Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
Why in the News?
The 20th meeting of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20) is currently underway in Rome.
About Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
- The CGRFA is the only permanent intergovernmental body addressing all components of biodiversity-related to food and agriculture.
- It was established in 1983 as the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
- It operates under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- It aims to create international consensus on managing biodiversity in food systems and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from these genetic resources.
- Membership: 179 countries (including India) and the European Union
- Focus: Coordinates global efforts on biodiversity affecting agriculture, forestry, livestock, and aquatic species, including pollinators, soil organisms, and other vital species for food production.
Structure and Mandate
- Structure:
- Governed by a biennial session where member countries discuss and make decisions.
- A bureau, elected by member states, guides the Commission’s work.
- The CGRFA Secretariat, hosted by FAO, offers technical and logistical support.
- Mandate:
- Policy Formulation: Develops global action plans, codes of conduct, and policy instruments for sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
- Global Assessments: Guides preparation of periodic assessments to monitor the status and trends of genetic resources and biodiversity.
- Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Promotes biodiversity use for food security, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation.
- Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: Ensures fair distribution of benefits from genetic resources, especially plant materials under international treaties.
-
- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA): Adopted in 2001, it recognizes farmers’ contributions to crop diversity and provides a global system for accessing plant genetic materials for breeders, farmers, and scientists.
| [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:
1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3. The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN World Water Development Report, 2025
Why in the News?
On March 21, 2025, the United Nations marked the first-ever World Day for Glaciers, and in conjunction, the United Nations World Water Development Report issued a disturbing warning about the rapid loss of glaciers.
Key Highlights of the Report:
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) Glacier Loss: Glaciers are melting 65% faster (2011-2020) than the previous decade, with up to 50% shrinkage by 2100 if global temperatures rise by 1.5-2°C.
- WMO’s Climate Report: The 2024 climate year was the warmest in 175 years, reinforcing the link between rising temperatures and accelerated glacier melt.
- Unprecedented Glacier Mass Loss: Over 9,000 billion tonnes of ice lost since 1975, with 450 gigatons lost in 2024 alone.
- Rising Sea Levels: Melting glaciers contribute to sea level rise, displacing 200,000 to 300,000 people annually and increasing coastal flooding risks.
- Increased Wildfires and Dust Storms: Rising wildfires and dust storms accelerate glacier melt by darkening their surfaces.
- Permafrost Thawing: Thawing permafrost releases carbon and nutrients, worsening climate change and increasing landslide risks.
- Declining Snow Cover: A 7.79% global decline in persistent snow cover from 1979-2022 affects water resources.
About World Glaciers Day
- March 21, 2025, marked the first-ever World Day for Glaciers, aimed at raising awareness about glaciers and the risks posed by their loss due to climate change.
- It was declared by the UN in its resolution A/RES/77/158 along with the International Year of Glaciers 2025.
- The day calls for governments, organizations, and individuals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adopt sustainable water management practices.
| [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:
1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.
2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.
3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Happiness Index
Why in the News?
India has improved its position in the World Happiness Report 2025, climbing to 118th place among 147 countries, up from 126th last year.
About the World Happiness Index (WHI)
- The WHI is part of the World Happiness Report, a global survey conducted by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), an initiative of the United Nations.
- The report ranks countries based on citizens’ self-reported happiness, focusing on life satisfaction and overall well-being.
- The rankings are primarily based on data gathered from the Gallup World Poll, where individuals rate their own lives on a 0-10 scale using the Cantril Ladder method.
- 6 key factors influence these evaluations:
- GDP per capita
- Healthy life expectancy
- Social support
- Freedom
- Generosity
- Perception of corruption
Key Highlights of the World Happiness Report 2025:
- Top Countries: Finland remains the happiest country for the eighth consecutive year. Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden are also in the top ranks. Costa Rica (6th) and Mexico (10th) entered the top 10 for the first time. Israel ranked 8th despite conflicts.
- Declining Happiness in Western Nations: The United States dropped to 24th, and the United Kingdom fell to 23rd, with both countries experiencing increased social isolation.
- Least Happy Countries: Afghanistan remains the least happy, with Sierra Leone and Lebanon also in the bottom three.
- India’s Improvement:
- India improved its ranking from 126th to 118th, with its happiness score rising from 4.054 to 4.389.
- Despite its economic growth, technological advancements, and improvements in healthcare and education, it continues to rank lower than its neighboring countries like Pakistan (109th).
