Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GEM Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The UNESCO has released Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2023.
- The report warned against the negative impacts of excessive screen time on children’s well-being and academic performance.
What is UNESCO?
|
Full Name |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
Established |
November 16, 1945 |
Headquarters |
Paris, France |
Director-General |
Audrey Azoulay |
Purpose |
To promote peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication. |
Functions |
– Promoting education for all
– Supporting scientific research
– Safeguarding cultural heritage
– Fostering freedom of expression
– Promoting media development |
Membership |
Over 190 member states |
World Heritage Sites |
Over 1,100 designated sites worldwide |
Languages |
Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Working languages: English, French |
About Global Education Monitoring Report 2023
- Established in 2002, the GEM Report is an editorially independent report, hosted and published by UNESCO.
- At the 2015 World Education Forum, it received a mandate from 160 governments to monitor and report on progress on education SDG 4.0.
- The report provides in-depth analysis and assessment of key education issues and challenges worldwide.
- It also offers evidence-based insights and policy recommendations to improve education systems and outcomes.
Concerns raised in the report
- Ills of digital learning: The report highlights that learning benefits diminish if technology is used excessively or without qualified teachers’ involvement.
- Equitable Learning: The report reveals that inequities in learning emerge when instruction becomes exclusively remote, affecting vulnerable students, especially in rural areas.
- Evidence-based Approach: The report urges for sound, impartial evidence on technology’s impact in education, as most available evidence originates from technology companies and may be biased.
- Long-term Costs and Sustainability: Countries need to consider the long-term costs of digital learning and connectivity. The expansion of the Edtech market should not overshadow unmet basic education needs.
- Threats posed by AI: The growth of generative AI and technology necessitates digital literacy and critical thinking skills.
- Protecting Children’s Rights: During the pandemic, many online education initiatives risked infringing on children’s rights.
Key endorsements: Banning smartphones in schools
- The report endorses banning smartphones in schools if technology integration does not improve learning or negatively affects student well-being.
- Research indicates that banning mobile phones from schools can lead to better academic performance, especially among low-performing students.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US first lady held a flag-raising ceremony at UNESCO in Paris, marking Washington’s official re-entry.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
|
Established |
November 16, 1945 |
Headquarters |
Paris, France |
Membership |
195 member states and 10 associate members |
Mandate |
Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication |
Objectives |
- Ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- Safeguarding cultural heritage
- Advancing scientific research and collaboration
- Promoting freedom of expression
- Fostering intercultural dialogue
|
Notable Programs and Activities |
- World Heritage Program: Designates and preserves sites of outstanding universal value
- Education for All Program: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- International Hydrological Program: Promoting sustainable water management and cooperation
- Man and the Biosphere Program: Promoting sustainable development and Conservation of natural resources
- Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: Safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural heritage
|
A quick recap
- US and Israel’s withdrawal: Last December, the United States and Israel decided to leave UNESCO.
- Historical trajectory of engagement: The decisions should be viewed within a longer historical context.
Reasons for Withdrawal
- Anti-Semitic resolutions: The US and Israel cited several resolutions that they perceived as biased against Israel.
- Disdain for multilateralism and ‘America First’ policy: The US demonstrated a lack of interest in multilateral organizations and prioritized its own interests.
- Mounting arrears: The decision was based on mounting arrears, the need for reform, and perceived anti-Israel bias.
- Lack of interest in paying UNESCO debts: The Trump administration had little incentive to pay off debts accumulated since the Obama administration froze contributions.
Implications of the withdrawal
- Impact on UNESCO’s daily workings: The departure of the US and Israel impaired the organization’s operations.
- Limited consequence for Palestinians: The diplomatic victory for the Palestinian Authority was of little political or economic significance for Palestinians living under occupation.
Why is the US now joining back?
- Counterbalance China’s influence: The US aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence in shaping global policies on artificial intelligence and technology education.
- Protect and promote US interests: Rejoining allows the US to protect and advance its interests in cultural heritage preservation, climate change initiatives, and girls’ education.
- Reforms and diplomatic efforts: UNESCO’s management reforms and efforts to address concerns have contributed to the US decision to rejoin.
- Bipartisan support for engagement: The decision to rejoin UNESCO has received bipartisan support within the US, ensuring long-term engagement regardless of future political changes.
- Financial considerations and commitment: The US plans to fulfill financial obligations to UNESCO, including paying dues and arrears, demonstrating a commitment to supporting key initiatives within the organization.
Conclusion
- The decision of the United States to rejoin UNESCO reflects a strategic effort to counterbalance China’s influence, protect and promote American interests, and engage in international efforts for cultural preservation, climate change, and education.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Henley Passport Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India has seen an improvement in its ranking on the Henley Passport Index 2023, climbing seven places to the 80th position from 87 last year.
- However, despite the rise in ranking, the number of countries allowing visa-free access to Indian passport holders remains the same.
What is Henley Passport Index?
- The Henley Passport Index is a global ranking system that measures the strength and value of passports from different countries.
- It is published by Henley & Partners, a global residence and citizenship advisory firm.
- The index provides an annual ranking of passports based on the number of countries and territories their holders can travel to without requiring a visa or with visa-on-arrival access.
How is it derived?
- It takes into account data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and other reliable sources.
- The index includes 199 passports and 227 travel destinations.
- It assigns a “visa-free score” to each passport, which represents the number of destinations that can be visited without obtaining a visa in advance.
- The higher the visa-free score, the stronger the passport.
India’s Passport Performance in 2023
- India is ranked 80th in 2023.
- In 2014, India ranked 76th with 52 countries granting visa-free access to Indian passport holders.
- Since then, its ranking has fluctuated, with positions of 88th (2015), 85th (2016), 87th (2017), 81st (2018), 82nd (2019 and 2020), and 81st (2021).
- In the Henley Openness Index, which measures the number of nations allowing visa-free access, India ranked 94th out of 97 countries for permitting visa-free access to only four nations.
Global scenario
- Singapore Takes the Lead: Singapore has replaced Japan as the country with the most powerful passport, allowing its citizens visa-free access to 192 out of 227 travel destinations globally.
- Other Top Countries: Germany, Italy, and Spain share the second position. The third position is shared by Austria, Finland, France, Luxembourg, South Korea, and Sweden.
- Japan’s Position: Japan, previously holding the top position for five years, dropped to third place on the Henley Passport Index.
- Pakistan: The country known for terrorism and the recent economic crisis has been ranked at 100 in the list. Citizens of Pakistan can travel to just 33 countries without applying for a visa.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Vilnius Summit held in July 2023 was significant in assessing the progress made by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the past year and preparing for future conflicts.
