Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Child Marriage
Introduction
- Recent Study Insights: A Lancet study highlights the ongoing challenge of child marriage in India, with significant prevalence in states like West Bengal.
- Focus on Four States: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are noted for their high rates of child marriages, particularly among girls.
Key Findings of the Lancet Study
- Widespread Prevalence: The study reveals that one in five girls in India is married below the legal age, with notable disparities across states.
- Rising Numbers in West Bengal: West Bengal has seen a significant increase in child marriages, with over 500,000 more girls married as children.
Impact of Child Marriage
- Human Rights Violation: Child marriage is recognized as a form of sexual and gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
- Health Consequences: The practice has detrimental effects on maternal and child health, as evidenced by incidents like infant deaths in Murshidabad.
Policy Interventions in West Bengal
- Kanyashree Prakalpa Scheme: A conditional cash transfer scheme aimed at encouraging education and discouraging child marriage among teenage girls.
- Rupashree Prakalpa: A cash incentive scheme for the marriage of girls, which sometimes counteracts the objectives of Kanyashree.
Challenges in Combating Child Marriage
- Educational Strides vs. Child Marriage: Increased school enrollment of girls in West Bengal has not translated into a reduction in child marriage rates.
- Literacy and Child Marriage Correlation: High literacy rates in certain districts have not led to a decrease in child marriage, indicating complex underlying factors.
- Migration and Social Norms: Migration patterns and social norms contribute to the persistence of child marriage, with families marrying off daughters before migrating for work.
Implementation of Laws and Regulations
- Inadequate Law Enforcement: Despite existing laws like The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, enforcement remains weak in West Bengal compared to other states.
- Proposed Amendments: Efforts to raise the legal age of marriage for women to 21 years are underway, with the bill referred to a Parliamentary Standing Committee.
Looking Ahead: Strategies for Change
- Need for Comprehensive Approach: Addressing child marriage requires a multi-faceted approach involving panchayats, schools, local communities, and political will.
- District Action Plans: The West Bengal government’s call for district action plans is a step forward, but effective implementation and social campaigns are crucial.
- Enforcing Laws and Raising Awareness: Strengthening law enforcement and raising public awareness are key to reducing child marriage rates in West Bengal and across India.
Conclusion
- Persistent Challenge: Despite policy efforts, child marriage remains a significant issue in India, particularly in states like West Bengal.
- Balancing Incentives and Enforcement: While schemes like Kanyashree and Rupashree aim to address the issue, balancing incentives with strict law enforcement is essential.
- Collaborative Efforts for Change: A collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, along with a strong political commitment, is necessary to effectively combat child marriage and protect the rights of young girls.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Souring of India-Maldives ties
Introduction
- Trigger: PM Modi’s social media posts promoting tourism in Lakshadweep led to a contentious exchange between Maldivian politicians, government officials, and Indian social media users.
- Context: The posts highlighted Lakshadweep’s beauty but did not mention the Maldives or other island nations.
- Maldivian Reaction: Following PM Modi’s posts, some Maldivian social media users, including government officials, responded with offensive and derogatory comments targeting Indians and the Prime Minister.
Escalation of the Issue
- Sensational Headlines: Local Maldivian news websites sensationalized the issue, falsely claiming that India was campaigning against Maldivian tourism.
- Government Officials’ Involvement: High-ranking Maldivian officials engaged in the social media dispute, exacerbating the situation.
Maldivian Social Media Campaign
- #VisitMaldives Hashtag: In response to India’s promotion of Lakshadweep, Maldivian officials and supporters pushed the ‘#VisitMaldives’ hashtag, featuring local resorts and beaches.
- Territorial Claims: Some Maldivian users falsely claimed that Lakshadweep is not Indian territory but belongs to the Maldives.
Accusations Against India
- Alleged Competition: Maldivian social media users accused India of trying to compete with the Maldives as a tropical vacation destination.
- Racist Remarks: The posts led to a range of racist comments against Indians and Indian tourists.
Maldives’ Dependency on Tourism
- Significant Indian Tourist Numbers: Indians form a large group of tourists visiting the Maldives, with over 200,000 travelers in 2023.
- Economic Impact: Tourism is crucial for the Maldives, accounting for over 28% of its GDP.
Indian Response
- Boycott Calls: Some Indian users called for a boycott of Maldivian hotels and resorts.
- Highlighting Bilateral Cooperation: Others emphasized India’s assistance to the Maldives and aspects of bilateral cooperation.
- Celebrity Support: Bollywood celebrities and Indian sportspersons initiated a ‘Visit Lakshadweep’ campaign in response to the controversy.
Roots of Anti-India Sentiments
- Historical Campaign: Anti-India sentiments have been present since the ‘India Out’ campaign, which started in 2020 and was promoted by former president Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayyoom.
- Muizzu Government’s Stance: The current Maldivian government, under President Mohamed Muizzu, has been fulfilling campaign promises, including withdrawing Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
Criticism Within the Maldives
- Opposition’s Stance: Not all in the Maldives support the government’s stance, with some politicians and diplomats criticizing the derogatory comments.
- Lack of Diplomatic Experience: Critics argue that some government officials lack experience and understanding of diplomacy.
Maldivian Government’s Reaction
- Official Statement: The Maldives’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement distancing the government from the derogatory remarks.
