Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Mangrove of Guneri
Why in the News?
The Gujarat government has declared the Guneri Inland Mangrove in Kutch as the state’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Quick Facts about Mangroves in India:
- “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” report released on May 22 (International Day for Biodiversity), 2024.
- India holds 3% of South Asia’s total mangrove cover.
- Mangrove cover increased by 54 sq km (1.10%), reaching 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India’s total area).
- West Bengal leads (42.45%), followed by Gujarat (23.66%) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.39%).
- South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, alone contributes 41.85% of India’s mangrove cover, including Sundarbans National Park.
- Gujarat recorded the highest increase, adding 37 sq km of mangrove cover.
|
About Guneri Inland Mangroves:
- Guneri Inland Mangroves (32.78 hectares) are a rare and unique mangrove ecosystem located in Kutch district, Gujarat.
- It is India’s last remaining inland mangrove site and one of only eight such sites globally.
- Unlike coastal mangroves, which thrive in tidal zones, Guneri mangroves exist inland without direct seawater contact.
- These mangroves have historical and ecological significance, possibly originating after the Miocene marine transgression or forming along the banks of the ancient Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kutch.
Geographical Features:
- It is located about 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek.
- Terrain:
- Flat land, unlike coastal mangroves that grow in muddy, tidal zones.
- Devoid of sludge, making it resemble a forest rather than a typical mangrove swamp.
- Water Source:
- Thrives on limestone deposits, which help retain groundwater to sustain the mangroves.
- No direct tidal water influx, relying entirely on underground water connectivity.
- Biodiversity:
- Home to 20 migratory bird species and 25 resident migratory avifaunal species.
- Functions as a vital habitat for local and seasonal wildlife.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geo-Economic Fragmentation
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights the shift from globalization to geo-economic fragmentation (GEF). Countries are now forming economic blocs, with concepts like “friend-shoring” gaining prominence.
What is Geo-Economic Fragmentation (GEF)?
- GEF refers to the breakdown of global economic integration, caused by strategic national policies.
- It involves disruptions in trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and migration.
- The shift resembles the Cold War era, with countries aligning into economic blocs.
- Western nations’ imposition of uniform environmental, labor, and social standards has fueled economic divisions.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Monitoring Report (October 2024) recorded:
- 169 new trade-restrictive measures, affecting $887.7 billion worth of trade.
- A sharp rise from $337.1 billion in 2023, reflecting escalating protectionism.
- The IMF notes that trade fragmentation today is costlier than during the Cold War, when global trade was just 16% of GDP.
- Today, it is 45%, making economic isolation riskier.
Significance and Impacts of GEF:
- Decline of Global Trade: WTO reported 169 new trade restrictions covering $887.7 billion in 2023-24, making trade costlier.
- FDI Relocation: Friend-shoring is concentrating FDI among geopolitically aligned nations, reducing capital for emerging economies.
- China’s Economic Dominance: Controls 80% of solar panels, 80% of batteries, and 60% of wind energy, reshaping supply chains.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Firms are shifting from China to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to diversify risks.
- Emerging Market Challenges: Increased trade barriers, inflation, and tech restrictions slow down growth.
- Rise in Economic Nationalism: Nations are prioritizing domestic industries, energy security, and localized production over global collaboration.
PYQ:
[2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
[2017] Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991?
1. Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously.
2. Share of India’s exports in world trade increased.
3. FDI inflows increased.
4. India’s foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
Ahead of World Wetlands Day (February 2nd), the Environment Ministry announced the inclusion of four new Ramsar sites, bringing India’s total to 89.
The newly designated sites are Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand. With this, Tamil Nadu now has 20 Ramsar sites, the highest in the country, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
About the Newly Added Ramsar Sites:
|
Description |
| Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- Originally an irrigation tank, now a designated bird sanctuary.
- Recharged by northeast monsoon (Oct-Jan).
- Supports 42+ bird species, including Spot-billed Pelican, Grey Heron, Little Cormorant, and Black Kite.
|
| Therthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Theerthangal Village, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- A freshwater ecosystem and an important breeding ground for waterbirds.
- Recorded 96 bird species across 18 orders and 44 families.
- Notable species include Oriental Darter, Black-headed Ibis, Asian Woolly-necked Stork, and Spot-billed Pelican.
|
| Khecheopalri Wetland, Sikkim |
- Location: West Sikkim, near Khecheopalri Village.
- A sacred lake revered by Buddhists and Hindus.
- Part of a temperate Himalayan peatland ecosystem, surrounded by broad-leaved mixed temperate forests.