PYQ:
[UPSC 2004] Human Development Index comprises literacy rates, life expectancy at birth and-
(a) Gross Domestic Product per head in US dollars
(b) Gross National Product per head in US dollars
(c) Purchasing Power Parity in US dollars
(d) National Income per head in US dollars |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Free Speech Index
Why in the News?
A global survey by The Future of Free Speech, a US -based think tank, has ranked India 24th out of 33 countries in terms of support for free speech.
| The right to freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, allowing citizens to express their opinions freely. This right includes various forms of expression like speech, writing, art, and digital media, RTI, and even the right not to speak. However, it is subject to reasonable restrictions as outlined in Article 19(2), including security, public order, and decency. |
About the Free Speech Index
- The Future of Free Speech, an independent U.S.-based think tank released this report titled ‘Who in the World Supports Free Speech?’.
- It evaluates public attitudes towards free speech across 33 countries, highlighting trends, regional variations, and challenges to freedom of expression worldwide.
- It emphasized the decline in support for protecting controversial speech, despite strong abstract support for free speech in many countries.
India’s Ranking:
- India is ranked 24th out of 33 countries in the 2024 Global Free Speech Index, with a score of 62.6.
- While Indians generally consider free speech important, 37% of respondents support restrictions on criticizing government policies, which is the highest percentage among the surveyed countries.
- India is an exception to the general trend, as public support for free speech does not align with actual protections, pointing to increasing government restrictions on expression.
Global Highlights:
- Norway (87.9) and Denmark (87.0) lead the rankings, demonstrating strong commitment to free speech and dissent.
- Indonesia (56.8), Malaysia (55.4), and Pakistan (57.0) showed the biggest improvements, although they still ranked lower on the scale.
- Several democratic nations, including the US, Israel, and Japan, have seen a decline in free speech support since 2021.
- Countries like Hungary (85.5) and Venezuela (81.8) scored high, indicating a disconnect between government-imposed restrictions and public attitudes towards free speech.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
Why in the News?
New Zealand has expressed its willingness to join the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
About Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
- India launched the IPOI at the East Asia Summit in November 2019 to promote cooperation for a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
- The initiative aims to strengthen maritime security, stability, and development in the region by fostering multilateral engagement among Indo-Pacific nations.
- It builds on India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision, which emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts in regional maritime governance.
- The IPOI operates as a voluntary, non-treaty-based arrangement, relying on existing frameworks like the EAS mechanism, ensuring flexibility and adaptability in cooperation.
- The IPOI is structured around 7 key pillars, with specific countries taking the lead in each area:
- Maritime Security: UK and India
- Maritime Ecology: Australia and Thailand
- Maritime Resources: France and Indonesia
- Capacity Building and Resource Sharing: Germany
- Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: India and Bangladesh
- Science, Technology, and Academic Cooperation: Italy and Singapore
- Trade, Connectivity, and Maritime Transport: Japan and the US
Mandate of IPOI:
- The IPOI seeks to establish a rules-based regional order in the Indo-Pacific, facilitating the free movement of goods, services, and people while respecting the sovereignty of nations.
- The initiative enhances regional maritime security by fostering cooperation among countries to tackle shared challenges such as piracy, illegal fishing, smuggling, and other maritime crimes.
- IPOI aims to boost regional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management, encouraging collaboration on disaster preparedness and response, thus minimizing the effects of natural disasters.
- As a non-treaty, voluntary initiative, IPOI offers flexibility, allowing nations to participate according to common interests without adding new institutional responsibilities.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2011] The strategic significance of South-East Asia lies in its:
(a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War.
(b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India.,
(c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period.,
(d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its preeminent maritime character. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Seabed Authority (ISA)
Why in the News?
The 30th Session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has officially commenced in Kingston, Jamaica, on March 17, 2025.
About the International Seabed Authority (ISA)
- ISA is an autonomous international organization created under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement relating to Part XI of the UNCLOS.
- It regulates and manages mineral-resource activities in the “Area”—the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdictions.
- It is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica
- It has 168 Member States, including India, and the European Union
- Mandate:
- Regulate exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals.
- Protect the marine environment from harmful effects of seabed activities.
- Encourage marine scientific research and promote the sustainable use of oceans.
- The ISA manages about 54% of the world’s oceans, ensuring activities are carried out for the benefit of all humankind and to protect the marine environment.
Role in Regulating Deep-Sea Mining
The ISA is responsible for enforcing the Mining Code, which governs all mineral activities in the International Seabed Area. It includes:
- Regulation of Exploration: Grants exploration licenses for assessing mineral deposits in deep-sea areas, ensuring scientifically responsible activities.