- While expectations were high regarding Ukraine’s membership timeline, the summit fell short in this regard.
About NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
|
Formation |
Established on April 4, 1949 |
Members |
Consists of 30 member countries |
Headquarters |
Located in Brussels, Belgium |
Mission |
Safeguard freedom and security through political and military cooperation |
Key feature: Article 5 |
Mutual defense provision, attack on one is an attack on all |
Operations |
Involved in peacekeeping and crisis management operations worldwide |
NATO-Russia Relations |
Complex relationship with Russia, involving cooperation and tensions |
Evolving Security Challenges |
Adapts to address evolving security challenges like terrorism, cyber threats, and hybrid warfare |
Also read:
NATO+5 Status and India
Key takeaways from Vilnius Summit
(1) NATO’s Response to Threats:
- Russian Threat: The summit communique acknowledged Russia as the most significant and direct threat to the security, peace, and stability of NATO allies in the Euro-Atlantic area.
- Concerns over Belarus and Iran: NATO expressed concerns about Belarus providing territory and infrastructure for Russian aggression against Ukraine. It also highlighted Iran’s delivery of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Russia for attacks on critical infrastructure in Ukraine.
(2) Recalibrations in the Baltic Sea:
- Finland and Sweden’s Inclusion: The summit marked Finland’s first participation as a NATO member, while Turkey agreed to ratify Sweden’s bid to join the alliance.
- Curbing Russian dominance: This paves the way for a strategic recalibration in the Baltic Sea region that was previously dominated by Russia.
(3) Commitments to Ukraine:
- Membership Timeline: Despite expectations, no concrete timeline for Ukraine’s NATO membership was provided.
- Concrete Outcomes: Ukraine secured short-term and long-term security commitments from NATO members, including the creation of the NATO-Ukraine Council and a multi-year program to help upgrade Ukrainian forces.
- Defense Support: Member states such as Germany, Norway, and France made commitments to support Ukraine’s defense, including financial assistance, military equipment, and bilateral security cooperation.
(4) Concerns over China:
- Beijing’s Threat: The summit reiterated NATO’s recognition of China as a threat to its security, interests, and values. It highlighted China’s opaque strategy, intentions, military build-up, and its support to Russia.
- Indo-Pacific Engagement: NATO emphasized the importance of the Indo-Pacific region’s security, linking it to Euro-Atlantic security.
(5) Defense Spending and Readiness:
- Burden-Sharing: NATO acknowledged the need for increased defense spending beyond the 2 percent of GDP baseline due to the more contested security order.
- Regional Defense Plans: Allies reached an agreement on regional defense plans to enhance the alliance’s readiness. The plans focus on upgrading forces, increasing interoperability, and addressing financial implications.
Conclusion
- Overall, the summit reaffirmed NATO’s relevance and strategic priorities in an evolving security landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Genetic Resources
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Delegates from around the world have convened in Rome, Italy for the 19th session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA).
What is Commission on Genetic Resources?
|
Description |
Establishment |
Established in 1983 by the FAO |
Membership |
181 member countries including India |
Governing Body |
Bureau consisting of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons, and FAO representative |
Mandate |
Promote conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture |
ITPGRFA |
Responsible for implementing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |
Functions |
Address specific areas such as plant genetic resources, animal genetic resources, and digital sequence information |
Global Goals |
Contributes to SDG 2 on Zero Hunger and sustainable agricultural development |
Focus areas
- The session will focus on three main topics:
- Review of work on biodiversity, nutrition, and human health.
- Access and benefit-sharing for food and agriculture.
- Digital sequence information for food and agriculture.
- Biodiversity for food and agriculture.
- The role of genetic resources in mitigating and adapting to climate change.
- Forest genetic resources.
- Microorganism and invertebrate genetic resources, including pollinators and biological control agents.
- Animal genetic resources
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The upcoming 14th Clean Energy Ministerial and Eighth Mission Innovation (CEM14/MI-8) conference, taking place in Goa from July 19-22, 2023, aims to establish the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA).
What are Biofuels?
- Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from organic materials, such as plants, crops, and agricultural waste.
- They are considered an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, because they areproduced from renewable biomass sources.
There are several types of biofuels, including:
- Ethanol: It is a biofuel produced by fermenting and distilling sugars or starches found in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It is commonly used as a blending component in gasoline and can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, known as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline).
- Biodiesel: It is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils. It is typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel and can be blended with petroleum diesel or used in its pureform. Biodiesel has lower emissions of pollutants compared to petroleum diesel and can be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications.
- Biogas: It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, and animal manure. It primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel after purification.
|
What is Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)?
- G20 Priority: The GBA is a crucial priority under India’s G20 Presidency.
- Learning from ISA: The GBA draws inspiration from the International Solar Alliance (ISA), jointly initiated by India and France in 2015 to combat climate change through solar energy adoption.
- Objective: This alliance will focus on promoting international collaboration and cooperation to encourage the acceptance and utilization of biofuels.
- Core Members: The GBA, comprising Brazil, the US, and India, aims to impact the global energy architecture and achieve net-zero emissions.
- Membership and Endorsement: Other nations can join the GBA by endorsing the foundation document, and membership is open to non-G20 countries.
Focus Areas of GBA
- Focus areas of the GBA include:
- The GBA will focus on strengthening markets and facilitating global biofuel trade.
- Concrete policy lessons will be shared, and technical support will be provided for national biofuel programs worldwide.
- The alliance will highlight successful cases and best practices in the biofuel industry.
Significance of GBA
- Addressing OPEC+: The initiative signals India’s focus on reducing dependence on conventional hydrocarbons and calls for increased production by the OPEC+
- Transformative Opportunities: GBA offer transformative opportunities for economic growth, rural development, energy self-sufficiency, reduced air pollution, and clean energy transition.
- Adoption of Sustainable Biofuels: The alliance aims to accelerate the adoption of sustainable biofuels.
India’s Biofuel Achievements
- Milestone Achieved: In the fiscal year 2020-21, India produced 4.08 billion litres of ethanol, achieving a blending rate of 10.02% and resulting in a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.
- Goals and Targets: India aims to achieve a blending rate of 12% by 2022-23 and a goal of 20% blending by 2025, requiring an expanded production capacity of ethanol to 17 billion litres.
- Focus on Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG): India actively promotes compressed bio-gas (CBG) derived from waste through the Sustainable Alternative towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) program.
- Target Deadline: India aims to install 5,000 CBG plants across the country by 2024.
Biofuel Advancements in Aviation
- First Commercial Passenger Flight: India conducted its first commercial passenger flight using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend produced domestically.
