Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Keeling Curve
Why in the News?
Atmospheric CO₂ levels hit a record high in 2024 due to wildfires and human activities, as shown by the Keeling Curve, a 67-year record maintained at Mauna Loa Observatory since 1958.
What is Keeling Curve?
- The Keeling Curve is a long-term record of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, initiated by Charles David Keeling in 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
- It tracks the rise in CO₂ levels and provides evidence of the impact of human activities on climate change.
- Named after Charles David Keeling, it has become a globally recognized tool for understanding global warming.
Significant Features and Sources:
- Steady Upward Trend: Demonstrates a consistent rise in atmospheric CO₂ levels since 1958, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion and deforestation.
- Seasonal Fluctuations:
- CO₂ levels decrease during spring and summer as plants absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis.
- Levels increase during fall and winter when plant decay releases CO₂.
- Initial Measurements: Recorded CO₂ levels at 315 ppm in 1958.
- Current Levels: As of January 2025, CO₂ concentrations have reached 427.1 ppm, the highest in millions of years.
- Data Sources: Measurements are taken from Mauna Loa Observatory and other global monitoring stations.
Observations around the Curve
- Key Milestones:
- 1988: CO₂ levels reached 350 ppm, drawing global attention to climate change.
- 2023: Levels exceeded 420 ppm, marking a critical point in atmospheric history.
- 2024: Record growth of 3.58 ppm in average annual CO₂ concentrations compared to 2023.
- Contributing Factors:
- El Niño: Surface temperature rise in the Pacific Ocean boosted CO₂ emissions during 2024, exacerbated by wildfires in North and South America.
- Anthropogenic Emissions: Burning fossil fuels and land-use changes remain major contributors.
- Global Implications:
- Contradicts IPCC scenarios for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as emissions continue to rise.
- Record increases in CO₂ levels during El Niño events highlight the interplay between natural phenomena and human activities.
PYQ:
[2011] Consider the following:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration
3. Decay of organic matter
4. Volcanic action
Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: International Migrants;
Why in the News?
According to the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, released in Geneva, the global population of international migrants reached 284.5 million in 2022, with 255.7 million of them being of working age (15 and older).
Why are there more male International Migrants in the global labour force than women?
- Gender Roles and Norms: Traditional gender roles and societal norms often restrict women’s ability to migrate autonomously. Women are frequently expected to prioritize family responsibilities, which limits their opportunities for international migration and labor market participation.
- Labour Market Segmentation: Women are often concentrated in specific sectors such as domestic work, caregiving, and low-skilled service jobs, which are undervalued and less visible.
- Men, on the other hand, dominate higher-paying sectors like construction and agriculture, which are more open to international migrants.
- Barriers to Employment: As per ILO, Migrant women face higher unemployment rates (8.7%) compared to migrant men (6.2%), due to factors such as language barriers, unrecognised qualifications, limited childcare options, and gender-based discrimination in host countries.
- Economic and Social Independence: Women’s migration decisions are influenced by their access to resources and social networks. A lack of autonomy or financial independence can hinder their ability to migrate for work.
- In some cases, women migrate as dependents or spouses of male workers, which limits their access to legal employment opportunities in the host country.
Which economic sectors attract IMs?
- Construction: The construction industry employs a significant number of male migrants, particularly in regions with rapid urbanisation and infrastructure projects. This sector, part of the 35.6% of male migrant employment in industry, plays a vital role in economic expansion.
- Agriculture: Globally, 7.1% of international migrants work in agriculture, with higher figures in regions like Africa, where 27.5% are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Migrants are crucial for meeting seasonal labour demands.
- Manufacturing: Manufacturing heavily relies on migrant workers in industrialized nations, with migrants filling manual labour and skill-specific roles. This sector highlights the alignment of migrant labour with economic development needs.
- Services Sector: Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are employed in the services sector, compared to 51.5% of non-migrants. This sector includes a wide range of occupations, but it is particularly noted for:
- Care Work: A significant number of migrant women are employed in caregiving roles, which include healthcare and domestic services. About 28.8% of migrant women work in the care economy.
- Hospitality and Retail: Many migrants find employment in hotels, restaurants, and retail stores, especially in high-demand tourist areas.
Which are the main host countries?
Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are concentrated in high-income countries followed by 17.4% (29.2 million) in upper-middle-income countries.
- Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers (2022): International migrants in the labour force were primarily concentrated in Europe and Central Asia (34.5%, 57.8 million), followed by the Americas (27.3%, 45.8 million), Asia and the Pacific (16.2%, 27.2 million), the Arab States (13.5%, 22.6 million), and Africa (8.5%, 14.3 million). The majority resided in Northern, Southern, and Western Europe (23.3%), Northern America (22.6%), and the Arab States (13.5%), collectively hosting 59.4% of all migrant workers.
