Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNGA, Non-members, Resolutions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news
- India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly draft resolution on Islamophobia introduced by Pakistan and co-sponsored by China.
- India asserted that while condemning all acts of religious discrimination, it’s crucial to recognize religiophobia against various faiths rather than singling out one religion.
India’s Position on Islamophobia:
- Prevalence of Religiophobia: India emphasized that religiophobia extends beyond Abrahamic religions and affects followers of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
- Opposition to Precedence: India expressed concerns that adopting the resolution could set a precedent for numerous resolutions centered on specific religious phobias, potentially dividing the United Nations along religious lines.
- Religious Autocracy: India urged member states to consider the broader scope of religious discrimination globally in non-secular theocracies, highlighting the need to address challenges faced by all faiths.
- Contemporary Forms: India cited examples of attacks on religious places of worship and the spreading of hatred against non-Abrahamic religions as evidence of contemporary religiophobia.
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What is UN General Assembly?
- The UNGA is the main policy-making organ of the United Nations, founded in 1945.
- It serves as a forum for all Member States to discuss and make recommendations on a wide range of international issues covered by the UN Charter.
- The UNGA is the only universally representative body of the UN, focusing on topics like international peace and security, development, disarmament, human rights, and international law.
Members/Observers
- The UNGA comprises all Member States, with each having an equal vote in the assembly. It elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General, and approves the UN budget.
- It has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, allowing them to participate in its work with certain limitations.
- Notable observers include the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine.
Functions
- The UNGA discusses, debates, and makes recommendations on various international issues within its competence, including political, economic, humanitarian, social, and legal matters.
- It plays a central role in standard-setting, codification of international law, and making recommendations to promote international political cooperation.
- It has the power to
- Consider and approve the UN budget,
- Elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, and
- Make recommendations on maintaining international peace and security, disarmament, and other matters outlined in the UN Charter.
What are UNGA Resolutions?
- A UNGA resolution is a formal expression of the General Assembly’s opinion, will, or intention on various matters of global significance.
- UNGA resolutions are adopted through a voting process during plenary sessions of the General Assembly.
- Each member state has one vote, and decisions are typically made by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
- While UNGA resolutions are not legally binding on their own, they can influence the development of customary international law and provide guidance for the interpretation of treaties and conventions.
- Types of Resolutions:
-
- Binding Resolutions: Some resolutions are legally binding on member states, requiring them to take specific actions or comply with certain obligations.
- Non-binding Resolutions: Many resolutions are non-binding, serving as recommendations, expressions of concern, or statements of principle. While non-binding, these resolutions carry significant political weight and influence.
PYQ:
With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements:
- The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
- Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
- Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.
Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022)
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news-
What is the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)?
- It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
- The IPEF was launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
- The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.
Four main “Pillars” of IPEF
- Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
- Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
- Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
- Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.
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Members Countries include:
- Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.
How is IPEF different from other trade deals?
- No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
- It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
- Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.
Practice MCQ:
Regarding the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), consider the following statements:
- It is a US-led initiative launched in 2021.
- It is basically a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
- India is not a member of IPEF.
How many of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) None
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)
Mains level: Propaganda reports against India
In the news
- India, previously categorized as an “electoral autocracy” in 2018, has further declined to become one of the “worst autocratizers,” according to the ‘Democracy Report 2024’ by the Gothenburg-based V-Dem (or Varieties of Democracy) Institute.
Key highlights on India
- Deteriorating Status: India, previously downgraded to an electoral autocracy in 2018, has further declined to become “one of the worst autocratizers.”
- Historical Comparison: India’s level of “liberal democracy” has regressed significantly, reaching levels last seen in 1975 during the state of emergency declared by Indira Gandhi.
- Regime Classification: India falls into the category of electoral autocracy, characterized by multiparty elections alongside insufficient levels of freedom of expression and fair elections.
- Erosion of Democratic Freedoms: The report highlights the gradual deterioration of freedom of expression, media independence, and attacks on civil society under the current government.
About the V-Dem Democracy Report
- Publication: The V-Dem Institute releases the Democracy Report annually, offering insights into the state of democracy worldwide, focusing on democratization and autocratization.
- Regime Classification: Countries are categorized into four regime types based on their scores in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI), encompassing a spectrum from liberal democracy to closed autocracy.
What is Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)?
- Comprehensive Assessment: The LDI evaluates both liberal (individual and minority rights) and electoral aspects (free and fair elections) of democracy.
- Indicators: It comprises 71 indicators, encompassing the Liberal Component Index (LCI) and the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI), capturing various dimensions of democratic governance.