- Program Committee Established: The Bio-Aviation Turbine Fuel Programme Committee has been established to advance the use of SAF in the aviation sector.
- Blending Targets: India aims to achieve a 1% SAF blend in jet fuel by 2025, requiring 140 million liters of SAF per year, and a more ambitious target of a 5% blend would need approximately 700 million liters per year.
Global response
- Brazil’s Support: Brazil expressed support for the GBA and its goals to expand and strengthen sustainable biofuels markets.
- Saudi Arabia’s Focus: Saudi, a major oil producer, has a focus on conventional hydrocarbons and has not favored the GBA.
- Russia’s Opec+ Involvement: Russia, as part of the Opec+ group, has been implementing production cuts despite fragile global economic recovery.
- China’s Opposition: China, a major biofuel producer, opposed the India-led initiative and boycotted a G20 meeting on tourism held in Srinagar.
Conclusion
- The establishment of GBA represents a significant step towards promoting international collaboration and the adoption of sustainable biofuels.
- India’s achievements in biofuel production and advancements in aviation fuel provide a strong foundation for the alliance’s objectives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPTTP
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The UK has formally signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a major Indo-Pacific trade deal.
- Joining the bloc is seen as the UK’s biggest trade deal since leaving the European Union.
What is CPTPP?
- The CPTPP, established in 2018, reduces trade barriers among 11 countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Vietnam.
- Objectives of CPRPP include-
- Tariff Reduction and Market Opening: The agreement requires countries to eliminate or significantly reduce tariffs and make commitments to open services and investment markets.
- Addressing Competition and Intellectual Property: The CPTPP includes rules on competition, intellectual property rights, and protections for foreign companies.
- Expanding Membership: While the CPTPP aims to counter China’s regional dominance, China and other countries such as Taiwan, Ukraine, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and Ecuador have applied to join.
Importance of CPTPP for the UK
- Cutting Tariffs and Expanding Trade: The UK government anticipates reduced tariffs for UK exports to Asia Pacific countries. Joining the CPTPP expands trade opportunities, as the bloc represents 15% of global trade and a combined GDP of £12 trillion.
- Post-Brexit Trade Strategy: After leaving the EU, the UK seeks to deepen trade ties with the Pacific region through its “Global Britain” strategy.
- Seeking Faster-Growing Economies: The UK aims to establish trade deals with countries and blocs with faster-growing economies than the EU, given limitations in achieving agreements with major powers like China and the United States.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Economic Impact of Brexit: Critics argue that trade deals like the CPTPP will struggle to compensate for the economic damage caused by leaving the EU, which remains the UK’s largest trading bloc.
- Long-Term Productivity Forecast: Brexit is projected to reduce the UK’s long-term productivity by 4%, according to the Office for Budget Responsibility.
- Existing Trade Deals and Economic Boost: The UK already has trade deals with most CPTPP members, and the projected economic boost from joining the agreement is relatively modest at 0.08% annually.
Recent Developments
- Information Gathering Process: CPTPP members are assessing aspiring economies’ ability to meet the bloc’s high standards as part of the decision-making process for future membership.
- Collective Decision-Making: The decision on new members and the timeline for their inclusion will be made collectively by existing CPTPP participants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nature Restoration Law
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The EU Parliament’s approval of a nature restoration law has sparked backlash and debate over plans to protect endangered ecosystems.
- The law is a crucial part of the European Green Deal and aims to address the extinction of species and restore damaged habitats.
Nature Restoration Law: Why in news?
- Objectives: The law aims to restore 30% of terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, and marine habitats by 2030, which are currently in poor condition.
- Resistance: Farmers and conservative lawmakers strongly oppose the legislation, particularly concerning plans to restore drained peatlands. They argue that valuable agricultural land may be lost, leading to economic and social consequences and potential food security risks.
Importance of Peatlands and Environmental Impact
- Peatland Carbon Storage: Peatlands, wetland ecosystems formed over thousands of years, store more carbon than any other ecosystem. They absorb nearly twice as much carbon dioxide as all of the Earth’s forests combined.
- Drained Peatlands: When peatlands are drained for agriculture or other purposes, they transition from being carbon sinks to significant greenhouse gas sources, contributing to emissions.
- European Peatlands: More than half of Europe’s peatlands have been permanently damaged, leading to approximately 7% of the continent’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Calls for Rewetting and Paradigm Shift
- Rewetting Peatlands: The proposed legislation includes plans to rewet 50% of former peatlands in Europe, aiming to restore their environmental functions and mitigate climate change.
- Paradigm Shift in Agriculture: Experts advocate for a paradigm shift in agriculture, moving away from farming on drained peatlands and investing in paludiculture (farming on wetlands), which is agriculture on rewetted peat soil. This approach would stop carbon emissions while improving soil and water quality.
Political Challenges and Compromises
- Opposition by Conservative Groups: Conservative groups, including the European People’s Party, seek to reduce the scope of wetland restoration plans and oppose the conversion of agricultural land.
- Concerns and Dissemination of Misinformation: Critics claim that villages could be cleared for wetland restoration, leading to economic and social fallout. However, these claims have been labeled as misinformation and populist.
Economic and Environmental Benefits
- Long-Term Economic Return: The European Commission estimates that every euro invested in restoring natural resources would yield at least eight times the economic return over the long term.
- Sustainable Land Use: While rewetted land may not support traditional monocultures, it could enable the growth of other crops, such as timber, grasses, and reeds for insulation materials and organic plastic substitutes. Revitalized areas could also become grazing grounds for alternative livestock.
Conclusion
- The approval of the EU nature restoration law has sparked a debate between environmental conservation and agricultural interests.
- While farmers express concerns over the potential loss of agricultural land and economic impact, environmentalists argue for the restoration of threatened ecosystems and the long-term benefits of sustainable land use.
- The implementation of the law will play a crucial role in achieving the ambitious climate and biodiversity targets set by the European Green Deal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MPI
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
What is MPI?
- The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries.
- It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person faces simultaneously.
- The global MPI was developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) for inclusion in UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report in 2010.
- It has been published annually by OPHI and in the HDRs ever since.
Components of MPI
Rapid Progress and Halving MPI Values
- Achieving rapid progress: The report showcases that 25 countries, including India, successfully halved their global MPI values within 15 years, indicating that substantial progress is attainable.
- Countries with notable progress: Besides India, other countries that achieved this feat include Cambodia, China, Congo, Honduras, Indonesia, Morocco, Serbia, and Vietnam.
