From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)
Why in the News?
Several major US banks have recently withdrawn from the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), raising concerns about the banking sector’s commitment to combating climate change.
What is Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)?
Established as a bank-led, UN-convened initiative, the NZBA commits members to align their lending, investment, and capital market activities with achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
It is a part of the UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking, serving as a climate accelerator.
NZBA retains 142 members from 44 countries, with 80 European banks representing the majority of the alliance’s $64 trillion in assets.
No Indian banks are signatory to this NZBA.
Structural Mandate:
Overseen by a Steering Group representing diverse geographies and business models.
Supported by the UNEP FI Secretariat and governed under documents updated in August 2023 and March 2024.
Commitments of Member Banks:
Transition operational and portfolio emissions to align with net-zero pathways.
Set 2030 targets (or sooner) within 18 months of joining and establish intermediate targets every five years.
Publish annual reports on absolute emissions and emissions intensity.
What is the Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target by 2050?
Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 refer to achieving a balance between the amount of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed or offset by natural or technological means.
This target is critical for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.
About the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
The GFANZ is a global coalition of leading financial institutions committed to accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
It was established in April 2021 in the lead-up to the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow.
Membership comprises over 550 financial institutions across 50 countries.
Includes banks, insurers, asset managers, and other financial players managing a combined $150 trillion in assets.
It is chaired by Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England and current UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance.
It is supported by global initiatives like the UN Race to Zero campaign and other financial alliances.
PYQ:
[2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
(b) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
(c) Capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
(d) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2024
Why in the News?
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has released its 2024 Statistical Yearbook, providing a comprehensive analysis of global agrifood systems.
Key Highlights from the Yearbook
Economic Dimensions of Agriculture:
Global agricultural value increased by 89% in real terms between 2000 and 2022, reaching $3.8 trillion.
The proportion of the global workforce employed in agriculture dropped from 40% in 2000 to 26% in 2022, reflecting economic diversification.
Food Security and Nutrition:
In 2023, between 713 and 757 million people were undernourished, with a midpoint estimate of 733 million, marking an increase of 152 million since 2019.
Obesity rates are rising, with over 25% of adults in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania classified as obese.
Crop and Meat Production:
Primary crop production grew by 56% from 2000 to 2022, reaching 9.6 billion tonnes, with staples like sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice accounting for nearly half.
Meat production rose by 55%, with chicken surpassing pork as the most produced meat globally in 2022.
Agricultural Inputs:
Pesticide use increased by 70% from 2000 to 2022, with the Americas accounting for half of global usage.
Inorganic fertilizers reached 185 million tonnes in 2022, a 37% increase since 2000.
Environmental Pressures:
Greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems grew by 10% from 2000 to 2022, with livestock contributing 54% of farm-gate emissions.
Water scarcity is a critical issue in regions like the Near East and North Africa, with countries withdrawing up to 40 times their renewable freshwater resources annually.
About Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on eradicating hunger, improving nutrition, and ensuring food security worldwide.
Established in 1945, the FAO is headquartered in Rome, Italy, and works in collaboration with member states, organizations, and communities.
Mandate and Goals:
Hunger Eradication: Reduce global hunger and malnutrition through sustainable agricultural practices.
Agrifood System Development: Support member states in developing resilient and sustainable food systems.
Data and Analysis: Provide accurate, timely, and high-quality statistical data for policymaking and monitoring.
Key Functions:
Research and Policy Recommendations: Conducts research to address pressing issues in agriculture and food systems.
Capacity Building: Supports countries with training and resources for sustainable agriculture.
Monitoring Global Trends: Publishes annual reports and statistical yearbooks to track trends and challenges in agrifood systems.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
Why in the News?
The 2014-2016 Pacificmarine heatwave (MHW) killed over four million common murres (Uria aalge) (IUCN: Least Concerned) in Alaska. A study published in Science revealed that this event marked the largest recorded vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
About Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
Details
What is it?
As per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), prolonged periods of sea surface temperatures rising 3 to 4°C above average for at least five consecutive days.
IMD defines a marine heat wave (MHW) as a period when the sea’s temperature is above the 90th percentile(seasonally varying threshold) for at least 5 consecutive days.
Can last fromweeks to years, depending on intensity and extent.
Frequency: Increasing in both occurrence and intensity due to climate change.