- Flora: Rich in macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
- Fauna: Supports fish species like Cyprinus carpio, Danio aequipinnatus, and various migratory birds (Common Merganser, Tufted Duck).
|
| Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, Jharkhand |
- Location: Sahebganj District, Jharkhand.
- Comprises two interconnected lakes: Pataura (155 ha) and Berhale (410 ha).
- Connected to the Ganga River via the Udhuwa Nala (25 km stretch).
- Pataura Lake depth: ~2 meters; Berhale Lake depth: ~70 cm, covered with aquatic vegetation.
- Flora: Home to 42 algae species and 36 aquatic macrophytes.
- Fauna: Habitat for 83 bird species, including the Near Threatened Black-necked Stork and 22 commercially valuable fish species.
|
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal status of Cannabis
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Cabinet has approved a pilot study for the controlled cultivation of cannabis for medicinal and industrial purposes.
Legal Status of Cannabis Cultivation in India:
- Prohibited for recreational use under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
- Section 2 of the NDPS Act bans the cultivation, production, and sale of cannabis resin and flowers.
- Section 10 allows state governments to regulate cannabis cultivation for medicinal and scientific purposes.
- Section 14 grants the Central Government authority to permit cultivation for industrial uses (fiber and seed extraction).
|
Why Himachal Pradesh Could Soon Allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation?
- The Himalayan region’s soil and climate are ideal for cultivating low-THC hemp varieties, making Himachal Pradesh a prime location for controlled cannabis farming.
- The government sees controlled cultivation as a way to generate revenue, create employment opportunities, and support local farmers, particularly in Kullu, Chamba, Mandi, Solan, Kangra, and Sirmaur.
- Cannabis cultivation will be restricted to industrial and pharmaceutical uses, such as:
- Pain relief medications
- Textile and paper production
- Biofuel and cosmetics
- Hemp-based food products
- The Kullu and Malana regions are known for illegal narcotic cannabis cultivation. Regulating the sector could reduce illegal activities and ensure legal trade.
- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 allows state governments to permit and regulate cannabis cultivation for scientific, medicinal, and industrial purposes under strict conditions.
Which are the other States to allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation in India?
- Uttarakhand (2018):
- First state to legalize industrial hemp cultivation.
- Managed by the Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Selaqui.
- Challenges include maintaining THC levels below 0.3% and seed availability.
- Madhya Pradesh (2023):
- Approved medicinal cannabis research but commercial cultivation is yet to start.
- Sai Phytoceuticals (Pvt. Ltd.) received the first license for cannabis-based medicine production.
- Jammu & Kashmir (2021):
- India’s first medicinal cannabis pilot project launched by CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu.
- Conducted in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode with a Canadian firm.
- Research focuses on cannabis-based cancer and epilepsy treatments.
PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EAST Project; Artificial Sun
Why in the News?
China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), commonly referred to as the Artificial Sun, has set a new world record by sustaining a high-confinement plasma operation for 1066 seconds. The artificial sun reached an extreme temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, surpassing its own previous record of 403 seconds.
What is the EAST Project?
- EAST is a nuclear fusion research facility developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) in 2006.
- It aims to replicate solar fusion reactions to create a sustainable, clean energy source for future power generation.
- The project serves as a global research platform for fusion experiments and advancing magnetic confinement technology.
- It uses superconducting magnets to contain ultra-hot plasma, necessary for fusion.
Comparison with Other Fusion Projects
- China’s EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak):
- Record: 1066 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius (2025).
- Previous Record: 403 seconds at high confinement mode.
- Goal: Develop a commercial fusion power plant.
- Korea’s KSTAR (Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research):
- Record: 100 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds (2020).
- Goal: Sustain a longer plasma confinement period.
- France’s ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor):
- Largest global fusion project, involving 35 nations.
- Expected to achieve plasma ignition by 2035.
- Focuses on demonstrating large-scale fusion feasibility.
|
Significance of This Achievement
- Record-Breaking Fusion Operation: EAST sustained plasma at 100 million°C for 1066 seconds, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds.
- Progress Toward Fusion Power Plants: Prolonged plasma confinement is crucial for achieving continuous, self-sustaining fusion reactions.
- Potential for Clean Energy: Fusion produces zero carbon emissions and could serve as an unlimited energy source once commercially viable.
- Global Competition: Other projects like ITER (France) and KSTAR (Korea) are also advancing fusion research, aiming for similar breakthroughs.
Challenges in Nuclear Fusion
- Extreme Temperatures: Plasma must be sustained at over 100 million°C, requiring high-energy input.
- Material Limitations: Reactor components must withstand intense heat and radiation, yet no material can do so indefinitely.
