From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture
PC: konark.in
Why in the News?
Four replicas of the Konark wheels, made of sandstone, have been installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan.
About Konark Wheels
Details
Design
The temple is designed in the shape of a huge chariot drawn by 7 horses and features 24 wheels.
Dimensions of Wheels
Each wheel has a diameter of 9 feet 9 inches with 8 wider spokes and 8 thinner spokes.
Symbolism of Wheels
The wheels represent various time-related aspects:
• 7 horses symbolize the days of the week.
• 12 pairs of wheels signify 12 months.
• 24 wheels represent 24 hours in a day.
• 8 spokes symbolize prahars (three-hour periods).
Architectural Features
• The wheels are intricately carved, showcasing designs of foliage, animals, and figures of women in various poses.
• Rims of the wheels have decorative carvings.
Sun Dial Functionality
Two of the wheels function as a sundial, accurately indicating time from sunrise to sunset using the shadow cast by the axel.
Modern Representation
Featured in Indian currency, specifically in the old Rs. 20 and new Rs. 10 notes, representing Odisha’s rich cultural heritage.
Rs. 10 note released by the RBI on January 5, 2018, features the Konark Wheel on its reverse side.
Its significance
The Konark Wheel, serving as an ancient sundial, symbolizes the advanced understanding of timekeeping and astronomy in 13th-century India.
Its intricate carvings reflect exceptional craftsmanship and cultural significance, embodying the cycle of life and the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
Its depiction on Indian currency highlights its enduring legacy and significance in promoting national identity and tourism in Odisha.
Back2Basics: Konark Sun Temple
Approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar.
Built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
Dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
Exemplifies Kalinga architecture, known for its intricate stone carvings and elaborate sculptures.
Constructed from Khondalite stone, which is durable and intricately carved.
Designed as a chariot with 7 horses and 24 wheels.
Structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and a jagamohan(assembly hall) that have largely collapsed but were once adorned with exquisite carvings.
PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples?
1. Arasavalli
2. Amarakantak
3. Omkareshwar
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maithili; Eighth Schedule
Why in the News?
While five languages were granted classical status earlier this month, Maithili was not considered as the Bihar governmenthad not officially forwarded the proposal, despite ongoing demands for its inclusion.
About Maithili Language
Maithili belongs to the eastern sub-group of the Indo-Aryan branch of languages.
It is believed to have evolved from Magadhan Prakrit.
The poet Vidyapati (14th century) popularized Maithili, establishing its importance in literature and folk culture.
It was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2003, making it one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India.
It is an optional subject in the UPSC exams, providing an opportunity for candidates to take it as a paper.
It was granted second official language status in Jharkhand in 2018.
It is spoken primarily in Bihar and Jharkhand in India, with a significant presence in Nepal.
According to the 2011 Census, there are around 12 million Maithili speakers in India.
It is the second most spoken language in Nepal, especially in the Terai region.
Mithilakshar, also known as Tirhuta, is the original script used for writing Maithili.
It belongs to the same family as Bangla, Assamese, Odia, Tibetan, and Nepali scripts.
The script’s oldest records date back to 950 AD, found in Sahodara stone inscriptions.
AboutEighth Schedule:
Details
Purpose
Lists the official languages of India as recognized by the Constitution.
Relevant Articles
Part XVII (Articles 343 to 351) of the Constitution outlines provisions for official languages.
Key Constitutional Provisions
• Article 344(1): Mandates the formation of a Commission by the President to recommend steps to promote Hindi after five years of the Constitution’s commencement.
• Article 351: Promotes the development of Hindi as a medium to represent India’s composite culture.
Languages in the Eighth Schedule
Currently includes 22 languages: Initially Included (14 languages): Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Later Additions: Sindhi (21st Amendment, 1967), Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (71st Amendment, 1992), Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (92nd Amendment, 2003).
Official Language Status
Hindi (in Devanagari script) is the official language of India, with English as an additional official language for administrative purposes.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following languages:
Gujarati
Kannada
Telugu
Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)
Why in the News?
Israel’s Knesset has banned the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) from operating within its borders, citing alleged ties between UNRWA staff and Hamas.
What is Israel’s Knesset?
