From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project NAKSHA
Why in the News?
Union Minister of Rural Development has inaugurated the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs).
What is Project NAKSHA?
It is an AI-driven urban land survey and digitizationinitiative launched by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25, the project aims to modernize urban land records through geospatial mapping, drone technology, and AI.
Launched in February 2025, the initiative will digitize and update land records in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs) in its pilot phase.
Survey of India is the technical partner, conducting aerial mapping and high-resolution imaging to create accurate, tamper-proof property records.
The Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) is developing an end-to-end web-GIS platform.
National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide storage and data security.
The Survey of India will provide orthorectified imagery for accurate mapping.
Project NAKSHA builds on:
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) for digitizing rural land records.
SVAMITVA Scheme, using drone technology to map village properties.
Budgetary Provisions:
Pilot phase funding: ₹194 crore, fully financed by the Government of India.
Overall Phase 1 budget: ₹5,000 crore for nationwide expansion.
Aims and Objectives of Project NAKSHA:
Standardizing urban property ownership details to eliminate land disputes.
Ensuring fraud-proof, legally valid land documentation.
Drone surveys and satellite imagery for precision mapping.
Detecting encroachments, illegal constructions, and land use changes.
Providing spatial data for urban expansion and infrastructure projects.
Digital land records enable seamless property transactions and ownership transfers.
Features and Provisions:
150+ cities covered in the first year, with full urban coverage in five years.
AI-enabled classification to identify disputed, encroached, or illegal land parcels.
Web-GIS Platform for Land Record Management to be developed by MPSEDC, ensuring real-time data access and updates.
States and UTs to conduct field surveys and ground verification.
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
(b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
(c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
(d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TROPEX-25
Why in the News?
The 2025 edition of TROPEX is currently underway in the Indian Ocean Region, involving all operational Indian Naval units along with significant participation from the Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
About Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX)
TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s flagship biennial operational-level exercise, designed to test and enhance India’s maritime defense capabilities.
It is conducted in the Indian Ocean Region with participation from the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
It was first held in April 2005.
TROPEX-25 is being conducted over a three-month period from January to March 2025 in multiple phases:
Harbour Phase: Focuses on strategic planning, joint training, and coordination before moving to sea operations.
Sea Phase: Simulates real-time combat scenarios to assess the Navy’s operational readiness.
Cyber and Electronic Warfare Operations: Integrates modern cybersecurity and electronic warfare tactics to counter digital threats.
Live Weapon Firings: Includes real-world missile and torpedo firings to test combat effectiveness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Swavalambini Initiative
Why in the News?
The NITI Aayog has launched Swavalambini Women Entrepreneurship Programme in collaboration with the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
AboutSwavalambini Women Entrepreneurship Programme:
It is a program to foster entrepreneurial skills among female students in higher education institutions across Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram.
Aims and Objectives:
Empowerment: To inspire and equip young women to become job creators and leaders, thereby contributing to economic development in Northeast India.
Skill Development: To provide structured training that covers essential business aspects, enhancing participants’ entrepreneurial competencies.
Provisions and Features:
Entrepreneurship Awareness Programme (EAP): A two-day session introducing 600 female students to the fundamentals of entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP): An intensive 40-hour training for 300 selected participants, covering topics such as financial planning, market access, legal compliance, and business networking.
Mentorship: Six months of dedicated mentorship to assist participants in transforming their business ideas into viable enterprises.
Faculty Development Programme (FDP): A 5-day training for faculty members to enhance their ability to mentor aspiring entrepreneurs effectively.
PYQ:
[2010] Two of the schemes launched by the Government of India for Women’s development are Swadhar and Swayam Siddha. As regards the difference between them, consider the following statements:
Swayam Siddha is meant for those in difficult circumstances such as women survivors of natural disasters or terrorism, women prisoners released from jails, mentally challenged women etc., whereas Swadhar is meant for holistic empowerment of women through Self Help Groups.
Swayam Siddha is implemented through Local Self-Government bodies or reputed Voluntary Organizations whereas Swadhar is implemented through the ICDS units set up in the states.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
PIBSchemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Manufacturing Mission (NMM)
Why in the News?
The Union Finance Minister, while presenting the Union Budget 2025-26, announced the launch of the National Manufacturing Mission (NMM) to boost India’s manufacturing sector under the Make in India initiative.
What is the National Manufacturing Mission?
The NMM was announced in Union Budget 2025-26 to boost India’s manufacturing sector under the Make in India initiative.
It covers small, medium, and large industries and aims to strengthen domestic production capabilities, enhance competitiveness, and create jobs.