- Environmental Protection: Sets environmental standards and ensures impact assessments before mining starts.
- Development of Mining Code: Continuously updates the Mining Code to address scientific, technological, and environmental concerns.
- Oversight and Compliance: Monitors activities of contractors and member states, ensuring regulatory compliance and environmental safeguards.
India and ISA
- In January 2024, India submitted two exploration applications in the Indian Ocean for:
- Polymetallic sulphides in the Carlsberg Ridge.
- Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount.
- India holds two active exploration contracts for polymetallic nodules and sulphides in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and Ridge.
- India seeks access to critical minerals for energy transition and technological growth, balancing economic needs with sustainable practices.
- India actively participates in Mining Code negotiations, aligning its actions with international legal standards and environmental protocols.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters
3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Criminal Court (ICC) and its jurisdiction
Why in the News?
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has taken into custody former Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte on charges of crimes against humanity, linked to his infamous “war on drugs”.
About the International Criminal Court (ICC)
- The ICC is the world’s first permanent international court established to prosecute individuals responsible for the gravest crimes of global concern.
- Founded under the Rome Statute in 1998, it became operational in 2002 and is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands.
- The ICC has jurisdiction over 4 core international crimes:
- War crimes
- Crimes against humanity
- Genocide
- Crimes of aggression
- It has 125 member states, signatories to the Rome Statute, though major powers like India, the US, China, Russia, Israel, and Ukraine are NOT members due to concerns over sovereignty and political misuse.
- The ICC’s budget, primarily funded by member states with additional voluntary contributions, for 2025 is approximately €195 million.
- The ICC structure includes 18 judges elected for 9-year terms and an independent Office of the Prosecutor responsible for investigations and prosecutions.
- Key bodies include the Trust Fund for Victims, a Detention Centre, and the Assembly of States Parties, which oversees its administrative functions.
- The ICC lacks an enforcement mechanism and depends on member states’ cooperation for executing arrest warrants, gathering evidence, and enforcing sentences.
Reach of an ICC Warrant:
- Applicability:
- Applies to crimes committed by nationals of member states or on member state territories.
- Maintains jurisdiction over crimes committed before a state withdraws from membership.
- State Obligations:
- Member states must execute ICC arrest warrants under the Rome Statute.
- Non-compliance can lead to reporting to the Assembly of States Parties and potential escalation to the UN Security Council (UNSC).
- This applies particularly in cases involving UNSC-mandated probes, like Darfur and Libya.
- Challenges to Enforcement:
- Non-member states (e.g. US, Russia, China) are not bound by ICC warrants.
- Political considerations lead to inconsistent compliance.
- Special Mechanisms:
- In 2016, the ICC formed an Arrest Working Group to improve intelligence-sharing and warrant execution.
- Duterte Case Implications:
- Even after Philippines’ withdrawal in 2019, the ICC retains jurisdiction for crimes committed from 2011-2019.
- Duterte’s arrest highlights how domestic politics, such as the collapse of the Duterte-Marcos alliance, can influence warrant execution.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
1.The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction to prosecute nationals of even those States that have not ratified the Rome Statute.
2. The International Criminal Court is a ‘court of last resort’ intended to complement national judicial systems.
3. The United Nations Security Council can refer a situation to the Prosecutor of the ICC even if the State concerned is not a party to the Statute.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the Global South.
What is MAHASAGAR?
- Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.
- It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Three Core Pillars:
- Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
- Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
- Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.
- It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.
- It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).
How Mahasagar builds on SAGAR (2015)?
- India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.
|
SAGAR (2015) |
Mahasagar (2025) |
| Geographic Scope |
Indian Ocean Region (IOR) |
Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America |
| Focus Areas |
Maritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stability |
Trade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security |
| Strategic Partnerships |
Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countries |
Expands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations |
| Security & Defense Cooperation |
Anti-piracy, maritime domain awareness, EEZ protection |
Joint naval exercises, cyber security, defense partnerships |
| Economic & Developmental Focus |
Blue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IOR |
Technology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies |
| Diplomatic Strategy |
Regional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTEC |
Voice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives |
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW)
Why in the News?
India’s Delegation led by Union Minister for Women and Child Developments will participate in the 69th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW).
About United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW):
|
Details |
| Establishment and Mandate |
- Founded in 1946 by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) through Resolution 11(II).
- Initially focused on women’s political, economic, civil, social, and educational rights.