- Significance of halving MPI values: Halving the MPI values demonstrates a substantial reduction in multidimensional poverty, reflecting improvements across multiple indicators of well-being.
Poverty Reduction: Key Stats
- Decline in multidimensional poverty: In India, the number of people in multidimensional poverty decreased from approximately 645 million in 2005-06 to about 370 million in 2015-16 and further to 230 million in 2019-21.
- Improvements across indicators: Deprivation in various indicators, such as nutrition, child mortality, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, and housing, witnessed significant declines in India.
- Fastest progress among the poorest: The report highlights that the poorest states and disadvantaged groups, including children and individuals from marginalized castes, experienced the fastest progress in reducing poverty.
Factors Contributing to Multidimensional Poverty
- Multiple disadvantages: Poverty encompasses various factors such as poor health, lack of basic amenities, limited livelihood options, limited education, disempowerment, and vulnerability to climate change.
- Holistic approach: Focusing solely on income as an indicator of poverty is insufficient. Multidimensional poverty measures offer a more comprehensive understanding of poverty by considering a range of disadvantages individuals face.
- Targeting and priority setting: Multidimensional poverty measures provide valuable insights into different areas and sub-groups affected by poverty, aiding in the identification of national priorities and targeted interventions.
Government Interventions for Poverty Alleviation
- Food Security: The National Food Security Act of 2013 aims to provide subsidized food grains to two-thirds of India’s population.
- Employment and Skilling: Initiatives such as the National Rural Livelihood Mission and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provide employment opportunities and regular income for the rural poor.
- Income Support: Schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi aim to provide direct benefit transfers and minimum income support to the poor and farmers.
Challenges Ahead
- Pauperization and migrant workers: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated poverty, leading to increased pauperization of migrant workers.
- Regional disparities: Rural areas continue to face a higher incidence of extreme poverty compared to urban areas.
- Jobless growth: Despite economic development, a significant proportion of the population still suffers from multidimensional deprivation.
- Resource limitations: Adequate allocation of resources for anti-poverty programs remains a challenge, and the availability of funds often dictates target curtailment.
- Implementation bottlenecks: Proper implementation and targeting of poverty alleviation schemes have been persistent issues in India, with overlapping programs leading to inefficiencies.
Conclusion
- India’s progress in reducing multidimensional poverty is commendable, with substantial improvements across indicators.
- However, the challenges of pauperization, regional disparities, job creation, resource allocation, and implementation bottlenecks must be addressed to achieve sustained poverty reduction and inclusive development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The upcoming virtual summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) hosted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, holds significant importance in the current geopolitical context.
- Ashok Sajjanhar, a former Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer and ambassador to several countries, shares his insights on the event and its potential outcomes.
What is SCO?
- SCO is an international organization founded in 2001.
- It is primarily focused on promoting cooperation and regional stability among its member states.
- The SCO originated from the Shanghai Five mechanism, which was established in 1996 to resolve border disputes and promote mutual trust among China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
- Uzbekistan joined the organization in 2001, leading to its formation as the SCO.
Member States |
China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan |
Objectives |
Promote regional security, stability, economic cooperation |
Cooperation Areas |
Political, security, economic, cultural |
Security Cooperation |
Joint military exercises, counter-terrorism operations, intelligence sharing |
Economic Cooperation |
Trade facilitation, investment, infrastructure development |
Key Bodies |
SCO Summit, SCO Business Council, Interbank Consortium of the SCO |
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) |
Coordination of anti-terrorism efforts |
Dialogue Partners |
Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, among others |
Observer States |
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, among others |
Outreach and Engagement |
United Nations, ASEAN, CIS, and other regional/international organizations |
Significance of the Meeting during the Russia-Ukraine War
- Major participants: The summit is expected to see the participation of key leaders such as Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif.
- Declining Influence of Russia: The meeting provides an opportunity for President Putin to gauge the declining influence and relevance of Russia, particularly in the Central Asian countries.
- Message for Resolution: The decreased importance of Russia’s role in the region may convey the need for a prompt resolution to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
India’s Strategic Autonomy and Self-Assuredness
- Successful India-US Relations: Prime Minister Modi’s recent successful visit to the United States highlights the growth of India-US relations.
- India’s Role in SCO: India’s participation in the SCO while maintaining strong relations with the United States underscores its strategic autonomy and self-assuredness.
Impact of PM Modi’s Statement to Mr. Putin
- Asserting India’s Voice: PM Modi’s statement, “this is not the era of war,” showcased India’s capacity to communicate with President Putin.
- Influencing Diplomatic Outcomes: The statement helped in securing the Bali G20 summit declaration and demonstrated India’s voice as a mediator between Russia and the West.
Implications for India-China Relations
- Unlikely Impact on Border Standoff: The virtual summit is unlikely to have any immediate impact on the India-China border standoff.
- Ongoing Talks and Stalemate: Multiple rounds of talks between India and China have taken place, but there has been limited progress in de-escalation and disengagement at key points.
- Snub to Pakistan: India’s strong stance on cross-border terrorism, as demonstrated in the past, is likely to be reiterated during the discussions.
India’s Opportunities at SCO
- Central Asian outreach: India has historical and cultural ties with Central Asian countries and aims to expand partnerships in the region.
- Neglected Engagement: Post-Soviet independence, India’s engagement with these countries was hindered by its lack of direct access through Pakistan’s territory.
- SCO as a Platform: India’s SCO membership allows for interaction at various levels and offers opportunities to strengthen ties with Central Asian countries.
Conclusion
- The SCO virtual summit presents a significant opportunity for India to engage with key regional players and enhance its profile and stature in Central Asia.
- The summit’s outcomes, including the adoption of documents on various issues, will contribute to advancing India’s interests, strengthening trade ties, and promoting investments in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global South
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The unwillingness of many leading countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America to stand with NATO over the war in Ukraine has brought to the fore once again the term “Global South.”
What is Global South?
- The term “Global South” refers to countries that are often described as ‘developing’, ‘less developed’, or ‘underdeveloped’.
- It encompasses countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, which are characterized by higher levels of poverty, income inequality, and harsh living conditions compared to the “Global North”.
Historical Background
- Emergence of the Term: The term ‘Global South’ was first used in 1969 by political activist Carl Oglesby, who argued that the war in Vietnam represented a history of northern “dominance over the global south”.
- Transition from Third World: Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, these countries were commonly referred to as the ‘Third World’.
- Momentum and Context: The term gained momentum following the end of the Cold War and the rise of the non-aligned movement.
Features of the Global South
- Lower-income Countries: The Global South primarily consists of lower-income countries located in Africa, Asia, and South America.