The mission provides policy support, execution roadmaps, and governance frameworks for both central ministries and state governments.
It promotes Clean Tech manufacturing and focuses on developing an ecosystem for critical industrial components such as solar PV cells, EV batteries, wind turbines, and high-voltage transmission equipment.
Aims and Objectives:
Boost domestic production to reduce import dependence.
Enhance MSME sector growth with credit expansion (₹10 crore from ₹5 crore).
Key Features & Significance:
Infrastructure & Industrial Clusters to strengthen supply chains.
National Action Plan for Toys to make India a global toy hub.
New footwear & leather industry scheme to create 22 lakh jobs and boost exports.
National Institute of Food Technology in Bihar to increase farmer incomes through food processing.
Back2Basics: National Manufacturing Policy (NMP)
Launched in 2011 to boost India’s manufacturing sector.
Aims to increase GDP share to 25% and create 100 million jobs in a decade.
Focuses on National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) to attract investment and enhance productivity.
Promotes technology advancement, skill development, and sustainable growth with fiscal & infrastructure incentives.
Key areas: Ease of doing business, labor law reforms, export growth, and global competitiveness.
PYQ:
[2012] What is/are the recent policy initiative(s) of Government of India to promote the growth of manufacturing sector?
1. Setting up of National Investment and Manufacturing Zones
2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’
3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: E-Shram Microsites & Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Labour & Employment has launched State and Union Territory Microsites under the e-Shram initiative and the Occupational Shortage Index (OSI).
About E-Shram Microsites
E-Shram Microsites are state-specific digital platforms integrated with the national e-Shram database.
It is aimed at providing unorganised workers seamless access to both Central and State government welfare programs.
These platforms ensure real-time integration between State portals and the e-Shram database, allowing simplified registration of unorganised workers.
Key benefits includes:
(1) For Workers:
One-stop access to employment opportunities, skilling programs, and social security benefits.
Multilingual accessibility, ensuring workers from different regions can navigate the platform in their preferred language.
Two-way integration with the e-Shram database, allowing workers to receive real-time updates on welfare schemes and job opportunities.
(2) For States/UTs:
Cost-effective digital infrastructure, reducing the need for separate State-level portals.
Real-time analytics dashboards for better policy decision-making and customized tools for specific labour market requirements.
What is Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)?
The OSI is a data-driven tool designed to identify job roles and industries facing labour shortages, improving workforce planning and employment outcomes.
It is based on ILO methodology and quarterly Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data, ensuring an accurate and updated analysis of the job market.
It comprise of following 4 sub-indicators:
Hourly Wage Growth
Employment Growth
Growth in Hours Worked
Share of Under-qualified Workers
High OSI indicates Shortage/higher demand of workers within a particular occupation, which may result in higher wages, more job opportunities.
Low OSI indicates Surplus/less demand of workers, which may lead to lower wages, fewer job opportunities, and increased competition for available positions.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
Why in the News?
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) has completed 10 years on January 22, 2025. As of November 2024, over 4.1 crore SSY accounts have been opened, highlighting the scheme’s success and its role in fostering inclusivity and progress.
PIBSchemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Startup India Initiative
Why in the News?
On January 16 (National Startup Day), 2025, India marks 9 successful years of Startup India, a flagship initiative that has revolutionized the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the country.
About the Startup India Initiative
Startup India is a flagship initiative launched by the Government of India on January 16, 2016, to create a robust ecosystem for nurturing startups and innovation.
It aims to drive economic growth and generate large-scale employment opportunities, with a focus on empowering entrepreneurs through innovation and regulatory support.
The PM first announced the initiative on August 15, 2015, during his Independence Day address at Red Fort, New Delhi.
The program aims to establish 75+ startup hubs across India and encourages entrepreneurship in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
A related scheme, Stand-Up India, was launched on April 5, 2016, to facilitate loans between ₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore for SCs, STs and women entrepreneurs to establish Greenfield enterprises.
The program emphasizes the 3 Cs—Capital, Courage, and Connections, which Prime Minister Modi identifies as essential for entrepreneurial success.
It seeks to eliminate restrictive policies, including those related to License Raj, foreign investment proposals, and land permissions, ensuring ease of doing business.
Definition of a Startup (as per DPIIT)
A startup must be registered as a private limited company, partnership firm, or limited liability partnership (LLP) in India.
The entity must not have completed 10 years since its incorporation.
Annual turnover should not exceed ₹100 crore in any financial year since incorporation.
The startup should focus on innovative products or services and demonstrate scalability, potential for wealth creation, or employment generation.
Entities formed through splitting or restructuring of existing businesses are not classified as startups.