The Knesset is Israel’s unicameral parliament, established in 1949.
It consists of 120 members, elected every four years through proportional representation, and is responsible for legislation, government oversight, and electing the president.
About UNRWA:
Details
Full Name
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Establishment
Established by the UN General Assembly in 1949.
Primary Purpose
To provide relief, healthcare, and education for Palestinian refugees displaced after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
Headquarters
Originally in Beirut, moved to Vienna in 1978, and relocated to Gaza in 1996.
Mandate Renewal
The mandate has been renewed repeatedly, currently extended until June 30, 2026.
Fields of Operation
Operates in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.
Beneficiaries
Supports over five million Palestinian refugees and their descendants displaced in 1948 and 1967.
The Tamil Nadu government has officially declared heatwaves a State-specific disaster.
It announced an ex-gratia payment of ₹4 lakh for families of individuals who die from heat-related causes, including those involved in relief operations.
Key Details of the Declaration
Purpose: This declaration allows the government to provide immediate relief to those affected by extreme heat, especially during the severe temperatures of April and May 2024.
OtherState-specific disasters in TN: Sea erosion, lightning, thunder, whirlwinds, and gale winds as State-specific disasters to ensure relief assistance for those impacted by these events.
Note:
Kerala in March this year, declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster, becoming the first state in the country to do so.
Once an issue is declared a state-specific disaster, the onus to deal with it shifts to the state disaster management authority, which, powered by the Disaster Management Act, can take quicker and more decisive action.
Also, district collectors can directly intervene in their capacity as the chairman of the district disaster body.
About Heatwaves:
Details
Definition
A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, relative to the usual climate of a region.
Occurrence
Typically occurs in India between March and June.
Declaration by IMD
Plains: The maximum temperature is at least 45°C
Hills: The maximum temperature is at least 30°C
Coastal regions: The maximum temperature is at least 37°C and the departure from normal is at least 4.5°C
Formation
• High-Pressure Systems: Develop when high pressure settles over a region for days or weeks.
• Air Sinking: Forces air to sink, warming and drying it.
• Increased Radiation: Fewer clouds lead to higher surface temperatures.
• Surface Winds: Warm air from lower latitudes or continental winds intensify heat.
Criteria for Declaring a Heatwave
At least two stations in a meteorological subdivision must meet one of the following criteria for two consecutive days (declared on the second day): Based on Departure from Normal:
– Heat Wave: Temperature departure of 4.5°C to 6.4°C above normal.
– Severe Heat Wave: Temperature departure of >6.4°C above normal. Based on Actual Maximum Temperature (plains only):
– Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 45°C or higher.
– Severe Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 47°C or higher.
Duration
Typically lasts a minimum of four days but can extend to seven or ten days. Longest Recorded Spell: May 2015, lasting from 18 to 31 May.
Impact of Heatwaves
• Heat Strokes: Increased risk, especially for the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.
• Increased Healthcare Costs: Higher hospital visits and death rates from related illnesses.
• Reduced Productivity: Extreme heat affects the output of over 1 billion workers.
• Risk of Wildfires: Heat domes can lead to wildfires.
• Effect on Vegetation: Prolonged heat damages crops and leads to droughts.
• Increased Energy Demands: Higher electricity usage for cooling, driving up rates.
PYQ:
[2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.
[2013] The annual range of temperature in the interior of the continents is high as compared to coastal areas. What is / are the reason / reasons?
1. Thermal difference between land and water
2. Variation in altitude between continents and oceans
3. Presence of strong winds in the interior
4. Heavy rains in the interior as compared to coasts
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 9th National Ayurveda Day
Why in the News?
On the occasion of the 9th Ayurveda Day, Prime Minister will launch several healthcare projects valued at Rs 12,850 crore.
The focal theme for Ayurveda day-2024 has been decided as ‘Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health’.
About Ayurveda:
Details
Origins
• Rooted in four Vedas (5000–1000 BCE).
• References in Ramayana and Mahabharata epics.
• Fully developed by 1000 BCE with Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita.
Foundational Texts
• Brhattrayi (Three Major Treatises):
• Caraka Samhita (internal medicine)
• Susruta Samhita (surgery)
• Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya (Vrddha Vagbhata and Vagbhata, 6th-7th century CE).
