Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Social reforms stipulated by Dr. Ambedkar
Dr. BR Ambedkar was India’s first Law Minister after independence. The letter of his resignation is now missing from official records.
Dr Ambedkar as Law Minister
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar served as Independent India’s first law minister.
- He was an Indian jurist, economist, politician, and social reforme, who was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1990.
- It is believed that Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi proposed Dr. Ambedkar’s name for the post of Law Minister in the Nehru Cabinet.
Why was he selected for the post?
- Being father of our Constitution: Sardar Patel, then deputy PM, had a high regard for Dr. Ambedkar’s intellectual abilities and his contributions to the drafting of India’s Constitution.
- Political urge for inclusivity: Additionally, Dr. Ambedkar’s role in the Dalit movement and his fight against caste discrimination also made him a significant political figure.
- Representation of the marginalized: His appointment as the Law Minister was seen as a symbol of inclusivity and representation of marginalized communities in the government.
Why did Dr. Ambedkar resign?
- Political differences with Nehru: He resigned as Law Minister, due to differences with the then PM, Jawaharlal Nehru, over the Hindu Code Bill. He specifically wanted to reform Hindu Personal Laws and not every personal laws in India.
- Row over reforming Personal Laws: The bill aimed to reform Hindu personal laws related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance, but Dr. Ambedkar believed that it did not go far enough in granting women’s rights and wanted more radical changes.
- Injustice to women: Ambedkar had proposed a more comprehensive set of reforms that would have given women greater rights in matters such as property ownership and inheritance, but his proposals were met with resistance from Nehru and other members of the government.
Efforts to locate his resignation letter
- The letter was not found in the National Archives of India and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- The Maharashtra government has also been unable to locate the letter in its archives.
- RTI (Right to Information) requests were also unsuccessful.
Significance of his letter
- The missing letter is a matter of concern as it is an important historical document.
- Ambedkar’s resignation was a significant event in India’s political history and the reasons behind it are still relevant today.
- The letter could shed light on the differences between the visionary Dr. Ambedkar and then mainstream politicians.
India’s first Provisional Government (Constitutionally)
- Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India after the country gained independence in 1947.
- The members of his first cabinet, which was sworn in on August 15, 1947, were as follows:
- Jawaharlal Nehru – Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs
- Vallabhbhai Patel – Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Minister of Law and Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council
- C. Rajagopalachari – Minister of Industry and Supply
- John Mathai – Minister of Railways
- Liaquat Ali Khan – Minister of Finance
- Baldev Singh – Minister of Defence
- Sardar Baldev Singh – Minister of Communications
- Sardar Swaran Singh – Minister of Works, Mines and Power
- Jagjivan Ram – Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad – Minister of Food and Agriculture
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – Minister of Education
- Sardar K.M. Panikkar – Minister of States
- Rafi Ahmed Kidwai – Minister of Communications (Independent Charge)
- Asaf Ali – Minister of Railways (Independent Charge)
- It is worth noting that this was a provisional government, and the first general election to form a permanent government was held in 1952.
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Note: Azad Hind was not India’s first provisional government. The credit for establishing that – formally known as the ”Hukumat-i-Moktar-i-Hind” – in Kabul on 1st Dec, 1915, goes to Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Barkatullah.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Axiom Mission 2
Mains level: NA
Central idea: Saudi Arabia will send its first-ever woman astronaut on the US-led Axiom 2 space mission later this year, in the latest move to revamp the kingdom’s ultra-conservative image.
Axiom Mission 2
- Axiom Mission 2 is a private spaceflight mission organized by Axiom Space, a Houston-based aerospace company.
- The mission is scheduled to launch in 2023 and aims to send four private individuals on a 10-day trip to the International Space Station (ISS).
- Rayyana Barnawi will join fellow Saudi male astronaut Ali Al-Qarni on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) during the second quarter of 2023.
- The mission is the second private crewed flight to the ISS, following the Inspiration4 mission by SpaceX.
- The crew is expected to undergo months of training, including simulations, physical conditioning, and emergency procedures.
- The mission is part of Axiom Space’s plan to establish a private space station attached to the ISS, which is expected to be launched in 2024.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati
Mains level: Not Much
PM inaugurated celebrations commemorating Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati’s 200th birth anniversary.
Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883)
- Dayanand Saraswati (born Mool Shankar Tiwari) was a religious leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement in the nineteenth century.
- He was a profound scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language.
- Dayanand was a great scholar, and was well-versed in the Vedas and the Upanishads.
- He was also proficient in Sanskrit grammar, philosophy, religion, politics and other sciences.