Identified as one of the most significant stressors on global marine ecosystems, causing large-scale disruptions.
Key Observations on MHWs
2014-2016 Pacific MHW:
Caused the death of over 4 million common murres (Uria aalge) in Alaska, the largest vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
Highlighted rapid and severe population declines in marine birds and a lack of ecosystem recovery even years later.
Increasing frequency and intensity are reshaping ecosystems, creating new survival challenges for marine species.
Evidence of shifts in marine environments, disrupting population dynamics.
Impacts of MHWs
On Ecosystems:
Mass Mortality: Loss of habitat-forming species like kelps and corals, degrading ecosystems.
Trophic Cascades: Displacement of lower-trophic species and reduced ecosystem productivity.
On Marine Species:
Reduced breeding success and increased mortality.
Example: 2014–2016 Pacific MHW killed half the common murre population in Alaska.
On Biodiversity:
Loss of key predators disrupts food webs.
Threatened species face survival challenges due to limited adaptability.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?
OMT is measured up to a depth of 26ºC isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LLDCs mapping
Why in the News?
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted a 10-Year Action Plan for Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), aiming to address their unique challenges.
Key Targets of the 10-Year Action Plan for LLDCs (2024–2034):
The Programme of Action for LLDCs aims to address their unique challenges through targeted actions across 5 priority areas:
Structural Transformation and Innovation:
Promote economic diversification and industrialization.
Advance science, technology, and innovation to enhance productivity and competitiveness.
Trade Facilitation and Regional Integration:
Simplify and enhance trade processes to improve access to global markets.
Strengthen participation in regional and global trade agreements.
Reduce trade costs through better policies and infrastructure.
Transit, Transport, and Connectivity:
Develop and modernize transit infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and ports.
Improve connectivity to reduce dependence on neighboring countries.
Enhance customs procedures to ensure smoother transit of goods.
Resilience to Climate Change and Disasters:
Build adaptive capacities to address vulnerabilities caused by climate change.
Develop strategies to reduce disaster risks and mitigate environmental challenges.
Means of Implementation:
Mobilize financial resources, technical assistance, and international support.
Foster partnerships among governments, international organizations, and private sectors.
What Are Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs)?
LLDCs are nations that lack access to a coastline and are surrounded by neighboring countries.
Currently, there are 32 LLDCs, primarily in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America.
Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, North Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia.
South America: Bolivia, Paraguay.
Challenges Faced by LLDCs:
High Trade Costs: LLDCs face 1.4 times higher trade costs than coastal nations due to dependence on neighboring countries for transit and lengthy customs procedures.
Limited Market Access: Lack of direct access to global markets restricts their ability to compete internationally and increases transportation costs.
Infrastructure Deficits: Poor road, rail, and communication networks hinder connectivity and efficient trade operations.
Climate Vulnerability: LLDCs are highly susceptible to climate change impacts like droughts and floods, with limited resources to mitigate risks.
Economic and Political Dependence: Over-reliance on transit countries for trade routes leads to geopolitical challenges and limits economic diversification.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN Convention against Cybercrime
Why in the News?
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted a legally binding treaty on cybercrime, marking the culmination of a five-year effort by Member States. This is the firstinternational criminal justice treaty negotiated in over 20 years.
About UN Convention against Cybercrime: Important Facts
The UN Convention against Cybercrime is a legally binding treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2024.
Its primary aim is to prevent and combat cybercrime, enhance international cooperation, and protect human rights in cyberspace.
The convention was finalized after five years of negotiations and unanimously adopted by all 193 UN member states.
A signing ceremony is scheduled for 2025 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Key Provisions:
Addressing Cybercrime:
Targets crimes like terrorism, human trafficking, financial fraud, drug smuggling, and data theft facilitated by ICT platforms.
Victim-Centric Approach:
Focuses on protecting victims, particularly vulnerable groups, and ensuring they receive justice.
International Cooperation:
Promotes evidence-sharing, joint investigations, and capacity-building among Member States.
Safeguarding Human Rights:
Balances the need for cybersecurity with the protection of freedom of expression, privacy, and access to information.
Adaptability:
Allows for additional protocols to address emerging cyber threats, ensuring the convention remains relevant.
Capacity-Building:
Provides support to develop cybercrime legislation, build infrastructure, and enhance law enforcement capabilities in Member States.
