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Type: Prelims Only

  • Innovation Ecosystem in India

    India to launch first Human Underwater Submersible (Deep-Sea Manned Vehicle)

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)

    Why in the News?

    India is set to launch its first human underwater submersible (deep-sea manned vehicle) in 2025, marking a significant achievement in the country’s scientific and technological journey.

    About the Submersible:

    • The submersible will initially operate at a depth of 500 meters, with the goal of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters by next year.
    • Part of the Deep Ocean Mission, the initiative focuses on exploring untapped underwater resources and advancing India’s blue economy.
    • The submersible is being developed using 100% indigenous technology, demonstrating India’s commitment to self-reliance in advanced science and innovation.
    • The mission aims to unlock vast underwater resources, including: Critical minerals, Rare metals and undiscovered marine biodiversity.

    About the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):

    • DOM is an ambitious initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in 2021 to develop technologies for deep-sea exploration.
    • Part of the 9 missions under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).

    Important updates in DOM: Samudrayaan and Matsya6000:

    • Launched in 2021 under DOM, Samudrayaan is India’s flagship crewed expedition to reach a depth of 6,000 m in the Central Indian Ocean.
    • The mission will utilize Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed for a three-member crew.
      • Construction: Made from titanium alloy to endure pressures up to 6,000 bar.

    India’s Ocean Exploration Milestones:

    • 1981: Ocean studies began with a program on polymetallic nodules (PMN) initiated at CSIR-NIO, marked by the collection of the first nodule sample from the Arabian Sea aboard the research vessel Gaveshani.
    • 1987: India became the first country to receive Pioneer Investor status from the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
      • Allocated 1.5 lakh km² in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration, based on extensive surveys by CSIR-NIO.
    • 2002: India signed a contract with the ISA; after resource analysis, surrendered 50% of the allotted area, retaining 75,000 km².
    • Further studies narrowed the mining area to 18,000 km², identified as the First Generation Mine-site.

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  • Horticulture, Floriculture, Commercial crops, Bamboo Production – MIDH, NFSM-CC, etc.

    India becomes largest importer of Tea from Kenya

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Major Crops & Cropping Patterns

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Tea Board, Tea Cultivation in India

    Why in the News?

    India, the world’s second-largest tea producer after China, has become the largest importer of tea from Kenya, signaling a shift in global tea trade dynamics.

    Key Highlights of Tea Trade

    • Imports surged from 3.53 million kg in 2023 to 13.71 million kg in 2024, reflecting a significant 288% increase.
    • The average price of Kenyan tea imported to India was ₹156.73 per kg, significantly lower than ₹252.83 per kg fetched by Assam tea at auctions up to October 2024.
    • India’s tea exports increased by 13%, rising from 184.46 million kg in 2023 to 209.14 million kg in 2024.
    • Assam and West Bengal were major contributors to exports, accounting for the bulk of the tea exported.

    About Tea Board of India

    • The Tea Board of India was established in 1954 under the Tea Act, 1953, succeeding the Central Tea Board and Indian Tea Licensing Committee.
    • It was originally formed under the Indian Tea Cess Bill (1903) to promote Indian tea domestically and internationally.
    • It is headquartered in Kolkata, with 23 offices across India, including zonal, regional, and sub-regional offices.
    • It functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with 31 members, including representatives from Parliament, tea producers, traders, and trade unions.
    • Provides financial and technical assistance for tea cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing, supports R&D to improve tea quality, and monitors pesticide residue compliance.

    Tea Crop in India

    • Under the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the East India Company gained control of Assam, laying the foundation for India’s commercial tea industry.
    • The British finally introduced tea to India in the 19th century to compete with China’s monopoly, establishing the first commercial tea garden in Chabua, Assam, in 1837.
    • Tea requires 20°C–30°C temperatures and 150–300 cm annual rainfall with slightly acidic, well-drained soil for optimal growth.
    • India is the second-largest tea producer globally and the largest consumer, accounting for 30% of global tea consumption, with major production in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:

    1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.
    2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
    3. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
    4. The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3

    (b) 2 and 4

    (c) 3 and 4

    (d) 1 and 4

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    In news: Vaigai River

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Vaigai River and its tributaries

    Why in the News?

    The Madras High Court has issued directives to local bodies in Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts to submit a comprehensive action plan with timelines to mitigate pollution in the Vaigai River.

    About Vaigai River

    Geographical Features and Location
    • Originates from the Varusanadu Hills in the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu.
    • Flows through Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts.
    • Length: Approximately 258 km, draining into the Palk Strait.
    • Major towns along the river include Madurai.
    • Historical site Keeladi is also located along the river.
    Major and Minor Tributaries
    • Major Tributaries: Suruliyar River, Varaha River, Manjalar River, Kottagudi River, and Kridhumaal River.
    • Minor Tributaries: Sambanadi River, Kumilaar River, and Utharakosa Mangaiyar River.
    Conservation Sites and Programs
    • Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve: Acts as a vital catchment area and supports biodiversity.
    • Vaigai Dam: Built near Andipatti, providing irrigation and drinking water.
    • Vaigai River Restoration Program: Focuses on cleaning, improving water quality, and promoting biodiversity.