- Significant Proportions in Labor Forces: Migrants formed more than one-third (37.2%) of the Arab States’ labour force. Significant proportions were also observed in Europe and Central Asia (12.9%) and the Americas (9%), highlighting their vital role in these economies.
Conclusion: Governments and international organizations should implement gender-responsive migration policies that address barriers faced by women. This includes creating support systems for childcare, recognizing foreign qualifications, and ensuring equal access to legal employment opportunities in host countries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Success of make in India program depends on the success of Skill India programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Vulnerable groups;
Why in the News?
Recently, UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025 emphasizes the urgent need for resilient systems to protect children’s rights amid crises like conflict, climate change, and economic instability, ensuring equitable access to essential services globally.
What are the primary challenges facing children in the current global landscape as per UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025?
- Conflict and Displacement: Over 473 million children, or about 19% globally, live in conflict-affected areas—a figure that has nearly doubled since the 1990s. This exposes children to severe risks, including displacement, starvation, disease, and psychological trauma.
- Economic Instability: Nearly 400 million children live in countries in debt distress, where financial pressures are reducing investments in essential services such as education and healthcare, further deepening their vulnerabilities.
- Climate Change: Around 1 billion children are at extremely high risk from climate impacts. Disruptions from extreme weather events affect their access to education and healthcare, while only 2.4% of global climate finance is directed toward child-focused initiatives.
- Digital Inequality: The expansion of digital public infrastructure (DPI) offers opportunities to improve service delivery, but significant digital divides persist, disproportionately affecting children in low-income and marginalised communities.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this flagship scheme aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and empowerment of girls.
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): This savings scheme encourages parents to save for their daughters’ education and marriage by offering attractive interest rates and tax benefits.
- Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Established in 1975, ICDS focuses on improving the nutritional and health status of children under six years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan): Launched in 2018, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition among children and women through a convergence of various schemes and community-based approaches.
- Mission Vatsalya: This initiative focuses on child protection services, ensuring that vulnerable children receive necessary support and care.
- Child Protection Policies: The government has enacted several laws, such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, to safeguard children’s rights and ensure their welfare.
- National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The NCPCR plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting children’s rights in India. It has launched various initiatives such as the POCSO e-Box for reporting child sexual abuse and the Bal Panchayat Abhiyan to encourage child-led governance.
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How can global governance and national systems be strengthened to support children’s rights and well-being?
Global governance:
- Strengthening International Mechanisms: The United Nations should develop specialized frameworks to protect children’s rights in the digital environment, ensuring online safety and privacy are integral to global governance policies.
- Ensuring Accountability: States and corporations must be held accountable for violations of children’s rights, with the adoption of measures like the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to ensure businesses prioritize child protection.
- Fostering Global Collaboration: Promoting bilateral and multilateral cooperation can address challenges such as cyberbullying and online exploitation through shared best practices and coordinated efforts to safeguard children’s rights worldwide.
National systems:
- Developing Child Rights Governance Systems: Nations should establish comprehensive frameworks that integrate children’s rights into laws and policies, aligning with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to prioritize children’s needs in governance.
- Strengthening Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Enhancing the capacity of CSOs through training programs can improve their ability to advocate for and implement child rights initiatives while effectively engaging with government institutions.
- Advancing Evidence-Based Advocacy: Utilizing data-driven approaches to shape policy priorities can ensure child rights are central to resource allocation and budgeting at global, regional, and national levels.
- Empowering Children’s Participation: Encouraging children to actively participate in decision-making processes helps create policies that address their needs and aspirations, fostering a more inclusive governance system.
- Establishing Robust Monitoring Systems: Implement mechanisms to regularly track and report on children’s well-being indicators to ensure accountability and measure progress in achieving child rights standards.
Way forward:
- Integrated Global-National Synergy: Strengthen collaboration between international frameworks and national systems to prioritize children’s rights in governance, focusing on accountability, digital safety, and climate resilience through coordinated policies and resource allocation.
- Child-Centric Policy and Participation: Develop evidence-based policies that directly address children’s vulnerabilities while empowering them to participate in decision-making, ensuring sustainable and responsive governance structures.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QS World Future Skills Index
Why in the News?
PM has expressed his happiness as the QS World Future Skills Index ranks India 2nd for Digital Skills, ahead of Canada and Germany.
About the QS World Future Skills Index
- The index is launched by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a London-based higher education firm, the index evaluates countries on their readiness to meet evolving job market demands.
- It assesses over 190 countries, analyzing:
- 280 million job postings
- 5 million employer skill demands
- 17.5 million research papers
- 4 Key Indicators:
- Skills Fit: Alignment between workforce skills and employer demands.
- Academic Readiness: Higher education’s capability to prepare students for future skills.