Public Awareness:
Encourages global education campaigns and proactive measures to prevent cyber offenses.
Significance:
Landmark in International Law: Marks the first international criminal justice treaty in over 20 years, representing a global commitment to cybersecurity.
Strengthening Cybersecurity: Offers tools and mechanisms to mitigate ICT-enabled threats that undermine global security and economies.
Protecting Vulnerable Groups: Emphasizes justice and protection for marginalized communities affected by online crimes.
Economic and Social Benefits: Preserves global economies, promotes investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, and safeguards individuals.
Flexibility for Future Threats: Incorporates provisions for additional protocols to handle new challenges, such as AI-driven cyber threats.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNDOF
Why in the News?
UN Secretary-General paid tribute to Brigadier General Amitabh Jha of India, who died serving with the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) in the Golan Heights.
About United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
The UNDOF is a peacekeeping mission established by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to oversee the implementation of a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria following the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
The Yom Kippur War (October 6-24, 1973) was fought between Egypt and Israel (in the Sinai) and Israel and Syria (in the Golan Heights).
It operates in the Golan Heights, a region of strategic importance and long-standing contention.
The UNSC formally established UNDOF under Resolution 350 to:
Maintain the ceasefire.
Supervise the disengagement of forces.
Monitor the separation zones established by the agreement.
UNDOF became operational on June 6, 1974, with an initial deployment of approximately 1,200 personnel.
Its mandate is renewed every 6 months by the UNSC, emphasizing its ongoing role in maintaining stability.
Structural Mandate and Functions
UNDOF’s core responsibilities include:
Ceasefire Maintenance:
Monitor and ensure adherence to the ceasefire agreement between Israel and Syria.
Supervision of Disengagement:
Oversee the withdrawal of forces to their respective areas as per the 1974 Agreement on Disengagement.
Monitoring Areas of Separation and Limitation:
Area of Separation (AOS):
A demilitarized zone controlled by UNDOF, where no military activity is permitted.
Approx. 80 km long, ranging from 200 m to 8 km wide.
Marked by barrel lines for identification on the ground.
Areas of Limitation:
Zones on both Israeli and Syrian sides where the number of troops and types of weapons are restricted.
Functions:
Observation and Reporting:
Monitor troop movements and ensure no violations of the agreement occur.
Regularly report to the UN Secretary-General and the UNSC on ground conditions.
Civilian Assistance: Facilitate the return of Syrian civilians to their homes in the AOS under the agreement.
Verification of Compliance: Conduct inspections to ensure adherence to restrictions in Areas of Limitation.
Confidence-Building Measures: Act as a neutral party to reduce tensions between Israel and Syria.
Liaison Services: Maintain open communication channels between Israeli and Syrian forces to prevent misunderstandings or escalation.
PYQ:
[2015] The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC
Why in the News?
Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.
Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting
The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
About BIMSTEC
The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
Origin:
Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
Key Features
Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
Bhutan: Environment and climate change
India: Security (including energy)
Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
Nepal: People-to-people contacts
Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
Thailand: Connectivity
Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals
Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Why in the News?
With Donald Trump potentially returning to the White House, OPEC+ delegates express concern over higher US oil production.
His administration’s focus on deregulating the energy sector could lead to increased oil output, contributing to a further erosion of OPEC+’s market share.
About ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries’ Plus (OPEC+)
What is OPEC+?
Formation and Purpose:
OPEC+ is a coalition of OPEC members and non-OPEC oil-producing nations that work together to manage oil production and stabilize global oil prices.
The alliance was formed in 2016 in response to increasing oil production in the United States, particularly from shale oil, which led to falling oil prices.
OPEC Members:
OPEC was founded in 1960 and includes 12 member countries: Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Venezuela.
Non-OPEC Members in OPEC+:
OPEC+ includes 10 non-OPEC members:
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan.
Global Influence:
OPEC+ countries together produce approximately 40% of the world’s crude oil and control about 80% of the world’s proven oil reserves.
Factors are influencing OPEC+’s oil production cuts
Rising US oil production: The shale boom in the US has increased its market share, impacting OPEC+’s influence.
Global price stability: OPEC+ implements production cuts to prevent oil prices from falling too low.
Weak global demand: Extended cuts due to low demand, especially in major economies.
Implications of OPEC+’s policies
Reduced market share: OPEC+’s global oil share dropped from 55% in 2016 to 48% in 2024.