Startup related terminologies analogously used in India:
Unicorn: A startup valued at over $1 billion.
Decacorn: A startup valued at over $10 billion.
Hectocorn: A startup valued at over $100 billion.
Soonicorn: A rapidly growing startup expected to become a unicorn soon.
Mincorn: A startup valued at less than $1 billion.
Key Achievements of Startup India
India is the third-largest startup hub globally, following the United States and China.
DPIIT-recognized startups grew from 500 in 2016 to 1,59,157 by January 2025.
Women-led startups accounted for 73,151 entities as of October 2024, with 48% of startups having at least one woman director by December 2023.
Startups have generated 16.6 lakh direct jobs from 2016 to October 2024.
Over 50% of startups originated from Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, including emerging hubs like Indore, Jaipur, and Ahmedabad.
Key Government Initiatives for Startups:
Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS), 2021: Provides financial assistance to early-stage startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.
Total allocated amount: ₹945 crore for startups over a four-year period.
Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS), 2022: Offers collateral-free loans to startups through Scheduled Commercial Banks, NBFCs, and SEBI-registered AIFs.
Covers loans up to ₹10 crore for eligible startups.
Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS), 2016: Established with a ₹10,000 crore corpus to provide funding support to startups through SEBI-registered Venture Capital Funds.
By 2024, ₹7,980 crore was committed to 99 Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), benefiting over 800 startups.
BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry), 2024: A centralized platform aimed at streamlining interactions within India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Fosters innovation, collaboration, and startup growth through knowledge-sharing and networking.
Startup Village Entrepreneurship Program (SVEP): A sub-component of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Supported 3,02,825 enterprises as of 2024, creating 6,26,848 jobs.
TIDE 2.0 (Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs): Focuses on supporting startups in emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and Blockchain.
Established 51 incubators and supported 1,235 startups.
GENESIS (Gen-Next Support for Innovative Startups), 2024: Aims to boost startups in Tier-II and Tier-III cities.
Total outlay: ₹490 crore over five years, targeting over 1,500 startups.
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Operates under NITI Aayog to foster innovation and entrepreneurship through the establishment of Atal Incubation Centers (AICs).
Provides physical infrastructure and mentorship for startups to scale effectively.
Startup Mahakumbh: A flagship event organized to bring together startups, unicorns, investors, and industry leaders.
First edition in 2019 saw over 500 participants; the fifth edition is scheduled for March 7-8, 2025, in New Delhi.
PYQ:
[2014] What does venture capital mean?
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme
Why in the News?
The government has a Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme to regulate the subsidy rates for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, based on international prices of raw materials and fluctuations in the global market.
Note: Unlike P&K fertilizers, urea is provided to farmers at a statutorily notified Maximum Retail Price (MRP), irrespective of its cost of production.
About the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme:
Details
About
• Introduced to provide subsidies on Phosphatic (P) and Potassic (K) fertilizers, based on nutrient content, excluding Urea.
• Aims to promote balanced fertilization by encouraging use of multiple fertilizers for optimal plant nutrition.
Structure and Functioning
• Launched: 2010, under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
• Implemented by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
• Scope: Applies to Phosphatic and Potassic fertilizers (excluding Urea).
• Governance: Subsidy rates are decided annually or bi-annually, based on market prices of fertilizers and raw materials.
Aims and Objectives
• Promote Balanced Fertilization: Encourages the use of Phosphorus and Potassium to complement Nitrogen and improve soil health.
• Enhance Nutrient Efficiency: Aims to reduce over-reliance on Urea and improve use of other essential nutrients.
• Support Farmers’ Affordability: Makes P&K fertilizers more affordable and accessible to farmers.
About New Investment Policy (NIP) on Urea
The NIP for Urea was announced by the Government of India in 2012 to increase domestic urea production capacity and reduce dependence on urea imports.
The policy aims to revive old urea plants and promote investment in new plants to meet the growing demand for urea.
The NIP focuses on improving fertilizer availability, and ensuring self-sufficiency in urea production.
Urea Pricing after NIP
The pricing of urea is controlled by the government, and the subsidy mechanism ensures affordable pricing for farmers.
The government provides subsidies to urea manufacturers to bridge the gap between the cost of production and the retail price, which is kept constant at ₹5,360 per ton (as of 2023) for farmers.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements:
1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have signed a $98 million loan to support the Building India’s Clean Plant Programme.
Aims and Objectives
The $98 million loan focuses on improving horticulture crop farmers’ access to certified disease-free planting materials.
The primary aim is to boost the yield, quality, and resilience of crops, particularly in response to the impacts of climate change.
About the Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Programme (CPP):
Details
• Announced in Union Budget 2023-24 to enhance plant health management in India.