- Future of Work: Job market readiness for emerging skills in digital, AI, and green technologies.
- Economic Transformation: Capacity for innovation and sustainable growth.
- Countries are classified into 4 categories as:
- Future Skills Pioneers
- Practitioners
- Contenders (India’s category)
- Aspirants
Key Observations
- India ranks 2nd globally in digital, AI, and green skills, showcasing its leadership in technology and sustainability.
- It achieved a perfect score in economic capacity, reflecting strong growth potential.
- However, India scored poorly in skills fit (59.1) and sustainability innovation (15.6), highlighting gaps in education and innovation alignment.
- Developed nations like the USA, UK, and Germany lead as “future skills pioneers.”
Significance of the Index
- The report serves as a global benchmark for readiness in meeting evolving job market demands.
- It highlights the importance of digital, AI, and green skills for future industries.
- It provides actionable insights for policy reforms in education and workforce training.
- It positions India to address gaps and leverage its strengths to secure a competitive global role.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kampala Declaration and its outcomes
Why in the News?
The Extraordinary African Union Summit on the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) concluded in Kampala, Uganda, with the adoption of the transformative Kampala Declaration.
What is the Kampala Declaration?
|
Details |
| About |
- Successor to the Malabo Declaration (2014–2025).
- Focuses on transforming agriculture into a modern, climate-smart sector.
- Aligns with CAADP’s vision and African Union’s Agenda 2063.
|
| Key Highlights |
- Adoption of a ten-year post-Malabo agenda (2026–2035) with implementation and monitoring strategies.
- Promotes climate-smart innovations for sustainable food production.
- Integrates agricultural policies with broader development objectives like nutrition and environmental sustainability.
- Acknowledges global challenges like COVID-19 and geopolitical disruptions.
|
| Significant Features |
- Adopts an agri-food systems approach, addressing issues across the food value chain.
- Emphasizes environmental sustainability and diverse, nutritious diets.
- Builds resilience to withstand climate, economic, and geopolitical shocks.
- Ensures involvement of diverse stakeholders, including policymakers, farmers, and private sector actors.
- Establishes monitoring frameworks for accountability and progress tracking.
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PYQ:
[2015] The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of:
(a) ASEAN
(b) BRICS
(c) OECD
(d) WTO |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Transition Theory
Why in the News?
The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.
IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?
Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
- Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
- Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
- Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.
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Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report
- Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
- Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
- Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
- The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
- In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
- Consumption Patterns in India:
- India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
- By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
- The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.
About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend
- India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
- From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
- This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
- India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
- By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
- India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
- Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
- Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:
- Low birth-rate with low death rate
- High birth-rate with high death rate
- High birth-rate with low death rate
Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 2, 3, 1
(d) 3, 2, 1 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN-CEBD
Why in the News?
India has joined the prestigious UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD).
About UN-CEBD
| Details |
- Established in 2014 during the 45th session of the UN Statistical Commission.
- First Chair: Australia.
- Explores the potential of big data and data science in transforming official statistics.
- Monitors progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using innovative data sources.
|
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
Mandate:
- Develop global programs for using big data in official statistics.
- Monitor SDG indicators using advanced data science.
- Address challenges like cross-border data sharing and ethical concerns.
Governance Structure:
- Advisory Board: Strategic oversight and guidance.
- UN Bureau: Handles operational tasks.
Implementation Mechanism:
- Capacity building through training.
- Promote global collaboration and innovation.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Strategic Vision: Integrate big data into national/international statistical systems.
- Practical Use: Utilize non-traditional data sources like IoT, satellite imagery, and private sector data.
- Capacity Building: Train statisticians in data science techniques.
- Global Standards: Develop frameworks for cross-border data sharing and ethical practices.
- Policy Integration: Advocate for data-driven policymaking.
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| Why India Joined? |
- Enhancing Statistical Capabilities: Modernize processes with IoT, satellite imagery, etc.
- Global Collaboration: Share innovations like the Data Innovation Lab and learn best practices.
- SDG Monitoring: Leverage big data for robust tracking of SDGs.
- Showcasing Leadership: Strengthen India’s position in global data governance.
- Economic and Policy Benefits: Enable evidence-based decisions to address socio-economic challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INTERPOL and its notices
Why in the News?
The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) has issued a Silver Notice to trace and recover criminal assets, marking the first expansion of its color-coded notices to specifically target the finances of organized crime networks.
What is Silver Notice?
- It is an INTERPOL initiative aimed at tracing, locating, and recovering criminal assets linked to crimes such as fraud, corruption, drug trafficking, and environmental offenses.
- Objective: It targets assets like properties, vehicles, financial accounts, and businesses that are connected to criminal activities.
- It was launched in 2023 as part of a pilot phase involving 52 countries, and this phase will run until November 2025.