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- LCI: Measures aspects like protection of individual liberties and legislative constraints on the executive.
- EDI: Considers indicators ensuring free and fair elections such as freedom of expression and association.
- Components of the LDI include:
- Egalitarian Component Index: Assesses the extent of equality among different social groups within a democracy.
- Participatory Component Index: Evaluates the health of citizen groups and civil society organizations, indicating the degree of citizen engagement.
- Deliberative Component Index: Gauges whether political decisions are driven by public reasoning focused on the common good or influenced by emotional appeals, solidarity attachments, or coercion.
- Publication Schedule: The Democracy Report is typically published annually in March, presenting a comprehensive analysis of global democratic trends.
Key Findings from the Democracy Report 2024:
- Collaborative Effort: The report is a collaborative endeavour involving 4,200 scholars from 180 countries, leveraging 31 million datasets spanning from 1789 to 2023 to assess the democratic status of 202 countries.
- Global Trends:
- Autocratization: In 2023, 42 countries, representing 35% of the world’s population, were undergoing autocratization.
- Population in Autocracies: Currently, 71% of the world’s population, amounting to 5.7 billion people, resides in autocracies, marking a significant increase from 48% a decade ago.
- Decline in Democracy: The level of democracy experienced by the average individual globally has regressed to 1985 levels, with Eastern Europe, South, and Central Asia experiencing the sharpest declines.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yaounde Declaration, Malaria
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Health ministers from 11 African nations grappling with the heaviest malaria burdens have recently signed the Yaounde Declaration.
What is Yaounde Declaration?
|
Details |
| Signed at |
Yaoundé conference, hosted by WHO and the Government of Cameroon in Yaoundé, Cameroon (capital). |
| Participants |
Ministers of Health, global malaria partners, funding agencies, scientists, civil society organizations, and other malaria stakeholders. |
| Signatory countries |
- Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, and Tanzania.
- These countries collectively account for over 70% of the global malaria burden.
|
| Pledges |
- Effective tackling of malaria threat in Africa, leading better and investing more money in fighting malaria, using new technology for data, etc.
- Investing more in health infrastructure, personnel, and programs, collaborating across sectors, forming partnerships for funding, research, and innovation.
- Showing strong commitment to quickly reducing malaria deaths and holding each other and their countries accountable for the commitments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items, SCOMET
Mains level: Regulation of Dual-Use Items
In the news
- Indian customs officials at Mumbai Port seized two advanced Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines manufactured by GKD, Italy, en route to the port of Karachi from China.
- The CNC machines, critical for manufacturing parts utilized in Pakistan’s missile development program, were destined for Karachi.
What are Dual-Use Items?
- Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
- Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
- Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
- Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
- Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
- Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
- Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
- India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
- Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
- Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
- Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
- India not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
- Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
- Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
- Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
- Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
- Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
- Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
- Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
- Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
- Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
- SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
- Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
- Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The EU has sanctioned Si2 Microsystems, an Indian tech company for its connections with Russia.
- It has faced previous sanctions, including being banned by the US from transferring “dual-use” technology.
What are Dual-Use Items?
- Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
- Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
- Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
- Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
- Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
- Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
- Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
- India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
- Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
- Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
- Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
- India is not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
- Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
- Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
- Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
- Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
- Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
- Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
- Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
- Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
- Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
- SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
- Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
- Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following countries
- China
- France
- India
- Israel
- Pakistan
Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
- 2, 4 and 5 only
- 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INTERPOL
Mains level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
Concerns arise over the misuse of Interpol notices, especially blue corner notices, raising issues about balancing police cooperation and preventing abuse of power.
About INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
|
Details |
| Overview |
- Established in Vienna, Austria (1923), it enables cross-border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
- An inter-governmental organization comprising 195 member countries,
- Facilitates better coordination among police forces globally
|
| Functions |
- Enables member countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals
- Offers technical and operational support to member countries
- Manages 19 police databases containing information on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time
- Provides investigative support, including forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide.
|
| Working |
- Run by a Secretary General
- Headquarters located in Lyon, France
- Global complex for innovation based in Singapore
- Several satellite offices in different regions.
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| India’s Membership |
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| Functioning in Member Countries |
- Each member country has a National Central Bureau (NCB), serving as the central point of contact for the general secretariat and other NCBs worldwide
- NCBs are typically managed by police officials and situated in the government ministry responsible for policing (e.g., MHA in India)
- Interpol’s databases contain various information, from names and fingerprints to stolen passports, accessible in real-time to member countries
- Provides investigative support to member countries, aiding in forensic analysis and locating fugitives globally.
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What are Blue Corner Notice?
- Types of Notices: Interpol issues seven types of notices, including Blue Notice.