Notable works
(1) Literary works
- He wrote several books, including the Satyarth Prakash, which became the moral and spiritual foundation of the Arya Samaj.
- This book was translated into many languages, including Hindi, English and Urdu.
(2) Freedom movement
- He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as “Indian for India” – in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.
- Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan, called him one of the “makers of Modern India”, as did Sri Aurobindo.
(3) Religious reform
- Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies.
- He believed that the Vedas should be interpreted in the light of reason and not of blind faith.
- He also campaigned against animal sacrifice and the worship of idols.
(4) Social reform
- Dayanand was a staunch advocate of women’s rights.
- He believed in the equality of all human beings and advocated the abolition of the caste system.
(5) Education
- Dayanand was an ardent believer in the power of knowledge and education.
- He established the Gurukul system of education, which provided free education to all, irrespective of caste or gender.
- Based on his teachings, in 1885 the first DAV School was established at Lahore which was subsequently upgraded to become the first DAV College.
- In 1886 the DAV College Trust and Management Society was established and registered.
Try this PYQ:
Which among the following event happened earliest?
(a) Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj
(b) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan
(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath
(d) Satyendranath Tagore became the first India to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quasicrystals
Mains level: NA
Scientists have discovered a new type of quasicrystal, one with 12-fold symmetry, in the Sand Hills of north central Nebraska, USA.
What is a Quasicrystal?
- Quasicrystal is essentially a crystal-like substance.
- However, unlike a crystal, in which atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern, a quasicrystal consists of atoms that are arranged in a pattern that doesn’t repeat itself regularly.
- For the longest time, physicists believed every crystalline arrangement of atoms must have a pattern that repeats itself perfectly over and over again.
- However, this changed in 1982, when material scientist Dan Shechtman discovered crystal structures that are mathematically regular, but that do not repeat themselves.
How are they formed?
- Electrical discharge triggered quasicrystal formation in the recent finding.
- It’s also the first time that researchers have found a quasicrystal somewhere other than meteorites or the debris from nuclear blasts.
Applications of quasicrystals
- There is no major commercial applications yet exploit properties of the quasicrystalline state directly.
- Quasicrystals form in compounds noted for their high strength and light weight, suggesting potential applications in aerospace and other industries.
- They can be used in surgical instruments, LED lights and non-stick frying pans.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agasthyarkoodam Observatory
Mains level: NA
Agasthyarkoodam was once home to a forgotten and long-lost 19th-century observatory established by Scottish meteorologist John Allan Broun.
Agasthyarkoodam Observatory
- The Agasthyarkoodam Observatory is an astronomical research observatory located in the state of Kerala.
- The observatory is situated at an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level and is owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
- The observatory is equipped with a 1-meter optical telescope and various other instruments for studying the night sky.
- The observatory is used for research and educational purposes and is open to the public for viewing night-sky objects.
Why in news?
- Agasthyarkoodam in the Western Ghats once housed a magnetic observatory that was established by Scottish meteorologist John Allan Broun.
- Broun used it to record magnetic and meteorological observations in tandem with the Thiruvananthapuram astronomical observatory.
- Broun’s astronomical research in India began after he was invited by the ruler of the erstwhile Travancore Uthram Tirunal Marthanda Varma to helm the Thiruvananthapuram observatory following the death of its first director John Caldecott in 1849.
- The observatory started recording observations in July 1855.
- However, it was closed in 1881 by the then Madras Governor Sir William Denison.
What are magnetic observatories?
- Magnetic observatories continuously measure and record Earth’s magnetic field at a number of locations.
- In an observatory of this sort, magnetized needles with reflecting mirrors are suspended by quartz fibres.
- Light beams reflected from the mirrors are imaged on a photographic negative mounted on a rotating drum.
- Variations in the field cause corresponding deflections on the negative.
- Their magnetograms are photographed on microfilm and submitted to world data centres, where they are available for scientific or practical use.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar Prominence
Mains level: Not Much
Recently, the sun puzzled many scientists with a large prominence near its north pole.
What is Solar Prominence?
- A solar prominence (also known as a filament when viewed against the solar disk) is a large, bright feature extending outward from the Sun’s surface.
- Prominences are anchored to the Sun’s surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun’s hot outer atmosphere, called the corona.
- A prominence forms over timescales of about a day, and stable prominences may persist in the corona for several months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space.
How are they formed?
- Scientists are still researching how and why prominences are formed.
- The red-glowing looped material is plasma, a hot gas comprised of electrically charged hydrogen and helium.
- The prominence plasma flows along a tangled and twisted structure of magnetic fields generated by the sun’s internal dynamo.