- Cyber Attack Suspicions: Following the incident, several Maldivian government websites, including the foreign ministry, were suspected to be under cyber-attack.
Conclusion
- Surprise and Disappointment: The incident has surprised many in India and the Maldives, given the history of diplomatic support and cooperation.
- Unlikely to Affect Relations: Analysts believe the conduct of a few individuals is unlikely to impact broader India-Maldives bilateral relations.
- Need for Diplomatic Sensitivity: The episode underscores the importance of maintaining respectful and diplomatic communication between neighboring countries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Free Movement Regime
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On January 2, the Indian government announced plans to scrap the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border.
- Residents in border areas, previously able to cross freely, will now require visas.
About Free Movement Regime
- Initiated in the 1970s, the FMR allowed people living within 16 km of the India-Myanmar border to travel up to 16 km into the other country without a visa.
- India shares a 1,643 km-long border with Myanmar, which passes through the States of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), and Mizoram (510 km).
- This regime recognized the deep-rooted familial and ethnic connections between communities on either side of the unfenced border.
- The FMR was last revised in 2016, aligning with India’s Act East policy. However, it was suspended in Manipur since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reasons for the Policy Shift
- Security and Illegal Activities: The FMR has been under scrutiny for facilitating illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and insurgency.
- Refugee Influx Post-Coup: Following Myanmar’s military coup in February 2021, over 40,000 refugees entered Mizoram, and around 4,000 entered Manipur, exacerbating security concerns.
- Local Government Stance: Manipur’s Chief Minister urged the Ministry of Home Affairs to cancel the FMR and complete border fencing, linking ethnic violence in the state to the free movement across the border.
Implications of Scrapping the FMR
- Impact on Local Communities: Ending the FMR could significantly affect the daily lives of border residents, who depend on cross-border access for various needs.
- Cultural and Social Disruption: The policy change might strain the cultural and social fabric of communities with shared ethnicities across the border.
Way forward
- Border Fencing: The government plans to fence about 300 km of the border, with a tender expected soon.
- Regulatory Revisions: Experts suggest refining the FMR to better regulate movement while maintaining cross-border ties.
- Infrastructure and Trade: Enhancing infrastructure and formalizing trade at designated entry points could mitigate some negative impacts.
- Community Engagement: Involving border communities in decision-making is crucial for effective and sensitive border management.
Conclusion
- Balancing Security and Community Needs: The decision to end the FMR requires a nuanced approach that considers both national security and the rights of border communities.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening diplomatic relations with Myanmar is key to managing this transition effectively.
- Future Challenges: As India navigates this policy change, it faces the challenge of securing its borders while respecting the socio-economic realities of border populations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
Mains level: Pakistan's prospected economic default and collapse
Central Idea
- India and Pakistan has exchanged a list of their nuclear installations that cannot be attacked in case of an escalation in hostilities.
Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
- The Non-nuclear aggression agreement is a bilateral and nuclear weapons control treaty between India and Pakistan, on the reduction (or limitation) of nuclear arms.
- Both pledged not to attack or assist foreign powers to attack on each others nuclear installations and facilities.
- The treaty was drafted in 1988, and signed by PM Rajiv Gandhi and his counterpart Benazir Bhutto on 21 December 1988; it entered into force on January 1991.
- The treaty barred its signatories from carrying out a surprise attack (or to assist foreign powers to attack) on each other’s nuclear installations and facilities.
- Starting in January 1992, India and Pakistan have annually exchanged lists of their respective military and civilian nuclear-related facilities.
Need for the treaty
- In 1986-87, the massive exercise, ‘Brasstacks’ was carried out by the Indian Army, raising fears of an Indian attack on Pakistan’s nuclear facilities.
- Since then, the Foreign ministries of both countries have been negotiating to reach an understanding towards the control of nuclear weapons.
Significance of the agreement
- The treaty barred its signatories from carrying out a surprise attack (or to assist foreign powers to attack) on each other’s nuclear installations and facilities.
- The treaty provides a confidence-building security measure environment.
Other: Sharing of Prisoners information
- Both nations simultaneously share the list of prisoners in each other’s custody.
- These lists are exchanged under the provisions of the Agreement on Consular Access signed in May 2008.
- Under this pact, the two countries should exchange comprehensive lists on January 1 and July 1 every year (i.e. twice a year).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genocide Convention, 1948
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- South Africa has petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to declare Israel in breach of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Genocide Convention, 1948
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |
| Adoption Date |
December 9, 1948 |
| Primary Aim |
To prevent and punish the crime of genocide |
| Definition of Genocide |
Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
| Key Provisions |
Includes killing or causing harm to members of a group, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children |
| Punishable Acts |
Genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide |
| Implementation and Enforcement |
States must enact legislation to give effect to the Convention’s provisions and provide penalties for perpetrators;
Genocide recognized as a crime under international law |
| Historical Context |
Created post-Holocaust and World War II as a global commitment against atrocities |
| Legal Framework Impact |
Established legal basis for defining and prosecuting genocide, influencing international criminal law |
| India’s Involvement |
Ratified by India on August 27, 1959;
Principles incorporated into India’s domestic legal system |
South Africa’s Stance and Actions
- Preventive Obligation: Following its application to the ICJ, South Africa stated its obligation to prevent genocide, seeking urgent provisional measures to halt violence in Gaza.