- Geopolitical Background: Geopolitically, these nations have a history of imperialism and colonial rule.
- Newly Industrialized Status: Many of these countries are in the process of industrialization and have been described as newly industrialized.
- Prominent Countries: Prominent countries within the Global South include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico, known for their large populations and economies.
Need for Classification
- Critique of Earlier Terms: The East/West binary and the categorization of countries as developed/developing were criticized for perpetuating stereotypes and favoring Western ideals.
- Cold War Context: The First World, Second World, and Third World classifications were associated with Cold War alliances.
- Broad and Inclusive Classification: The term ‘Global South’ provides a broader classification based on shared history of colonization and similar socioeconomic indicators.
Global South amid Ukrainian War
- South-South Cooperation: South-South cooperation has emerged as countries like India and China challenge the dominant global order led by the US.
- Questioning the North as the Ideal: The rise of Asian countries questions the notion of the North as the ideal.
- Criticism of Classification: The classification of the Global South has been criticized for its broadness and concerns about resource accumulation, as well as the neglect of Africa.
Significance of the Global South
- India’s Role: India aims to unite Global South countries to adopt an action-oriented approach.
- Potential for Progress: Cooperation within the Global South can unlock significant potential for progress, including technical and ideas exchanges, sharing of manufacturing best practices, and more.
- Common Concerns: Energy security, justice, and sustainable energy transition are common concerns for the Global South, which India aims to highlight.
Challenges for Consolidation
- Debate over Climate Reparations: The ongoing debate over climate reparations has triggered controversy, as some argue that China and India should contribute given their increasing industrialization and historical carbon emissions.
- Impact of Russia-Ukraine War: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war has impacted the least developed countries (LDCs) and prompted them to align more closely with China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- Dominance of the US: Despite the shift to a multipolar world, the US still dominates international affairs, posing challenges for the consolidation of the Global South.
Way Forward
- Active Engagement: India must actively engage with regional politics within the developing world to champion the Global South.
- Tailored Policy Approach: It is crucial to recognize the diversity within the Global South and develop a policy vision that addresses the varying needs and capabilities of its member countries.
Conclusion
- Collaboration between the Global South and India can lead to significant advancements in various fields.
- India’s development partnerships prioritize consultation, outcome orientation, people-centric approaches, and respect for the sovereignty of partner countries.
- Distinguishing India’s approach from that of China can help avoid debt traps and financially unsound undertakings, promoting sustainable development within the Global South.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Peace Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The 17th edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI), ranking 163 independent states and territories based on their level of peacefulness was released.
What is Global Peace Index?
- Released by: Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) since May 2009.
- Extensive Coverage: The GPI covers 163 countries, representing 99.7% of the world’s population, utilizing 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from reputable sources.
- 3 Domains of Peace: The index measures peace across three domains: societal safety and security, ongoing domestic and international conflict, and militarization. These domains provide a holistic understanding of a country’s peacefulness.
Rankings and Highlights
- Most Peaceful Countries: Iceland continues to hold the title of the most peaceful country since 2008, followed by Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria.
- Least Peaceful Countries: Afghanistan remains the least peaceful country for the eighth consecutive year, followed by Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- India’s Position: India has climbed two spots to the 126th position in the rankings. It experienced an improvement of 3.5% in peacefulness, attributed to reductions in violent crime, improved relations with neighboring countries, and decreased political instability.
- Prominent Countries: Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, USA, and Pakistan have been ranked 79, 80, 107, 131, and 146, respectively.
Global Peace Trends
- Overall Deterioration: The 2023 report highlights a 0.42% deterioration in the average level of global peacefulness. This marks the thirteenth deterioration in the last fifteen years.
- Improvements and Deteriorations: In 2022, 84 countries demonstrated improvements in peacefulness, while 79 countries experienced deteriorations.
- Long-term Perspective: Over the past fifteen years, the global average score of peacefulness has deteriorated by five percent, indicating a decline in peace worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BBNJ/ High Seas Treaty
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) or the High Seas Treaty was adopted by the UN on June 19.
- It became the third agreement under UNCLOS, following the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (ISB) and the Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA).
BBNJ/ High Seas Treaty
- The idea of protecting the marine environment emerged in 2002, leading to the recognition of the need for an agreement in 2008.
- In 2015, the UN General Assembly formed a Preparatory Committee to create the treaty.
- Intergovernmental conferences (IGC) were held, resulting in the adoption of the treaty in 2023.
- The treaty’s objective is to implement international regulations for the protection of marine life beyond national jurisdiction through international cooperation.
Key Provisions of Treaty
(1) Marine Protected Areas:
- The treaty establishes marine protected areas to safeguard the oceans from human activities.
- Decisions on protected areas require a “three-quarter majority vote” to prevent obstruction by a few parties.
(2) Sharing Benefits from Marine Genetic Resources:
- The treaty mandates sharing scientific information and monetary benefits through a “clear house mechanism.”
- The mechanism ensures open access to information on marine protected areas, marine genetic resources, and area-based management tools.
(3) Capacity Building and Marine Technology:
- The treaty emphasizes capacity building and the use of marine technology for environmental impact assessment.
- The Scientific and Technical Body will create standards and guidelines, assisting countries with limited capacity in carrying out assessments.
Challenges and Controversies
(1) Marine Genetic Resources:
- The issue of sharing and exchanging information on marine genetic resources was a contentious point during negotiations.
- Debates focused on monitoring information sharing and the potential hindrance to bioprospecting research.
(2) Definition and Language:
- The use of phrases like “promote” or “ensure” in different parts of the treaty, particularly regarding benefit sharing, sparked heated debates.
(3) Adjacency Issue:
- Negotiations were prolonged due to the need for provisions allowing coastal states to exercise sovereign rights over seabed and subsoil in areas beyond their jurisdiction.
- The interests of landlocked and distant states further complicated decision-making.
Opposition to the Treaty
- Several developed countries opposed the treaty due to their support for private entities involved in advanced research and development of marine technology.
- Russia and China also expressed reservations, with Russia ultimately withdrawing during the final stage of consensus building, arguing that the treaty lacks a balance between conservation and sustainability.
Significance of the treaty
(1) Environmental Preservation:
- The High Seas Treaty is crucial for protecting marine biodiversity and addressing pressing issues such as overfishing and pollution.
- It represents a significant step towards international cooperation in preserving the health and sustainability of our oceans.
(2) Global Cooperation and Research:
- The treaty promotes the sharing of scientific information and encourages collaboration among countries.
- This will foster research initiatives and facilitate a better understanding of marine ecosystems, leading to more effective conservation measures.