- Energy Input vs. Output: Current reactors consume more energy than they generate, preventing commercial viability.
- Magnetic Confinement Issues: Plasma instability can disrupt reactions, making sustained fusion difficult.
- High Costs: Fusion research requires expensive superconductors, cryogenics, and containment systems.
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Fission
|
Nuclear Fusion |
Nuclear Fission |
| Process |
Combines atomic nuclei to release energy. |
Splits heavy nuclei to release energy. |
| Energy Output |
Much higher than fission. |
Comparatively lower. |
| Fuel Source |
Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium, Tritium)—abundant in seawater. |
Uranium-235, Plutonium-239—limited supply. |
| Waste Production |
Minimal radioactive waste (helium byproduct). |
Produces long-lived radioactive waste. |
| Environmental Risk |
No meltdown risk, completely safe. |
Risk of radiation leaks (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima). |
| Current Feasibility |
Still experimental, not yet commercially viable. |
Commercially used in nuclear power plants. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palar River
Why in the News?
The British-era Palar River Anaicut, a masonry check dam built in 1858, is undergoing a major restoration following severe structural damage caused by the 2021 floods.
Supreme Court’s Directives:
- The Supreme Court (SC) has directed that all restoration activities must adhere to environmental protection laws and sustainable development principles.
- The WRD must ensure that the restored structure can withstand future floods and water releases.
- The SC emphasized local farmers’ involvement in decision-making, considering the impact on irrigation and water availability.
|
About Palar River
- The Palar River originates in the Nandi Hills of Karnataka, at an altitude of 1,400 meters above sea level.
- It flows through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, covering a total length of 348 km before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Vayalur, Tamil Nadu.
- Important tributaries include Cheyyar, Ponnai, Malattar, and Kosasthalaiyar rivers.
- The river has been a lifeline for agriculture, supporting ancient civilizations and irrigation networks in South India.
- Geographical Features:
- It is rain-fed, experiencing seasonal variations—it remains dry for most of the year but carries heavy flows during monsoons.
- Its basin consists of alluvial, red, and black soil, supporting paddy, sugarcane, and groundnut cultivation.
- It is heavily dammed, leading to reduced flow, sand mining concerns, and groundwater depletion.
- The Palar Anaicut and various reservoirs distribute water to agricultural lands in Tamil Nadu, ensuring water security for farmers.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teesta River
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has approved the reconstruction of the Teesta-III Dam, which was destroyed by a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in October 2023.
About Teesta River
- The Teesta River is a transboundary river flowing through India and Bangladesh.
- Originates from Tso Lhamo Lake, Sikkim, at 5,330 meters in the Himalayas.
- Major tributary of the Brahmaputra River (Jamuna in Bangladesh).
- Vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply in Sikkim, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.
- The Teesta Water Dispute remains unresolved, with Bangladesh seeking an equitable share of water.
Geographical Features:
- Length: 414 km (309 km in India, 105 km in Bangladesh).
- Basin Area: 12,159 sq. km in Sikkim and North Bengal.
- Originates in North Sikkim → flows through West Bengal → enters Bangladesh before merging with the Brahmaputra River.
- Passes through major towns like Mangan, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and Rangpo.
- Tributaries:
- Left-bank: Rangit, Relli, Great Rangit.
- Right-bank: Lachung, Lachen, Talung.
- It supports Himalayan biodiversity, crucial for tea plantations and terrace farming.
Conservation Initiatives:
- National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Includes efforts to reduce pollution and improve water quality of the Teesta.
- Teesta Barrage Project (West Bengal): Aimed at irrigation development and hydroelectric power generation in North Bengal.
- Hydroelectric Projects in Sikkim: Several Teesta Hydropower Projects (Teesta Stage III, IV, V, VI, etc.) have been established to generate renewable energy while ensuring minimum ecological impact.
- India-Bangladesh Water Sharing Talks: Ongoing diplomatic negotiations to resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute, ensuring equitable distribution.
- Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: Implemented to prevent soil erosion and siltation, protecting river health.
| PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid Bennu; OSIRIS-REx Mission
Why in the News?
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer) mission has delivered samples from asteroid Bennu, revealing amino acids, nucleobases, and signs of ancient saltwater, key components in the origins of life.
Key Findings of the Study:
- 14 out of 20 amino acids essential for proteins on Earth were found.
- All five nucleo-bases used in DNA and RNA were detected, indicating prebiotic chemistry beyond Earth.
- Ammonia & Formaldehyde compounds can react under suitable conditions to form complex organic molecules.
- It thus supports the idea that asteroids delivered key building blocks for life to early Earth.
- Calcite, halite, sylvite, and trona were found, indicating prolonged exposure to liquid water.