- Expanded in 1996 to include monitoring the Beijing Declaration and integrating gender perspectives into UN activities.
|
| Structure and Membership |
- Composed of 45 member states elected by ECOSOC based on geographical representation.
- 13 from Africa, 11 from Asia, 9 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 8 from Western Europe and other States, 4 from Eastern Europe.
- Members serve a four-year term.
|
| Key Roles and Responsibilities |
- Policy Formulation: Establishes global norms and standards for gender equality.
- Monitoring Progress: Reviews gender-related commitments, including the Beijing Declaration.
- Advocacy and Awareness: Conducts research, publishes reports, and promotes women’s rights globally.
- Collaboration: Works with UN entities, NGOs, and civil society organizations to strengthen gender equality.
|
| Major Contributions |
Drafted key conventions like:
- Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1953)
- Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (1957)
- Convention on Consent to Marriage (1962)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979).
- Influenced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
- Led preparatory work for the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995).
|
| Annual Sessions and Key Themes |
- Held annually at UN Headquarters, New York.
- Engages member states, NGOs, and UN agencies in discussions on gender-related policies.
|
PYQ:
[2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:
- The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.
- It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General Assembly for a 3-year term.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3)
Why in the News?
India launched the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a multi-nation alliance for city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and private sector partnerships for sustainable urban development.
What is the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3)?
- The C-3 is a multi-nation alliance launched by India at the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific in Jaipur.
- It aims to facilitate city-to-city collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and private sector partnerships to promote circular economy principles and sustainable urban development.
- It is led by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India), United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
- The forum will adopt the Jaipur Declaration (2025-2034), which is a non-political, non-binding commitment that will guide efforts towards resource efficiency and sustainable urban growth in the next decade.
Key Features of C-3:
- Supported by International Organizations: Backed by UNESCAP, Japan’s Ministry of Environment, and other global partners.
- Circular Economy Focus: Encourages reuse, recycling, remanufacturing, and composting to reduce waste.
- Global Collaboration: Involves local governments, private sector actors, and academia to drive policy and innovation.
- Integration with SDGs: Aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to climate action and responsible consumption.
PYQ:
[2018] “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cali Fund
Why in the News?
A new international biodiversity fund, the ‘Cali Fund’, was launched at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
What is the Cali Fund?
- The Cali Fund is an international biodiversity financing mechanism launched on February 25, 2025, at COP16 of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
- It collects funds from private companies that utilize Digital Sequence Information (DSI) from nature in their businesses.
- The fund supports biodiversity conservation, scientific research, and indigenous communities.
Key Features of the Cali Fund:
- Funding Source: Businesses using genetic data (DSI) from plants, animals, and microorganisms will contribute financially.
- Utilization of Funds:
- 50% allocated to indigenous and local biodiversity projects.
- Supports scientific research and developing nations’ biodiversity action plans.
- Global Management: Managed by UNDP and UNEP, with MPTFO handling finances.
- Alignment with Global Goals: Supports Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
- First-of-Its-Kind: Direct private sector contributions to a global UN biodiversity fund.
What is Digital Sequence Information (DSI)?
- DSI refers to genetic data extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Used extensively in industries such as:
- Pharmaceuticals (medicine development).
- Cosmetics (natural ingredient research).
- Agriculture (crop improvement, pest resistance).
- Biotechnology (genetic engineering, bioinformatics).
|
About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
- The CBD, with 196 contracting parties, stands as the most comprehensive international agreement focused on nature conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources.
- It was opened for signing at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.
- The CBD has 3 main objectives:
- Conservation of biological diversity (including genetic, species, and habitat diversity).
- Sustainable use of biological diversity.
- Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
- It addresses biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.
- The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the CBD’s governing body, and it meets biennially to assess progress, set priorities, and develop action plans.
- The Secretariat of the CBD is located in Montreal, Canada.
- To further its goals, the CBD includes two binding protocols:
- The Cartagena Protocol (2000), which regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) and came into force in 2003.
- The Nagoya Protocol (2010), which provides a legal framework for the access to genetic resources and the fair sharing of benefits from their use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.
(d) Both A and B |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOBP-IGO
Why in the News?
India has taken over the Chairmanship of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) Inter-Governmental Organisation from Bangladesh at the 13th Governing Council Meeting in Male, Maldives.
What is BOBP-IGO?
- BOBP-IGO is a regional fisheries body promoting sustainable fisheries management and improving the livelihoods of small-scale fishers in the Bay of Bengal region.
- It was established in 2003 and is headquartered in Chennai.