Conclusion
- The adoption of the High Seas Treaty marks a significant milestone in international efforts to protect marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions.
- While challenges and controversies prolonged the negotiation process, the treaty sets the stage for enhanced global cooperation and the implementation of regulations to safeguard our oceans for future generations.
Back2Basics:
|
International Seabed Authority (ISA) |
Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA) |
Purpose |
Regulate and manage activities in the international seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction |
Ensure the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks |
Legal Framework |
Established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) |
International treaty adopted by the United Nations |
Established Date |
1994 |
1995 |
Resource Focus |
Non-living resources (seabed minerals) and living resources (deep-sea ecosystems) |
Fish stocks (shared resources occurring in EEZs and beyond national jurisdiction) |
Cooperation |
Emphasizes cooperation among states and establishment of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) |
Promotes cooperation among states for sustainable fisheries management |
Conservation |
Manages resources for the benefit of humankind as a whole, adhering to the common heritage of mankind principle |
Aims to conserve and sustainably manage fish stocks for present and future generations |
Licensing |
Issues licenses and contracts for seabed mineral exploration and exploitation |
N/A (Focuses on the management and conservation of fish stocks) |
Data Collection |
Promotes scientific research and international cooperation in the deep seabed area |
Encourages data collection, reporting, and scientific assessment of fish stocks |
Dispute Settlement |
Provides mechanisms for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts |
Includes provisions for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts |
Membership |
Consists of member states and the European Union |
Open to states committed to sustainable fisheries management |
Headquarters |
Located in Kingston, Jamaica |
N/A (Operates under the United Nations framework) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICJ
Mains level: Iran's tarnished image in global scenario
Central Idea
- The UK, Canada, Sweden, and Ukraine have jointly initiated legal proceedings against Iran at the International Court of Justice, the highest court of the United Nations.
- The case pertains to the tragic downing of a Ukrainian passenger jet in 2020, resulting in the loss of all 176 passengers and crew members.
- Iran recently acquired the membership of SCO.
About the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
Establishment |
Also called World Court, was established in 1945.
Began its operations in 1946.
Located in The Hague, Netherlands. |
Purpose |
To settle legal disputes between member states and provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. |
Composition |
15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council.
Judges serve for a term of 9 years and can be re-elected. |
Judicial Independence |
Operates independently of the UN.
Its decisions are binding on the parties involved in a dispute.
Member states are obligated to comply with ICJ judgments. |
Jurisdiction |
Over cases submitted to it by sovereign states.
Can only hear cases if both parties involved in the dispute have consented to its jurisdiction.
Provides advisory opinions to UN organs and specialized agencies. |
Cases |
Disputes over territorial boundaries, maritime rights, human rights violations, interpretation of treaties, and state responsibility.
It has jurisdiction over both contentious cases and advisory proceedings. |
Legal Systems |
Applies two primary sources of law: International treaties and customary international law.
Considers general principles of law and judicial decisions as subsidiary sources. |
Proceedings |
ICJ proceedings are public unless the court decides otherwise or the parties involved agree on privacy. |
Binding Nature of Judgments |
ICJ judgments are legally binding on the parties involved in a dispute.
If a state fails to comply with a judgment, the matter can be brought to the attention of the UN Security Council for further action. |
Enforcement Mechanism |
ICJ lacks its own enforcement mechanism, and it relies on the voluntary compliance of states with its judgments.
However, the UN Security Council has the power to take measures to enforce ICJ rulings. |
Accessibility |
Accessible to all member states of the UN.
Non-member states can also become parties to cases. |
Tragedy and International Response
- Flight PS752: Details of the Ukrainian passenger jet, which was en route from Tehran to Kyiv on January 8, 2020.
- Shooting Down: The plane was shot down shortly after takeoff.
- Nationalities: The victims included individuals from Canada, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Afghanistan, and Iran, spanning a wide age range.
Iran’s Admission and Subsequent Actions
- Failed Arbitration Request: Iran’s lack of response to arbitration request led to the filing of the case.
- Initial Denials: Iran initially denied responsibility for the downing but later admitted that the Revolutionary Guard had mistakenly shot down the plane using two surface-to-air missiles.
- Blaming the Operator: Iranian authorities attributed the incident to an air defense operator who allegedly mistook the Boeing 737-800 for an American cruise missile.
- Judicial Response: An Iranian court sentenced an air defense commander to 13 years in prison for his alleged role in the downing.
- Critique of the Trial: The countries filing the case criticized the prosecution, referring to it as a “sham and opaque trial.”
Allegations against Iran
- Lack of Preventive Measures: The plaintiffs argue that Iran failed to take necessary measures to prevent the intentional commission of an offence.
- Inadequate Investigation and Prosecution: Iran is accused of conducting an impartial, transparent, and fair criminal investigation, which is inconsistent with international law.
- Destruction of Evidence: Allegations claim that Iran withheld or destroyed crucial evidence related to the incident.
- Harassment of Families: Iran is accused of threatening and harassing the families of the victims who sought justice.
- Failure to Report: Iran neglected to report crucial details of the incident to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Seabed Authority (ISA) , UNCLOS
Mains level: Deep Sea Mining
Central Idea
- The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is preparing to resume negotiations on deep sea mining, a process that involves extracting mineral deposits and metals from the ocean’s seabed.
- These negotiations have raised concerns over potential impacts on marine ecosystems and habitats, highlighting the need for regulations and environmental safeguards.
About International Seabed Authority
- ISA is a Jamaica-based organization established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
- The authority holds jurisdiction over the ocean floors outside of the Exclusive Economic Zones of its 167 member states.
|
What is Deep Sea Mining?
- Deep sea mining is a process that involves extracting mineral deposits and metals from the seabed.
- These deposits are rich in materials such as nickel, rare earths, and cobalt, which are crucial for renewable energy technologies and everyday devices like cellphones and computers.
- Types of such Mining include-
- Polymetallic Nodule Collection: Harvesting deposit-rich nodules from the ocean floor.
- Seafloor Sulphide Mining: Extracting minerals from massive seafloor sulphide deposits.
- Cobalt Crust Stripping: Removing cobalt crusts from rocks on the seabed.
Evolution of Mining Technology
- Vacuum Extraction: Companies exploring the use of massive pumps to vacuum materials from the seafloor.
- AI-Based Robotics: Developing artificial intelligence-based technology to teach deep-sea robots how to collect nodules.
- Advanced Machinery: Utilizing advanced machines to mine materials from underwater mountains and volcanoes.
Strategic Importance
- Depletion of Onshore Reserves: Deep sea mining offers access to strategically important resources as onshore reserves diminish.