• Takshashila and Nalanda universities attracted foreign students.
Global Influence
• Spread through Buddhism to Tibetan and Chinese medicine.
• Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adopted concepts via trade and interactions.
• 8th century CE saw Nagarjuna study medicinal use of metals.
Integration of Modern Techniques
• 16th century saw inclusion of modern diagnostics and treatment for new diseases.
Revival in India (19th-20th Cent.)
• 1827: First Ayurveda course at Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
• 20th Century: Ayurveda colleges spread under regional patronage.
• 1970s: Ayurveda revived, with academic research, publications, and global symposia.
Current Status
• Structured undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral education.
• Strong network of practitioners and manufacturers.
• Developed infrastructure for community outreach.
Global Influence
24 countries recognize Ayurveda legally.
Collaborative platforms include:
• SCO Expert Working Group on Traditional Medicine
• BIMSTEC Taskforce on Traditional Medicine
• BRICS High-Level Forum on Traditional Medicine.
• Ayurveda products exported to 100+ countries.
WHO Standards and Milestones
• ICD-11 Integration: WHO included Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani in ICD-11 TM Module 2.
• WHO set global standards for practice and training.
• GTMC, Jamnagar (Gujarat): Focuses on Ayurveda research, education, and practice.
Philosophical Foundations
• Historical evidence dates to the first millennium BCE.
• Knowledge passed from gods to sages and then to human physicians.
• Central concepts align with Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Buddhism, and Jainism.
• Emphasis on balance and maintaining natural urges.
Initiatives and Programs by the Govt.
National Ayush Mission (2014): Aimed at promoting the development and growth of Ayush systems (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in the country, focusing on strengthening educational institutions and enhancing the quality of services.
Ayurveda Research Portal (2021): Promotes research in Ayurveda by providing a digital platform for researchers, practitioners, and institutions to access data, funding opportunities, and collaborative initiatives.
Ayush Grid (2020): A digital initiative aimed at enhancing the accessibility of Ayush services and information through online platforms, connecting practitioners, patients, and educational institutions.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the State’s largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.
Why discuss this?
The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):
Details
Location
Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
Highest Peak
Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
Designation
Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
UNESCO Recognition
Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
Terrain
Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
Vegetation
A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
Tribal Communities
Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
Flora
Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
Fauna
Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Why Raigad Fort is Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage?
Historical and Strategic Importance: Raigad Fort served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha resilience and independence.
Architectural Excellence: The fort showcases Maratha military architecture, with well-developed structures adapted to the hilly terrain.
Role in Maratha Legacy: As a hill fort, Raigad is emblematic of the Marathas’ unique fortification style, designed to withstand invasions and safeguard autonomy.
Icon of Maratha Heritage: Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts), Raigad stands as a tribute to Shivaji Maharaj’s leadership and legacy and has become a pilgrimage site for Shivbhakts.
Natural Defense and Innovation: The fort’s natural fortifications, steep escarpments, and strategic location atop an isolated hill embody military ingenuity and make it a model of Maratha defense architecture.
History of Raigad Fort:
Details
Location
• Situated in the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, India.
• Elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level.
• Surrounded by natural cliffs and 1,500-foot escarpments.
Background
• Originally known as Rairi.
• Captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1653 CE.
• Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674 CE.
• Served as the capital of the Maratha Empire until 1680 CE.
Significance
• Part of the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
• Referred to as the “Gibraltar of the East” by Grant Duff.
Architectural Highlights
• Includes the Royal Complex with key structures like Ranivasa and Rajsadar.
• Jagadishwar Mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Samadhi (final resting place) of Shivaji Maharaj located nearby.
Features
• Accessible mainly through Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja.
• Features well-designed drainage systems and secret chambers.
Ecology
• Surrounded by valleys shaped by the Kal and Gandhari rivers.
• Supported limited agriculture and had a self-sustained ecosystem.
Cultural Significance
• Known as the Durgaraj (King of Forts), symbolizing Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy.
• Hosts annual celebrations for Shivrajyabhishek and Punyatithi.
PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate reason for Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and fight the Third Battle of Panipat?