Price volatility: OPEC+’s production cuts aim to stabilize prices, but increasing US production affects this goal.
Economic stability: Production cuts help sustain favorable prices for oil-producing economies.
PYQ:
[2009] Other than Venezuela, which one among the following from South America is a member of OPEC?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNSC Resolution 1701
Why in the News?
Israel and Lebanon agreed to a ceasefire after 13 months of rising conflict, though it is linked to the UN Resolution 1701, which has not been fully implemented.
AboutUNSC Resolution 1701:
Details
What is it?
Passed on August 11, 2006, following the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah.
Aimed to end hostilities, ensure the security of Israel and Lebanon, and establish long-term peace along the Israel-Lebanon border.
Also designed to prevent Hezbollahfrom using southern Lebanon as a base for military operations against Israel.
Key Provisions and Objectives
Cessation of Hostilities: Aimed at halting the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel.
Disarmament of Armed Groups: Called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and all other armed groups in Lebanon, leaving only the Lebanese state with weapons authority.
Israeli Withdrawal: Mandated Israel’s full withdrawal from southern Lebanon, which had been occupied since the 1982 Lebanon War.
Lebanese Forces Deployment: Directed the Lebanese government to deploy its army in southern Lebanon to ensure peace and prevent Hezbollah’s rearmament.
UNIFIL Deployment: Increased deployment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to monitor the border and ensure compliance.
Arms Embargo: Imposed restrictions to prevent the transfer of weapons to Hezbollah.
Implementation of Taif Accords (1989): The resolution emphasizes the full implementation of this accord, which is critical for the disarmament of non-state actors in Lebanon and the consolidation of Lebanese state authority across the country.
Implementation and Violations
Partial Implementation: While Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon, Hezbollah retained its weapons and continued its terror operations.
Lebanese Army Deployment: The Lebanese army was deployed in southern Lebanon but struggled to assert full control, as Hezbollah’s influence remained strong in the region.
UNIFIL’s Role: UNIFIL, while active, faced challenges in fully enforcing the provisions of the resolution due to Hezbollah’s continued presence and the complexities of local politics.
Violations: Despite the resolution’s provisions, violations have included Hezbollah’s stockpiling of weapons and cross-border skirmishes, as well as the failure to fully disarm all armed groups, undermining the resolution’s goals.
Taif Accords Violation: This has hindered the establishment of complete state sovereignty in Lebanon.
PYQ:
[2018] “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)
Why in the News?
India is set to host the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)Global Cooperative Conference in Delhi this month.
It will mark the first time in the 130-year history of ICA that the ICA General Assembly and Global Cooperative Conference are being hosted in India.
About theInternational Cooperative Alliance (ICA):
Details
About
• Established in 1895 to unite, represent, and serve cooperatives globally.
• Represents 315 cooperative federations and organizations from 107 countries.
• Estimated to represent about 1 billion individuals worldwide across various sectors like agriculture, banking, fisheries, health, housing, insurance, and more.
• It has held consultative status with the UN Economic andSocial Council (ECOSOC) since 1946, making it the first NGO to receive this status.
• Custodian of the internationally recognized definition, values, and principles of cooperatives.
Structure of ICA
• Governing Board: A 20-member board responsible for overseeing activities.
• General Assembly: Highest governing authority, with representatives from member organizations, convened at least annually.
• ICA is divided into four regional organizations:
ICA Asia-Pacific (New Delhi, India),
ICA Africa (Nairobi, Kenya),
Cooperatives Europe (Brussels, Belgium), and
ICA Americas (San José, Costa Rica).
• 8 sectoral organizations representing cooperatives in various sectors like agriculture, banking, fisheries, and more.
• 5 thematic committees focused on cooperative development, economic sustainability, social responsibility, and advocacy.
Powers and Functions of ICA
• Represents cooperatives in international forums, particularly within the United Nations and other multilateral organizations.
• Influences international policies related to social and economic development and sustainable cooperative businesses.
• Promote and define cooperative identity globally, ensuring cooperatives adhere to internationally recognized principles.
• Collects and publishes data about the cooperative sector via reports like the World Cooperative Monitor and ICA Global 300 index.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Criminal Court (ICC) and its jurisdiction
Why in the News?
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrantforIsraeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu accusing them of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
About theInternational Criminal Court (ICC)
Details
What is it?