- How does it work?
-
- Member countries can request INTERPOL to issue a Silver Notice for assistance in gathering information about criminal assets.
- The Notice is shared globally with all 196 INTERPOL member countries, while Diffusions can be directed to specific countries for more targeted cooperation.
- All Silver Notices and Diffusions are reviewed by INTERPOL’s General Secretariat to ensure compliance with its rules, including prohibitions on political misuse as outlined in Article 3 of the INTERPOL Constitution.
- The first-ever Silver Notice was requested by Italy to trace assets linked to a senior mafia member, showcasing its potential to combat organized crime.
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About INTERPOL
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Establishment: Founded in 1923 in Vienna, now headquartered in Lyon, France, with 195 member countries.
- Mandate: Supports cross-border police cooperation, helping agencies combat international crime.
- India became a member of INTERPOL in June 1956.
Structural Mandate:
- Secretary General: Oversees daily operations.
- General Secretariat (Lyon): Manages global databases and police communication systems.
- Global Complex for Innovation (Singapore): Research, training, and cybercrime initiatives.
- Regional Bureaus: Satellite offices worldwide.
- National Central Bureaus (NCBs): Each member country, such as India’s CBI, serves as its national focal point for INTERPOL.
- I-24/7 Service: A secure global police communication system enabling real-time sharing of urgent and sensitive information.
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| Powers and Functions |
- Data Sharing: Manages 19 police databases on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time by member countries.
- Notices and Diffusions: Issues color-coded notices (e.g., Red, Yellow, Blue, Silver) to locate fugitives, missing persons, or criminal assets; not legally binding but widely used by law enforcement.
Operational Support:
– Investigative Assistance: Provides forensics, analysis, and fugitive-tracking support.
– Coordination: Enables law enforcement agencies to handle transnational crime efficiently. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS-11, New members of BRICS
Why in the News?
Indonesia has officially joined BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a full member. This move was unanimously approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg and announced by Brazil, which holds the presidency of BRICS in 2025.
What is BRICS?
- BRICS represents a coalition of nations committed to fostering economic growth, development cooperation, and global governance reform.
- BRICS focuses on collaboration across 3 key pillars:
- Political and Security Cooperation: Ensuring peace, global stability, and governance reform.
- Economic and Financial Cooperation: Promoting trade, investment, and economic resilience.
- Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation: Enhancing mutual understanding and societal linkages.
-
- Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
- Recent Additions: Indonesia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE.
Evolution of BRICS:
- 2001: The term “BRIC” was coined by Jim O’Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, in a report highlighting Brazil, Russia, India, and China as fast-growing economies.
- 2006: BRIC leaders held their first meeting during the G8 Outreach Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 2009: The first BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, to formalize the grouping.
- 2010: South Africa joined, transforming BRIC into BRICS.
- 2014 Fortaleza Declaration: The establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) marked significant steps toward financial collaboration.
- Recent Expansion: In 2023 Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE joined, reflecting BRICS’ expanding influence in the Global South.
- 2025: Indonesia officially joins.
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Significance of BRICS:
- Economic Growth: Acts as a significant driver of global economic growth, contributing 24% of global GDP and over 16% of global trade.
- Multipolar World Advocacy: Promotes a multipolar world order, challenging Western dominance in global governance.
- South-South Cooperation: Strengthens collaboration among developing nations, addressing shared issues like poverty and climate change.
- Alternative Financial Systems: Explores mechanisms like the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) to reduce reliance on Western financial institutions and the US dollar.
Challenges Faced by BRICS:
- Diverging Interests: Members have differing priorities, such as India-China tensions and varying stances on global issues.
- Economic Disparities: Wide differences in economic size and capacity, with China dominating BRICS GDP.
- Institutional Weakness: Absence of a formal structure and binding agreements limits the bloc’s effectiveness.
- Geopolitical Pressures: External challenges like Western sanctions on Russia and US-China tensions test BRICS’ cohesion and neutrality.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Future of Jobs Report, 2025; Other reports by WEF
Why in the News?
According to the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Future of Jobs Report 2025, global macro trends, including technological advancements, demographic shifts, and the green transition, will create 170 million new jobs by 2030.
About the Future of Jobs Report, 2025
- It is based on insights gathered from over 1,000 leading global companies, collectively representing 14 million workers across 22 industry sectors and 55 economies worldwide.
- It provides critical insights into emerging and declining job roles, skills trends, and the overall impact of global changes on the labour market.
What are the key findings of the report?
- The report projects 170 million new jobs globally by 2030, with a net increase of 78 million jobs after accounting for 92 million displaced roles.
- Fast-growing roles include AI and machine learning specialists, big data experts, FinTech engineers, and farmworkers, driven by technological advancements and the green transition.