(a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from Lahore
(b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina Beg Khan invited him to invade Punjab
(c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration for non-payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (Gujarat, Aurangabad, Sialkot & Pasrur)
(d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of Punjab up to the borders of Delhi to his kingdom
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nature Conservation Index
Why in the News?
India has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out of 100, placing it among the five worst performers alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
Reasons for India’s Low Ranking:
High Rate of Land Conversion: 53% of India’s land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes, contributing to deforestation and habitat fragmentation that severely impact biodiversity.
Soil Pollution: India’s sustainable nitrogen index is 0.77, indicating high levels of soil pollution primarily due to extensive pesticide use, threatening soil health and agricultural sustainability.
Minimal Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected, with no protected areas in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlighting limited efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.
Illegal Wildlife Trade: India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion, putting added pressure on vulnerable wildlife species.
About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
Details
Developed By
Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Purpose
To assess each country’s progress in balancing conservation and development through data-driven analysis.
Aim
To help governments, researchers, and organizations identify concerns and enhance conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection.
Launch Date
Launched on October 24, 2024.
Scope
Ranks 180 countries based on their conservation efforts.
Pillars of the Index
• Managing Protected Areas
• Addressing Threats Against Biodiversity
• Nature and Conservation Governance
• Future Trends in Natural Resource Management
Significance
Provides insights into conservation policies and practices, aiding in the global effort to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development.
Key highlights of the reports:
Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Costa Rica, and New Zealand ranked highest, showing strong conservation practices and governance.
Nations with advanced climate adaptation policies (e.g., Sweden and Denmark) are better positioned to mitigate biodiversity risks from climate change.
Despite Protected Areas, 46.9% of terrestrial and 67.5% of marine species are in decline worldwide.
High-density nations such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands face intense biodiversity pressures, driving them to implement urban greening and sustainable practices.
PYQ:
[2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
Why in the News?
The ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ (National Unity Day) the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, will be held on 31st October.
About National Unity Day
National Unity Day is celebrated every year in India on 31 October since 2014.
It marks the birth anniversary of Vallabhbhai Patel who had a major role in the political integration of India.
31 October is also celebrated as Rashtriya Sankalp Diwas or National Pledge Day as it marks the day of assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Contributions made by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:
Details
Who Was He?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, and a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress.
He served as India’s first Deputy PM and Home Minister.
Role in the Freedom Struggle
• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Led a non-violent campaign against unjust land revenue tax during a famine.
• Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Organized protests against increased land revenue, earning the title “Sardar.”
Integration of Princely States
Played a crucial role in integrating over 565 princely states into the Indian Union post-independence using diplomatic skills and firm leadership.
Establishment of All India Services
Advocated for a unified administrative framework, establishing the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), known as India’s “steel frame.”
Leadership in the Indian National Congress
Served as President during the Karachi session in 1931, where significant resolutions on Fundamental Rights were passed.
Constitutional Contributions
Headed committees of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and minority rights, contributing to the framing of the Indian Constitution.
Promotion of National Unity
Advocated “Ek Bharat, Shresth Bharat” (One India, Great India), emphasizing unity in diversity to build a cohesive nation.
Social Reforms
Worked against caste discrimination, untouchability, and alcohol consumption, promoting social justice and women’s rights.
PYQ:
[2011] What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of the peasants of Kheda?
1. The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a drought.
2. The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Arrest Scams
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister in his recent broadcast of “Mann Ki Baat” warned about the ‘Digital Arrest’ scams in India.
What is Digital Arrest?
Details
What are they?
A fraudulent scheme where scammers impersonate law enforcement officials to extort money from victims under the false pretence of an arrest.
Modus Operandi
• Scammers use audio or video calls to intimidate victims.
• Claim involvement in illegal activities (e.g., drugs, contraband).
• Victims are kept under constant visual surveillance until demands are met.
Common Tactics
• Use of deepfake videos and fake arrest warrants.
• Threats regarding family members being involved in crimes.
• Fake claims about parcels containing illegal goods.
Victim Impact
Victims may face significant financial losses, emotional distress, and a sense of vulnerability due to the intimidation tactics employed by scammers.
Recent Trends
• Increase in reported cases; over 11 lakh complaints of financial cyber fraud in 2023.
• Rising incidents attributed to the expansion of internet users.