- Israel’s Response: Israel has strongly condemned South Africa’s accusations, terming them as “blood libel.”
- Potential Impact of ICJ Ruling: Even if the ICJ issues provisional measures, Israel, like Russia in the Ukraine case, may choose to ignore them.
Historical Roots of South Africa’s Position
- Longstanding Criticism of Israel: South Africa has a history of criticizing Israel, including suspending diplomatic relations and expressing solidarity with Palestine.
- Colonialism and Empathy for Palestine: South Africa’s own history of colonialism and apartheid has fostered empathy towards the Palestinian cause.
- Influential Figures: Leaders like Nelson Mandela have historically supported Palestinian rights.
- Resistance to Western Influence: South Africa’s stance is partly influenced by a desire to resist Western-dominated worldviews, evident in its approach to global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Economic and Political Considerations
- Trade Relations with Israel: Despite being Israel’s largest African trading partner, South Africa has maintained its support for Palestine.
- Shift in African Nations’ Stance: While many African countries have softened their stance towards Israel, South Africa remains steadfast due to the ANC’s anti-discrimination roots and resistance to Western hegemony.
Conclusion
- Balancing Trade and Ideology: South Africa’s actions reflect a complex interplay of historical empathy, political ideology, and economic considerations in its foreign policy.
- Global Implications: This move at the ICJ underscores the ongoing tensions in international relations, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and broader geopolitical dynamics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project PRAYAS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) introduced Project PRAYAS (Promoting Regular & Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals) to facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students.
What is Project PRAYAS?
|
Details |
| Project Name |
Project PRAYAS |
| Introduced By |
International Organization for Migration (IOM) |
| Partnership |
Ministry of External Affairs, India |
| Objective |
To facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students |
| Key Focus |
Enhancing coordination between state and central governments
Addressing India’s growing role in international migration
Providing policy recommendations for migration governance |
| IOM’s Role |
Promoting humane and orderly migration as a United Nations agency |
| Significance |
Represents a consolidation of state-level efforts for well-managed international migration |
| Focus Areas and Activities |
Conducting comprehensive studies on migration trends
Launching awareness programs for safe and orderly migration processes |
Back2Basics: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
1951 |
| Initial Purpose |
To assist in the resettlement of people displaced by World War II |
| Current Role |
Providing services and advice on migration to governments and migrants, including various displaced persons |
| Type |
Intergovernmental Organization |
| Membership |
173 member states, 8 observer states |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Key Objectives |
Promote humane and orderly migration Emergency response
Link migration with development Health and support for migrants
Facilitate managed labor migration Counter human trafficking |
| UN Relationship |
Became a related organization of the United Nations in 2016 |
| India and IOM |
India has been a member of IOM since 1992. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: R-Day Guests
Mains level: Significance of the event
Central Idea
- France’s President Emmanuel Macron is set to be the chief guest for India’s 75th Republic Day celebrations.
- The invitation extended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi signifies a high diplomatic honor and reflects the strong ties between India and France.
Honor of Republic Day Chief Guest
- Ceremonial Significance: Being the chief guest at India’s Republic Day is a top diplomatic honor, involving participation in various ceremonial activities.
- Activities and Protocol: The chief guest receives a guard of honor, attends a presidential reception, lays a wreath at Rajghat, and is honored with a banquet and lunch.
- Symbolism and Friendship: As per Ambassador Manbir Singh, the visit symbolizes participation in India’s pride and reflects the friendship between the two nations.
Selection Process for the Chief Guest
- Advance Planning: The process begins about six months prior, with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) playing a central role.
- Key Considerations: The decision is driven by political, commercial, military, and economic interests, aiming to strengthen ties with the invitee’s country.
- Historical Factors: The Non-Aligned Movement’s legacy has also influenced past selections, with an emphasis on mutual support and nation-building.
Procedure Post-Selection
- Approval and Discretion: After MEA’s selection, approvals are sought from the Prime Minister and President, followed by discreet confirmation of the invitee’s availability.
- Official Communications and Planning: Post-confirmation, official communications and detailed planning for the visit and ceremonies are undertaken.
Challenges and Contingencies
- Potential for Unplanned Events: Organizers prepare for various contingencies, including health issues or weather disruptions.
- Protocol Challenges: Incidents like the one recounted by Ambassador Singh, involving the ADC of a chief guest, highlight the importance of strict adherence to protocol.
Broader Implications of the Visit
- Ceremonial and Strategic Importance: The role of the Republic Day chief guest blends ceremonial honor with strategic diplomacy, playing a key role in India’s international relations and foreign policy.
- Media Coverage and Perception: The visit is closely monitored by international media, influencing perceptions of the guest’s nation.
- Cultural and Diplomatic Impact: The hospitality and ceremonies reflect India’s traditions and culture, enhancing diplomatic relations.
- Beyond Ceremonial Significance: The visit of the chief guest holds potential for opening new avenues in international relations and advancing India’s global interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign Credit Ratings
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s Chief Economic Adviser, V Anantha Nageswaran, emphasizes the need for reform in the sovereign credit rating process.
- The aim is to accurately reflect the default risk of developing economies and reduce their funding costs.
What are Sovereign Credit Ratings?
- A sovereign credit rating is a measure of a country’s creditworthiness, or its ability to meet its financial obligations.
- It is an assessment of the credit risk associated with a country’s bonds or other debt securities.