• Aimed at providing farmers access to clean, disease-free planting materials.
• Anchored by the National Horticulture Board (NHB), which will set up Clean Plant Centers across the country.
• Ensures global competitiveness of the Indian horticulture sector.
• Key Objectives:
– Strengthen the regulatory framework for plant health management.
– Establish Clean Plant Centres for disease-free horticultural crops.
– Collaborate with private nurseries, researchers, state governments, and growers’ associations for success.
• Funding: ADB loan to establish advanced laboratories and diagnostic testing facilities at Clean Plant Centres.
• Will include a certification scheme for private nurseries to produce disease-free planting materials.
Where does India stand in its Horticulture Sector?
• In 2022-23, India’s horticulture production reached 351.92 million tonnes, surpassing foodgrain production.
• Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world; Contributes about 33% to the agriculture Gross Value Added (GVA). • Ranks first in the production of crops like Bananas, Lime, Papaya, and Okra.
• Steady increase in horticulture production driven by proactive government policies.
PYQ:
[2021] What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification?
[2018] Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF)
Why in the News?
The Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF) has been established to support the development of urban infrastructure in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
AboutUrban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF):
Details
What is it?
• Established (budget speech for Financial Year 2023-24) to utilize priority sector lending shortfall for financing urban infrastructure projects.
• Managed by the National Housing Bank (NHB).
• Initial Corpus: ₹10,000 crore.
• Modeled after the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), which supports rural infrastructure projects.
• Focus on developing Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities in India.
Tier-2 Cities: Cities with populations between 50,000 and 1 lakh.
Tier-3 Cities: Cities with populations below 50,000.
Aims and Objectives
• Support Urban Infrastructure: Provides funding for essential urban services such as water supply, sanitation, sewerage, and waste management.
• Sewerage, water supply, sanitation, drains, and solid waste management.
• Prioritizesprojects with significant improvements in urban services.
• Funds are allocated to Municipal Corporations and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for infrastructure development.
Structural Mandate and Implementation
• Coverage: Supports 459 Tier-2 cities and 580 Tier-3 cities in India.
• Loan Terms: Loans offered at Bank Rate minus 1.5% interest rate.
• Repayment Terms: Loan repayable in five equal annual instalments over seven years.
• Moratorium Period: Two years before repayment starts.
• Quarterly Interest Payments: Regular payments required during the loan period.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
It has a corpus of Rs 4,00,000 crore at present.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMRUT 2.0
Why in the News?
The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0 is a scheme launched on October 1, 2021 continues to make strides towards transforming Indian cities into self-reliant and water-secure urban areas.
Back2Basics: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
It is a flagship urban development scheme launched in June 2015.
The mission is being operated as a Central Sponsored Scheme.
Aim: To provide basic urban infrastructure to improve the quality of life in cities and towns.
Objectives:
Ensure that every household has access to a tap with an assured water supply and a sewerage connection.
Increase the green areas in the cities.
Reduce pollution by promoting public transport and constructing facilities for non-motorized transport.
Funding: It is divided among States/UTs in an equitable formula in which 50:50 weightage.
It covers 500 cities including all cities and towns with a population of over 1 lakh with notified Municipalities.
About AMRUT 2.0:
Details
• Launched on 1st October 2021 as the continuation of AMRUT 1.0.
• Aims to enhance urban infrastructure in 500 cities by focusing on water supply, wastewater management, and rejuvenation of water bodies.
• The mission runs for five years (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26).
Salient Features and Mission
• Universal Coverage: Ensures coverage of water supply and sewerage in 500 cities and 4,900 statutory towns.
• Circular Economy: Focuses on water recycling, reuse of treated sewage, and water conservation.
• Technology Integration: Adopts global technologies for better water management.
• Pey Jal Survekshan: Survey to assess water distribution, wastewater reuse, and promote healthy competition among cities.
Its Implementation and Further Roadmap
• Project Approval: 8,998 projects approved with an estimated cost of ₹1,89,458.55 crore.
• Funds Distribution: Funds released by MoHUA to States/UTs and then to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
• State Water Action Plan (SWAP): States/UTs must complete their SWAP and get approval within two years of the mission’s launch.
• Future Plans: Focus on sustainable water management and extension of AMRUT 1.0 benefits to more towns.
PYQ:
[2011] In India, a Metropolitan Planning Committee
1. is constituted under the provisions of the Constitution of India.
2. prepares the draft development plans for metropolitan area.
3. has the sole responsibility for implementing Government sponsored schemes in the metropolitan area.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Copyright Act
Why in the News?
