal and Policy Evolution: The evolution of laws and policies around tiger conservation reflects a dynamic process of adapting to ecological, social, and legal complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Ambitious Goals: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 40% by 2026 in 131 Indian cities.
- Mixed Results: An analysis by Respirer Living Sciences and Climate Trends reveals varied progress among cities, with only a few meeting targeted declines in PM 2.5 levels.
About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
|
Details |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019. |
| Objective |
To create a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound target for reducing air pollution. |
| Targets |
Aims to reduce the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles by at least 20% in five years, using 2017 as the base year. |
| Coverage |
Focuses on 132 non-attainment cities identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). |
| Non-attainment Cities |
Cities that have consistently fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. |
| NAAQS Pollutants |
Includes PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic, and Nickel. |
| Current Standards |
Annual average prescribed limits are 40 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg/m3 for PM10. |
| Revised Targets (2022) |
Updated target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration by 2026. |
| Improvement Assessment |
Requires a 15% or more reduction in annual average PM10 concentration and at least 200 clean air quality days starting from 2020-21. |
Particulate Matter Reduction: Varied City Performances
- Inconsistent Declines: Among 49 cities with consistent data over five years, 27 showed a decline in PM 2.5, but only four met or exceeded targets.
- Notable Increases in Pollution: Cities like Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Ujjain, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, and Pune have seen marginal declines or increases in PM 2.5 levels.
Success Stories and Regional Disparities
- Significant Reductions: Cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur reported substantial declines in PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.
- Uttar Pradesh’s Progress: Except for Jodhpur, cities achieving the 2026 reduction targets are predominantly from Uttar Pradesh.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain’s Pollution: The IGP remains a hotspot for high PM 2.5 levels, with 18 of the top 20 polluted cities located in this region.
Factors Influencing Pollution Levels
- Annual Variations: Pollution levels can vary significantly within a year, with northern and eastern Indian cities peaking during winter.
- Air Quality Monitoring Infrastructure: The number and distribution of continuous ambient air quality monitors significantly impact the accuracy of pollution data.
- Geographical and Meteorological Influences: The study acknowledges the need for further research to understand the impact of emissions, geography, and weather on pollution levels.
NCAP’s Progress and Future Outlook
- Noteworthy Efforts: The NCAP has made progress in reducing pollution in some cities, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear.
- Enhanced Monitoring: The addition of new air quality monitoring stations is expected to provide a clearer picture of pollution levels and aid in mitigation efforts.
Conclusion
- Persistent Pollution Challenges: Despite some successes, many urban areas continue to struggle with rising pollution levels.
- Commitment to Environmental Goals: The NCAP’s revised target reflects India’s commitment to ambitious environmental objectives.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Effective air quality management requires a combination of robust monitoring, targeted policy interventions, and public awareness to achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Afforestation in India
Introduction
- National and International Commitments: Tree planting by state forest departments is propelled by India’s National Forest Policy, global restoration commitments, and central government initiatives like the Green India Mission.
- Forest Cover Targets: The emphasis on forest cover in financial allocations by the Finance Commission further motivates states to increase forested areas.
Geographical and Ecological Context
- Tropical Dry Forest Biome: Over three-fifths of India, spanning from the Shivaliks in the north to the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, falls under this biome.
- Sparse Tree Cover and Drought-Prone Areas: This region, characterized by sparse tree cover and less than 1,000 mm of annual rainfall, is susceptible to drought.
- Dependence of Rural Population: These landscapes are crucial for cattle grazing and support endangered fauna like wolves, striped hyenas, and blackbucks.
Recent Trends in Forest Cover Expansion
- Significant Increase in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Between 2006 and 2015, these states collectively added significant forest cover, further augmented by Telangana through schemes like Haritha Haram.
- Satellite Imagery and Dense Plantations: To be detected by satellite, dense plantations of fast-growing species like teak, eucalyptus, and bamboo are favored over natural sparse canopy.
Consideration for Tree Plantation
- Site Selection: Choose appropriate locations such as public parks, schools, and degraded lands for tree plantation. Focus on areas with adequate sunlight, proper drainage, and enough space for the tree to grow.
- Native Tree Species: Opt for planting native tree species as they are well-adapted to the local climate and support the region’s biodiversity. Some popular choices in India include neem, banyan, peepal, mango, and teak.
- Planting Season: The ideal time for tree plantation in most parts of India is during the monsoon season (June to September). This period provides sufficient rainfall, which helps with the establishment and growth of newly planted trees.