- Similar briny conditions have been observed on Ceres and Enceladus, suggesting the solar system had widespread environments suitable for organic chemistry.
- Life on Earth exclusively uses left-handed amino acids, but Bennu samples show an equal mix, raising questions about why life evolved with this preference.
|
About Asteroid Bennu
- Asteroid Bennu is a carbon-rich asteroid that orbits between Earth and Mars.
- It is believed to be a primitive remnant of the early solar system, holding clues to the origins of life.
- The asteroid is porous, with up to 60% empty space, affecting its collision potential with Earth in the distant future.
- It periodically ejects material, classifying it as an active asteroid.
- OSIRIS-REx was NASA’s first asteroid sample-return mission, launched in 2016 to study and collect material from Bennu’s surface.
- The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018, mapped its surface for two years, and collected samples in 2020.
- It successfully returned the material to Earth in 2023.
- The mission aimed to analyze Bennu’s composition, understand its water history, and study the organic molecules that may have played a role in the origin of life.
Significance of the Study:
- It strengthens the theory that asteroids contributed to life’s origins by delivering organic molecules and water to early Earth.
- It confirms that essential ingredients for life were widespread in the early solar system, increasing the possibility of life beyond Earth.
- It helps refine planetary defense strategies, as Bennu has a small chance of impacting Earth in the future.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: eCoO 2.0 System
Why in the News?
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system, a major upgrade aimed at simplifying export certification and improving trade efficiency.
What is eCoO 2.0 System?
- The eCoO 2.0 system is a digital platform launched by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) to simplify and streamline the issuance of Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO).
- Effective January 1, 2025, exporters must electronically file CoO applications through this platform.
- It aligns with India’s Ease of Doing Business initiative by improving trade facilitation, digital authentication, and document processing.
Key Features of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Exporters must submit Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO) online.
- Allows exporters to authorize multiple users under a single Importer Exporter Code (IEC).
- Aadhaar-based e-Signing provides an alternative to Digital Signature Tokens, enhancing security and ease of use.
- Offers real-time access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA) details, trade events, and notifications.
- Exporters can request In-lieu CoO for rectifications on previously issued CoOs.
- The system handles 7,000+ eCoOs daily, integrating 125 issuing agencies, 110 chambers of commerce, and 650+ issuing officers.
Significance of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Reduces manual paperwork and speeds up export documentation.
- Digitally signed CoOs prevent fraudulent certifications and ensure traceability.
- Facilitates smoother re-exports, trans-shipments, and intermediary trade, boosting India’s position in global supply chains.
- Faster approvals help exporters comply with international trade agreements, enhancing competitiveness.
- Aligns with India’s push for paperless trade, reinforcing DGFT’s trade facilitation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] A “closed economy” is an economy in which:
(a) the money supply is fully controlled
(b) deficit financing takes place
(c) only exports take place
(d) neither exports or imports take place |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greenland
Why in the News?
A new study has revealed that over 7,500 lakes in western Greenland have turned brown, suffered water quality deterioration, and started emitting carbon due to extreme weather events in 2022.
About Greenland and Its Lakes
- Greenland, the world’s largest island, is covered by a massive ice sheet that holds nearly 8% of the world’s freshwater.
- The island is home to thousands of glacial-fed lakes, which are crystal blue due to their pristine water quality and low organic content.
- These lakes play a crucial role in providing drinking water, supporting biodiversity, and storing atmospheric carbon by acting as natural carbon sinks.
What are the reasons?
- Extreme Weather in 2022: Greenland saw record-breaking heatwaves and heavy rainfall instead of the usual snowfall.
- Permafrost Thawing: Rising temperatures melted permafrost, releasing large amounts of organic carbon, iron, and other minerals into the lakes.
- Atmospheric Rivers: These long, narrow streams of water vapor in the sky caused intense precipitation, leading to large-scale runoff of organic material and sediments into the lakes.
- Loss of Light Penetration: Increased sedimentation turned the lakes murky brown, reducing sunlight penetration and affecting phytoplankton, which play a key role in carbon absorption.
Why this Study is important?
- The study found that changes in the lakes occurred within months instead of centuries, signaling an unprecedented climate impact.
- Once natural carbon absorbers, the lakes are now releasing 350% more carbon dioxide, accelerating global warming.
- The lakes, which supply drinking water, now contain higher levels of organic pollutants, affecting both humans and aquatic ecosystems.
- Studies suggest atmospheric rivers will become 50–290% more frequent by the end of the century, leading to widespread changes in other freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
- The study adds to growing evidence that Earth’s natural carbon sinks are failing, posing a major challenge to climate mitigation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason?