The ongoing copyright dispute between actors Dhanush and Nayanthara highlights the complexities of copyright law and its potential misuse in the film industry.
What is the dispute?
The case revolves around South Indian actor Dhanush suing actress Nayanthara for using excerpts from their 2015 film in a biopic without his consent.
Nayanthara claims she had sought permission earlier, but Dhanush’s company, which produced the film, did not respond, leading to the lawsuit over copyright infringement.
About The Copyright Act, 1957:
Details
What is it?
• Enacted in 1957 to protect creators’ rights over original works.
• Objective: To encourage creativity while balancing public access.
• Grants exclusive rights to authors and creators for reproduction, distribution, and public performance of their works.
• The Act has been amended to address digital content and technological advancements.
Features and Provisions of the Act
• Scope: Covers literary, musical, artistic works, cinematograph films, sound recordings, and more.
• Duration: Copyright lasts life of author + 60 years for literary, musical, and dramatic works, and 60 years for films/sound recordings.
• Exclusive Rights: Right to reproduce, distribute, perform, and adapt works.
• Moral Rights: Includes right to attribution and integrity of the work.
What does Section 52 say?
• Section 52 lists exceptions allowing use of copyrighted works without permission in specific situations.
• Fair Use: For criticism, review, news reporting, teaching, research, and private use.
• Includes exceptions for libraries, archives, and government use.
• Important for education and public access—enables non-commercial use of works.
PYQ:
[2014] In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets.
[2017] With reference to the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’, consider the following statements:
It reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS Agreement.
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is the nodal agency for regulating intellectual property rights in India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
Why in the News?
The Minister of State for Communications has provided crucial information about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB).
AboutIndia Post Payments Bank (IPPB):
Details
What is it?
Division of India Post under the Ministry of Communications, launched in 2018.
Operates as payments bank.
Vision and Principles
• Objective: Promote financial inclusion by providing accessible and affordable financial services.
• Customer-Centric: Focuses on delivering secure and affordable banking to rural and underserved areas.
Empowerment Initiatives by IPPB
• Financial Inclusion: Offers savings accounts, current accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and insurance.
• Aadhaar-Linked Services: Implements Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) for easy and secure transactions.
• Doorstep Banking: Provides banking services through 3 lakh postmen and Grameen Dak Sewaks.
• Rapid Expansion: Reached 4 crore customers by December 2020 and crossed 8 crore customers by January 2022, with over 9 crore customers as of March 2024.
Back2Basics: Payments Bank
A payments bank operates like a regular bank but without credit risk.
It was set up based on the recommendations of the Nachiket Mor Committee.
Objective: To promote financial inclusion, especially in unbanked areas, serving migrant workers, low-income households, and small entrepreneurs.
Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act, 2013, and licensed under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
Governed by the Banking Regulation Act, RBI Act, 1934, and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
Services Offered:
Minimum paid-up equity capital is Rs. 100 crores.
Can accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000 in savings and current accounts.
75% of deposits must be invested in government securities (SLR), with the remaining 25% placed as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
Offers remittance services, mobile payments, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for credit and other services.
Limitations:
Cannot issue loans or credit cards.
Cannot accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
Cannot set up subsidiaries for non-banking financial activities.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various schemes mentioned
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Science and Technology, through its three key departments — Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) — is implementing various schemes to bolster the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) ecosystem across India.
Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
Scheme
Objective
Key Components
Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human Capacity Building (2015)
Enhance human resource development and institutional capacity in science and technology.
– Fellowships at various levels (undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, post-doctoral).
– Establishment of sophisticated R&D facilities.
– Capacity building for faculty.
Research and Development (R&D) (2009)
Support research in fundamental, applied, and translational sciences.
– Collaborative research with universities, government, and private sectors.
– International research cooperation.
– Focus on diverse sectors like health, energy, and IT.
Innovation, Technology Development, and Deployment (2016)
Foster innovation and facilitate the development of new technologies for national development.
– Technology incubation centers.
– Technology transfer and commercialization.
– Support for startups and entrepreneurs.
National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) (2017)
Promote interdisciplinary research in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) that integrate computational algorithms with physical processes.
– Development of CPS technologies (e.g., IoT, smart cities, advanced manufacturing).
– Setting up innovation centers and testbeds for CPS.
Advance quantum technologies for solving national challenges in energy, communications, and security.
– Research in quantum computing, quantum communications, and quantum sensing.
– Establishment of quantum technology hubs and research centers.
Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
Scheme
Objective
Key Components
Biotechnology Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development (Bio-RIDE) (2017)
Foster innovation in biotechnology through research, industrial development, and entrepreneurship.
– Biotechnology R&D: Funding for research projects.