Prevention Measures
• Awareness of scams and verification of callers’ identities.
• Immediate disconnection of suspicious calls.
• Reporting incidents to local police and cybercrime helplines.
Legal Framework
• Governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
• Reports can be filed through the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in).
PYQ:
[2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hasdeo Arand Forest
Why in the News?
In Chhattisgarh’s Hasdeo Arand forest, tribals ambushed the police after tree-felling resumed for coal mining in the area.
What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?
Hasdeo Arand Forest is known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh” due to its rich biodiversity.
It is the largest unfragmented forest in Central India with pristine Sal and teak forests.
It spans 1,879.6 sq km across the Sarguja, Korba, and Surajpur districts in Chhattisgarh.
The Hasdeo River runs through the forest.
It is home to nine protected species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, including:
Elephants, leopards, sloth bears, Indian grey wolves, and Indian pangolins.
It supports 92 bird species, 25 mammals, 16 types of snakes, and serves as a corridor for elephants and tigers.
It hosts 640 plant species, including 128 medicinal plants and 40 timber-yielding species.
Why are the People Protesting for its ‘Protection’?
Environmental Impact: Mining threatens to destroy the forest cover, impacting biodiversity and wildlife corridors.
Livelihood Concerns: Local communities depend on the forest for farming and forest produce.
Displacement Issues: Villagers report inadequate compensation and resettlement offers, which do not match the size of their current homes.
Alleged Forgery: Villagers allege that fake gram sabha resolutions were used to secure clearances for mining projects.
Demand for Cancellations: Activists want the Parsa coal block cancelled and assurances that the 1,995 sq km Lemru Reserve Forest will be protected from future mining.
PYQ:
[2012] A particular State in India has the following characteristics:
1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.
2. It has over 70% of its area under forest cover.
3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes Protected Area Network in this State.
Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tardigrades
Why in the News?
A team of researchers has discovered the genetic mechanisms that allow a newly identified tardigrades species—Hypsibius henanensis—to withstand high levels of radiation.
About Tardigrades
Tardigrades, often called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling microorganisms known for their remarkable ability to survive extreme conditions.
They can withstand environments that would be lethal for most life forms, including:
Extremely high and low temperatures (from near absolute zero to over 150°C),
High levels of radiation and vacuum conditions found in space,
Extreme dehydration (losing nearly all water in their bodies),
High pressures (up to six times that of the ocean’s deepest trenches).
This adaptability makes them a subject of interest for scientists, especially in understanding survival mechanisms in extreme conditions.
How Tardigrades resist High Radiations?
The researchers identified 2,801 genes involved in DNA repair. Three key factors contributing to radiation tolerance include:
DNA Repair Protein (TRID1): Enabled the species to repair double-strand DNA breaks due to radiation.
Gene Activation for Mitochondrial Proteins: Radiation exposure activated a gene that produced two proteins vital for mitochondrial synthesis and DNA repair.
Antioxidant Pigments (Betalains): These pigments neutralize harmful chemicals generated by radiation within cells.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mission Karmayogi
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ – National Learning Week to strengthen individual and organizational capacity among civil servants.
AboutMission Karmayogi
Details
What is it?
National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB)
Objective
• To prepare civil servants for the future by making them more creative, constructive, and innovative through transparency and technology.
Launch Date
• Launched on 2nd September 2020.
Key Features
• On-Site Learning: Complementing off-site learning with more focus on practical experience.
• Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) platform.
• All civil servants (including contractual employees) across various ministries, departments, organizations, and agencies of the Union Government.
iGOT-Karmayogi Features
• My iGOT: Personalized training courses based on individual capacity-building needs.
• Blended Programs: Combines offline classroom learning with online components for equitable access to training.
• Curated Programs: Tailored learning paths designed for different ministries and training institutions.
Vision for 2047
• Aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub and a supplier of skilled human resources by improving governance and civil service efficiency.
Steering Bodies
• Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources Council
• Capacity Building Commission
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for digital assets
• Coordination Unit led by the Cabinet Secretary.
Courses Offered
• The iGOT platform offers over 1400 courses for personalized learning and skill development.