- Purpose: Blue corner notice, also known as an “enquiry notice,” facilitates sharing critical crime-related information, including criminal records verification and locating individuals.
- Example: In January 2020, Interpol issued a blue corner notice to locate fugitive Nithyananda, a self-styled godman.
Distinguishing Blue from Red Corner Notice
- Red Corner Notice: It is issued by a member state for the arrest of a wanted criminal, often following criminal convictions, allowing arrests in any member state.
- Difference: Blue notices precede criminal charges, while red notices typically follow convictions. Red notices enable arrests and other consequences like bank account closures, while blue notices facilitate information exchange.
Examples of Notice Issuance
- Red Corner Notice: In 2018, a red corner notice was issued against Nirav Modi for the Punjab National Bank scam.
- Interpol’s Decision: However, in October 2022, Interpol rejected India’s request for a red notice against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, citing insufficient information and political dimensions.
Concerns of Misuse
- Political Misuse: Despite Interpol’s prohibition on political activities, concerns persist regarding its enforcement.
- Instances: Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia face accusations of abusing Interpol notices for political purposes.
- Criticism: While Interpol tightened oversight of red notices, vulnerabilities remain, especially with blue notices, which experts suggest are less scrutinized before publication.
Debates on Notice Issuance
- Turkey’s Argument: Countries like Turkey argue against excessive restraint in notice issuance, citing hampered police cooperation and sovereignty concerns.
- Global Response: International human rights groups call for stricter enforcement of Interpol’s rules to prevent authoritarian exploitation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INDUS-X
Mains level: India-US defence collaboration
About the News:
- The INDUS-X Summit will be held on February 20-21 in New Delhi, marking a significant milestone in the collaborative efforts between India and the US in defense innovation.
What is INDUS-X?
- The ‘INDUS-X’ summit is a joint initiative between India and the US, which signifies a pivotal milestone in bilateral defense cooperation, fostering strategic technology partnerships and industrial collaboration.
- Inception: June 2023.
- Aim: To bolster defense innovation and technology collaboration between the two nations.
- Objectives:
- Advancing strategic co-operation: By expanding strategic technology partnerships and defense industrial cooperation.
- Bridging Innovation Gaps: Establish a defense innovation bridge encompassing joint challenges, academia engagement, industry-startup connect, and investment in defense projects.
- Focus Areas:
- Fostering greater horizontal cooperation between governments, academia, and laboratories, as well as vertical partnerships between established defense primes and startups or Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
- Increasing the number of contact points between startups and prime contractors for critical defense assets such as jet engines, long-range artillery, and infantry vehicles.
- Supporting India’s goal of achieving $5 billion in defense exports by 2025.
- Contributing to a more stable and secure Indo-Pacific region.
- Key Participants:
- India’s Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC), U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM).
About Innovations for Defense Excellence (iDEX)
- iDEX is a flagship initiative launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
- Aim: Fostering innovation and technology development in the defense and aerospace sectors.
- Objective: Creating an ecosystem to rapidly develop new, indigenized, and innovative technologies for the Indian defense and aerospace sector.
- It’s Significance:
- Funding: The program provides grants and funds to support research and development efforts and facilitate the creation of functional prototypes of products/technologies relevant to national security.
- Inclusive Growth: The program creates a culture of engagement with innovative startups, encourages co-creation for defense and aerospace sectors, and empowers a culture of technology co-creation and co-innovation within the defense and aerospace sectors.
- Engagement with the Industrial sector: The program focuses on engaging industries, including MSMEs, startups, and individual innovators, to deliver technologically advanced solutions for modernizing the defense and aerospace sectors.
- Collaboration: iDEX works through various programs such as the Defense India Startup Challenge (DISC), which involves problem statements from the Armed Forces, DPSUs, and OFB.
- Implementation of Program:
- The iDEX framework is implemented by the Defense Innovation Organization (DIO) a not-for-profit company formed under the Companies Act 2013, which acts as a bridge between the requirements of the Armed Forces and the solution providers.
- Therefore, the program focuses on making India self-reliant and self-sufficient in defense matters by fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology development in the defense and aerospace sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc
Mains level: Issues with FTA
Introduction
- India has firmly rejected the demand from four European nations in the EFTA bloc for the inclusion of a ‘data exclusivity’ provision in proposed free trade agreements, citing its commitment to protecting the interests of the domestic generic drugs industry.