- Growing Demand: Crucial minerals are in high demand due to the increasing reliance on renewable energy and technological advancements.
- Regulating Deep Sea Mining: Balancing Interests and Environmental Concerns
Regulating Deep Sea Mining: Balancing Interests and Environmental Concerns
- The governance of deep sea mining is currently guided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
- This framework aims to protect marine environments, facilitate economic benefits sharing, and support scientific research.
UNCLOS and Exploration Licenses
- Maritime Territory Management: Countries govern their exclusive economic zones, while the high seas fall under UNCLOS jurisdiction.
- “Common Heritage of Mankind”: The seabed and its mineral resources are considered global assets, requiring responsible management.
- Exploration Partnerships: Mining companies collaborate with countries to secure exploration licenses, with focus in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone.
Pressure to Establish Regulations
- Nauru’s Application: In 2021, Nauru and Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. applied to exploit minerals, triggering a clause that requires the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to establish regulations by July 2023.
- Environmental Concerns: Urgency to address potential ecosystem impacts and safeguard marine habitats fuels the need for comprehensive regulations.
Environmental Concerns
- Limited Knowledge: Only a small portion of the deep seabed has been explored, raising concerns about the potential damage to poorly understood marine ecosystems.
- Impacts on marine ecosystem: Noise, vibration, and light pollution, as well as leaks and spills of chemicals, pose risks to marine life.
- Sediment Plumes: Pumping slurry sediment back into the sea after extracting valuable materials can harm filter-feeding species and disrupt ecosystems.
Way Forward
- Calls for Moratorium: More than a dozen countries, including France, Germany, and Pacific Island nations, advocate for a ban or moratorium until environmental safeguards are in place.
- Research and Responsible Mining: Comprehensive research on deep-sea ecosystems is crucial to understand the potential implications of mining.
- Sustainable Practices: Encouraging responsible mining practices, including minimizing pollution, reducing ecosystem disturbance, and implementing proper waste management.
Conclusion
- Deep sea mining holds the potential to unlock valuable minerals critical for renewable energy and technological advancements.
- However, the process raises significant environmental concerns and requires robust regulations to balance resource extraction with the protection of fragile marine ecosystems.
- Continued research, responsible practices, and international cooperation are essential to ensure sustainable and environmentally conscious deep-sea mining operations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN) meetings, which aim to reform the United Nations Security Council, are now being webcasted for the first time in history.
What is IGN?
- The Intergovernmental Negotiations framework (IGN) is a collective effort by various nation-states within the United Nations to advance the reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
- This article provides an overview of the composition of the IGN and highlights the progress made in achieving consensus among its members.
Evolution of the Reform Agenda
- The issue of reforming the UN Security Council has been under discussion since 1993, with successive reports published in 2001 and 2007.
- The current agenda for this issue within the UN General Assembly can be accessed online.
Composition of the IGN
- The IGN consists of several international organizations representing different perspectives on UN Security Council reform, including:
- African Union
- G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan)
- Uniting for Consensus Group (UfC), also known as the “Coffee Club”
- 69 Group of Developing Countries
- Arab League
- Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
- Each group presents unique positions regarding the reform of the UN Security Council, reflecting the diverse interests and perspectives of its member states.
Establishment of Consensus
- On July 27, 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted an “oral decision” by general acclamation, approving the “elements of convergence” declaration.
- This declaration outlined the status of the consensus achieved by the IGN members at that time.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Senegal has joined the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) deal, becoming the fourth country to sign after South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
- The deal aims to mobilize 5 billion euros in new financing for Senegal.
What is Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)?
- JETP is a financing mechanism that aims to support developing countries in their transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to clean and renewable energy sources.
- JETP is designed to bridge the gap between wealthier nations and coal-dependent developing nations, addressing both the environmental and social aspects of the energy transition.
JETP Mechanism and Social Considerations
- JETPs provide financing to developing countries to phase out coal and transition to clean energy.
- Social aspects, such as protecting affected communities and providing job opportunities, are crucial in JETP plans.
- Reskilling, upskilling, and creating new jobs are essential components of a just energy transition.
Funding Sources and Donor Pool
- JETP funding can be provided through grants, loans, or investments.
- The International Partners Group (IPG) and the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) Working Group are key contributors.
- The IPG includes countries such as Japan, the USA, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, the EU, and the UK.
- The GFANZ Working Group comprises multilateral and national development banks and finance agencies.
JETP Success Stories
- South Africa was the first country to enter into a JETP at COP 26 Glasgow, with a pledge of 8.5 billion USD in financing.
- Indonesia announced its JETP at the G20 Bali Summit, receiving an initial 20 billion USD in public and private financing.
- Vietnam joined the JETP initiative, securing an initial fund of 15.5 billion USD over the next three to five years.
Prospects for India’s Participation
- Talks of a JET-P deal with India are ongoing but have not reached a final conclusion.
- Challenges include the complexity of India’s coal-based power sector and financing in the form of loans.
- India seeks favorable conditions and no compromise on energy security and development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMF Bailout Packages
Mains level: Pakistan's prospected economic default and collapse
Central Idea
IMF and its Bailout
- The IMF is an international organization that provides loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to member countries.
- Established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced economic growth, and poverty reduction.
- Headquarters located in Washington, D.C., and it has 190 member countries.
- An IMF bailout, also known as an IMF program, is a loan package provided to financially troubled countries.
- Bailout programs have specific terms and conditions that borrowing countries must meet to access the funds.
Types of IMF Bailout Packages
|
|
Description |
Duration |
Conditionality |
Stand-by Arrangements |
Short-term lending programs for countries with temporary balance of payments problems. |
1-2 years |
Specific macroeconomic policies for stabilization |
Extended Fund Facility |
Medium-term lending programs to address balance of payments difficulties from structural weaknesses. |
Longer-term |
Extensive conditionality and significant reforms |
Rapid Financing Instrument |
Loan program providing quick financing for countries with urgent balance of payments needs. |
Flexible |
Fewer conditions and shorter application process |
Quick recap: Pakistan Economic Crisis
- The 2022-2023 economic crisis in Pakistan coincides with political unrest in the country.
- Rising food, gas, and oil prices have aggravated the economic challenges faced by Pakistan.
- The IMF’s decision to halt disbursement of funds under the 2019 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) program exacerbated the financial crisis.
Causes of the Economic Crisis
- Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Worldwide fuel price hike affecting Pakistan’s import-dependent economy.
- Excessive external borrowings: Raised concerns of default, leading to currency depreciation and expensive imports.
- High inflation and food prices: By June 2022, inflation reached record levels, adding pressure on the economy.