- An erupting prominence occurs when such a structure becomes unstable and bursts outward, releasing the plasma.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delhi-Mumbai Expressway
Mains level: Road infrastructure
Photos of the soon-to-be-inaugurated Delhi-Mumbai Expressway have gone viral, receiving widespread appreciation online.
Delhi-Mumbai Expressway
- The Delhi-Mumbai Expressway is a proposed 1380 km expressway that will link the capital city of Delhi to Mumbai, India.
- The expressway is being planned as a six-lane expressway and will pass through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
- Started in 2018, the project is set to be completed by the end of 2023.
- The expressway is expected to reduce the travel time between Delhi and Mumbai by up to 12 hours.
- The expressway will also have several rest stops and will be equipped with advanced technology such as electronic toll collection, smart traffic management and surveillance systems.
- The expressway will be built in a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Some basic details
- The expressway is being constructed with an initial budget of INR 98,000 crore.
- According to claims by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, it will reduce the distance between Delhi and Mumbai by 180 km (from 1424 km to 1242 km).
- Depending on the volume of traffic the expressway sees, there are plans in place to expand it to a 12-lane expressway in the future.
- The reduction in distance and travel time is set to result in annual fuel savings of more than 320 million litres and reduce CO2 emissions by 850 million kg.
Some unique features
- Importantly, the Delhi-Mumbai Expressway is set to introduce certain features seldom seen in road construction in India.
- According to claims from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the expressway will boast of a state-of-art traffic management system.
- There will also be a dedicated three metre wide corridor for laying utility lines including fibre optic cables, pipelines as well as solar power generation.
- The expressway will also have provisions for rain water harvesting at intervals of 500 m, with over 2000+ water recharge points.
Provisions for wildlife conservation
- A crucial feature of the project will be its provisions for “wildlife conservation”.
- The expressway is the first in Asia and only the second in the world to feature animal overpasses and underpasses to facilitate unrestricted movement of wildlife.
- Furthermore, the expressway has been aligned in a way to minimize the destruction of protected forests.
- Two iconic 8-lane tunnels will also be built, one through Mukundra sanctuary without disturbing the endangered fauna in the region and the second through the Matheran eco-sensitive zone.
- A 3 ft tall boundary wall and sound barriers will also be constructed in sections prone to wildlife.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Treaty of Alinagar
Mains level: Not Much
Signed on February 9, 1757, the Treaty of Alinagar between the Nawab of Bengal and the East India Company raised the curtains for British colonial expansion in India.
Treaty of Alinagar, 1757
- Signed on February 9, 1757, the Treaty of Alinagar was signed between Robert Clive of the East India Company and Mirza Muhammad Siraj Ud Daula, then Nawab of Bengal.
- It is said to be one of the key events leading up to the Battle of Plassey later that year.
- Plassey was where the English laid a significant blow, defeating the nawab. It paved the way for the East India Company’s takeover of Bengal.
- The name Alinagar was a short-lived reference to modern-day Kolkata, and the treaty came about after the nawab was faced with both the British and Afghan forces.
- He compromised with the former; however, the peace was short-lived.
British advent in India: A quick backgrounder
- After the Anglo-Mughal War which took place between 1686 and 1690, the British began consolidating their presence in the subcontinent.
- It had established the Fort St. George in what was Madras, Fort William in then Calcutta and Bombay Castle by the beginning of the 18th century.
- The British initially helped local princes and nawabs quell uprisings or revolts and they, in turn, gave them concessions.
Course of the treaty
- In January 1757, the British attacked the town of Hooghly, close to then Calcutta, with over 700 men.
- The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah, who had just come to power a year earlier in his early 20s, mobilised forces.
- His troops would overpower the British and reach Calcutta on January 10, 1757, having lost over 600 men.
- However, the losses sustained in the war had resulted in the nawab losing confidence.
- He signed what came to be known as the Treaty of Alinagar with Robert Clive – who became the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency – on February 9, 1757.
- Siraj-ud-daulah agreed to the restoration of the company’s factories and allowed for the fortification of Calcutta.
Aftermath of the battle
- The British then moved on to wrest the remaining territories in Bengal from the French, laying siege to Chandannagar.
- However, the move did not go down well with the nawab.
- But, Daulah was also wary of Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marathas.
- Traders in his kingdom were already wary of him and there was a conspiracy led by the likes of his military general, Mir Jafar.
- Events would later culminate in the Battle of Plassey on June 23, 1757.
- It resulted in the East India Company gaining hold of Bengal and was a significant event in its rise to power in the subcontinent.
Try this question.