- The rating is assigned by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch Ratings.
- S&P and Fitch rate India ‘BBB-‘ and Moody’s ‘Baa3’, all indicative of the lowest possible investment grade, but with a stable outlook.
India’s Pursuit of a Credit Rating Upgrade
- Current Rating: India is at the lowest possible investment grade but is seeking an upgrade due to improved economic metrics post-pandemic.
- Government Engagement: Continuous efforts are being made to engage with global credit rating agencies for an improved rating.
Challenges in the Current Rating Methodology
- Opacity and Impact: CEA points out the opaqueness in rating methodologies and the difficulty in quantifying the impact of qualitative factors.
- Bandwagon Effects and Biases: The significant presence of qualitative factors leads to cognitive biases and concerns about the credibility of ratings.
India’s Engagement with Rating Agencies
- Meetings with Top Agencies: Finance ministry officials have met with representatives from Fitch Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, and S&P Global Ratings.
- Current Ratings: While S&P and Fitch rate India at BBB, Moody’s rates it at Baa3 with a stable outlook.
Parameters and Issues in Sovereign Rating
- Typical Parameters: Agencies consider factors like growth rate, inflation, government debt, and political stability.
- Qualitative Component: Over half the ratings are determined by qualitative factors, often non-transparent and perception-based.
- Dominance in Ratings: Institutional Quality, often measured by World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), is a significant determinant for developing economies.
- Issues with WGIs: These metrics are non-transparent, perception-based, and may not represent a sovereign’s willingness to pay.
CEA’s Recommendations
- Need for Transparency: Sovereigns are expected to be transparent; similarly, rating agencies should make their processes clear and avoid untenable judgments.
- Potential Benefits: Enhanced transparency could lead to more reliance on hard data and possible credit rating upgrades for many sovereigns.
- Access to Private Capital: Improved ratings can help developing countries access private capital crucial for addressing global challenges like climate change.
- India’s Export Targets: With initiatives like production-linked incentives and Make in India, India aims for a $2 trillion export target by 2030.
Conclusion
- Advocacy for Change: Nageswaran’s comments highlight the need for a more equitable and transparent sovereign credit rating process.
- Broader Implications: Such reforms could not only benefit developing economies like India by reducing funding costs but also contribute to a more accurate and fair global financial system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Annual Climate Summit: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) was held in Dubai, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- High Expectations: There were significant expectations for countries to take decisive steps in addressing the climate crisis.
- Key Focus Areas: Discussions at COP28 revolved around mitigation, adaptation, finance, and the differing responsibilities of developed and developing nations.
Early Developments: Loss and Damage Fund
- COP27 Agreement Follow-up: After agreeing to create the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund at COP27, COP28 focused on its operationalization.
- Funding Challenges: Despite the need for substantial funding, contributions have been limited, with the U.S. pledging only $17.5 million.
- Administration and Access Concerns: The World Bank’s role in overseeing the fund raised issues regarding access, legal autonomy, and responsiveness to emergencies.
Emissions Reduction and Energy Transition
- Global Stocktake Findings: The first global stocktake (GST) assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
- Fossil Fuel Transition: A commitment was made to move away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to triple renewable and nuclear energy capacity by 2030.
- Continued Use in Other Sectors: Fossil fuels remain in use in sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture.
- Transitional Fuels and Climate Justice: The acceptance of natural gas as a transitional fuel was seen as a compromise on climate justice.
Financial Mechanisms for Climate Action
- Developed Nations’ Responsibility: The GST framework emphasized the leading role of developed nations in climate finance.
- Private Sector Involvement: The role of private investment in addressing financial gaps was acknowledged.
- Green Finance Initiatives: New mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost to the Green Climate Fund, were established to support sustainable practices in developing countries.
India’s Stance on Climate and Health Declaration
- UAE Declaration on Climate and Health: This declaration, partnered with the World Health Organisation, was signed by 123 countries but not by India.
- India’s Concerns: India refrained from signing due to potential impacts on its growing healthcare infrastructure and the need to prioritize healthcare requirements.
Global Methane Pledge and India’s Position
- Renewed Focus on Methane: The pledge received attention with over $1 billion in new grants for methane reduction projects.
- India’s Non-Participation: India did not sign the pledge, focusing instead on carbon dioxide emissions and considering the livelihood implications of methane reduction in agriculture.
Assessment of COP28: Achievements and Shortcomings
- Positive Developments: Notable achievements included the climate and health declaration, emphasis on nature-based solutions, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
- Contentious Issues: Disagreements persisted over fossil-fuel subsidies, the role of the World Bank in the L&D fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
- Mixed Outcomes: While renewable energy targets marked progress, unresolved issues regarding L&D, fossil fuel use, and transitional fuels indicated ongoing challenges.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: COP28 showcased the intricate balance between ambitious climate goals and the practical realities of economic and social factors.
- Continued Dialogue: The outcomes reflect the need for ongoing dialogue and collaboration to address the multifaceted aspects of climate change and sustainable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Bank
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
About World Bank
|
Details |
| Establishment |
July 1944, during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. |
| Initial Purpose |
To help rebuild European nations devastated by World War II;
Later expanded to include global development and poverty reduction. |
| Components |
– International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
– International Development Association (IDA)
– International Finance Corporation (IFC)
– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
– International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) |
| Membership |
189 member countries as of 2021. |
| Headquarters |
Washington, D.C., United States. |
| Main Functions |
Provides loans, credits, and grants; offers technical expertise and policy advice; researches development issues. |
| Funding |
Through issuance of bonds in the international financial markets and earnings from its investments. |
| Governance |
Led by a President, with a Board of Governors and a Board of Executive Directors. |
| India’s Involvement |
– Founding member since 1944.