- Poor governance and low productivity: Contributing factors to the balance of payment crisis and insufficient foreign exchange earnings.
Impact on the Pakistani Economy
- Balance of payment crisis: Inability to generate enough foreign exchange to cover import expenses.
- Currency depreciation: Weakening of the Pakistani rupee against major currencies, further exacerbating import costs.
- Rising inflation: Placing a burden on the population, particularly with escalating food prices.
- Economic instability: The crisis is considered the most significant since Pakistan’s independence.
What’s’ the new SBA Deal?
- Electricity subsidies: The agreement calls for the discontinuation of historically heavy subsidies in the power sector. There will be a timely rebasing of power tariffs to ensure cost recovery, which may lead to inevitable price hikes for consumers.
- Import restrictions and exchange rate: Pakistan’s central bank will be required to remove import restrictions and adopt a fully market-determined exchange rate, aligning with the IMF’s directive.
- Inflation control measures: The IMF emphasizes the need for the central bank to be proactive in curbing inflation, especially its impact on vulnerable segments of society. This may involve further interest rate hikes.
- Fiscal discipline: The Pakistani authorities are urged to resist pressures for unbudgeted spending or tax exemptions, ensuring responsible fiscal management.
Obligations laid on Pakistan
- The $3 billion IMF support is part of the overall financial aid required to address Pakistan’s external payment obligations.
- Pakistan will continue to seek additional multilateral and bilateral assistance to meet its financial commitments.
- Support from countries such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and China is expected, further contributing to Pakistan’s financial stability.
Reaction to the Deal
- The response from analysts and economists has been mixed, with some expressing optimism that the agreement will restore investor confidence in Pakistan’s economy.
- However, there are concerns regarding the government’s ability to adhere to the rigorous conditions imposed by the IMF.
Conclusion
- The IMF deal provides a temporary respite and financial support to address Pakistan’s economic challenges.
- However, the successful implementation of the agreement and the long-term stability of Pakistan’s economy will require sustained efforts, adherence to conditions, and comprehensive structural reforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) has entered into sub-licence agreements with Indian and Indonesian companies to produce generic versions of the cancer drug Nilotinib.
- Nilotinib is used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, a type of blood cancer.
What is Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)?
- Mission and Purpose: The MPP is a United Nations-backed organization focused on increasing access to life-saving medicines for low- and middle-income countries.
- Addressing IPR: The MPP works to overcome barriers related to intellectual property rights and patents that limit the availability and affordability of essential medicines.
- Voluntary Licensing Agreements: The MPP negotiates voluntary licensing agreements with pharmaceutical companies to allow the production of generic versions of patented medicines.
- Production of Affordable Generics: By securing licenses, the MPP enables qualified manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries to produce and distribute affordable generic medicines.
Need for MPP
- Collaborative Approach: The MPP collaborates with governments, non-profit organizations, civil society groups, and pharmaceutical companies to address global health challenges and promote access to medicines.
- Focus on Priority Diseases: The MPP’s efforts are particularly significant in diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis C, and other priority areas where access to affordable medications is crucial.
- Sustainable Supply of Generic Medicines: Through licensing agreements, the MPP ensures a sustainable supply of quality-assured generic medicines, promoting market competition and expanding treatment options.
- Improving Health Outcomes: The MPP’s work reduces the burden of high drug costs and enhances access to life-saving treatments, ultimately improving health outcomes and saving lives.
- Benefit for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The MPP’s initiatives directly benefit patients in low- and middle-income countries by increasing access to affordable medicines and reducing disparities in healthcare.
Recent agreements signed
- Licence Agreement with Novartis: In October 2022, the MPP signed a licence agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, the Switzerland-based pharmaceutical corporation that holds the patent for Nilotinib.
- First Sub-Licence Agreements: The recent sub-licence agreements with Indian companies Eugia, Hetero, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, along with the Indonesian firm BrightGene, mark the first such agreements for a cancer treatment drug by the MPP.
Benefits
- Generic Versions of Nilotinib: The licensed manufacturers can produce generic versions of Nilotinib.
- Manufacturing: The selected manufacturers have the rights to manufacture generic Nilotinib in India and seven middle-income countries.
- Supply in 44 Territories: The non-exclusive licence agreement allows for the supply of generic Nilotinib in 44 territories covered by the agreement, subject to local regulatory authorisation.
- Affordable Treatment Option: Charles Gore, the executive director of the MPP, states that the production of generic Nilotinib will provide an affordable treatment option for people diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the covered countries.
- Increasing Access to Cancer Medication: The MPP’s initiative aims to improve access to essential cancer medications by reducing costs and increasing availability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Gender Gap Report
Mains level: Gender parity in India
Central Idea
- India climbed eight places to rank 127 among 146 countries in the Gender Gap Report 2023 by the World Economic Forum.
- Improvement in India’s ranking from 2022 and partial recovery towards 2020 parity levels.
What is Global Gender Gap Report?
- The Global Gender Gap (GGG) Report is an index designed to measure gender equality.
- It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.
Key Areas of Analysis:
- Economic participation and opportunity: Examines salary levels, workforce participation, and access to high-skilled employment.
- Educational attainment: Assesses access to basic and higher education for both genders.
- Political empowerment: Measures representation of women in decision-making structures.
- Health and survival: Considers life expectancy and sex ratio, accounting for differences in mortality rates.
- On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity.
- It is the longest-standing index, which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006
India’s Ranking and Progress
- In 2022, India was ranked 135, indicating an improvement of 1.4 percentage points towards its 2020 parity level.
- India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender gap, showcasing progress in various areas.
- However, economic participation and opportunity in India achieved only 36.7% parity.
- India has achieved parity in enrolment across all levels of education.
Comparison and Regional Context
- Pakistan ranked 142, Bangladesh at 59, China at 107, Nepal at 116, Sri Lanka at 115, and Bhutan at 103.
- Iceland remains the most gender-equal country, with over 90% of its gender gap closed.
- Southern Asia achieved 63.4% gender parity, the second-lowest among the eight regions.
Challenges and Areas of Concern in India:
- Despite some improvement in wage parity, the representation of women in senior positions and technical roles declined.
- Political empowerment in India showed 25.3% parity, with women comprising 15.1% of MPs.
- Notably, 18 countries, including India, have achieved women’s representation of over 40% in local governance.
Efforts and Impact
- Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani highlighted the importance of women’s participation in local government bodies, which was acknowledged by the WEF.
- India saw a 1.9 percentage point improvement in the sex ratio at birth, contributing to increased parity after more than a decade.
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