Q.For most Indians, the history of British colonial rule in India begins in Plassey. However, the roots of it were sown long back. Discuss. (250W)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nord Stream Pipelines
Mains level: Not Much
An American investigative journalist has claimed that the September 2022 bombing of the undersea Nord Stream gas pipelines was carried out by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
What is Nord Stream Pipeline?
(1) Nord Stream 1:
- Nord Stream 1 is the biggest pipeline transporting natural gas between Russia and Europe via Germany.
- It is a system of offshore natural gas pipelines running under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany.
- Nord Stream 1 is a 1,224 km underwater gas pipeline that runs from Vyborg in northwest Russia to Lubmin in northeastern Germany via the Baltic Sea.
(2) Nord Stream 2:
- Russian threats to choke this gas supply to Europe present an economic threat to Germany.
- To expand options and double the supply from Russia, Germany decided to build Nord Stream 2.
- The construction of the $11 billion-worth Nord Stream 2 was completed in 2021 but never began commercial operations.
Why the Nord Stream pipeline is so much in news?
- For Germany: Energy prices in Germany, Europe’s largest economy, are among the lowest in the continent because of the cheap gas supplies via Nord Stream 1. This also makes German manufactured goods more competitive in the international market.
- For European Union: In 2021, Russia supplied nearly 40 per cent of the EU’s natural gas needs through this pipeline. The flows through Nord Stream play a vital role in filling up the national storage tanks of EU. It is crucial to provide the required heating in the upcoming winter.
- For Russia: Russia is using the supplies via the crucial pipeline as a bargain to navigate its economy through sanctions from the western countries.
- Nord stream pipeline is the largest single supply route for Russian gas to Europe. The Russian state owned gas company Gazprom has a majority ownership in the pipeline.
- While it was running at just 20% of its capacity since the Russia-Ukraine conflict began, the company, in early September fully cut gas flows from the pipeline on the pretext of maintenance.
- According to Bloomberg, while 40% of Europe’s pipeline gas came from Russia before Russia Ukraine the war, the number now stands at just 9%.
- Even though both pipelines were not running commercially, they had millions of cubic metres of gas stored in them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PSLV, SSLV, GSLV
Mains level: Not Much
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will undertake the second development flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV –D2).
Payload details
The SSLV-D2 is intended to inject ISRO’s EOS-07, U.S.-based firm Antaris’ Janus-1 and Chennai-based space start-up Space Kidz’s AzaadiSAT-2 satellites into a 450-km circular orbit in its 15 minutes flight.
- EOS-07: is a 156.3 kg satellite designed, developed and realized by the ISRO. Its mission objective is to design and develop payload instruments compatible with microsatellite buses and new technologies that are required for future operational satellites.
- Janus-1: Weighing around 10.2 kg, Janus-1 is a technology demonstrator, smart satellite mission based on Antaris software platform.
- AzaadiSAT-2: A 8.7-kg satellite, AzaadiSAT-2 is a combined effort of about 750 girl students across India guided by Space Kidz India, Chennai.
What is SSLV?
- The SSLV is a small-lift launch vehicle being developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver:
- 600 kg to Low Earth Orbit (500 km) or
- 300 kg to Sun-synchronous Orbit (500 km)
- It would help launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs.
- In future a dedicated launch pad in Sriharikota called Small Satellite Launch Complex (SSLC) will be set up.
- A new spaceport, under development, near Kulasekharapatnam in Tamil Nadu will handle SSLV launches when complete.
- After entering the operational phase, the vehicle’s production and launch operations will be done by a consortium of Indian firms along with NewSpace India Limited (NSIL).
Vehicle details
(A) Dimensions
- Height: 34 meters
- Diameter: 2 meters
- Mass: 120 tonnes
(B) Propulsion
- It will be a four stage launching vehicle.
- The first three stages will use Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based solid propellant, with a fourth terminal stage being a Velocity-Trimming Module (VTM).
SSLV vs. PSLV: A comparison
- The SSLV was developed with the aim of launching small satellites commercially at drastically reduced price and higher launch rate as compared to Polar SLV (PSLV).
- The projected high launch rate relies on largely autonomous launch operation and on overall simple logistics.
- To compare, a PSLV launch involves 600 officials while SSLV launch operations would be managed by a small team of about six people.
- The launch readiness period of the SSLV is expected to be less than a week instead of months.
- The SSLV can carry satellites weighing up to 500 kg to a low earth orbit while the tried and tested PSLV can launch satellites weighing in the range of 1000 kg.
- The entire job will be done in a very short time and the cost will be only around Rs 30 crore for SSLV.
Significance of SSLV
- SSLV is perfectly suited for launching multiple microsatellites at a time and supports multiple orbital drop-offs.