– First loan approved in 1949 for Indian Railways. |
Understanding Multilateral Development Banks
- Definition and Membership: MDBs are financial institutions with multiple country members, both developed and developing, that provide financing and technical assistance for development projects.
- Operational Focus: Their operations span various sectors, including transport, energy, and urban infrastructure, with developed countries contributing to the lending pool and developing countries primarily borrowing for development projects.
Rationale behind Proposed Reforms
- Addressing Global Challenges: The climate crisis and other global issues require mechanisms for global-scale action, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
- Aligning with National Priorities: The expert group recommends that MDBs align more closely with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
- Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: A shift is suggested towards greater private sector involvement in MDB operations, moving away from the culture of limited interaction between private and sovereign financing arms.
Key Aspects of the Proposed Reforms
- Coordination and Stakeholder Involvement: The panel emphasizes the need for greater coordination among stakeholders, including national governments, to develop unified goals and policies.
- Addressing Coordination Failures: The reforms aim to resolve multiple coordination failures among domestic and international stakeholders, both public and private.
- Changing Perception and Practices: The current perception of MDBs as bureaucratic and risk-averse is seen as a barrier to private sector involvement, which is crucial for ramping up financing.
MDBs’ Traditional Lending in Countries like India
- Role in India’s Development: MDBs have been instrumental in financing key infrastructure projects in India, often with longer gestation periods.
- World Bank’s Commitments: Since its establishment in 1944, the World Bank has committed $97.6 billion to India, with significant portions in public administration, agriculture, and transport.
- Asian Development Bank’s Involvement: Formed in 1969, the ADB has committed $59.7 billion to India, focusing on transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Financing: The AIIB, established in 2016, has approved $9.9 billion in financing for India, with a focus on transport, energy, and economic resilience.
- European Investment Bank’s Contributions: Since 1958, the EIB has committed Euro 4.5 billion to India, primarily in the transport and energy sectors.
Conclusion
- Implications of the Recommendations: The proposed shift in MDB operations could lead to more effective and targeted development financing, aligning closely with the specific needs and priorities of individual countries.
- Potential for Enhanced Global Impact: By addressing coordination challenges and increasing private sector engagement, MDBs could play a pivotal role in meeting global development goals and addressing critical challenges like the climate crisis.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remittance inflows data
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
- The surge was influenced by various factors, including India’s currency agreement with the UAE.
World Bank’s Analysis on Remittance Growth
- Report Findings: The World Bank’s report indicates a slowdown in remittance growth in India to 12.4% in 2023, down from 24.4% in 2022.
- Increased Share in South Asia: India’s share in South Asian remittances is expected to rise to 66% in 2023 from 63% in 2022.
Global Remittance Scenario
- Other Leading Countries: Following India, the top remittance-receiving countries are Mexico (USD 67 billion), China (USD 50 billion), the Philippines (USD 40 billion), and Egypt (USD 24 billion).
- Significance in GDP: In economies like Tajikistan, Tonga, Samoa, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, remittances form a substantial part of the GDP, highlighting their critical economic role.
Contributing Factors for India
- Key Drivers: Declining inflation and robust labor markets in high-income countries contributed to increased remittances.
- Major Sources: Significant remittance flows came from the US, the UK, and Singapore, as well as from the GCC, particularly the UAE.
- UAE’s Role: The UAE is the second-largest source of remittances to India, accounting for 18% of the total.
India-UAE Currency Agreement Impact
- February 2023 Agreement: The agreement to promote local currency use in cross-border transactions and interlink payment systems has boosted remittances.
- Dirhams and Rupees Usage: The use of dirhams and rupees in transactions is expected to channel more remittances through formal channels.
Global Remittance Trends
- Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Remittances to these countries grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2023.
- Future Concerns: There is a risk of real income decline for migrants in 2024 due to global inflation and low growth prospects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Camelids
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. This declaration aims to highlight the crucial role of Camelids in the lives of people globally.
About Camelids
- FAO’s Statement: According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Camelids significantly impact millions of households in over 90 countries.
- Species Included: Camelids encompass alpacas, Bactrian camels, dromedaries, guanacos, llamas, and vicuñas.
- Role in Food Security and Economy: These animals contribute to food security, nutrition, and economic growth, particularly benefiting Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
Importance of Camelids
- Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals: Camelids play a vital role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.
- Source of Nutrition: They provide milk and meat, essential in combating hunger.
- Fibre Production: Camelids produce fibre used for clothing and shelter.
- Transportation and Agriculture: They serve as a means of transportation and produce organic fertilizer for agriculture.
- Adaptability: Known for their ability to survive in harsh conditions, Camelids are significant in regions like the Andes and arid lands of Africa and Asia.
- Climate Change Awareness: Camelids symbolize resilience and can help raise awareness about climate change.
Goals of the International Year of Camelids 2024
- Awareness and Investment: The year aims to increase awareness of Camelids’ untapped potential and advocate for more investment in this sector.