(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat
(b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost
(c) The density of water is maximum at 4 °C
(d) None of the statements A, B and C given above is correct. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Labrys portucalensis F11
Why in the News?
A research team has discovered that Labrys portucalensis F11, a strain of aerobic bacteria from the Xanthobacteraceae family, can break down and transform multiple types of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of persistent environmental pollutants.
About Labrys portucalensis F11
- It is a type of bacteria that can break down harmful chemicals known as PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances).
- It was first found in contaminated soil at an industrial site in Portugal.
- Scientists have discovered that it can remove fluorine from certain chemical pollutants, making them less toxic.
- PFAS are known as “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in nature.
- Labrys portucalensis F11 can digest PFAS, helping to clean up polluted soil and water.
How does it work?
- It attacks the strong chemical bonds in PFAS, removing fluorine atoms.
- It uses carbon from PFAS as food, helping it grow while reducing pollution.
- It survives in oxygen-rich environments, making it ideal for cleaning up industrial waste sites.
- In 100 days, it broke down 90% of PFOS, one of the most harmful PFAS chemicals.
- Unlike most bacteria, it can also break down PFAS leftovers, making them even safer.
Back2Basics: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products for their waterproof, grease-resistant, and non-stick properties.
- PFAS are commonly found in non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof clothing, food packaging, fire-fighting foams, and industrial applications.
- These chemicals are known for their high resistance to heat, water, and oil, making them useful but also environmentally persistent.
- Common Uses:
- Non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof fabrics, stain-resistant coatings, and fire-fighting foams.
- Industrial applications such as metal plating, food packaging, and electronics manufacturing.
- Environmental and Health Concerns:
- PFAS are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not naturally degrade and persist in soil, water, and living organisms.
- Exposure to PFAS has been linked to cancer, liver damage, immune system disruption, and hormonal imbalances.
- Regulatory Actions:
- In 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated PFOS (a type of PFAS) as a hazardous substance, requiring strict monitoring and clean-up efforts.
- Governments worldwide are phasing out PFAS use and funding research into bioremediation technologies like the F11 bacteria-based clean-up approach.
- In 2020, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adopted international criteria for sampling and testing certain PFAS compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).
- However, comprehensive policies to regulate or ban PFAS are still lacking.
|
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?
- Arsenic
- Sorbitol
- Fluoride
- Formaldehyde
- Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Organophosphates
Why in the News?
A mysterious illness in Jammu & Kashmir has caused 17 deaths, with doctors suspecting organophosphate poisoning from pesticides as the possible cause.
What are Organophosphates?
- Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of chemical compounds primarily used as pesticides and insecticides in agriculture.
- They work by disrupting the nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to excessive nerve stimulation.
- It is commonly used in agriculture, household pest control, and chemical warfare agents (e.g., nerve gases like Sarin).
- It is found in pesticides such as malathion, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon.
-
- Acute Symptoms: Excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, breathing difficulty, seizures, and coma.
- Chronic Effects: Neurological disorders, memory loss, muscle weakness, and reproductive toxicity.
Treatment for Organophosphate Poisoning
- Organophosphate poisoning requires immediate medical attention to prevent fatal complications.
- Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing, wash exposed skin, and use activated charcoal if ingested.
-
- Atropine: Blocks excess nerve stimulation.
- Pralidoxime (2-PAM): Restores enzyme function.
- Oxygen therapy and ventilator support if needed.
- Supportive Care: IV fluids, anti-seizure medications, and hospitalization in severe cases.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Why in the News?
In an alarming move, the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) cases rise to 110 in Pune.
What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?
- GBS is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, causing muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis.
- It is rare, affecting 1–2 per 100,000 people annually.
- It is more common in adults and males.
- It is often triggered by viral or bacterial infections, especially Campylobacter jejuni (a cause of gastroenteritis), influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus, or, in rare cases, vaccinations.
- Its Symptoms:
- Early signs: Tingling, weakness in legs spreading to the upper body, pins-and-needles sensation, back pain.
- Severe cases: Paralysis, breathing difficulties, loss of speech, vision problems.
- Complications: Can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to irregular heartbeat, blood pressure fluctuations, and potential respiratory failure.
Treatment and Recovery:
- No definitive cure, but treatments include:
- Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis): Removes harmful antibodies attacking nerves.
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Therapy: Injects healthy antibodies to counteract immune attacks.
- Supportive care: Some patients require ventilator support, physical therapy, and months to years of rehabilitation.
PYQ:
[2022] In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements:
- The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
- Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector-based platform.
- COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Magnetic Model
Why in the News?