- Clerical jobs like data entry clerks and cashiers are declining due to automation.
- Employers anticipate 39% of skills will change by 2030, with growing demand for AI proficiency, creative thinking, and resilience.
- Businesses are focusing on reskilling, with 85% investing in upskilling programs.
- Collaboration among governments, academia, and industries is vital to bridge the skills gap and align with future job demands.
About World Economic Forum (WEF):
- The WEF is an international NGO for Public-Private Cooperation.
- It was established in January 1971 by German engineer and economist Klaus Schwab.
- Important reports published by WEF include: Global Competitiveness Report, Global Risks Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global Social Mobility Report, Energy Transition Index, and Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, among others.
|
PYQ:
[2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)
Why in the News?
Several major US banks have recently withdrawn from the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), raising concerns about the banking sector’s commitment to combating climate change.
What is Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)?
- Established as a bank-led, UN-convened initiative, the NZBA commits members to align their lending, investment, and capital market activities with achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
- It is a part of the UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking, serving as a climate accelerator.
- NZBA retains 142 members from 44 countries, with 80 European banks representing the majority of the alliance’s $64 trillion in assets.
- No Indian banks are signatory to this NZBA.
- Structural Mandate:
- Overseen by a Steering Group representing diverse geographies and business models.
- Supported by the UNEP FI Secretariat and governed under documents updated in August 2023 and March 2024.
- Commitments of Member Banks:
- Transition operational and portfolio emissions to align with net-zero pathways.
- Set 2030 targets (or sooner) within 18 months of joining and establish intermediate targets every five years.
- Publish annual reports on absolute emissions and emissions intensity.
What is the Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target by 2050?
- Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 refer to achieving a balance between the amount of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed or offset by natural or technological means.
- This target is critical for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.
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About the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
- The GFANZ is a global coalition of leading financial institutions committed to accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
- It was established in April 2021 in the lead-up to the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow.
- Membership comprises over 550 financial institutions across 50 countries.
- Includes banks, insurers, asset managers, and other financial players managing a combined $150 trillion in assets.
- It is chaired by Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England and current UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance.
- It is supported by global initiatives like the UN Race to Zero campaign and other financial alliances.
PYQ:
[2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
(b) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
(c) Capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
(d) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2024
Why in the News?
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has released its 2024 Statistical Yearbook, providing a comprehensive analysis of global agrifood systems.
Key Highlights from the Yearbook
- Economic Dimensions of Agriculture:
- Global agricultural value increased by 89% in real terms between 2000 and 2022, reaching $3.8 trillion.
- The proportion of the global workforce employed in agriculture dropped from 40% in 2000 to 26% in 2022, reflecting economic diversification.
- Food Security and Nutrition:
- In 2023, between 713 and 757 million people were undernourished, with a midpoint estimate of 733 million, marking an increase of 152 million since 2019.
- Obesity rates are rising, with over 25% of adults in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania classified as obese.
- Crop and Meat Production:
- Primary crop production grew by 56% from 2000 to 2022, reaching 9.6 billion tonnes, with staples like sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice accounting for nearly half.
- Meat production rose by 55%, with chicken surpassing pork as the most produced meat globally in 2022.
- Agricultural Inputs:
- Pesticide use increased by 70% from 2000 to 2022, with the Americas accounting for half of global usage.
- Inorganic fertilizers reached 185 million tonnes in 2022, a 37% increase since 2000.
- Environmental Pressures:
- Greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems grew by 10% from 2000 to 2022, with livestock contributing 54% of farm-gate emissions.
- Water scarcity is a critical issue in regions like the Near East and North Africa, with countries withdrawing up to 40 times their renewable freshwater resources annually.
About Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on eradicating hunger, improving nutrition, and ensuring food security worldwide.
- Established in 1945, the FAO is headquartered in Rome, Italy, and works in collaboration with member states, organizations, and communities.
- Mandate and Goals:
-
- Hunger Eradication: Reduce global hunger and malnutrition through sustainable agricultural practices.
- Agrifood System Development: Support member states in developing resilient and sustainable food systems.
- Data and Analysis: Provide accurate, timely, and high-quality statistical data for policymaking and monitoring.
- Key Functions:
-
- Research and Policy Recommendations: Conducts research to address pressing issues in agriculture and food systems.
- Capacity Building: Supports countries with training and resources for sustainable agriculture.
- Monitoring Global Trends: Publishes annual reports and statistical yearbooks to track trends and challenges in agrifood systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sanctions
Why in the News?
The United States has imposed sanctions on entities in Iran and Russia, accusing them of attempting to interfere in the 2024 US presidential election.
Understanding Sanctions: Purpose, Application, and Impact
- Sanctions are strategic tools used to influence behavior, deter aggression, and enforce compliance with international norms.