- It evolved from the Bay of Bengal Programme (BoBP), which was launched in 1979 under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- Members:
- Full Members: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
- Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
- Objectives: Enhance marine fisheries management, build fisher capacities, promote policy cooperation, and combat Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Significance of India’s Chairmanship in BOBP-IGO
- India will lead policies for sustainable fisheries management and marine conservation across member nations.
- This would strengthen monitoring, surveillance, and enforcement to prevent overfishing and illegal activities.
- It will facilitate collaboration among member nations, exchange best practices, and integrate advanced technology in fisheries.
- It would promote scientific research, innovation, and economic growth while reinforcing India’s influence in the Indian Ocean Region.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SOUL Conclave
Why in the News?
Prime Minister inaugurated the first edition of the School of Ultimate Leadership (SOUL) Leadership Conclave at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
Bhutan’s PM Tshering Tobgay was the keynote speaker, emphasizing India’s leadership role in shaping governance and public service.
What is the SOUL Leadership Conclave?
- The SOUL Leadership Conclave (School of Ultimate Leadership Conclave) is a premier leadership summit inaugurated by PM Modi.
- It is aimed at cultivating transformational leaders beyond traditional political hierarchies.
- The event is designed to bring together leaders from diverse sectors, including politics, business, sports, media, spirituality, and public policy, to share their insights and experiences on leadership.
- The conclave serves as the foundation for the upcoming SOUL Leadership Institution, an exclusive leadership training academy in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Key Features of SOUL Conclave:
- Multi-Sector Leadership: Brings together leaders from various fields to promote cross-sector collaboration and knowledge-sharing.
- Training & Development: Focuses on nurturing ethical and globally competent leaders, beyond traditional political dynasties.
- SOUL Leadership Institute: A 22-acre, ₹150 crore campus is being developed in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, for formal leadership training.
- Global Leadership Insights: Discusses policymaking, governance, and leadership challenges with national and international leaders.
- Strengthening India’s Leadership Pipeline: Aims to train future leaders in governance, economics, diplomacy, and innovation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Corruption Perceptions Index, 2024
Why in the News?
India has ranked 96 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2024, released by Transparency International on February 11, 2025.
About the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 2024
- The CPI is an annual ranking published by Transparency International, assessing public sector corruption perceptions across 180 countries and territories.
- The CPI score ranges from 0 to 100:
- 0 = Highly Corrupt
- 100 = Very Clean
- The index is based on expert analysis and business surveys from reputable institutions such as the World Bank and World Economic Forum.
- It highlights trends in corruption levels worldwide, enabling comparisons between countries and regions.
Significance of the CPI:
- The CPI helps assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies across countries.
- Corruption affects foreign investment, ease of doing business, and economic growth.
- The CPI 2024 emphasizes corruption as a major threat to climate action.
- Funds for climate mitigation and adaptation are often misused, delaying environmental progress.
- Countries with low scores face pressure to strengthen anti-corruption laws.
India’s Ranking in CPI, 2024:
- Overall Performance:
- India ranked 96 out of 180 countries, with a CPI score of 38 (dropping from 39 in 2023 and 40 in 2022).
- The decline highlights ongoing governance challenges, enforcement gaps, and institutional corruption issues.
- Comparison with Other Countries:
- China (76), Sri Lanka (121), Pakistan (135), and Bangladesh (149) ranked below India.
- Denmark remains the least corrupt nation, while over two-thirds of countries scored below 50, indicating widespread corruption.
- Challenges & Areas for Improvement:
- Weak enforcement of anti-corruption laws, regulatory loopholes, and opacity in political funding remain concerns.
- Strengthening institutional accountability, judicial independence, and transparency in governance is essential.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act)’, consider the following statements:
- A property transaction is not treated as a benami transaction if the owner of the property is not aware of the transaction.
- Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government.
- The Act provides for three authorities for investigations but does not provide for any appellate mechanism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Social Cohesion; Solidarity;
Why in the News?
India participated in the 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSoCD) from February 10 to 14, 2025, in New York, USA. The Indian delegation was led by Smt. Savitri Thakur, Minister of State for Women and Child Development.
What is Social cohesion?
- Social cohesion refers to the strength of relationships, trust, and sense of belonging among individuals and groups within a society.
- It ensures that people work together harmoniously, respect diversity, and actively contribute to the well-being of the community.
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What are the Dimensions of the Social Cohesion?
- Social Inclusion & Equity: Ensures equal access to opportunities, resources, and rights for all individuals, reducing discrimination and marginalization. Example: India’s JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) has enabled financial inclusion for disadvantaged communities, particularly women and rural populations.