• First international permanent court to prosecute individuals for serious international crimes.
• Established under the Rome Statute (1998, w.e.f 2002).
• 124 countries are States Parties to the Rome Statute.• Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands.
Structural Mandate
• Official languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish.
• Members: 124 States Parties to the Rome Statute; Palestine (2015) and Malaysia (2019) became the latest members.
• Notable non-members: India, Israel, the US, Russia, Ukraine, and China.
• Funding: By contributions from member states and voluntary contributions.
• Enforcement: Relies on state cooperation for enforcement, as it does not have its own police force.
Composition
• Judges: Consists of 18 judges elected by the Assembly of States Parties for a term of 9 years.
• Prosecutor: Leads the Office of the Prosecutor and investigates crimes.
• Additional Components: Includes the Trust Fund for Victims (2004), Detention Centre, and the Assembly of States Parties.
Jurisdiction
Prosecutes 4 main crimes:
War Crimes: Violations of the laws of war.
Crimes against Humanity: Acts like murder, enslavement, and torture.
Genocide: Intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
Crimes of Aggression: Unjustified military action against another state.
• ICC can only prosecute crimes committed after the Rome Statute’sentry into force (July 1, 2002).
PYQ:
[2018] “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following?
Ranks over 1,300 institutions across 100+ countries.
Key Indicators
– Academic Reputation (survey of academic experts)
– Employer Reputation (survey of employers)
– Citations per Faculty (research influence)
Regional Rankings
Includes regional rankings for Asia, Latin America, Europe, etc.
Annual Release
Published annually, typically in June.
Key Insights from QS Asia Rankings 2025
The 2025 rankings cover 984 institutions across 25 countries in Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Central Asia, offering a detailed comparison of institutional performance in the region.
India made impressive gains, with 2 institutions in the top 50 and seven in the top 100 of the QS Asia Rankings 2025.
India has the highest number of ranked institutions, dominating the top 10 universities in Southern Asia with seven Indian institutions.
Top Rankings for India:
Top 50: IIT Delhi (44th) and IIT Bombay (48th).
Top 100: Includes IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), Indian Institute of Science (62), IIT Kanpur (67), and University of Delhi (81).
Top 150: Features IIT Guwahati, IIT Roorkee, JNU, Chandigarh University (120), UPES (148), and Vellore Institute of Technology (150).
IIT Delhi achieved India’s highest rank at 44th with a 99% employer reputation score, while IIT Bombay follows with 99.5% employer reputation and 96.6% academic reputation.
University of Delhi improved its ranking from 94th to 81st, with a high score of 96.4% in the International Research Network indicator.
Anna University scored a perfect 100 in Papers per Faculty, highlighting its strong research output.
15 universities scored over 99% in the Staff with PhD indicator, reflecting India’s focus on qualified faculty and teaching quality.
North Eastern Hill University and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, both scored 100 in faculty-student ratio, indicating top-tier academic credibility.
PYQ:
[2014] Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CARICOM
Why in the News?
The second meeting of the India-CARICOM Joint Commission took place virtually on November 6. The first meeting was held in Georgetown, Guyana on June 2, 2015.
About Caribbean Community (CARICOM):
Details
Establishment
Established in 1973 under the Treaty of Chaguaramas.
Main Objectives
• Promote economic integration and cooperation among member states.
• Ensure equitable sharing of integration benefits.
• Coordinate foreign policy among member states.
Membership
15 Full Members: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Associate Members: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands. Observers: Aruba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.
Leadership
Chairmanship rotates every 6 months among the Heads of member states.
Administrative Structure
CARICOM Secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana, serves as the main administrative body, led by the Secretary-General.
Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)
Established in 2007, the CCJ acts as the final appellate court for CARICOM members and addresses regional trade disputes.
Key Initiatives
• Single Market and Economy (CSME)
• Coordination in foreign policy
• Development cooperation
• Cultural exchange and integration
Significance
CARICOM serves as a vital platform for regional collaboration, enhancing economic growth, political stability, and cultural unity among Caribbean nations.
To encourage ships to adopt technologies and practices that minimize emissions, contributing to air quality improvement and climate change mitigation.
How effective is ESI to reduce emissions, and what metrics are used to evaluate this effectiveness?
The ESI provides a framework for incentivizing ships based on their environmental performance, specifically targeting reductions in air emissions such as CO2, SOx, and NOx.