- Sanctions are commonly used to address counterterrorism, human rights abuses, nuclear proliferation, and election interference.
Types of Sanctions
- Comprehensive Sanctions: Broad measures against entire countries (e.g., U.S. embargo on Cuba).
- Targeted (Smart) Sanctions: Focused on specific individuals or entities (e.g., asset freezes, travel bans).
- Common Forms:
- Trade restrictions and arms embargoes.
- Asset freezes and capital restraints.
- Travel bans and reductions in foreign aid.
How sanctions work?
- United States:
- Managed by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).
- Targets include terrorism (e.g., al-Qaeda), nuclear programs (e.g., Iran), and election meddling (e.g., Russia).
- Example: 2024 sanctions on Iranian and Russian entities for using AI to interfere in U.S. elections.
- United Nations:
- Imposed by the UN Security Council, requiring no veto from the five permanent members (U.S., UK, France, China, Russia).
- Measures include asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes.
- Example: Sanctions on North Korea to curb its nuclear weapons program.
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Why are Sanctions Imposed?
Sanctions aim to:
- Coerce: Change policies or actions, such as dismantling nuclear programs.
- Deter: Prevent future aggression or cyberattacks.
- Punish: Impose costs for violating international norms.
- Shame: Isolate violators diplomatically and economically.
Impacts on Regional and Global Geopolitics
- Economic Effects:
- Sanctions can weaken economies, such as Iran’s reduction in oil exports or Russia’s challenges in energy markets.
- However, some nations adapt; Russia’s economy grew by 3.6% in 2023, despite sanctions.
- Shifting Alliances:
- Targeted nations strengthen ties with others (e.g., Russia’s growing relations with China and Iran).
- Trade Realignment:
- EU sanctions on Russia accelerated Europe’s move to renewable energy sources.
- Humanitarian Consequences:
- Comprehensive sanctions can harm civilians, as seen in Iraq during the 1990s.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
Why in the News?
The 2014-2016 Pacific marine heatwave (MHW) killed over four million common murres (Uria aalge) (IUCN: Least Concerned) in Alaska. A study published in Science revealed that this event marked the largest recorded vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
About Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
|
Details |
| What is it? |
- As per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), prolonged periods of sea surface temperatures rising 3 to 4°C above average for at least five consecutive days.
- IMD defines a marine heat wave (MHW) as a period when the sea’s temperature is above the 90th percentile(seasonally varying threshold) for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Can last from weeks to years, depending on intensity and extent.
- Frequency: Increasing in both occurrence and intensity due to climate change.
- Identified as one of the most significant stressors on global marine ecosystems, causing large-scale disruptions.
|
| Key Observations on MHWs |
2014-2016 Pacific MHW:
- Caused the death of over 4 million common murres (Uria aalge) in Alaska, the largest vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
- Highlighted rapid and severe population declines in marine birds and a lack of ecosystem recovery even years later.
- Increasing frequency and intensity are reshaping ecosystems, creating new survival challenges for marine species.
- Evidence of shifts in marine environments, disrupting population dynamics.
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| Impacts of MHWs |
On Ecosystems:
- Mass Mortality: Loss of habitat-forming species like kelps and corals, degrading ecosystems.
- Trophic Cascades: Displacement of lower-trophic species and reduced ecosystem productivity.
On Marine Species:
- Reduced breeding success and increased mortality.
- Example: 2014–2016 Pacific MHW killed half the common murre population in Alaska.
On Biodiversity:
- Loss of key predators disrupts food webs.
- Threatened species face survival challenges due to limited adaptability.
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PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?
- OMT is measured up to a depth of 26ºC isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
- OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LLDCs mapping
Why in the News?
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted a 10-Year Action Plan for Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), aiming to address their unique challenges.
Key Targets of the 10-Year Action Plan for LLDCs (2024–2034):
The Programme of Action for LLDCs aims to address their unique challenges through targeted actions across 5 priority areas:
- Structural Transformation and Innovation:
- Promote economic diversification and industrialization.
- Advance science, technology, and innovation to enhance productivity and competitiveness.
- Trade Facilitation and Regional Integration:
- Simplify and enhance trade processes to improve access to global markets.
- Strengthen participation in regional and global trade agreements.
- Reduce trade costs through better policies and infrastructure.
- Transit, Transport, and Connectivity:
- Develop and modernize transit infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and ports.
- Improve connectivity to reduce dependence on neighboring countries.
- Enhance customs procedures to ensure smoother transit of goods.
- Resilience to Climate Change and Disasters:
- Build adaptive capacities to address vulnerabilities caused by climate change.
- Develop strategies to reduce disaster risks and mitigate environmental challenges.
- Means of Implementation:
- Mobilize financial resources, technical assistance, and international support.
- Foster partnerships among governments, international organizations, and private sectors.