- The development and manufacture of the SSLV are expected to create greater synergy between the space sector and private Indian industries – a key aim of the space ministry.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quorum
Mains level: Features of parliamentary democracy
The Lok Sabha began a discussion on the general Budget but the House had to be adjourned before the scheduled time due to lack of quorum.
What is Quorum?
- Quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that assembly.
- Article 100 of the Indian Constitution states that the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of that House.
- This means that the quorum of Lok Sabha (Lower House) is 55 and that of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) is 25.
Who decides the Quorum?
- The quorum is usually decided at the beginning of the session and if it is not present when a vote is taken, the vote is invalid.
- In the event of inadequate quorum, the Speaker or the Chairman can adjourn the House or suspend the sitting till the quorum is present.
Challenging a Quorum
- Furthermore, the quorum can be challenged by any member of the House.
- In the event that the quorum is challenged, the Speaker or the Chairman can direct that a count of the members present be taken.
- If the quorum is not present, the House is adjourned. However, if the quorum is present, the business of the House is resumed.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QR coin vending
Mains level: Not Much
To improve the distribution of coins among members of the public, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is preparing a pilot project on QR code-based Coin Vending Machine (QCVM) in collaboration with a few leading banks.
QR code-based Coin Vending Machine (QCVM)
- The QCVM is a cashless coin dispensation machine which would dispense coins against a debit to the customer’s bank account using Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
- Unlike cash-based traditional Coin Vending Machine, the QCVM would eliminate the need for physical tendering of banknotes and their authentication.
- Customers will also have the option to withdraw coins in the required quantity and denominations in QCVMs.
When will it be launched?
- The pilot project is planned to be initially rolled out at 19 locations in 12 cities across the country.
- Machines will be installed at public places such as railway stations, shopping malls, marketplaces to enhance ease and accessibility.
- Based on the learnings from the pilot tests, guidelines would be issued to banks to promote better distribution of coins using QCVMs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sarna Religion
Mains level: Tribal assertiveness
West Bengal Assembly has tabled a motion to recognize Sarna Religion of the tribals and have a Sarna Code.
Sarna Religion
- The followers of Sarna faith believe pray to nature.
- The holy grail of the faith is “Jal (water), Jungle (forest), Zameen (land)” and its followers pray to the trees and hills while believing in protecting the forest areas.
- Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups of which eight are from Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
- While many follow Hindu religion, some have converted to Christianity — this has become one of the planks of demanding a separate code “to save religious identity”— as various tribal organisations put it.
Demand for Sarna Code
- Tribal groups in the region have long demanded the Sarna code, a separate religious classification in the census, recognising their status as independent religious communities.
- It is believed that 50 lakhs tribal in the entire country put their religion as ‘Sarna’ in the 2011 census, although it was not a code.
- The resolution will seek a special column for followers of the Sarna religion in the Census, 2021.
- At present, they are not classified as a separate entity.
Politics around the tribe
- Many of the tribals who follow this faith have later converted to Christianity—the state has more than 4% Christians most of whom are tribals.
- Some who still follow the Sarna faith believe the converted tribals are taking the benefits of reservation as a minority, as well as the benefits, are given to Schedule Tribes.
- They also believe that benefits should be given specifically to them and not to those who have converted.
What sense does a separate code make?
- The protection of their language and history is an important aspect of tribals.
- Between 1871 and 1951, the tribals had a different code. However, it was changed around 1961-62.
- Experts argue that when today the entire world is focusing on reducing pollution and protecting the environment, it is prudent that Sarna becomes a religious code as the soul of this religion is to protect nature and the environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAR T-Cell Cancer Therapy
Mains level: Not Much
The new CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy holds promise for Ovarian Cancer patients over other forms of treatment.
What are CAR T-cells?
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies represent a quantum leap in the sophistication of cancer treatment.
- Unlike chemotherapy or immunotherapy, which require mass-produced injectable or oral medication, CAR T-cell therapies use a patient’s own cells.
- They are modified in the laboratory to activate T-cells, a component of immune cells, to attack tumours.
- These modified cells are then infused back into the patient’s bloodstream after conditioning them to multiply more effectively.
- The cells are even more specific than targeted agents and directly activate the patient’s immune system against cancer, making the treatment more clinically effective.
- This is why they’re called ‘living drugs’.
How does the therapy work?
- In CAR T-cell therapy, the patient’s blood is drawn to harvest T-cells which are immune cells that play a major role in destroying tumour cells.
- Researchers modify these cells in the laboratory so that they express specific proteins on their surface, known as chimeric antigen receptors (CAR).
- They have an affinity for proteins on the surface of tumour cells.