Significance
• Promotes a whole-of-government approach to foster collaboration, break bureaucratic silos, and prepare civil servants for modern governance challenges through continuous capacity building.
How Karmayogi Saptah Aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s Goals?
Karmayogi Saptah promotes a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, key pillars of Mission Karmayogi.
It emphasizes innovation and a citizen-first mindset, encouraging civil servants to engage with new ideas and feedback mechanisms.
By focusing on adapting to new technologies like AI, it aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s goal of a digitally proficient workforce.
It fosters collaboration across departments, supporting the mission’s aim to break silos and promote a “One Government” ethos.
Through individual and organizational development activities, the week contributes to creating a skilled, motivated workforce for a Viksit Bharat by 2047.
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise SIMBEX 2024
Why in the News?
The 31st edition of the Singapore India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX) is being held at the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam.
AboutExercise SIMBEX:
Details
History
Initially known as Exercise Lion King.
The exercise has been held annually since 1994.
Evolution
Progressed from anti-submarine warfare to include maritime security, anti-air, and anti-surface warfare.
Objectives
• Strengthen strategic partnership between India and Singapore
• Enhance interoperability and maritime domain awareness
• Foster cooperation to tackle shared maritime challenges.
Phases
Harbour Phase:
• Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEEs) for knowledge sharing
• Cross-deck visits and sports fixtures
• Pre-sail briefings between both navies Sea Phase:
• Advanced naval drills including live weapon firings
• Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training
• Anti-surface and anti-air operations
• Seamanship evolutions and tactical manoeuvres.
Significance
SIMBEX-2019 was conducted in theSouth China Sea and involved various maritime combat exercises.
Recognized as the longest uninterrupted naval exercise that India conducts with any other country (Indian High Commission statement, 2019).
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?
This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Manuscript Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.
Why Center is again re-evolving this scheme?
Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):
Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
It is managed by the National Archives of India.
Objective:
To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
The mission has set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts, covering a range of themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
What is a Manuscript?
A manuscript is a handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf.
These documents are at least 75 years old and hold scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records that provide direct historical information.
Achievements and Challenges:
The NMM has documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third have been uploaded.
Concerns were raised over mismatches between digitized data and original manuscripts, requiring correction.
Of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded, only 70,000 are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy, which limits public availability, especially since 80% of manuscripts are privately owned.
NMM has conducted preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios over the past 21 years.
PYQ:
[2008]Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Livestock Census
Why in the News?
The Centre has launched the 21st National Livestock Census (LC), the five-yearly exercise of counting the country’s livestock.
Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:
For the first time, data collection is being done via a mobile app, enhancing accuracy and timeliness.
The census will cover 15 species of animals (excluding poultry) such as cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, and elephant.
Information on 219 Indigenous breeds and livestock holdings by pastoralists will also be recorded, along with data on the gender of individuals involved in livestock rearing.
About Livestock Census (LC)
The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide survey conducted every 5 years to count all domesticated animals across households, enterprises, and institutions in rural and urban areas.
The National Livestock Census provides detailed data on the population, breeds, and distribution of livestock like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and others.
Conducted by the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in collaboration with State/UT governments since 1919.
The 21st Livestock Census (2024) is the latest in the series and includes data collected using a dedicated mobile app for improved accuracy and real-time monitoring.
Significance of the Livestock Census:
Policy Formulation: Helps the government develop policies for livestock sector growth, covering aspects like breed improvement, disease control, and feed management.
Rural Economy Support: Provides insights into the role of livestock in enhancing rural incomes, nutrition, and employment.
Livestock Development Programs: Data supports initiatives like the National Livestock Mission (NLM), which focuses on breed development, feed and fodder improvement, and innovation in livestock practices.
Indigenous Breed Conservation: Tracks indigenous livestock breeds to support breed-specific conservation and sustainable practices.
Previous Census Observations in India:
[1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):
Total Livestock Population: Recorded at 535.78 million, marking a 4.6% increase from the previous census in 2012.
Bovine Population: Counted at 302.79 million (includes cattle, buffalo, mithun, and yak).
Indigenous vs. Exotic Breeds:
Indigenous cattle population declined by 6%, indicating a shift toward crossbred and exotic breeds.