About the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc
|
Description |
| Member |
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland |
| Formation |
Established in 1960 by seven European countries as an alternative trade bloc to the EU |
| Trade Relations |
Free trade agreements among themselves and with other regions |
| Activities |
Participate in European Single Market through the EEA Agreement |
| Institutions |
EFTA Court, EFTA Surveillance Authority, EFTA Secretariat |
| Relationship with EU |
Not part of the EU,
But have close economic ties and trade agreements with EU countries |
Debate over Data Exclusivity
- Pharmaceutical Sector Implications: Data exclusivity provides innovator companies with exclusive rights over the technical data generated through expensive global clinical trials, preventing competitors from obtaining marketing licenses for low-cost versions during the exclusivity period.
- Influence of Swiss Pharma Firms: Switzerland, home to major pharmaceutical firms like Novartis and Roche, has been advocating for data exclusivity, but India remains steadfast in its stance against it.
Protection of Generic Industry
- Significance of Generic Industry: Barthwal highlighted the significant contribution of the generic drug industry to India’s exports and emphasized the government’s commitment to protecting its interests.
- Export Growth: India emphasized that the generic drug industry’s growth aligns with its objective of promoting exports, showcasing its importance to the national economy.
Negotiations and Progress
- Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA): India and EFTA have been negotiating the TEPA since January 2008 to enhance economic ties, with talks covering various chapters, including intellectual property rights.
- Advanced Stage of Talks: Negotiations are at an advanced stage, with both parties discussing trade in goods, rules of origin, intellectual property rights, and other key areas.
Conclusion
- India’s firm stance against the inclusion of data exclusivity provisions in FTAs reflects its commitment to safeguarding the interests of its generic drug industry.
- As negotiations with EFTA progress, India remains focused on promoting fair and equitable trade relations while upholding its principles of protecting domestic industries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schengen Area, Eurozone
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Kosovo recently achieved visa-free access to the Schengen zone in Europe, marking a significant milestone in its integration with the European Union (EU) and the broader international community.
What is Schengen Area?
- Definition: A zone comprising 27 European countries where internal borders have been abolished for the free movement of people.
- Membership: Includes 23 of the 27 EU member states and all members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
- Key Features:
- No internal border checks except in specific threat situations.
- Harmonized controls at external borders based on defined criteria.
About Eurozone
- A geographic and economic region consisting of European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their national currency.
- As of January 2023, consists of 20 EU countries: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
- Key Features:
- Coordination of economic policy-making to support EU economic aims.
- Replacement of national currencies with the euro.
Requirements for Joining the Eurozone
EU nations must meet specific criteria, including four macroeconomic indicators:
- Price Stability: Maintain sustainable price performance with average inflation no more than 1.5 percent above the rate of the three best-performing member states.
- Public Finances: Maintain a budget deficit no greater than 3% of GDP and public debt no greater than 60% of GDP.
- Durability of Convergence: Assessed through long-term interest rates, which cannot exceed 2 percent above the rate in the three most price-stable member states.
- Exchange Rate Stability: Demonstrate stability by participating in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) II for at least two years without severe tensions or devaluation against the euro.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Fourteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (COP14) will be hosted by the Government of Uzbekistan, in Samarkand from 12-17 February 2024
- CMS COP is a Triennial Event.
About Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)
|
Information |
| About |
- Intergovernmental treaty under UNEP, known as the Bonn Convention
- Signed in 1979, in force since 1983
- 133 Parties as of March 2022, including India since 1983
|
| Aim |
- Conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species
- Lay legal foundation for global conservation measures
|
| Legal Instruments under CMS |
Range from legally binding Agreements to less formal MoUs |
| Appendices |
- Appendix I: Threatened Migratory Species
- Appendix II: Migratory Species requiring international cooperation
|
| India and the CMS |
- Signed non-legally binding MoUs with CMS for various species conservation (Siberian Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs, Raptors)
- Hosts several migratory species
- India hosted the last COP 13 of CMS in February 2020 at Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
|
| Migratory Species |
Wild animals whose populations cyclically and predictably cross national boundaries |
| Efforts made by India |
- National Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023)
- Marine Turtle Policy and Marine Stranding Management Policy
- Project Snow Leopard
- Dugong Conservation Reserve
|
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) is being held in Perth, Australia.
About Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
- IOC started in 2016, serving as the premier consultative forum for countries in the Indian Ocean region on regional affairs.
- The first edition of the Conference was held in Singapore in 2016.
- It is organised by India Foundation in partnership with other organizations in the region.
- It aims to bring together critical states and maritime partners to discuss regional cooperation under the concept of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).
What is SAGAR?
- SAGAR stands for ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ and was initiated by PM Narendra Modi in 2015 at Mauritius.