- Advocacy for Research and Innovation: The initiative calls for enhanced research, capacity development, and the adoption of innovative practices and technologies in the Camelids sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veto Power
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A recent UN resolution vote, where 153 countries voted in favor and 10 against, including the USA’s support for Israel, underscores the influence of a few nations in global decisions.
- This voting pattern brings into focus the veto powers within the UN Security Council (UNSC) and their persistence for over seven decades.
What is the Veto Power in the UNSC?
- Exclusive Membership: The UNSC comprises five permanent members (P5) – the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China – along with 10 non-permanent members.
- Power of Resolutions: Unlike the General Assembly, resolutions passed by the UNSC are legally binding.
- Veto Mechanism: Any P5 member can veto a resolution, blocking its adoption even with the required majority support.
Rationale behind Veto Power for Permanent Members
- Post-WWII Context: The P5, instrumental in forming the UN after World War II, were granted special rights, including veto power, as recognition of their role.
- Strategic Necessity: The veto was considered vital to ensure the participation of these major powers in global peacekeeping efforts.
Formation and Evolution of the UN and Veto Power
- Foundational Discussions: The structure of veto power was developed during key meetings like the Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta Conferences.
- FDR’s Influence: President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned the UN as a post-war peacekeeping body, with the ‘Four Policemen’ (USA, USSR, UK, and China) at its core.
- USA’s Diplomatic Efforts: The United States employed strategies, including intelligence, to secure veto power in the UN Charter.
Debate and Criticism of the Veto Power
- Global Dissatisfaction: The exclusive nature of veto power has been a point of contention for many countries.
- Resistance to Change: Attempts to expand the P5 or modify veto rights have been largely unsuccessful due to the vested interests of the permanent members.
- Acknowledging Changes: The increase in non-permanent UNSC members in 1965 was a nod to the changing international environment.
- Reforms agenda: Proposals include making all 15 seats temporary with five-year terms, encouraging open competition for seats, and imposing lobbying and term limits.
Conclusion
- Continued Discussions: The use of veto power in the UNSC remains a contentious issue, reflecting the complex nature of global politics.
- Adapting to Modern Times: As the world’s political landscape evolves, there may be growing pressure to reform the UNSC’s structure and veto mechanism to better align with the current global order.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrographic Survey Pact
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Maldives government has chosen not to renew a hydrographic survey agreement with India, marking a significant change in bilateral relations.
Hydrographic Survey Pact: A Backgrounder
- Nature of Hydrographic Surveys: These surveys involve mapping water bodies to facilitate safe and efficient maritime transportation.
- 2019 Agreement: During Prime Minister Modi’s state visit to the Maldives in June 2019, an MoU was signed for cooperation in hydrography between the Indian Navy and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).
Activities under the Pact
- Joint Hydrographic Surveys: Three joint surveys were conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023, involving Indian Naval Ships like INS Darshak and INS Sutlej.
- Survey Objectives: The surveys aimed to update navigational charts and support sectors like tourism and fisheries. They also involved tidal observations and identifying new shoals.
- Support to MNDF: India provided hydrographic equipment and training to MNDF personnel, aligning with its policy of supporting the Maldives in establishing hydrographic capabilities.
India’s Hydrographic Survey Agreements with Other Countries
- Global Hydrographic Efforts: India has conducted hydrographic surveys in various countries, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
- International Cooperation: The National Hydrographic Office highlights the potential for international cooperation in hydrography, especially in regions with limited capabilities.
Reasons behind Maldives’ Decision
- Regime Change: The election of Mohamed Muizzu of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), seen as more pro-China, contrasts with his predecessor President Solih’s India-friendly stance.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean region, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has impacted India’s traditional sphere of influence in the Maldives.
- ‘India Out’ Campaign: Allegations of Indian military presence and the new administration’s emphasis on national security and self-reliance in hydrographic capabilities have influenced this decision.
Possible outcomes
- Changing Geopolitical Landscape: The Maldives’ decision reflects the shifting geopolitical dynamics in the Indian Ocean, with growing Chinese influence challenging India’s traditional role.
- Impact on India-Maldives Relations: This development could signify a recalibration of the Maldives’ foreign policy, potentially impacting India’s strategic interests in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: CCS and CCD
Central Idea
- At the COP28 climate talks in Dubai, discussions have centered on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) technologies.
- The interpretation of ‘abatement’ is crucial in understanding the role and limitations of CCS and CDR in climate action.
Understanding CCS and CDR
- CCS: This involves capturing CO₂ emissions at their source, such as in the fossil fuel industry and industrial processes, and storing them to prevent atmospheric release.
- CDR: Encompasses natural methods like afforestation and technological approaches like direct air capture for absorbing and storing atmospheric CO₂.
- COP28 Discussions: The term “unabated fossil fuels” in the draft texts refers to fossil fuel combustion without CCS. The texts advocate phasing out such fuels and enhancing emission removal technologies.
Scale and Efficacy of CCS and CDR
- IPCC’s AR6 Report: Heavily reliant on CDR for meeting the 1.5 degrees C temperature limit, assuming significant CO₂ sequestration by 2040.
- Challenges: Direct mitigation to reduce emissions is daunting, making CDR crucial.
- CCS Limitations: Effective CCS requires high capture rates, permanent storage, and minimal methane leakage from upstream processes.