Earth’s magnetic north pole, a critical point where the planet’s magnetic field lines converge, is in constant motion due to changes in the Earth’s molten core. Currently located in the Arctic Ocean above Canada, the magnetic north pole has been moving towards Siberia at an accelerated pace.
What is the World Magnetic Model (WMM)?
- The WMM is the standard model used for navigation, attitude, and heading referencing systems that rely on Earth’s geomagnetic field.
- It is widely used in civilian applications, including navigation and heading systems, as well as in military operations.
- The WMM provides accurate data on the Earth’s magnetic field and the location of the magnetic North Pole, combining measurements from ground stations and satellites.
- Revisions and Updates:
- A new version is updated every five years to address changes in the magnetic field.
- The latest version, WMM2025, was released on December 17, 2024, and will remain valid until late 2029.
- The WMM is jointly developed by the United States’ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United Kingdom’s Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), with technical support from NCEI and the British Geological Survey (BGS).
- It serves both civilian and military purposes, ensuring accuracy in navigation systems, GPS applications, and other tools dependent on Earth’s magnetic field.
Why is the Magnetic North Pole Moving?
- The magnetic North Pole moves due to the dynamic flow of molten iron and other metals in Earth’s outer core, which generates the planet’s magnetic field.
- These movements cause shifts in magnetic field lines, leading to the pole’s drift over time.
- The pole was first identified in Canada in 1831 and has since moved over 400 km toward Russia.
- Key Observations of Movement:
- From 1990 to 2000, the pole drifted at a rapid rate of 55 km/year.
- By 2015, this rate slowed to 35 km/year, but the drift remains unpredictable.
- Currently, the pole is moving closer to Siberia, reflecting changes in Earth’s core dynamics.
- Impact of Movement:
- The drift affects navigation systems, aviation routes, and Earth’s magnetic shielding against harmful solar radiation.
- Scientists monitor this movement using the WMM to ensure updated predictions and mitigate potential impacts on navigation and environmental protection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Etikoppaka Toys
Why in the News?
On the occasion of India’s 76th Republic Day, Andhra Pradesh’s tableau showcasing the Etikoppaka Bommalu — a 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition — captivated the audience at New Delhi’s Kartavya Path.
About Etikoppaka Bommalu
- The craft originates from Etikoppaka, a small village in Andhra Pradesh, renowned for its 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition.
- The name “Etikoppaka” is synonymous with eco-friendly wooden toys, which reflect a seamless blend of art and sustainability.
- The toys are made from the wood of the Ankudu tree (Wrightia tinctoria), known for its lightweight and malleable properties, allowing intricate carvings.
- Artisans use natural dyes derived from plant-based sources like seeds, leaves, and bark, ensuring non-toxic and child-safe finishes.
- The lacquer-turning technique gives the toys a lustrous finish, sealing the natural colors while enhancing durability.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- The toys often depict mythological characters, animals, and musical instruments, connecting them to India’s rich cultural heritage.
- Many designs reflect motifs from ancient civilizations such as Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
- The crafts include spinning tops, household decorations, musical instruments, and Raja-Rani figurines, showcasing a timeless aesthetic.
- In 2017, Etikoppaka Bommalu received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, ensuring their authenticity and preserving their cultural significance.
- These toys have gained international recognition, admired by collectors and eco-conscious enthusiasts.
Other GI-Tagged Toys in India:
|
Origin |
Description |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wooden toys known for vibrant colors and eco-friendly lacquer finish. |
| Nirmal Toys |
Telangana |
Intricately carved wooden toys that reflect artistic craftsmanship. |
| Indore Leather Toys |
Madhya Pradesh |
Lifelike animal figures made from leather, showcasing detailed craftsmanship. |
| Kondapalli Bommallu |
Andhra Pradesh |
Traditional wooden dolls crafted from local wood, often painted in bright colors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently commended Indore and Udaipur for earning a spot in the prestigious list of 31 Wetland Accredited Cities (WCA) worldwide under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Key Highlights of Indore and Udaipur
- Indore:
- Known as India’s cleanest city and recipient of Smart City 2023 Award.
- Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, supports large water bird congregations and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
- Over 200 wetland mitras are actively involved in conservation efforts, particularly protecting the Sarus Crane.
- Udaipur:
- Famous for its picturesque lakes, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
- These wetlands are vital for maintaining the city’s microclimate and providing a buffer against extreme weather events.
|
About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
- It was introduced during COP 12 (2015) of the Ramsar Convention to recognize cities that take exceptional steps in wetland conservation and sustainable management.
- Objective: To promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands while fostering socio-economic benefits for local populations.
- The accreditation is valid for 6 years.