– Industrial & Entrepreneurship Development (I&ED): Support for biotech startups and industrial innovations.
– Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry: Development of manufacturing and biotechnological production systems.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AbKoiBahanaNahi Campaign
Why in the News?
The #AbKoiBahanaNahi national campaign was launched in New Delhi to empower women and end gender-based violence.
About the#AbKoiBahanaNahi Campaign:
About
• Launched By:
– Ministries of Women and Child Development
– Ministries of Rural Development
– Support from UN Women
Aims and Objectives
• End Gender-Based Violence: Create awareness and urgency to end violence against women and girls across India.
• Dignity and Equality: Promote women’s dignity by empowering them to report violence and fight for their rights.
• Gender Equality in Economy: Ensure full, equal participation of women in all sectors for building a developed India (Viksit Bharat).
Implementation and Structural Mandate
• National Call to Action: urging all stakeholders—citizens, NGOs, and government agencies—to actively work towards ending gender-based violence.
• Alignment with Global Campaigns: The campaign aligns with the UN’s #NoExcuse global initiative, which calls for accountability and action against rising violence.
• Supportive Interventions: Government measures to reduce women’s drudgery, ensure financial inclusion, bridge the gender digital divide, and provide safe spaces for women.
Significance
• Empowerment for Dignity: The campaign empowers women to fight for their dignity, free from societal constraints.
• Women’s Role in National Development: Reinforces that achieving gender equality is crucial for India’s development by 2047.
• Support to Women’s Rights: Promotes a holistic approach to women’s rights, ensuring gender-sensitive laws, healthcare, education, and economic opportunities.
PYQ:
[2010] Two of the schemes launched by the Government of India for Women’s development are Swadhar and Swayam Siddha. As regards the difference between them, consider the following statements:
1. Swayam Siddha is meant for those in difficult circumstances such as women survivors of natural disasters or terrorism, women prisoners released from jails, mentally challenged women etc., whereas Swadhar is meant for holistic empowerment of women through Self Help Groups.
2. Swayam Siddha is implemented through Local Self-Government bodies or reputed Voluntary Organizations whereas Swadhar is implemented through the ICDS units set up in the states.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) successfully concluded the Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0 campaign on September 21st, 2024, organizing beach clean-up drives at more than 80 locations across India’s coastline.
What is Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0?
It is a 75-day citizen-led campaign for improving ocean health through collective action.
It is the third edition of a flagship initiative launched to raise awareness about marine pollution and promote the conservation of coastal areas.
The campaign is part of India’s broader Swachh Bharat Mission and Swachhata Hi Seva initiative and aims to promote cleanliness, sustainable practices, and protect marine ecosystems.
It also commemorated International Coastal Cleanup Day.
Key Highlights
More than 60 tons of waste were removed, including plastic, metal, cloth, rubber, and wood debris.
The campaign promoted sustainable coastal practices and encourages communities to adopt eco-friendly habits, playing a vital role in reducing marine debris and conserving biodiversity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Clean Plant Programme
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
What is the Clean Plant Programme (CPP)?
Details
Objective
To providevirus-free, high-quality planting material to farmers, enhancing the quality, productivity, and sustainability of fruit crops across India.
Aligns with Mission LiFE and One Health initiatives, promoting sustainable practices and reducing dependence on imported planting materials.
Key Features
Virus-Free Planting Material: Ensures availability of high-quality, virus-free planting material.
All-inclusivity: Accessible to all farmers, with emphasis on women’s participation.
Region-Specific Approaches: Tailored strategies for diverse agro-climatic conditions across India.
Core
Components
Clean Plant Centers (CPCs): Nine state-of-the-art CPCs equipped with advanced diagnostics and tissue culture labs will be established across India. These include:
These centers will produce and maintain virus-free planting material for large-scale propagation.
Certification and Legal Framework: Under the Seeds Act of 1966.
Nursery Infrastructure: Support for large-scale nurseries to multiply clean planting materials.
Key Benefits
For Farmers: Increased crop yields, improved income opportunities, and economic stability through access to virus-free, high-quality planting materials.
ForConsumers: Access to superior quality, virus-free fruits, resulting in better taste, appearance, and nutritional value.
For nation: Strengthened position in global fruit trade through the production of higher-quality, disease-free fruits.
PYQ:
[2013] Fruits stored in a cold chamber exhibit longer storage life because:
(a) Exposure to sunlight is prevented
(b) Concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment is increased
(c) Rate of respiration is decreased
(d) There is an increase in humidity
[2018] Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)
Why in the News?
An Extended Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (E-PMSMA) strategy was launched to ensure quality Antenatal Care (ANC) for pregnant women.