- It aims to leverage the blue economy and maintain strategic partnerships with littoral states in Asia and Africa.
- It seeks to provide leadership in capacity building and capability enhancement programs transparently, aligning with other maritime initiatives like Act East Policy, Project Mausam, and Blue Economy.
Key Statements by Dignitaries this Year
- Challenges to International Rule of Law: EAM S. Jaishankar highlighted challenges to international rule of law from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific, implicitly targeting China’s actions.
- Call for Conflict Reduction: Australian Foreign Minister emphasized the necessity of reducing conflict in the region amid growing tensions.
- Veiled References to China’s Actions: Jaishankar made indirect references to China’s troop buildup at the Line of Actual Control and actions in the South China Sea, stressing the importance of adhering to internationally negotiated regimes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 1970 UNESCO Convention
Mains level: Return of Artifacts
Introduction
- European museums have faced increasing pressure to return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin.
- The restitution of these artifacts carries significant implications for diplomacy and international relations.
France’s Pledge and Precedent
- France’s Commitment: President Emmanuel Macron pledged support during the visit of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet to return Khmer artifacts and expand the National Museum of Cambodia.
- First European Leader: Macron became the first European leader to address demands for the return of looted antiquities in 2017, emphasizing France’s commitment to restoring cultural heritage.
Cases of Repatriation
- Musee Guimet’s Return: France’s National Museum of Asian art, Musee Guimet, agreed to return a seventh-century Khmer statue to Cambodia, taken during the colonial era.
- Global Initiatives: Germany and France allocated funds for reviewing African heritage objects, possibly signaling similar efforts for Asian artifacts.
- The Met’s Decision: The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York pledged to return sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand, setting a precedent for other institutions.
Legal Basis and Challenges
- UNESCO Convention: 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
- Non-binding: It is a key legal framework for repatriation, but it doesn’t apply retrospectively to colonial-era looting.
- National Legislation: Some countries, like Austria, are proposing national laws for returning objects acquired during colonialism.
Reasons for repatriation
- Soft Power Benefits: Repatriation can enhance a nation’s soft power, showcasing a commitment to international law, reconciliation, and better relations with affected countries.
- Rebranding Opportunity: Returning artifacts is seen as an opportunity for Western governments to rebrand and mend historical wrongs, especially in regions like Southeast Asia.
- EU’s Role: The European Parliament discusses the need for recognizing and addressing colonial legacies and restitution, potentially creating a permanent EU body on restorative justice.
- Cooperation is Key: To gain recognition similar to the United States, European museums need to cooperate openly with the governments of the regions from which the artifacts originated.
Conclusion
- The return of cultural artifacts taken during colonialism is not only a legal and ethical issue but also a diplomatic endeavor.
- European museums that engage in proactive repatriation efforts can build goodwill, foster cooperation, and enhance their soft power on the global stage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Corruption Perception Index
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Transparency International has released its Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023, ranking countries based on their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector.
- India’s position in the ranking has shifted, but the change is minimal.
About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)
|
Details |
| Introduction |
Introduced by Transparency International in 1995. |
| Frequency |
Published annually. |
| Purpose |
Ranks countries based on perceived corruption. |
| Data Sources |
Expert assessments and surveys of business leaders and residents. |
| Global Impact |
Widely recognized and used by governments, policymakers, businesses, and researchers. |
| Data Focus |
Primarily assesses perceived corruption within government and bureaucracy. |
India’s Corruption Scorecard
- India’s Global Rank: In the 2023 index, India is placed 93rd out of 180 countries, a small decline from its 85th position in 2022.
- Corruption Score: India’s overall corruption score for 2023 is 39, down slightly from the 40 it scored in 2022.
- Limited Change: The report highlights that India’s score fluctuations are minor, making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about any significant changes. However, it points out that there have been actions narrowing civic space in India, including the passage of a telecommunications bill that could threaten fundamental rights.
South Asia’s Corruption Landscape
- Pakistan and Sri Lanka: In South Asia, Pakistan (133) and Sri Lanka (115) are grappling with debt burdens and political instability. Still, strong judicial oversight in these countries helps keep the government accountable. Pakistan’s Supreme Court expanded citizens’ right to information, while Sri Lanka continues to face a crackdown on the press.
- Bangladesh: As Bangladesh (149) moves away from its least developed country status and experiences economic growth, it faces challenges in providing public sector information due to a crackdown on the press.
Regional Insights
- China’s Anti-Corruption Efforts: China (76) has made headlines for its aggressive anti-corruption campaign, resulting in punishments for millions of public officials over the last decade. However, doubts linger about the long-term effectiveness of these measures, which heavily rely on punishment rather than institutional checks.