- This modification in the cellular structure allows CAR T-cells to effectively bind to the tumour and destroy it.
- The final step in the tumour’s destruction involves its clearance by the patient’s immune system.
Where is it used?
- As of today, CAR T-cell therapy has been approved for leukaemias (cancers arising from the cells that produce white blood cells) and lymphomas (arising from the lymphatic system).
- These cancers occur through the unregulated reproduction of a single clone of cells, that is, following the cancerous transformation of a single type of cell, it produces millions of identical copies.
- As a result, the target for CAR T-cells is consistent and reliable.
- CAR T-cell therapy is also used among patients with cancers that have returned after an initial successful treatment or which haven’t responded to previous combinations of chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
- Its response rate is variable. In certain kinds of leukaemias and lymphomas, the efficacy is as high as 90%, whereas in other types of cancers it is significantly lower.
How widespread is its use?
- The complexity of preparing CAR T-cells has been a major barrier to their use.
- The first clinical trial showing they were effective was published almost a decade ago; the first indigenously developed therapy in India was successfully performed only in 2022.
- The technical and human resources required to administer this therapy are also considerable.
- Treatments in the US cost more than a million dollars.
- Trials are underway in India, with companies looking to indigenously manufacture CAR T-cells at a fraction of the cost.
- The preliminary results have been encouraging.
What are conventional cancer therapies?
- The three major forms of treatment for any cancer are surgery (removing the cancer), radiotherapy (delivering ionising radiation to the tumour), and systemic therapy (chemotherapy- administering medicines that act on the tumour only).
- Surgery and radiotherapy have been refined significantly over time whereas advances in systemic therapy have been unparalleled.
- A new development on this front, currently holding the attention of many researchers worldwide, is the CAR T-cell therapy.
Will this therapy be expensive in India as well?
- In India, introducing any new therapy faces the twin challenges of cost and value.
- Critics argue that developing facilities in India may be redundant and/or inappropriate as even when it becomes cheaper, CAR T-cell therapy will be unaffordable to most Indians.
- Those who are affluent and require the therapy currently receive it abroad anyway.
- While this is true, it may be the right answer to the wrong question.
- Having access to a global standard of care is every patient’s right; how it can be made more affordable can be the next step.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PACS
Mains level: Rural banking mechanisms
The Union Budget has announced Rs 2,516 crore for computerization of 63,000 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) over the next five years.
Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)
- PACS are village level cooperative credit societies that serve as the last link in a three-tier cooperative credit structure headed by the State Cooperative Banks (SCB) at the state level.
- Credit from the SCBs is transferred to the district central cooperative banks, or DCCBs, that operate at the district level.
- The DCCBs work with PACS, which deal directly with farmers.
- Since these are cooperative bodies, individual farmers are members of the PACS, and office-bearers are elected from within them.
- A village can have multiple PACS.
What is its lending mechanism?
- PACS are involved in short term lending — or what is known as crop loan.
- At the start of the cropping cycle, farmers avail credit to finance their requirement of seeds, fertilisers etc.
- Banks extend this credit at 7 per cent interest, of which 3 per cent is subsidised by the Centre, and 2 per cent by the state government.
- Effectively, farmers avail the crop loans at 2 per cent interest only.
NPAs with PACS
- NABARD’s annual report of 2021-22 shows that 59.6 per cent of the loans were extended to the small and marginal farmers.
- A report published by the Reserve Bank of India on December 27, 2022 put the number of PACS at 1.02 lakh.
- At the end of March 2021, only 47,297 of them were in profit.
- The same report said PACS had reported lending worth Rs 1,43,044 crore and NPAs of Rs 72,550 crore. Maharashtra has 20,897 PACS of which 11,326 are in losses.
Why are PACS attractive?
- The attraction of the PACS lies in the last mile connectivity they offer.
- For farmers, timely access to capital is necessary at the start of their agricultural activities.
- PACS have the capacity to extend credit with minimal paperwork within a short time.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: White Label ATM
Mains level: Financial inclusion
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has extended the validity of authorization issued to Vakrangee to setup, own and operate White Label ATMs in India.
What is White Label ATM?
- Usually ATMs are managed by banks. But White Label ATMs are owned and operated by non-banking entities.
- ATMs operated under this business model allow customers to use them for banking transactions regardless of the bank they have an account with.
- RBI approved the operation and inclusion of WLA ATM by non-banking organisations under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007.
- It was introduced to expand India’s ATM network, especially in semi-urban and rural areas.
How does it work?
- White Label ATM companies work with banking networks to enable bank customers to use banking services like withdrawing funds, paying bills and depositing cash.