Challenges and Impacts of Current Tree Planting Practices
- Questionable Forest Cover Targets: The 33% forest cover target lacks a scientific basis, as does the 26 million hectares target under the 2011 Bonn Challenge.
- Negative Ecological Consequences: Excessive tree planting can lead to the loss of biodiverse grasslands and scrub ecosystems, impacting pastoral communities and water availability in river basins.
Recommendations for Policy Revision
- Recognition of Varied Ecosystems: The 15th Finance Commission’s acknowledgement of diverse forest canopy densities is a positive step, but it overlooks the importance of grasslands and open scrub ecosystems.
- Alternative Restoration Approaches: Restoring degraded lands to their original grassland or scrub states with native trees is more beneficial than creating monoculture plantations.
- Revising National Forest Policy Targets: It’s crucial to update the target forest cover to promote the conservation of grasslands and open ecosystems in their natural state.
- Beyond Satellite Imagery for Monitoring: Restoration programs should not solely rely on satellite imagery, as tree cover alone is not a comprehensive indicator of ecosystem health.
Conclusion
- Need for Holistic Approaches: A top-down policy approach focused on tree planting can lead to long-term ecological imbalances and wasteful expenditures.
- Balancing Ecological and Economic Goals: Revising tree plantation strategies and forest policies is essential to achieve ecological balance and protect diverse ecosystems, while also meeting economic objectives.
- Incentivizing Conservation of Diverse Landscapes: Policies should incentivize the preservation of varied landscapes, including grasslands and scrublands, recognizing their ecological and economic value.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
What is Superconductivity?
- Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
- Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.
Exploring the Material LK-99
- Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
- Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
- Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.
Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity
- Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
- Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.
Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors
- Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
- Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.
Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research
- Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
- Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.
New Study: Methodology and Findings
- Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
- Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.
Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors
- Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
- Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.
Challenges and Limitations of the Study
- Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
- Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.
Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity
- Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
- Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Sea
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Houthi Militia Attacks: Since November, attacks by the Houthi militia of Yemen have rendered the Red Sea, a crucial marine route via the Suez Canal, unsafe for cargo ships.
- Alternative Route: This has led to a significant rerouting of cargo, with ships now taking the longer Cape of Good Hope route, affecting global trade and increasing costs.
About the Red Sea
|
Details |
| Location |
Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen). |
| Connection |
Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. |
| Length |
Approximately 2,250 km long. |
| Width |
Varies from 355 km at its widest point to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran. |
| Maximum Depth |
About 7,254 feet (2,211 m) in the central median trench. |
| Unique Features |
– One of the world’s saltiest bodies of water.
– Notable for its rich ecosystem, including extensive coral reefs. |
| Climate |
Generally hot and arid; surrounding desert and high evaporation rates contribute to its high salinity. |
| Economic Importance |
Major shipping route; oil-rich region with significant petroleum deposits on the sea’s borders. |
Impact on Indian Trade
- Shift in Shipping Routes: Following the attacks, about 90% of India’s western hemisphere cargo is being rerouted through the Cape of Good Hope.
- Contractual Implications: The impact varies based on the type of buyer-seller contract, with some consignments being held up due to increased freight costs.
- Freight Cost Surge: Freight costs have risen significantly, by up to six-fold in some cases, affecting all consignments, especially low-value, high-volume cargo and perishables.
Implications for India’s Imports
- Increased Import Costs: The longer transit time and crisis could lead to costlier imports and necessitate better inventory management.
- Effect on Fuel Prices: The crisis might impact plans to reduce fuel prices in India, given the country’s high dependence on crude oil and petroleum product imports.
- Tanker Market Dynamics: Despite increased freight rates for affected routes, there hasn’t been a widespread rerouting of tankers.
Global and Indian Response
- UN and US Stance: The UN condemned the Houthi attacks, and the US is seeking more support for ‘Operation Prosperity Guardian’ to ensure safe sea lanes.
- India’s Monitoring: The Indian government is closely observing the situation, with the Commerce Secretary discussing potential impacts with officials and trade bodies.
Sector-Specific Impact
- Commodities Most Affected: Sectors like chemicals, plastics, and petrochemicals are severely impacted due to their inability to absorb freight hikes.
- Alternatives for High-Value Goods: For high-value, low-volume commodities, airlifting is an option, but most affected goods are large in volume.
Conclusion
- Continued Uncertainty: The situation in the Red Sea presents ongoing challenges for global and Indian trade, with no immediate resolution in sight.
- Adaptation and Monitoring: Businesses and governments are adapting to these changes, with a focus on monitoring developments and mitigating impacts.
- Long-Term Implications: The crisis underscores the vulnerability of global trade routes to geopolitical conflicts and the need for diversified shipping strategies.
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