- Asia Pacific Region: The report notes that the Asia Pacific region is gearing up for a significant election year in 2024, with several countries holding elections. However, the 2023 CPI suggests little to no meaningful progress in curbing corruption in the region.
Top and Bottom Performers
- Top-Scoring Countries: Nations like New Zealand (3) and Singapore (5) maintain their positions at the top of the index due to robust corruption control mechanisms. Other countries in the region with strong control measures include Australia (14), Hong Kong (14), Japan (16), Bhutan (26), Taiwan (28), and South Korea (32).
- Struggling States: The lower end of the index includes fragile states with authoritarian regimes, such as North Korea (172) and Myanmar (162). Afghanistan (162) continues to grapple with one of the worst humanitarian crises in history.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent interim ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding South Africa’s case against Israel has sparked global attention.
- While the court did not pass judgment on the core issue of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, it did issue six provisional measures.
ICJ’s Interim Ruling: Six Provisional Measures Ordered
- Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority mandated that Israel take all necessary steps to prevent acts defined under Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, encompassing actions with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
- Immediate Military Restraint: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect.”
- Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges ruled that Israel must prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.
- Humanitarian Assistance: The court instructed Israel to provide humanitarian aid and basic services to Palestinians in Gaza, recognizing them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
- Preservation of Evidence: Israel was entrusted with preserving evidence related to alleged acts under the Genocide Convention in Gaza.
- Reporting Requirement: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was asked to submit a report on measures taken to implement the ruling within one month.
Decision on Jurisdiction
- Jurisdiction Confirmed: The World Court clarified its jurisdiction, stating that there exists a prima facie dispute between the parties concerning the application of the Genocide Convention.
- Article 9 of Genocide Convention: Referring to Article 9, the court emphasized that South Africa’s concerns and Israel’s dismissal indicated a genuine dispute.
Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza
- Genocidal Acts: The court suggested that “at least some” of Israel’s acts and omissions may fall within the contours of the Genocide Convention.
- Impact of Military Operation: Israel’s large-scale military operation in Gaza, causing civilian casualties and displacement, was highlighted.
- Statements by Israeli Officials: The court pointed to concerning statements by senior Israeli officials, including orders for a “complete siege” of Gaza and dehumanizing remarks about troops.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Expressing deep concern, the court warned of a potential deterioration in the humanitarian situation before the final judgment.
No Call for Ceasefire
- Court’s Limitations: The ICJ refrained from ordering a ceasefire, with legal experts explaining that such an order could render Israel defenseless and fall outside the court’s purview.
- International Impact: While the court’s rulings are legally binding, enforcement is lacking. However, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions.
Also read:
ICJ: Doing Justice without power
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNRWA
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.
About UNRWA
- UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
- It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
- It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.
Israel’s Criticisms
- Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
- It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.
UNRWA’s Response
- It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
- It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.
Impact of Funding Cuts
- The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
- These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
- Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.
Conclusion
- The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
- The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Sweden’s quest to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has achieved a significant breakthrough with Turkey’s parliament endorsing its membership.
- This crucial development underscores the evolving dynamics in global politics and Sweden’s response to regional security challenges.
About NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
| Formation |
Established on April 4, 1949 |
| Members |
Consists of 30 member countries |
| Headquarters |
Located in Brussels, Belgium |
| Mission |
Safeguard freedom and security through political and military cooperation |
| Key feature: Article 5 |
Mutual defense provision, attack on one is an attack on all |
| Operations |
Involved in peacekeeping and crisis management operations worldwide |
| NATO-Russia Relations |
Complex relationship with Russia, involving cooperation and tensions |
| Evolving Security Challenges |
Adapts to address evolving security challenges like terrorism, cyber threats, and hybrid warfare |
Sweden’s Neutrality and Shift in Stance
- A Two-Century Neutrality: Sweden has maintained a neutral position for over two centuries, staying out of conflicts, including both World Wars and the Cold War.
- EU and NATO Collaboration: Despite joining the European Union and cooperating with NATO, Sweden had not previously indicated an intent to join the military alliance.
- Changing Landscape: Sweden’s neutrality had to be reconsidered in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, prompting public opinion in favor of NATO membership.
Turkey’s Opposition and Resolution
- Two Years of Opposition: Turkey and Hungary had opposed Sweden’s NATO membership for nearly two years.
- Turkish Concerns: Turkey raised concerns about Sweden’s perceived leniency toward groups classified as terrorists, including the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).