Concerns and Implications of CCS and CDR
- Land Use for CDR: Large-scale CDR methods, especially technological ones, require significant land, raising equity, biodiversity, and food security concerns.
- Impact on the Global South: CDR projects in the Global South could infringe on indigenous land rights and compete with agricultural land use.
- Financial and Ethical Questions: The cost and responsibility of implementing CDR at scale raise questions about who should bear these burdens.
Pitfalls of CCS and CDR
- Potential for Increased Emissions: CCS and CDR could inadvertently create leeway for continued or increased greenhouse gas emissions.
- IPCC Emission Scenarios: To limit warming to 1.5 degrees C, significant reductions in coal, oil, and gas use are required by 2050, with or without CCS.
- Gas Emissions Pathways: Higher reliance on CCS and CDR could lead to emission pathways with a greater contribution from gas.
Conclusion
- Critical Decade Ahead: The next decade is pivotal in determining the viability and scalability of CDR methods.
- Balancing Act: While CCS and CDR offer potential solutions for emission reduction, their implementation must be carefully managed to avoid unintended consequences and ensure equitable and effective climate action.
- Future of Climate Negotiations: The discussions and decisions at COP28 regarding CCS and CDR will significantly influence the trajectory of global climate action and the pursuit of the 1.5 degrees C target.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dubai Consensus , COP 28
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Dubai Consensus, a significant resolution towards reducing fossil fuel dependency, was adopted in COP 28, Dubai.
Dubai Consensus
- Key Clause: The resolution emphasizes transitioning away from fossil fuels to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, aligning with scientific recommendations to limit global temperature rise.
- Balance between Countries: The text reflects a compromise between developed and developing nations on climate action and responsibility.
- Dilution of Language: Earlier drafts with terms like ‘phase-out’ were softened due to opposition from oil-dependent countries.
- Coal Usage: The final text moderated its stance on coal, crucial for countries like India, calling for a phase-down rather than a rapid phase-out.
- Methane Emissions: The consensus introduces a focus on reducing methane emissions by 2030, a potent greenhouse gas.
- Natural Gas as a ‘Transition Fuel’: The text’s reference to natural gas as a transitional fuel could favor gas-producing countries and overlook the need for developed countries to close the finance gap in climate adaptation.
New Funding Commitments and Future Goals
- Diverse Opinions: While some nations expressed dissatisfaction with the agreement’s scope, others highlighted the lack of financial support for developing countries.
- Financial Pledges: COP 28 saw commitments to the Loss and Damage Fund and pledges to decarbonize the global economy.
- Focus on Renewable Energy: The resolution signals a move towards phasing out fossil fuels and boosting renewable energy and efficiency.
India’s Historical Position on Climate Change
- Emission Statistics: India, a major developing country, has historically contributed 3% of greenhouse gases (1850-2019), compared to higher percentages from the US and EU.
- Per Capita Emissions: India’s per capita emissions are below the global average, but its development needs and population growth have made it the third-largest emitter.
- Balancing Development and Emissions: India has been navigating the pressure to reduce emissions while addressing its developmental needs, particularly its reliance on coal.
India’s Commitments and Challenges
- Net Zero by 2070: India has committed to achieving a net-zero state by 2070, alongside expanding its renewable energy capacity.
- Glasgow COP 2021 Agreement: Under pressure, India agreed to a ‘phase-down’ of coal use, highlighting the need for equitable treatment of all fossil fuels, including oil and gas.
- Import Dependency: As a net importer of oil and gas, India has raised concerns about the focus on coal while other fossil fuels remain under-addressed.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GPAI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit began in New Delhi on December 12, inaugurated by Prime Minister.
- India, along with 28 member countries, is working towards a consensus on a declaration document focusing on the proper use of AI, establishing guardrails for the technology, and its democratization.
GPAI and India
- Founding Member: India joined GPAI as a founding member in June 2020, aiming to bridge the gap between AI theory and practice.
- International Collaboration: The initiative fosters collaboration among scientists, industry professionals, civil society, governments, international organizations, and academia.
- Previous Summits: Prior GPAI summits were held in Montreal, Paris, and Tokyo.
- India’s Stance: IT Minister highlighted India’s focus on sustainable agriculture and collaborative AI, building on the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) approach used in Aadhaar and UPI systems.
Content of the Proposed Declaration
- Themes and Focus: The declaration is expected to cover AI’s use in sustainable agriculture, healthcare, climate action, and building resilient societies.
- Regulatory Aspects: It will align with past agreements and global ideas on AI regulation.
- India’s Contribution: India’s emphasis is on evaluating AI in sustainable agriculture and promoting collaborative AI.
Global Conversation on AI Regulation
- EU’s AI Act: The European Union passed the AI Act, introducing safeguards and guardrails for AI use, especially in law enforcement, and setting up mechanisms for complaints against violations. It imposes strong restrictions on facial recognition and AI’s potential to manipulate human behavior.
- AI Safety Summit in the UK: Major countries agreed on a declaration for global action to address AI risks, acknowledging the dangers of misuse, cybersecurity threats, biotechnology, and disinformation risks.
- US Executive Order: The Biden Administration issued an order to safeguard against AI threats and oversee safety benchmarks for generative AI bots like ChatGPT and Google Bard.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- 75th Anniversary: December 10 marked the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in Paris.