What Are Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs)?
- LLDCs are nations that lack access to a coastline and are surrounded by neighboring countries.
- Currently, there are 32 LLDCs, primarily in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America.
- List of LLDCs:
- Africa: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
- Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
- Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, North Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia.
- South America: Bolivia, Paraguay.
- Challenges Faced by LLDCs:
- High Trade Costs: LLDCs face 1.4 times higher trade costs than coastal nations due to dependence on neighboring countries for transit and lengthy customs procedures.
- Limited Market Access: Lack of direct access to global markets restricts their ability to compete internationally and increases transportation costs.
- Infrastructure Deficits: Poor road, rail, and communication networks hinder connectivity and efficient trade operations.
- Climate Vulnerability: LLDCs are highly susceptible to climate change impacts like droughts and floods, with limited resources to mitigate risks.
- Economic and Political Dependence: Over-reliance on transit countries for trade routes leads to geopolitical challenges and limits economic diversification.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN Convention against Cybercrime
Why in the News?
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted a legally binding treaty on cybercrime, marking the culmination of a five-year effort by Member States. This is the first international criminal justice treaty negotiated in over 20 years.
About UN Convention against Cybercrime: Important Facts
- The UN Convention against Cybercrime is a legally binding treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2024.
- Its primary aim is to prevent and combat cybercrime, enhance international cooperation, and protect human rights in cyberspace.
- The convention was finalized after five years of negotiations and unanimously adopted by all 193 UN member states.
- A signing ceremony is scheduled for 2025 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Key Provisions:
- Addressing Cybercrime:
- Targets crimes like terrorism, human trafficking, financial fraud, drug smuggling, and data theft facilitated by ICT platforms.
- Victim-Centric Approach:
- Focuses on protecting victims, particularly vulnerable groups, and ensuring they receive justice.
- International Cooperation:
- Promotes evidence-sharing, joint investigations, and capacity-building among Member States.
- Safeguarding Human Rights:
- Balances the need for cybersecurity with the protection of freedom of expression, privacy, and access to information.
- Adaptability:
- Allows for additional protocols to address emerging cyber threats, ensuring the convention remains relevant.
- Capacity-Building:
- Provides support to develop cybercrime legislation, build infrastructure, and enhance law enforcement capabilities in Member States.
- Public Awareness:
- Encourages global education campaigns and proactive measures to prevent cyber offenses.
Significance:
- Landmark in International Law: Marks the first international criminal justice treaty in over 20 years, representing a global commitment to cybersecurity.
- Strengthening Cybersecurity: Offers tools and mechanisms to mitigate ICT-enabled threats that undermine global security and economies.
- Protecting Vulnerable Groups: Emphasizes justice and protection for marginalized communities affected by online crimes.
- Economic and Social Benefits: Preserves global economies, promotes investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, and safeguards individuals.
- Flexibility for Future Threats: Incorporates provisions for additional protocols to handle new challenges, such as AI-driven cyber threats.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNDOF
Why in the News?
UN Secretary-General paid tribute to Brigadier General Amitabh Jha of India, who died serving with the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) in the Golan Heights.
About United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
- The UNDOF is a peacekeeping mission established by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to oversee the implementation of a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria following the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
- The Yom Kippur War (October 6-24, 1973) was fought between Egypt and Israel (in the Sinai) and Israel and Syria (in the Golan Heights).
- It operates in the Golan Heights, a region of strategic importance and long-standing contention.
- The UNSC formally established UNDOF under Resolution 350 to:
- Maintain the ceasefire.
- Supervise the disengagement of forces.
- Monitor the separation zones established by the agreement.
- UNDOF became operational on June 6, 1974, with an initial deployment of approximately 1,200 personnel.
- Its mandate is renewed every 6 months by the UNSC, emphasizing its ongoing role in maintaining stability.
Structural Mandate and Functions
UNDOF’s core responsibilities include:
- Ceasefire Maintenance:
- Monitor and ensure adherence to the ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria.
- Supervision of Disengagement:
- Oversee the withdrawal of forces to their respective areas as per the 1974 Agreement on Disengagement.
- Monitoring Areas of Separation and Limitation:
- Area of Separation (AOS):
- A demilitarized zone controlled by UNDOF, where no military activity is permitted.
- Approx. 80 km long, ranging from 200 m to 8 km wide.
- Marked by barrel lines for identification on the ground.
- Areas of Limitation:
- Zones on both Israeli and Syrian sides where the number of troops and types of weapons are restricted.
Functions:
- Observation and Reporting:
- Monitor troop movements and ensure no violations of the agreement occur.
- Regularly report to the UN Secretary-General and the UNSC on ground conditions.
- Civilian Assistance: Facilitate the return of Syrian civilians to their homes in the AOS under the agreement.