- Freedom of Speech Controversy: Quran-burning protests in Sweden, protected under freedom of speech laws, further strained relations with Turkey.
- Recent Reforms: Sweden made several efforts to address Turkey’s concerns, tightening anti-terrorism laws, cracking down on PKK activities, and easing restrictions on arms sales to Turkey.
- Positive Developments: Sweden also pledged support for Turkey’s European Union membership bid.
Hungary’s Influence and Response
- Following Turkey’s Lead: Hungary, under Prime Minister Viktor Orban, had been seen as aligning with Turkey in opposing Sweden’s NATO bid.
- Grievances with Sweden: Hungary expressed dissatisfaction with Sweden’s criticisms of the rule of law and democratic state under Orban.
- Russia-Friendly Stance: Orban maintained a more Russia-friendly stance compared to other NATO nations.
- Invitation for Cooperation: Following Turkey’s approval, Orban invited Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson to Budapest to discuss future security and defense cooperation as allies and partners.
Sweden’s Contribution to NATO
- Baltic Sea Territory: Sweden’s NATO membership will extend the alliance’s presence along almost the entire Baltic Sea coastline, except for the part under Russian control.
- Strategic Bases: This expansion provides NATO with strategic bases in proximity to Russia, streamlines supply lines, and facilitates the defense of assets in the Baltic Sea.
- Modern Military: Despite its relatively small military size, Sweden possesses modern and experienced armed forces with advanced aircraft and submarine capabilities.
- Global Missions: Sweden’s military has participated in previous NATO missions, adding to the alliance’s operational capabilities.
Conclusion
- Sweden’s NATO membership approval signifies a significant shift in its longstanding neutrality, driven by changing geopolitical dynamics and regional security concerns.
- As Sweden joins the alliance, it brings strategic advantages to NATO’s posture in the Baltic Sea region and enhances the collective defense capabilities of the alliance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Economic Forum (WEF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The World Economic Forum (WEF) has begun its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.
World Economic Forum (WEF)
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is an international not-for-profit organization, focused on bringing the public and private sectors together to address the global political, social, and economic issues.
- It was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist and Professor Klaus Schwab in a bid to promote global cooperation on these most pressing problems.
- The first meeting of WEF was held more than five decades ago in Davos, which has been the home of the annual gathering almost ever since, also becoming the shorthand for the event.
Purpose and Essence of the WEF
- Bringing Stakeholders Together: The WEF gathers leaders from business, government, and civil society to address global challenges and brainstorm solutions.
- Scope Expansion: Initially focusing on European firms catching up with US management practices, the WEF’s scope broadened to encompass economic and social issues.
Annual Meeting in Davos
- Membership: In 1975, the WEF introduced a membership system for the world’s top 1,000 companies.
- Global Diplomacy: Davos serves as a backdrop for international diplomacy, offering leaders a conducive environment to defuse tensions and engage in critical discussions.
- Historic Meetings: Notable meetings in Davos have included North and South Korea’s first ministerial-level talks and discussions on German reunification.
- Birth of the G20: The idea for the G20, comprising 20 countries and initially focusing on global finance, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.
Funding and Davos’s Serene Environment
- WEF Funding: The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnover exceeding $5 billion.
- Davos Setting: Davos’s tranquil surroundings provide an ideal backdrop for the WEF’s mission to foster a more prosperous global economy.
Beyond Discussions: WEF’s Impact
- Global Rankings: The WEF publishes influential global rankings and indices, such as the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.
- Significance: WEF Summit serves as a dynamic platform where leaders and stakeholders converge to address pressing global issues, fostering cooperation and innovation on a grand scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
About the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
Details |
| Role |
Principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). |
| Establishment |
Established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations, began work in April 1946. |
| Predecessor |
Successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) established by the League of Nations. |
| Inaugural Sitting |
Held its first sitting at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 1922. |
| Seat |
Located at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. |
| Jurisdiction |
ICJ’s jurisdiction requires consent from both parties involved in a dispute. Its judgment is final and binding. |
| Judges |
Comprises 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. |
| Official Languages |
English and French. |
| India’s Representation |
Four Indians have been members of the ICJ, including Justice Dalveer Bhandari, R S Pathak, Nagendra Singh, and Sir Benegal Rau. |
| Notable Indian Cases at ICJ |
- Trial of Veer Savarkar (1910) for extradition to Britain from France at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India, culminated 1960).
- Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan, culminated 1972).
- Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India, culminated 1973).
- Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India, culminated 2000).
- Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India, culminated 2016).