- Foundation of International Order: Post-World War II, this declaration laid the groundwork for the international order, aiming to prevent future atrocities.
Understanding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Document Structure: Comprising a preamble and 30 articles, it outlines fundamental rights and freedoms.
- Key Provisions: Articles emphasize equality in dignity and rights, non-discrimination, the right to life and liberty, prohibition of slavery and torture, fair trial rights, asylum rights, and freedoms of religion, opinion, expression, and assembly.
- Right to Education: The declaration also enshrines the right to education for all.
Origins and Development
- Post-War Sentiment: Born from the “never again” resolve after the world wars and the Holocaust, it served as a “road map” for individual rights.
- Drafting Process: Chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, the drafting committee represented diverse geographical regions, with over 50 countries contributing to the final draft.
- Global Participation: Despite being drafted during widespread colonial rule, the declaration represented a collective effort, ensuring rights for all, including gender equality.
Impact and Legacy
- Non-Binding Nature: While not a treaty or legally binding, its principles have influenced national laws and international human rights treaties.
- Inspiration for Movements: It spurred decolonization, anti-apartheid, and various human rights movements globally.
- Universal Standard: Despite criticisms, it remains a universal human rights standard, influencing various subsequent human rights agreements.
Current Challenges and Relevance
- Contemporary Conflicts: The declaration’s anniversary comes amid ongoing human rights challenges in conflicts like Israel-Hamas, Russia-Ukraine, and internal strife in Myanmar and Sudan.
- U.N. Secretary-General’s Concerns: Antonio Guterres noted the misuse and abuse of the declaration, with some governments undermining it.
- Amnesty International’s View: The organization sees the declaration as a testament to the feasibility of a global human rights vision.
- Volker Türk’s Perspective: The U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights emphasizes the declaration’s enduring relevance, urging the world to recognize its successes and learn from its shortcomings.
Conclusion: Upholding the Universal Declaration
- Inherent Human Rights: The declaration underscores that human rights are intrinsic to every individual.
- Leaders’ Responsibility: Leaders are reminded of their duty to uphold these rights, essential for the well-being of the people they serve.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Storm Makers II
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Interpol operation Storm Makers II against fraud schemes fuelled by victims of human trafficking has unearthed further evidence that the trend is expanding beyond the Southeast Asian region.
About Operation Storm Makers II
- This operation was a special mission organized by Interpol Headquarters in Lyon, France.
- The operation took place from October 16 to 20.
- It involved law enforcement in 27 countries across Asia and other regions.
The operation targeted human trafficking and cyber scams. It resulted in:
- Rescue of 149 human trafficking victims
- Hundreds of arrests
- More than 270,000 inspections and police checks
Back2Basics: INTERPOL
|
Details |
| Full Name |
International Criminal Police Organization |
| Member Countries |
Comprises 195 member countries |
| Function |
Facilitates coordination among police forces globally; shares data on crimes and criminals |
| Headquarters |
Located in Lyon, France |
| Global Complex |
Has a Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore |
| Satellite Offices |
Several regional offices in different parts of the world |
| India’s Membership |
Joined in June 1956 |
| National Central Bureau (NCB) |
Each member country has an NCB; in India, it’s under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
NCBs are the contact points for Interpol’s General Secretariat and other NCBs; run by police officials of the country |
| Databases |
Manages 19 police databases with real-time access to information on crimes and criminals |
| Investigative Support |
Provides forensic, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives globally |
| Red Notice (RN) |
Issued to alert police worldwide about fugitives wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence; for provisional arrest pending extradition or similar legal action |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The UN General Secretary wrote under Article 99 about the escalating threats to peace and security due to the situation in Gaza.
- He mentioned the human suffering, deaths, and destruction in Israel and the Occupied Palestine Territory, emphasizing the need for a humanitarian ceasefire.
Understanding Article 99
- Charter as an International Treaty: The UN Charter, the founding document of the United Nations, functions as an international treaty binding member states.
- Article 99’s Provision: It allows the Secretary-General to bring any matter to the UNSC that may threaten international peace and security.
- Discretionary Power: This article is seen as a discretionary power, requiring the Secretary-General to exercise political judgment, tact, and integrity.
Historical Invocation of Article 99
- Rare Usage: Article 99 has been seldom invoked, with notable instances including the Congo upheaval in 1960 and Tunisia’s complaint against France in 1961.
- Current Context: It is indicated that Guterres’ invocation of Article 99 over Gaza is a significant constitutional move.
- Details of the Crisis: He mentioned the human suffering, deaths, and destruction in Israel and the Occupied Palestine Territory, emphasizing the need for a humanitarian ceasefire.
Potential Impact
- Draft Resolution by UAE: Following Guterres’ letter, the United Arab Emirates submitted a draft resolution to the UNSC demanding an immediate ceasefire.
- Voting Dynamics: For the resolution to pass, it requires at least nine votes in favor and no vetoes from the five permanent members.
- Challenges in Reaching Consensus: The likelihood of unanimous support from permanent members is uncertain, given the US and Britain’s support for Israel’s military actions since October 7.
Conclusion
- Guterres’ appeal underscores the severity of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
- The outcome of the UNSC’s actions, influenced by Guterres’ appeal, remains pivotal in addressing the ongoing conflict and humanitarian situation in Gaza.
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