- Trust in Institutions & Social Capital: Building confidence in governance, law enforcement, and civic institutions to enhance cooperation and stability. Example: Sweden’s transparent governance and welfare policies result in high public trust in government institutions.
- Participation & Civic Engagement: Encouraging individuals and communities to actively engage in decision-making and democratic processes. Example: Rwanda’s high female political representation (over 60% in Parliament) fosters inclusive and equitable policymaking.
- Solidarity & Shared Identity: Promoting unity while respecting cultural diversity and fostering a common sense of belonging. Example: Canada’s multicultural policies encourage immigrant integration while maintaining cultural heritage.
- Economic Inclusion & Opportunity: Providing equal access to economic resources, employment, and skill development to ensure upward mobility. Example: Germany’s dual vocational education system equips young people with job-ready skills, reducing unemployment and income inequality.
What is the virtuous cycle?
- A virtuous cycle is a positive, self-reinforcing loop where one beneficial action leads to another, creating a continuous cycle of improvement and progress.
- It is the opposite of a vicious cycle, which perpetuates negative outcomes.
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What are the roles of Social Cohesion in the Virtuous cycle?
- Promotes Inclusive Economic Growth: Social cohesion ensures equal access to economic opportunities, reducing disparities and fostering shared prosperity. Example: In Germany, strong social policies and labor rights have contributed to stable economic growth and low unemployment rates.
- Enhances Trust in Institutions and Governance: When citizens feel included and represented, they trust public institutions, leading to political stability and effective governance. Example: Scandinavian countries like Sweden and Norway have high levels of trust in governance due to inclusive decision-making and welfare policies.
- Encourages Social Mobility and Equal Opportunities: A cohesive society provides fair access to education, healthcare, and social protection, enabling upward mobility for all. Example: Singapore’s education system focuses on meritocracy, ensuring students from all backgrounds have access to quality education and career opportunities.
- Strengthens Community Participation and Civic Engagement: Social cohesion encourages people to engage in local governance, volunteerism, and community development initiatives. Example: Japan’s neighborhood associations play a crucial role in disaster response, fostering collective responsibility and mutual support.
- Reduces Social Conflicts and Crime: By addressing inequalities and fostering a sense of belonging, social cohesion minimizes tensions and crime rates. Example: New Zealand’s restorative justice programs emphasize reconciliation and community involvement, reducing recidivism rates.
What are the Key Recommendations to promote Social Cohesion? (Way forward)
- Inclusive Policies and Equal Opportunities: Ensure access to quality education, healthcare, and employment for all, reducing social and economic disparities. Example: Finland’s education system provides free, high-quality education, ensuring equal opportunities for all children, regardless of socioeconomic background.
- Community Engagement and Trust Building: Promote civic participation, intergroup dialogue, and local governance to strengthen social bonds and mutual respect. Example: South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) helped heal racial divides by addressing historical injustices through public dialogue.
- Economic and Social Safety Nets: Implement strong social protection systems like universal healthcare, unemployment benefits, and targeted welfare programs. Example: Brazil’s Bolsa Família program reduced poverty and inequality by providing conditional cash transfers to low-income families, improving education and health outcomes.
Mains PYQ:
Q An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arab League
Why in the News?
The Arab League has strongly rejected US President Donald Trump’s proposal for Gaza relocation, calling it unacceptable.
About the Arab League
- The Arab League was founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
- Its founding members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
- The primary goals of the Arab League include:
- Promoting economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among Arab states.
- Safeguarding the independence and sovereignty of its members.
- Addressing regional conflicts through diplomatic engagement and coordination.
- The League operates on consensus-based decision-making, meaning all member states must agree on major resolutions.
- It holds regular summits and meetings where Arab leaders discuss and formulate policies.
- Specialized councils and committees focus on key areas like economic affairs, defense, social welfare, and education.
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- Today, it has 22 member states and several observer nations.
- Members: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, UAE, and Yemen.
- Observer Nations: Several non-Arab nations, including Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela, hold observer status but do not have voting rights.
Key Achievements of the Arab League:
- Arab Peace Initiative (2002): Proposed a two-state solution to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
- Military Coordination: Facilitated joint military efforts in various regional conflicts.
- Economic Integration: Established the Arab Free Trade Area to promote intra-regional trade.
- Cultural and Educational Exchange Programs: Strengthened cooperation in education, research, and cultural preservation.
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PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements :
Statement-I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.
Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASPIRE Programme
Why in the News?