- Kulbhushan Jadhav (India v. Pakistan, culminated 2019).
|
Enforcement Challenges
- Binding Rulings: ICJ decisions are legally binding, but they lack enforcement mechanisms, relying on the UN Security Council (UNSC) to enforce judgments.
- Political Influence: Enforcement often falls victim to the politics of UNSC’s permanent members, as seen in potential vetoes by the US, Israel’s strong ally.
Challenges to Efficacy
- Non-Participation: Powerful states may refuse to participate in ICJ proceedings, making compliance difficult. For instance, Russia declined to submit to the court’s jurisdiction during Ukraine-Russia conflict hearings.
- Bureaucratic Delays: The ICJ’s slow bureaucratic process leads to years-long trials and judgments, making justice delayed justice denied.
ICJ’s Relevance
- Expanding Jurisdiction: The ICJ now handles diverse international law areas, including human rights and environmental violations, furthering the participation of states through dispute settlement clauses.
- Successful Reparations: The court’s rulings on reparations, such as Uganda’s payment to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, demonstrate its impact.
- Advisory Role: The ICJ’s advisory opinions contribute to peaceful conflict resolution, as seen in its opinions on nuclear weapons and the Israeli-Palestinian wall.
Niche Position
- Amid New Courts: Despite the emergence of new international courts and tribunals, the ICJ maintains a unique place in international judicial adjudication.
- Fragmentation Concerns: Coexisting courts raise concerns about potential contradictions in rulings and the fragmentation of international law.
- Guardian of World Order: The ICJ serves as a last resort when diplomacy fails, safeguarding the interests of the World Court.
Conclusion
- The ICJ, with its rich history and evolving role in international law, faces challenges in enforcing its rulings and ensuring swift justice.
- However, its expanding jurisdiction, successful reparations, and advisory role in peaceful conflict resolution demonstrate its continued relevance.
- Striking a balance between centralization and decentralization in international judicial adjudication will be crucial to upholding the integrity of the World Court.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Child Marriage
Introduction
- Recent Study Insights: A Lancet study highlights the ongoing challenge of child marriage in India, with significant prevalence in states like West Bengal.
- Focus on Four States: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are noted for their high rates of child marriages, particularly among girls.
Key Findings of the Lancet Study
- Widespread Prevalence: The study reveals that one in five girls in India is married below the legal age, with notable disparities across states.
- Rising Numbers in West Bengal: West Bengal has seen a significant increase in child marriages, with over 500,000 more girls married as children.
Impact of Child Marriage
- Human Rights Violation: Child marriage is recognized as a form of sexual and gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
- Health Consequences: The practice has detrimental effects on maternal and child health, as evidenced by incidents like infant deaths in Murshidabad.
Policy Interventions in West Bengal
- Kanyashree Prakalpa Scheme: A conditional cash transfer scheme aimed at encouraging education and discouraging child marriage among teenage girls.
- Rupashree Prakalpa: A cash incentive scheme for the marriage of girls, which sometimes counteracts the objectives of Kanyashree.
Challenges in Combating Child Marriage
- Educational Strides vs. Child Marriage: Increased school enrollment of girls in West Bengal has not translated into a reduction in child marriage rates.
- Literacy and Child Marriage Correlation: High literacy rates in certain districts have not led to a decrease in child marriage, indicating complex underlying factors.
- Migration and Social Norms: Migration patterns and social norms contribute to the persistence of child marriage, with families marrying off daughters before migrating for work.
Implementation of Laws and Regulations
- Inadequate Law Enforcement: Despite existing laws like The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, enforcement remains weak in West Bengal compared to other states.
- Proposed Amendments: Efforts to raise the legal age of marriage for women to 21 years are underway, with the bill referred to a Parliamentary Standing Committee.
Looking Ahead: Strategies for Change
- Need for Comprehensive Approach: Addressing child marriage requires a multi-faceted approach involving panchayats, schools, local communities, and political will.
- District Action Plans: The West Bengal government’s call for district action plans is a step forward, but effective implementation and social campaigns are crucial.
- Enforcing Laws and Raising Awareness: Strengthening law enforcement and raising public awareness are key to reducing child marriage rates in West Bengal and across India.
Conclusion
- Persistent Challenge: Despite policy efforts, child marriage remains a significant issue in India, particularly in states like West Bengal.
- Balancing Incentives and Enforcement: While schemes like Kanyashree and Rupashree aim to address the issue, balancing incentives with strict law enforcement is essential.
- Collaborative Efforts for Change: A collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, along with a strong political commitment, is necessary to effectively combat child marriage and protect the rights of young girls.
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