- White Label ATM (WLA) operators’ charge card-issuing bank fees to provide this facility to the bank’s clients.
- The transaction process in White Label ATM operators consists of a lending bank, a sponsor bank that handles settlements and an ATM network provider.
- The Sponsor bank provides the cash facility for the White ATM.
Significance of WLA: Financial Inclusion
- Financial inclusion is concerned with the availability of financial services and adequate financing to low-income individuals and other vulnerable segments of society.
- ATMs promote financial inclusion and provide customers with various banking services at any location and time.
White Label ATM Operators in India
- Non-banks set up and operate White ATMs as per the rules laid down by RBI for using ‘other bank’ ATMs.
- These ATMs accept all domestic debit cards and offer the first five or three transactions per month free of cost, depending on the location.
- Below mentioned are some examples of companies that operate white label ATMs:
- Indicash – India’s largest White Label ATM network responsible for ‘uberisation of ATMs.’
- India1 Payments (BTI Payments Pvt. Ltd.)
- Hitachi Payment Services Pvt. Ltd.
- Tata Communications Payment Solutions Ltd.
- Vakrangee Limited
Benefits of White Label ATMs
There are many benefits of White Label ATMs:
- Customers benefit from White Label ATMs since they eliminate the need to visit a bank branch on a regular basis
- ATMs are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including holidays
- Banks benefit from this because they do not have to maintain a huge staff/office (compared to a system without ATMs). It lowers their branch-operational costs
- Financial inclusion of rural, semi-urban, and low-income people
- It allowed ATM cards to be issued by any bank that can be used at White Label ATMs
- WLA atm also provides mobile recharge, energy bill payments, and other value-added services
Limitations of White Label ATMs
There are also a few limitations of White Label ATMs:
- The issue of unsuccessful transactions is a key source of concern. In the event of a dispute, the dispute resolution method will include three entities, namely the WLA operator, the WLA operator’s sponsor bank, and the customer’s bank.
- Customers will be discouraged by the cost issue, as they will be obliged to pay a price to use the White Label ATMs, as only a limited number of free transactions are permitted on the WLAs
- White label ATMs’ financial viability is questioned because of their low interchange charge and hefty operational expenses
- If there is a bank-managed ATM in the same area as a WLA ATM, the White Label ATMs may not be able to generate a profit
Differences Between Brown Label and White Label ATMs
The differences between Brown Label ATM and White Label ATMs are:
| Brown Label ATM |
White Label ATM |
| Brown Label ATMs have their hardware and ATM machine leased by a service provider |
Non-banking entities own and operate ATMs |
| The sponsor bank’s brand name appears on the Brown label ATM |
There is no bank logo on a white label ATM machine |
| The RBI is not directly involved. These outsourcing firms are bound by contracts with their respective banks |
The RBI is directly involved as white label companies must obtain a license or permission from the RBI in order to conduct business |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bard, ChatGPT, AI
Mains level: AI, Machine Learning
Google has finally decided to answer the challenge and threat posed by Microsoft-backed OpenAI and its AI chatbot- ChatGPT.
What is Bard, when can I access it?
- Google’s Bard is functioned on LaMDA, the firm’s Language Model for Dialogue Applications system, and has been in development for several years.
- It is what Sunder Pichai termed an “experimental conversational AI service”.
- Google will be opening it up to trusted testers ahead of making it more widely available to the public in the coming weeks.
- It is not yet publicly available.
What is Bard based on?
- Bard is built on Transformer technology—which is also the backbone of ChatGPT and other AI bots.
- Transformer technology was pioneered by Google and made open-source in 2017.
- Transformer technology is a neural network architecture, which is capable of making predictions based on inputs and is primarily used in natural language processing and computer vision technology.
- Previously, a Google engineer claimed LaMDA was a ‘sentient’ being with consciousness.
How does it work?
- Bard draws on information from the web to provide fresh, high-quality responses.
- In short, it will give in-depth, conversational and essay-style answers just like ChatGPT does right now.
- It requires significantly less computing power, enabling us to scale to more users, allowing for more feedback.
A user will be able to ask Bard to explain new discoveries from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to a 9-year-old, or learn more about the best strikers in football right now, and then get drills to build your skills.
|
What about its computing power?
- Remember running these models also requires significant computing power.
- For instance, ChatGPT is powered by Microsoft’s Azure Cloud services.
- This also explains why the service often runs into errors at times, because too many people are accessing it.
Key difference between ChatGPT and Google’s Bard
- It appears that to take on ChatGPT, Google has an ace up its sleeve: the ability to draw information from the Internet.
- Bard draws on information from the web to provide fresh, high-quality responses.