The 4th India-UK Energy Dialogue, chaired by the Union Minister of Power and the UK’s Energy Security Secretary, was recently held in New Delhi. The dignitaries launched Phase-2 of the ASPIRE programme to improve power supply, energy efficiency, and renewable energy.
About the ASPIRE Programme
- The ASPIRE (Accelerating Smart Power and Renewable Energy in India) program was officially launched in November 2021 during the India-UK Energy for Growth Partnership.
- It focuses on renewable energy expansion, power distribution reforms, and energy efficiency improvements.
- The program is implemented in collaboration with India’s Ministry of Power (MoP), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).
Key Features of ASPIRE Phase-2:
- Round-the-Clock (RTC) Power Supply: Ensuring uninterrupted electricity with smart grid integration.
- Renewable Energy Expansion: Scaling up solar, wind, and offshore wind projects with investment support.
- Industrial Energy Efficiency & Decarbonization: Reducing carbon emissions in key industries like steel, aluminum, and cement.
- Power Distribution & Market Reforms: Enhancing smart metering, grid resilience, and regulatory cooperation between CERC (India) and OFGEM (UK).
- Offshore Wind Development: Establishing a UK-India Offshore Wind Taskforce to boost supply chains & financing models.
- Electric Mobility & Green Data Centers: Expanding EV charging infrastructure and sustainable energy solutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greenland
Why in the News?
A new study has revealed that over 7,500 lakes in western Greenland have turned brown, suffered water quality deterioration, and started emitting carbon due to extreme weather events in 2022.
About Greenland and Its Lakes
- Greenland, the world’s largest island, is covered by a massive ice sheet that holds nearly 8% of the world’s freshwater.
- The island is home to thousands of glacial-fed lakes, which are crystal blue due to their pristine water quality and low organic content.
- These lakes play a crucial role in providing drinking water, supporting biodiversity, and storing atmospheric carbon by acting as natural carbon sinks.
What are the reasons?
- Extreme Weather in 2022: Greenland saw record-breaking heatwaves and heavy rainfall instead of the usual snowfall.
- Permafrost Thawing: Rising temperatures melted permafrost, releasing large amounts of organic carbon, iron, and other minerals into the lakes.
- Atmospheric Rivers: These long, narrow streams of water vapor in the sky caused intense precipitation, leading to large-scale runoff of organic material and sediments into the lakes.
- Loss of Light Penetration: Increased sedimentation turned the lakes murky brown, reducing sunlight penetration and affecting phytoplankton, which play a key role in carbon absorption.
Why this Study is important?
- The study found that changes in the lakes occurred within months instead of centuries, signaling an unprecedented climate impact.
- Once natural carbon absorbers, the lakes are now releasing 350% more carbon dioxide, accelerating global warming.
- The lakes, which supply drinking water, now contain higher levels of organic pollutants, affecting both humans and aquatic ecosystems.
- Studies suggest atmospheric rivers will become 50–290% more frequent by the end of the century, leading to widespread changes in other freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
- The study adds to growing evidence that Earth’s natural carbon sinks are failing, posing a major challenge to climate mitigation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason?
(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat
(b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost
(c) The density of water is maximum at 4 °C
(d) None of the statements A, B and C given above is correct. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently commended Indore and Udaipur for earning a spot in the prestigious list of 31 Wetland Accredited Cities (WCA) worldwide under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Key Highlights of Indore and Udaipur
- Indore:
- Known as India’s cleanest city and recipient of Smart City 2023 Award.
- Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, supports large water bird congregations and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
- Over 200 wetland mitras are actively involved in conservation efforts, particularly protecting the Sarus Crane.
- Udaipur:
- Famous for its picturesque lakes, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
- These wetlands are vital for maintaining the city’s microclimate and providing a buffer against extreme weather events.
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About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
- It was introduced during COP 12 (2015) of the Ramsar Convention to recognize cities that take exceptional steps in wetland conservation and sustainable management.
- Objective: To promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands while fostering socio-economic benefits for local populations.
- The accreditation is valid for 6 years.
Criteria for WCA:
Cities must meet specific standards set by the Ramsar Convention, including:
- Presence of one or more Ramsar sites or significant wetlands.
- Implementation of wetland conservation measures and restoration initiatives.
- Integration of wetlands into land-use planning.
- Raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- Establishing local committees with expertise in wetland management.
- Having strong laws and policies to prevent wetland degradation.
India’s Efforts in Wetland Conservation
- India became a Ramsar Convention member in 1982, with 85 Ramsar sites covering 13,58,068 hectares (10% of India’s wetland area).