The effectiveness of the ESI is evaluated using specific metrics, including a ship’s ESI score, which is derived from factors such as engine efficiency, fuel quality, and the implementation of emission reduction technologies.
The ESI enables ports to analyze the overall impact of green shipping initiatives through aggregated data on participating vessels.
What are the future developments planned for the ESI?
Future plans include expanding metrics to cover additional pollutants and carbon intensity for a more comprehensive environmental assessment.
Enhancements in digital reporting for easier tracking of emissions data and performance analytics.
Planned updates will aim to support the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2050 decarbonization targets, including zero-emission technology.
How will they align with global maritime regulations aimed at decarbonization?
ESI updates will align with IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI regulations on pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG).
ESI’s future adaptations will address carbon intensity targets and promote alternative fuels like ammonia and hydrogen, in line with IMO’s goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
The ESI is part of the broader World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP), promoting sustainability in port operations and low-carbon maritime trade.
ESI aims to further incentivize the adoption of energy-efficient engines, battery systems, and hybrid propulsion to support long-term emission reduction.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements:
It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.
It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Academic Freedom Index (AFI)
Why in the News?
India has seen a sharp decline in Academic Freedom Index rankings over the past 10 years.
About theAcademic Freedom Index (AFI):
Details
Released by
Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi) in collaboration with Scholars at Risk (SAR) and V-Dem Institute (Varieties of Democracy)
Published as a part of a globaltime-series dataset (1900-2019)
Purpose
To assess and quantify academic freedom across different countries
Score Range
0 (complete repression) to 1 (full academic freedom)
Scores based on expert surveys and institutional data
Main Parameters
Freedom to Research and Teach
Institutional Autonomy
Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination
Campus Integrity
Freedom of Expression for Academics
Constitutional Protection of Academic Freedom
Usage
Tracking academic freedom trends
Influencing policy
Advocating for academic liberty in different countries
Annual Report
Published as part of the “Free to Think” report series by Scholars at Risk
India’s Performance:
India’s academic freedom score dropped from 0.6 points in 2013 to just 0.2 points in 2023, marking a significant deterioration.
The report categorizes India as “completely restricted”, the country’s lowest rank since the mid-1940s.
This decline is attributed to many factors, including:
Political Influence on Universities
Limitations on Student Protests
Significance
Impact on Democracy: The decline threatens democratic values, as universities, traditionally spaces for free thought and dissent, and are increasingly under political control, limiting student protests and academic expression.
International Reputation: India’s shrinking academic freedom could harm its global standing, making it less attractive to international students, scholars, and research collaborations.
Long-Term Effects on Education: The politicization of higher education may weaken innovation and critical thinking, hindering economic growth and the development of future leaders and policymakers.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNAIDS and its functions
Why in the News?
According to the UNAIDS Director, without India’s significant contribution, the world is unlikely to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely damaged, leading to life-threatening infections and cancers.
HIV is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk.
Although there’s no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage HIV and prevent the progression to AIDS.
India’s progress in reducing HIV Infections
From 2010 to 2023, India reduced annual new HIV infections by 44%, which is better than the global average.
India has also made impressive progress in reducing AIDS-related deaths by nearly 80% between 2010 and 2023, surpassing the global average.
Challenges:
In 2023, India saw 68,000 new infections, meaning around 185 people were infected each day.
The Global AIDS Strategy calls for 80% of prevention services to be delivered by community-led organizations.
These organizations are best placed to reach key populations, but they need adequate resources and space to lead these efforts.
AboutUNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS):
Details
Established
In 1996, by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Headquarters
Geneva, Switzerland
Main Purpose
To coordinate global action to combat HIV/AIDS, prevent infections, and support those affected
Mandate
• Coordinate the global response to HIV/AIDS
• Support countries in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment strategies
• Advocate for human rights and equality in access to HIV services
Principle
Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV (GIPA), endorsed by the UN in 2001 and 2006
Global Targets
90-90-90 targets:
90% diagnosed, 90% on treatment, 90% virally suppressed by 2020
Global AIDS Strategy
2021-2026: Aim to end inequalities driving HIV and ensure 30 million on treatment by 2025
Cosponsors
11 UN organizations, including UNICEF, WHO, UNDP, UNESCO, World Bank
Key Areas of Focus
Supporting countries to meet SDG 3: End AIDS by 2030.