- Verification of Compliance: Conduct inspections to ensure adherence to restrictions in Areas of Limitation.
- Confidence-Building Measures: Act as a neutral party to reduce tensions between Israel and Syria.
- Liaison Services: Maintain open communication channels between Israeli and Syrian forces to prevent misunderstandings or escalation.
PYQ:
[2015] The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
(a) Central Asia
(b) Middle East
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Central Africa |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC
Why in the News?
Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.
Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting
- The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
- Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
- The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
About BIMSTEC
- The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
- The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
- Origin:
- Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
- Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
- Key Features
- Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
- Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
- Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
- Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
- Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
- Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
- Bhutan: Environment and climate change
- India: Security (including energy)
- Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
- Nepal: People-to-people contacts
- Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
- Thailand: Connectivity
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Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals
- Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
- Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
- Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Why in the News?
- With Donald Trump potentially returning to the White House, OPEC+ delegates express concern over higher US oil production.
- His administration’s focus on deregulating the energy sector could lead to increased oil output, contributing to a further erosion of OPEC+’s market share.
About ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries’ Plus (OPEC+)
| What is OPEC+? |
Formation and Purpose:
- OPEC+ is a coalition of OPEC members and non-OPEC oil-producing nations that work together to manage oil production and stabilize global oil prices.
- The alliance was formed in 2016 in response to increasing oil production in the United States, particularly from shale oil, which led to falling oil prices.
OPEC Members:
- OPEC was founded in 1960 and includes 12 member countries:
Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Venezuela.
Non-OPEC Members in OPEC+:
- OPEC+ includes 10 non-OPEC members:
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan.
Global Influence:
OPEC+ countries together produce approximately 40% of the world’s crude oil and control about 80% of the world’s proven oil reserves. |
| Factors are influencing OPEC+’s oil production cuts |
- Rising US oil production: The shale boom in the US has increased its market share, impacting OPEC+’s influence.
- Global price stability: OPEC+ implements production cuts to prevent oil prices from falling too low.
- Weak global demand: Extended cuts due to low demand, especially in major economies.
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| Implications of OPEC+’s policies |
- Reduced market share: OPEC+’s global oil share dropped from 55% in 2016 to 48% in 2024.
- Price volatility: OPEC+’s production cuts aim to stabilize prices, but increasing US production affects this goal.
- Economic stability: Production cuts help sustain favorable prices for oil-producing economies.
|
PYQ:
[2009] Other than Venezuela, which one among the following from South America is a member of OPEC?
(a) Argentina
(b) Bolivia
(c) Ecuador
(d) Brazil |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNSC Resolution 1701
Why in the News?
Israel and Lebanon agreed to a ceasefire after 13 months of rising conflict, though it is linked to the UN Resolution 1701, which has not been fully implemented.
About UNSC Resolution 1701:
|
Details |
| What is it? |
- Passed on August 11, 2006, following the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah.
- Aimed to end hostilities, ensure the security of Israel and Lebanon, and establish long-term peace along the Israel-Lebanon border.
- Also designed to prevent Hezbollah from using southern Lebanon as a base for military operations against Israel.
|
| Key Provisions and Objectives |
- Cessation of Hostilities: Aimed at halting the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel.
- Disarmament of Armed Groups: Called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and all other armed groups in Lebanon, leaving only the Lebanese state with weapons authority.
- Israeli Withdrawal: Mandated Israel’s full withdrawal from southern Lebanon, which had been occupied since the 1982 Lebanon War.
- Lebanese Forces Deployment: Directed the Lebanese government to deploy its army in southern Lebanon to ensure peace and prevent Hezbollah’s rearmament.
- UNIFIL Deployment: Increased deployment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to monitor the border and ensure compliance.
- Arms Embargo: Imposed restrictions to prevent the transfer of weapons to Hezbollah.
- Implementation of Taif Accords (1989): The resolution emphasizes the full implementation of this accord, which is critical for the disarmament of non-state actors in Lebanon and the consolidation of Lebanese state authority across the country.
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| Implementation and Violations |
- Partial Implementation: While Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon, Hezbollah retained its weapons and continued its terror operations.
- Lebanese Army Deployment: The Lebanese army was deployed in southern Lebanon but struggled to assert full control, as Hezbollah’s influence remained strong in the region.
- UNIFIL’s Role: UNIFIL, while active, faced challenges in fully enforcing the provisions of the resolution due to Hezbollah’s continued presence and the complexities of local politics.
- Violations: Despite the resolution’s provisions, violations have included Hezbollah’s stockpiling of weapons and cross-border skirmishes, as well as the failure to fully disarm all armed groups, undermining the resolution’s goals.
- Taif Accords Violation: This has hindered the establishment of complete state sovereignty in Lebanon.
|
PYQ:
[2018] “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. |
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