- India initially designated 26 Ramsar sites (1982–2013) and added 59 more since 2014, reflecting a growing commitment to wetland preservation.
- Tamil Nadu leads with 18 Ramsar sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).
- Global Leadership Wetland Conservation:
- UK has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175), followed by Mexico (142).
- Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection (148,000 sq. km).
Interesting Facts about Indian Wetlands:
- India’s wetlands cover 1,52,600 sq. km, constituting 4.63% of its geographical area (ISRO data).
- Gujarat has the largest wetland area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance:
- Examples include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
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PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland.
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site.’ |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Plastic pollution;
Why in the News?
The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), an initiative of the World Economic Forum, has reached a significant milestone by expanding its network to include 25 countries. This expansion introduces seven new members: Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, which together represent a population of more than 1.5 billion people.
What is the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP)?
- The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is an initiative launched by the World Economic Forum aimed at combating plastic pollution worldwide.
- It focuses on promoting a circular economy for plastics, emphasizing reuse, recycling, and sustainable management to mitigate the environmental impacts of plastic waste.
What are the key components of GPAP?
- Governance and Structure: GPAP operates through a robust governance framework consisting of a Governing Council, Steering Board, and Advisory Committee, involving senior executives from founding organisations such as the World Economic Forum.
- For example, in Indonesia, the governance structure facilitated the creation of the National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP), which oversees the implementation of strategies to reduce marine plastic leakage.
- National Action Roadmaps: GPAP collaborates with various stakeholders to create National Action Roadmaps tailored to specific countries.
- For instance, Vietnam’s National Plastic Action Partnership launched its roadmap in 2022, targeting a 50% reduction in plastic waste by 2030 through strategies.
- Investment Mobilization: GPAP focuses on aligning financial resources with plastic waste reduction goals. For example, in Ghana, GPAP worked with the government and private sector to attract investments for waste recycling infrastructure.
- Global Collaboration Network: GPAP acts as a platform connecting stakeholders globally to address plastic pollution.
- For example, it facilitated the sharing of best practices between countries like Indonesia and Ghana, allowing them to adopt innovative solutions such as advanced recycling technologies and extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks.
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What is the significance of expanding GPAP to include seven new African countries?
- Strengthened Global Coalition: With this expansion, GPAP now encompasses 25 countries representing over 1.5 billion people, making it the largest global initiative focused on combating plastic pollution.
- Addressing Urgent Environmental Challenges: The inclusion of these countries underscores a growing recognition of the urgent need to tackle plastic pollution, which poses severe threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health.
- Fostering Regional Collaboration: The addition of new African countries facilitates regional collaboration and knowledge sharing on best practices for waste management and recycling.
- Economic Growth and Job Creation: GPAP’s initiatives are expected to stimulate economic growth through the promotion of sustainable materials and recycling infrastructure.
- Commitment to Circular Economy Principles: The expansion reflects a commitment to advancing circular economy principles, which focus on reusing and recycling plastics rather than relying on single-use materials.
What are the anticipated environmental and economic impacts of GPAP’s initiatives?
- Decreased Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The initiative targets a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastic production and waste management, which currently accounts for an estimated 1.8 billion tonnes annually. By promoting a circular economy, GPAP aims to mitigate emissions, particularly methane from landfills.
- By implementing National Action Roadmaps, the partnership seeks to reduce annual land-based plastic leakage by approximately 80% by 2040 compared to business-as-usual scenarios.
- By transitioning to a circular economy model, GPAP initiatives can help countries recover lost economic value from plastics, estimated at $80 billion to $120 billion annually due to inefficiencies in current systems.
- Job Creation: GPAP’s efforts in developing sustainable waste management practices are expected to create significant employment opportunities, potentially generating up to 6 million green jobs globally by 2030. This includes safer jobs for informal waste workers who play a crucial role in recycling and waste management.
- Investment Mobilization: The partnership has already mobilized substantial investments, such as $3.1 billion, aimed at supporting projects that tackle plastic waste. This influx of capital can stimulate local economies and drive innovation in sustainable materials and recycling technologies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Partnerships: Collaborate with governments, private sectors, and civil society to establish robust policies to enforce regulations and promote extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks to drive systemic change.
- Enhance Innovation and Infrastructure: Invest in advanced recycling technologies for scalable waste management infrastructure and research to develop sustainable alternatives, fostering a circular economy while creating green jobs and reducing plastic pollution.
Prelims PYQ:
In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following ? (UPSC IAS/2019)
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
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