Criteria for WCA:
Cities must meet specific standards set by the Ramsar Convention, including:
- Presence of one or more Ramsar sites or significant wetlands.
- Implementation of wetland conservation measures and restoration initiatives.
- Integration of wetlands into land-use planning.
- Raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- Establishing local committees with expertise in wetland management.
- Having strong laws and policies to prevent wetland degradation.
India’s Efforts in Wetland Conservation
- India became a Ramsar Convention member in 1982, with 85 Ramsar sites covering 13,58,068 hectares (10% of India’s wetland area).
- India initially designated 26 Ramsar sites (1982–2013) and added 59 more since 2014, reflecting a growing commitment to wetland preservation.
- Tamil Nadu leads with 18 Ramsar sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).
- Global Leadership Wetland Conservation:
- UK has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175), followed by Mexico (142).
- Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection (148,000 sq. km).
Interesting Facts about Indian Wetlands:
- India’s wetlands cover 1,52,600 sq. km, constituting 4.63% of its geographical area (ISRO data).
- Gujarat has the largest wetland area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance:
- Examples include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
|
PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland.
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site.’ |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), under the Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, upgraded its sub-office in Varanasi to a full-fledged Regional Office. This move aims to strengthen the implementation of Inland Water Transport (IWT) activities in National Waterway-1 (NW-1), covering the Ganga River, and other waterways in Uttar Pradesh.
IWAI’s Regional Expansion:
- Varanasi becomes IWAI’s 6th regional office, joining those in Guwahati, Patna, Kochi, Bhubaneswar, and Kolkata.
- Capacity augmentation is also underway for NW-2 (Brahmaputra River), NW-3 (West Coast Canal), and NW-16 (Barak River).
Important Projects by IWAI:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): A World Bank-supported initiative aimed at capacity augmentation of NW-1 through:
- River conservancy works like bandalling and maintenance dredging.
- Construction of key infrastructure, including:
- Multi-Modal Terminals (MMTs): Varanasi, Sahibganj, and Haldia.
- Inter-Modal Terminal: Kalughat.
- Navigational Lock: Farakka, West Bengal.
- Development of 60 community jetties across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal to support local communities like farmers, artisans, and fishermen.
|
About Inland Waterways Authority of India
- Established in 1986 under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
- Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
- Objective: To reduce the underutilization of India’s 14,500 kilometers of navigable waterways, which account for just 2% of the transportation mix.
-
- Responsible for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation.
- Develops and maintains Inland Water Transport (IWT) infrastructure on national waterways with grants from the Ministry of Shipping.
- Ensures safe and efficient navigation to integrate waterways into the national transport system.
-
- Planning and Execution: Implements and maintains navigation and shipping infrastructure projects.
- National Waterways Management: Oversees 111 national waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Infrastructure Development: Focuses on dredging, terminal construction, and maintaining year-round navigability for vessels.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nahargarh WLS
Why in the News?
The Forest Department of Rajasthan has initiated efforts to revise the boundaries of the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary to address existing legal and administrative complications.
About the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- It was established in 1980, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
- It is named after the nearby Nahargarh Fort, which overlooks the sanctuary.
- It is a significant part of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve corridor, providing a habitat for wildlife movement.
- Geographical Features:
- It is situated in the Aravalli hills, close to Jaipur city, offering a natural escape amidst urban surroundings.
- Its area spans approximately 50 square kilometres, featuring rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and plateaus.
- It has seasonal streams and waterholes that serve as vital water sources for wildlife.
- Flora and Fauna:
- Flora: Comprises dry deciduous and thorny scrub forests, typical of the Aravalli range; Key tree species include Dhok, Babool, Khejri, and Ber; Grassy patches and scattered shrubs provide a diverse ecosystem for herbivores.
- Fauna: Fauna: Includes leopards, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, sambars, chitals, peacocks, partridges, migratory birds, monitor lizards, snakes, turtles, and various pollinators.
PYQ:
[2012] In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?
(a) Biosphere Reserves
(b) National Parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stargardt Disease
Why in the News?
Researchers have created a gene-editing tool to fix ABCA4 gene mutations, offering hope for treating Stargardt disease, a rare condition that causes progressive vision loss.
What is Stargardt Disease?
- Stargardt Disease is a rare inherited eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss, primarily affecting the central part of the retina, called the macula.
- It is typically caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, which disrupts the body’s ability to use Vitamin A, leading to an excessive buildup of lipofuscin (yellowish-brown pigment) in retinal cells.
- The disease commonly begins in childhood or early adulthood and is usually bilateral, involving both eyes.
- Currently, there is no cure for Stargardt Disease.