The strategy focuses on individual tracking of high-risk pregnancies (HRP) and provision of additionalPMSMA sessions beyond the 9th of every month.
AboutHigh-Risk Pregnancy:
A high-risk pregnancy involves greater risk of health complications for the mother, the foetus, or both, due to pre-existing medical conditions, conditions that develop during pregnancy, or foetal issues.
Common Factors:
Maternal Health Conditions: Pre-existing diabetes, hypertension, HIV, kidney disease, or conditions arising during pregnancy like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.
Obstetric Factors: Previous caesarean section, history of preterm labor, multiple pregnancies, and congenital malformations.
About Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)
Details
About
An initiative to provide quality antenatal care (ANC) to all pregnant women.
Launch
October 2016
Target Group
All pregnant women, especially those in their second and third trimesters.
Frequency
Services provided on the 9th of every month at government health facilities.
Objective
Ensure safe motherhood by providing comprehensive and quality antenatal care universally.
Key Functions
General Check-Up: Physical and clinical examinations by medical professionals.
Laboratory Investigations: Routine blood tests, urine tests, and other necessary laboratory investigations.
Ultrasound: Ultrasound examination to monitor foetal growth and development.
Counseling: Nutritional and lifestyle counseling to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
High-Risk Identification: Screening and identification of high-risk pregnancies and appropriate referrals for specialized care.
Key Features
Free of Cost: All services under PMSMA are provided free of cost.
Fixed Day ANC Services: Antenatal care services are provided on a fixed day every month.
Lab Investigations: Basic investigations like Hb, urine albumin, RBS, malaria test, VDRL test, blood grouping, CBC, ESR, and USG.
Public-Private Partnership: Encourages participation of private sector healthcare providers in providing ANC services.
Incentives: Incentives for healthcare providers who participate in the program.
Categorization of Pregnant Women
Green Sticker – for women with no risk factor detected
Red Sticker – for women with high risk pregnancy
BlueSticker – for women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
YellowSticker – pregnancy with co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, STIs
Benefits
Improved Maternal Health: Regular and comprehensive ANC helps in early detection and management of complications, improving maternal health outcomes.
Reduced Mortality Rates: Timely and quality care reduces maternal and infant mortality rates.
Health Education: Provides health education and counseling to pregnant women, promoting better health practices.
High-Risk Management: Identifies and manages high-risk pregnancies effectively, ensuring specialized care for those who need it.
PYQ:
[2024] With reference to the ‘Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan’, consider the following statements:
1. This scheme guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services to women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy and six months post-delivery health care service in any government health facility.
2. Under this scheme, private sector health care providers of certain specialities can volunteer to provide services at nearby government health facilities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-STIAC, CCUS
Why in the News?
The 25th Prime Minister’s Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) meeting was recently held at Vigyan Bhawan Annexe in New Delhi.
Highlights of the 25th PM-STIAC Meet
The meeting was aimed to discuss robust policy formulation for effective Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in India.
Focus was on India’s carbon market, carbon credit scheme, and strategies to achieve a 45% reduction in emission intensity by 2030 and Net Zero by 2070.
About PM-STIAC
Details
Objective
Provide advice on STI policies and oversee implementation of the government’s STI vision
Establishment
2018
Chairperson
Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India
Composition
Eminent scientists, technologists, and innovators from various fields
Key Roles and Functions
Policy Advice
Inter-Ministerial Coordination
Project Oversight
Innovation Ecosystem Promotion
Global Collaboration
Public Engagement
Policy and Program Development
Major Initiatives and Missions
NM-ICPS: Cyber-Physical Systems Innovation Hubs
Quantum Frontier Mission: Quantum Technologies
AI Mission: AI for Inclusive Growth
Electric Mobility Mission: Promote EVs
Waste to Wealth Mission: Sustainable Waste Management
Health and Well-being Mission: Improve Healthcare Delivery
AGNIi: Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovations
Deep Ocean Exploration
What isCarbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)?
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a technology aimed at reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from industrial processes and power generation.
It involves three main steps:
Capture:
CO₂ is separated and captured from industrial emissions or directly from the air.
Capture technologies include pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion.
Utilization:
Captured CO₂ is converted into useful products such as chemicals, fuels, and building materials.
Utilization helps in creating economic value from CO₂ and can support the development of a circular carbon economy.
Storage:
CO₂ is transported and stored in geological formations such as depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, or basalt formations.
This prevents CO₂ from entering the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change.
Significance:
Climate Change Mitigation: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions, helping to meet climate targets.
Energy Transition: Supports the transition to low-carbon energy systems.