• HIV prevention
• Treatment access
• Human rights advocacy
• Gender equality
• Youth and adolescents
Funding
Donors include governments, private foundations, and corporations
Key Campaigns
World AIDS Day (December 1), global awareness and advocacy efforts
Achievements
Significant progress toward the 90-90-90 targets, especially in countries like South Africa, Cambodia, and Eswatini
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing?
Chikungunya
Hepatitis B
HIV-AIDS
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
India has officially joined the US-led Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN), a global initiative to strengthen cooperation in securing critical mineral supply chains.
What is the Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN)?
The MSFN is an initiative emerging from the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), established by the US in 2022.
It aims to promote cooperation, information exchange, and co-financing among countries.
It brings together development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) from partner nations to facilitate investments in critical mineral supply chains.
It seeks to meet the increasing global demand for critical minerals and reduce dependence on dominant suppliers like China.
AboutMinerals Security Partnership (MSP):
Details
Established
2022, by the United States
Objective
To ensure a stable, diversified, and secure supply of critical minerals essential for the global clean energy transition.
Members
13 countries and the European Commission, including: United States, Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden, and the European Union.
Focus Areas
• Securing critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements.
• Reducing dependency on dominant suppliers like China.
• Promoting cooperation between development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) to finance critical mineral projects.
Significance for India
• India joined in June 2023, aiming to secure minerals for its growing electric vehicle (EV) and electronics sectors.
• India seeks to diversify its supply sources from Argentina, Chile, Australia, and Africa.
Significance of Critical Minerals
Critical minerals are elements essential for the manufacturing of renewable energy technologies, such as electric vehicle (EV) batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, and semiconductors.
Some of the most important critical minerals include:
Lithium: Essential for EV batteries.
Cobalt: Used in batteries and electronics.
Nickel: Key for battery manufacturing.
Rare earth elements (REEs): Used in semiconductors, high-tech electronics, and military applications.
The global demand for these minerals is rapidly rising as countries aim to shift away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.
China is currently the world leader in both the mining and processing of many of these critical minerals, creating concerns about the concentration and resilience of supply chains.
Securing a reliable, diversified supply of critical minerals is essential for nations looking to achieve their clean energy goals and ensure economic stability in high-tech sectors.
PYQ:
[2012] Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why?
China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.
Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Why in the News?
The annual meeting of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) has begun in Nuku’alofa, the capital of Tonga.
About Pacific Islands Forum (PIF):
Details
Establishment
1971
Members
18 members:Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
Vision
Promote peace, harmony, security, social inclusion, and prosperity in the Pacific region.
Framework
Operates under the Framework for Pacific Regionalism which outlines strategic visions and objectives.
Dialogue Partners
18, including major nations like the USA, China, India, and members of the EU.
Key Focus Areas
Environmental sustainability, economic growth, cultural development, and regional security.
Leadership
Directed by a Secretary-General, with annual meetings among leaders of member countries.
Significance of PIF
The PIF advocates for global climate action and funds resilience efforts through the Pacific Resilience Facility (PRF) to support vulnerable Pacific nations.
It enhances cooperation among its 18 small island states, fostering joint decision-making on key regional issues.
The forum strengthens the Pacific’s ability to navigate geopolitical tensions between major powers like the US and China.
PIF promotes sustainable economic development through regional trade and investment initiatives.
It focuses on protecting the Pacific’s ecosystems by addressing challenges like ocean pollution and overfishing.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Finance Central Banker Report Cards, 2024
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor has been awarded an “A+” rating for the second consecutive year in the Global Finance Central Banker Report Cards 2024.
About the Global Finance Central Banker Report Cards
The Central Banker Report Cards are published annually by Global Finance, a magazine that has been grading central bank governors since 1994.
The report grades the central bank governors of nearly 100 countries, territories, and districts, including major institutions like the European Union, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Bank of Central African States, and the Central Bank of West African States.
Grading Scale:
The ratings range from “A+” for excellent performance to “F” for outright failure.
The grades assess success in key areas such as inflation control, economic growth, currency stability, and interest rate management.
Significance
This recognition highlights his exceptional performance in managing India’s monetary policy, particularly in areas such as inflation control, economic growth, currency stability, and interest rate management.
PYQ:
[2016] ‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?
(a) European Central Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(d) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