Symptoms of Stargardt Disease
- Progressive vision loss, particularly affecting central vision.
- Difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness).
- Blurred or distorted vision, with colors appearing less vivid.
- Appearance of dark spots or areas of vision loss in the central visual field.
- Gradual deterioration of visual acuity, leading to potential legal blindness.
Present Scenario in India
- According to a 2023 study by L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad:
- The disease predominantly affects males and typically manifests during the second decade of life.
- Estimated prevalence: 1 in 8,000 to 10,000 individuals.
- 10.79% of patients had a family history of Stargardt disease, while 10.69% were from consanguineous marriages.
- In India, Stargardt disease is a not uncommon hereditary condition, with limited treatment options available.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Plastic pollution;
Why in the News?
The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), an initiative of the World Economic Forum, has reached a significant milestone by expanding its network to include 25 countries. This expansion introduces seven new members: Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, which together represent a population of more than 1.5 billion people.
What is the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP)?
- The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is an initiative launched by the World Economic Forum aimed at combating plastic pollution worldwide.
- It focuses on promoting a circular economy for plastics, emphasizing reuse, recycling, and sustainable management to mitigate the environmental impacts of plastic waste.
What are the key components of GPAP?
- Governance and Structure: GPAP operates through a robust governance framework consisting of a Governing Council, Steering Board, and Advisory Committee, involving senior executives from founding organisations such as the World Economic Forum.
- For example, in Indonesia, the governance structure facilitated the creation of the National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP), which oversees the implementation of strategies to reduce marine plastic leakage.
- National Action Roadmaps: GPAP collaborates with various stakeholders to create National Action Roadmaps tailored to specific countries.
- For instance, Vietnam’s National Plastic Action Partnership launched its roadmap in 2022, targeting a 50% reduction in plastic waste by 2030 through strategies.
- Investment Mobilization: GPAP focuses on aligning financial resources with plastic waste reduction goals. For example, in Ghana, GPAP worked with the government and private sector to attract investments for waste recycling infrastructure.
- Global Collaboration Network: GPAP acts as a platform connecting stakeholders globally to address plastic pollution.
- For example, it facilitated the sharing of best practices between countries like Indonesia and Ghana, allowing them to adopt innovative solutions such as advanced recycling technologies and extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks.
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What is the significance of expanding GPAP to include seven new African countries?
- Strengthened Global Coalition: With this expansion, GPAP now encompasses 25 countries representing over 1.5 billion people, making it the largest global initiative focused on combating plastic pollution.
- Addressing Urgent Environmental Challenges: The inclusion of these countries underscores a growing recognition of the urgent need to tackle plastic pollution, which poses severe threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health.
- Fostering Regional Collaboration: The addition of new African countries facilitates regional collaboration and knowledge sharing on best practices for waste management and recycling.
- Economic Growth and Job Creation: GPAP’s initiatives are expected to stimulate economic growth through the promotion of sustainable materials and recycling infrastructure.
- Commitment to Circular Economy Principles: The expansion reflects a commitment to advancing circular economy principles, which focus on reusing and recycling plastics rather than relying on single-use materials.
What are the anticipated environmental and economic impacts of GPAP’s initiatives?
- Decreased Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The initiative targets a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastic production and waste management, which currently accounts for an estimated 1.8 billion tonnes annually. By promoting a circular economy, GPAP aims to mitigate emissions, particularly methane from landfills.
- By implementing National Action Roadmaps, the partnership seeks to reduce annual land-based plastic leakage by approximately 80% by 2040 compared to business-as-usual scenarios.
- By transitioning to a circular economy model, GPAP initiatives can help countries recover lost economic value from plastics, estimated at $80 billion to $120 billion annually due to inefficiencies in current systems.
- Job Creation: GPAP’s efforts in developing sustainable waste management practices are expected to create significant employment opportunities, potentially generating up to 6 million green jobs globally by 2030. This includes safer jobs for informal waste workers who play a crucial role in recycling and waste management.
- Investment Mobilization: The partnership has already mobilized substantial investments, such as $3.1 billion, aimed at supporting projects that tackle plastic waste. This influx of capital can stimulate local economies and drive innovation in sustainable materials and recycling technologies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Partnerships: Collaborate with governments, private sectors, and civil society to establish robust policies to enforce regulations and promote extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks to drive systemic change.
- Enhance Innovation and Infrastructure: Invest in advanced recycling technologies for scalable waste management infrastructure and research to develop sustainable alternatives, fostering a circular economy while creating green jobs and reducing plastic pollution.
Prelims PYQ:
In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following ? (UPSC IAS/2019)
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
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