- ChatGPT has impressed with its ability to respond to complex queries — though with varying degrees of accuracy — but its biggest shortcoming perhaps is that it cannot access real-time information from the Internet.
- ChatGPT’s language model was trained on a vast dataset to generate text based on the input, and the dataset, at the moment, only includes information until 2021.
Is Bard better than ChatGPT?
- Bard looks like a limited rollout right now.
- Google is looking for a lot of feedback at the moment around Bard, so it is hard to say whether it can answer more questions than ChatGPT.
- Google has also not made clear the amount of knowledge that Bard possesses.
- For instance, with ChatGPT, we know its knowledge is limited to events till 2021.
- Of course, it is based on LaMDA, which has been in the news for a while now.
Why has Google announced Bard right now?
- Bard comes as Microsoft is preparing to announce an integration of ChatGPT into its Bing Search engine.
- Google might have invented the ‘Transformer’ technology, but it is now being seen as a latecomer to the AI revolution.
- ChatGPT in many ways is being called the end of Google Search, given that conversational AI can give long, essay style and sometimes elegant answers to a user’s queries.
- Of course, not all of these are correct, but then AI is capable of correcting itself as well and learning from mistakes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NISAR
Mains level: Not Much
An earth-observation satellite NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) jointly developed by NASA and ISRO is all set to be shipped to India later this month for a possible launch in September.
What is NISAR?
- NISAR has been built by space agencies of the US and India under a partnership agreement signed in 2014.
- The 2,800 kilograms satellite consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
- While NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to store data, and a payload data subsystem, ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV launch system and spacecraft.
- Another important component of the satellite is its large 39-foot stationary antenna reflector.
- Made of a gold-plated wire mesh, the reflector will be used to focus the radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.
What is the mission?
- Once launched into space, NISAR will observe subtle changes in Earth’s surfaces, helping researchers better understand the causes and consequences of such phenomena.
- It will spot warning signs of natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides.
- The satellite will also measure groundwater levels, track flow rates of glaciers and ice sheets, and monitor the planet’s forest and agricultural regions, which can improve our understanding of carbon exchange.
- By using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), NISAR will produce high-resolution images.
- SAR is capable of penetrating clouds and can collect data day and night regardless of the weather conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASI
Mains level: Not Much
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has decided to form a special committee to trace and certify 24 protected monuments that have gone “missing”.
Why in news?
- PMO has in a report last month said there was an urgent need to “rationalise” the list of monuments of national importance.
Sites in news
- Barakhamba Cemetery temple ruins, Mirzapur (UP) dating to 1000 AD
- Kos Minars – one at Faridabad’s Mujesar and
- Inchla Wali Gumti at Mubarakpur Kotla in the capital
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
- Founded by Alexander Cunningham, who is also revered as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”
- He was the protege of James Prinsep.
- It was Lord Canning who helped pass a statute for ASI’s establishment in 1861.
- Post-Independence, it is a Statutory body that now works under Ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act (AMASR Act), 1958.
- It works as an attached Office of the Ministry of Culture.
- ASI has 3678 protected monuments and Archaeology sites of National Importance + 29 cultural under the World Heritage List by UNESCO.
Initiatives by ASI
- Museums
- ASI’s museums are customarily located right next to the sites that their inventories are associated with “so that they may be studied amid their natural surroundings and not lose focus by being transported”.
- A dedicated Museums Branch maintains a total of 44 museums spread across the country.
- Publications by ASI
- Epigraphia Indica
- Ancient India
- Indian Archaeology: A Review (Annually)
- Library
- Central Archaeological Library in the National Archives building in Janpath, New Delhi
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yuva Sangam
Mains level: Not Much
The Union Ministry of Education has launched the “Yuva Sangam” registration portal.
Yuva Sangam
- The Yuva Sangam is an initiative of Hon’ble Prime Minister to build close ties between the youth of North East Region and rest of India under the spirit of Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat.
- Yuva Sangam embodies the philosophy of our rich culture, our glorious history and ancient heritage.
- Youth between the ages of 18 and 30 will take part in this program.
- Over 20000 youth will travel across India and gain a unique opportunity of cross cultural learning.
- Through the course of the program, students will interact with each other in the areas of language, literature, cuisine, festivals, cultural events and tourism.
- They will get a first-hand experience of living in a completely different geographical and cultural scenario.
Significance of the program
- The program will give an opportunity to see, know, and understand India and do something for the country.
- This is yet another initiative of PM Modi for cementing the bond between the northeast and the rest of India.
- Yuva Sangam will celebrate India`s diversity, rejuvenate the spirit of oneness and highlight the strength of India`s democracy as envisioned by the PM.
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