Economic Benefits: Generates new economic opportunities through the creation of new markets for CO₂-derived products.
Policy Initiatives for CCUS in India
National Hydrogen Energy Mission (2021):
Launched in 2021, the mission aims to promote the production and use of green hydrogen, with CCUS being a crucial component for producing blue hydrogen from natural gas.
Department of Science and Technology (DST) Initiatives:
DST has funded various research projects focusing on developing CCUS technologies since the early 2000s.
Projects include capturing CO₂ from industrial sources and converting it into valuable products like methanol and synthetic fuels.
National Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage Policy Framework and Its Deployment Mechanism (2020):
Established in 2020, the framework aims to create a roadmap for deploying CCUS technologies across various sectors.
It focuses on enhancing research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities and creating enabling regulatory and policy environments.
Industry Collaborations:
Collaborations with industries such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) for pilot projects on CCUS.
Public-private partnerships to foster innovation and scale up CCUS technologies have been ongoing since the 2010s.
International Collaborations (CSLF, 2003):
India joined the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) in 2003, which promotes international collaboration on CCUS technology development.
Collaborations with countries like the United States and the United Kingdom for knowledge sharing and technical support.
Green Energy Corridors (2015):
Integration of CCUS with renewable energy initiatives to ensure a sustainable and low-carbon energy mix.
Established in 2015, this initiative supports developing infrastructure for transporting and storing captured CO₂.
PYQ:
[2020] Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’?
(a) It is a measure, in monetary value, of the long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year.
(b) Requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
(c) Efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live-in a new place.
(d) Contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Commission for Minorities
Why in the News?
The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”.
Advisory on “Sarv Dharma Meetings”
NCM advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”:
At Sub-divisional level of States monthly.
At District level half-yearly.
It is aimed at curbing attacks and hate crimes against minority communities to prevent communal disharmony.
NCM emphasized that hate crimes stem from mental weakness and anger, highlighting citizens’ rights to practice and preach their religion freely.
Responsibilities and Recommendations
Citizens and society urged to disown and condemn hate crimes.
Advocated for punitive actions by authorities against anti-social elements.
Proposed mechanisms involving civic society to deter anti-social and anti-national forces and prevent societal violence.
AboutNational Commission for Minorities (NCM)
It is a statutory body formed on the basis of National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 and replaced an earlier body called Minorities Commission.
The Commission consists of a total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.
It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice- Chairperson and 5 Members.
Each Member holds office for a period of 3 years from the date of assumption of office.
Functions of NCM:
Evaluate minority development progress.
Monitor constitutional and legal safeguards.
Recommend effective safeguard implementation.
Address complaints regarding deprivation of rights.
Conduct studies on discrimination and recommend measures.
Research socio-economic and educational development.
Suggest measures to Central or State Governments.
Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government.
Address any matter referred by the Central Government.
Powers of NCM:
Summon and enforce attendance of any person from India.
Require discovery and production of documents.
Receive evidence on affidavit.
Requisition public records from courts or offices.
Issue commissions for examining witnesses and documents.
Who are Minorities?
The Central has notified minority communities at the national level in consultation with various stakeholders under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), Act, 1992.
The six communities notified as minority communities under Section 2(c) of the NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains.
Jains were notified as minority community in January 2014.
Notification of any community-specific to a State as a minority community within a State comes under the purview of the respective State.
Total Minority Population in India as per 2011 Census:
19.3% of the total population (Muslims: 14.2%; Christians: 2.3%; Sikhs: 1.7%; Buddhists: 0.7%; Jains: 0.4%; Parsis: 0.006%)
Rights & Safeguards for Minorities:
Under Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Indian Constitution):
Article 29(1): Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture.
Article 30(1): Right to establish and administer educational institutions.
Article 30(2): Freedom from discrimination in receiving state aid.
Under Official Language (Part XVII of the Indian Constitution):
Article 347: Rights for language spoken by any section of the population.
Article 350A: Instruction in mother tongue.
Article 350B: Special officer for linguistic minorities.
Sachar Committee Report (2006):
Constitution Date: 9 March 2005
Key Recommendations:
Create a National Data Bank (NDB) for socio-religious data.
Establish an Equal Opportunity Commission.
Provide incentives for a ‘diversity index.’
Ensure high-quality education for children aged 0-14.
Set up government schools in Muslim-concentrated areas.
Increase Muslim employment share in public-facing jobs.
Enact state laws for minority representation.
Support initiatives in Muslim-concentrated occupations.
Improve minority participation in commercial banks.
Focus on inclusive development while respecting diversity.
PYQ:
[2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?
It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.
It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