Exotic and crossbred cattle increased by 29.3%, driven by rising demand for high milk-yielding breeds.
Buffalo Population: Increased by 1% to 109.85 million, contributing significantly to India’s milk production.
Sheep and Goat Populations:
Sheep population rose by 14.1%, reaching 74.26 million.
Goat population grew by 10.1%, totaling 148.88 million.
Poultry Population: Experienced a substantial growth of 16.8%, with a total of 851.81 million birds, reflecting the expansion of commercial poultry farming.
Female Livestock Population: Increase in female cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%), underscoring the focus on dairy production.
[2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):
Highlighted an increase in buffalo populations and decline in indigenous cattle.
Marked significant growth in poultry numbers, reflecting changing agricultural and economic patterns.
PYQ:
[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tropical Cyclone, Landfall
Why in the News?
West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.
What are Cyclones?
Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.
Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:
Theyform over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.
What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?
Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.
How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?
The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.
PYQ:
[2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Betelgeuse
Why in the News?
Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.
About Betelgeuse
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
A short-term cycle of about one year.
A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.
Indicators and Scientific Evidence
Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.
Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System
Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.
PYQ:
[2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Observation and understanding of the Universe
(b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses
(c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth
(d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kittur Rani Chennamma
Why in the News?
A commemorative postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage within the Kittur Fort premises to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava.
About Kittur Rani Chennamma
Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now Karnataka).
She was trained in horse riding, sword fighting, and archery from an early age.
She married Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a small principality in Karnataka.
The Kittur Uprising (1824):
The British East India Company refused to recognize her adopted son, Shivalingappa, as the rightful successor under the Doctrine of Lapse.
She declared war on the British in response to their annexation attempt.
In October 1824, she led the Kittur army against 20,000 British soldiers stationed near the Kittur Fort.
During the battle, British official John Thackery was killed, and the Company forces faced significant losses.
After initial resistance, British forces returned in December 1824 with a larger army.
Despite her courageous efforts, Rani Chennamma was captured along with her forces and imprisoned.
She was held captive in Bailhongal Fort, where she spent her remaining years. She died in captivity in 1829.
Legacy and Significance
Rani Chennamma is celebrated as one of the first women in Indian history to lead an anti-colonial uprising.
She is revered as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and resistance against colonial oppression.
She is honored in Kannada folklore, particularly through lavani (folk songs) that celebrate her bravery and sacrifice.
Statues have been erected across Karnataka, including a prominent one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House.
Doctrine of Lapse
Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine aimed at expanding British territories in India.
The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.
PYQ:
[2013] Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.
[2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?
To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
To regulate East India Company’s trade with India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCLAT, NCLT
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has overturned the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) order that approved a deal between an edtech firm and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to settle an overdue payment.
Three-Judge Bench Observations in Byju’s Case
The Supreme Court’s bench, led by CJI, noted that there were procedural lapses in the settlement process between Byju’s and the BCCI.
The settlement occurred without the approval of the Insolvency Resolution Professional (IRP), who was responsible for overseeing Byju’s affairs following his appointment by the NCLT.
The bench ruled that the NCLAT’s approval of the settlement, issued in August 2024, was invalid due to the lack of necessary approvals from the IRP.
About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT):
Details
Establishment
Established on 1 June 2016 under the Companies Act, 2013.
Purpose
Serves as an appellate authority to hear appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
Jurisdiction
Hears appeals related to:
– Decisions made by NCLT
– Orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
– Orders from the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
Appeals to Supreme Court
Decisions of NCLAT can be appealed to the Supreme Court of India.
Composition
Comprises a Chairperson and other members appointed by the central government, with the Chairperson typically being a retired judge of the Supreme Court or High Court.
Functions
Reviews and adjudicates matters related to company law and insolvency, ensuring justice against NCLT orders.
Location
Headquartered in New Delhi.
Significance
Plays a critical role in corporate governance, maintaining transparency and accountability in the corporate sector.
Relationship with NCLT
NCLT acts as the adjudicating authority, while NCLAT provides a platform for appeals, ensuring a checks-and-balances system.
Integration with IBC
Supports the objectives of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, streamlining insolvency resolution processes.
PYQ:
[2018] How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.
![[pib] Raigad Fort](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/raigad.jpg)