    In news: Vaigai River

    PYQ:

    [2021] Which one of the following statements is correct?​

    (a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.​

    (b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.​

    (c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river.​

    (d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river.​

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  • In news: Pangsau Pass

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Pangsau Pass

    Why in the News?

    The Pangsau Pass International Festival returns to Nampong, Arunachal Pradesh, from January 20-22, 2025, celebrating India-Myanmar cultural ties and heritage after a four-year gap.

    In news: Pangsau Pass

    About Pangsau Pass

    • Pangsau Pass is a vital mountain pass located on the India-Myanmar border, connecting the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, with the Sagaing Region of Myanmar.
    • Situated in the Patkai Hills, it lies at an altitude of approximately 3,727 feet (1,136 meters) above sea level.
    • Often referred to as “Hell Pass” due to its challenging terrain and dense forests, it serves as both a geographical marvel and a historical landmark.

    Geographical Significance:

    • Strategic Location: Acts as a natural link between India and Myanmar, facilitating cross-border trade and cultural exchanges.
    • Scenic and Biodiverse: Attractions include the Lake of No Return, a mythical body of water in Myanmar associated with World War II legends.
    • Tourism Potential: The Pangsau Pass International Festival showcases the region’s tribal cultures, boosting local economies and promoting tourism.

    Historical/Political Significance

    • The pass was a crucial part of the Stillwell Road (Ledo Road), constructed during World War II to connect India to China through Myanmar.
    • It played a pivotal role in the China-Burma-India Theater, facilitating supply lines for Allied forces.
    • It serves as a gateway for implementing India’s Act East Policy, aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asia.
    • It facilitates cross-border trade and cultural exchanges, fostering economic and diplomatic relationships between India and Myanmar.
    • It enables communities on both sides of the border to engage under the Free Movement Regime (FMR) (now suspended), allowing visitors to travel up to 16 km into each other’s territories without visas or passports.

    PYQ:

    [2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:

    1. Deep gorges

    2. U-turn river courses

    3. Parallel mountain ranges

    4. Steep gradients causing land-sliding

    Which of the above can be said to be the evidences for Himalayas being young fold mountains?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • GI(Geographical Indicator) Tags

    Commerce Ministry sets a target of 10000 GI tags by 2030

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Intellectual Property Rights

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Geographical Indications (GI) Tags

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has announced an ambitious target to achieve 10,000 Geographical Indication (GI) tags by 2030.

    About Geographical Indications (GI) Tags

    • A GI is a sign identifying a product as originating from a specific geographical location, possessing qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherently linked to that origin.
    • It is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, effective from September 2003.
    • It is defined under Article 22(1) of the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement.
    • It is managed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
    • GI tags are valid for 10 years and can be renewed upon expiry.
    • Darjeeling Tea was the first product to receive a GI tag in 2004–05.
    • Purpose and Benefits:
      • Protects the identity of unique products linked to specific regions.
      • Promotes economic development, cultural preservation, and export potential.

    Procedural Implementation and Recognition of GI’s:

    • Authority for GI Tags:
      • The Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications.
      • The register for GIs is divided into:
    1. Part A: Registration of GIs.
    2. Part B: Registration of authorized users.
    • Application Process:
      • Applications can be made by individuals, associations of persons, producers, or authorized organizations representing the producers’ interests.
      • Applications must include details about the product’s quality, nature, reputation, geographical environment, manufacturing process, natural and human factors, and a map of the production territory.
    • Scrutiny and Decision:
      • The Registrar conducts a preliminary review for deficiencies, with applicants given one month to address any issues.
      • Accepted applications are advertised in the GI Journal, inviting objections.
      • If unopposed, a certificate of registration is granted.
    • Timeframe:
      • Registration must be completed within 12 months; otherwise, the Registrar may abandon the application after notifying the applicant.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees

    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 only 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    What is Keeling Curve?

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Keeling Curve

    Why in the News?

    Atmospheric CO₂ levels hit a record high in 2024 due to wildfires and human activities, as shown by the Keeling Curve, a 67-year record maintained at Mauna Loa Observatory since 1958.

    What is Keeling Curve?

    What is Keeling Curve?

    • The Keeling Curve is a long-term record of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, initiated by Charles David Keeling in 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
    • It tracks the rise in CO₂ levels and provides evidence of the impact of human activities on climate change.
    • Named after Charles David Keeling, it has become a globally recognized tool for understanding global warming.

    Significant Features and Sources:

    • Steady Upward Trend: Demonstrates a consistent rise in atmospheric CO₂ levels since 1958, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion and deforestation.
    • Seasonal Fluctuations:
      • CO₂ levels decrease during spring and summer as plants absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis.
      • Levels increase during fall and winter when plant decay releases CO₂.
    • Initial Measurements: Recorded CO₂ levels at 315 ppm in 1958.
    • Current Levels: As of January 2025, CO₂ concentrations have reached 427.1 ppm, the highest in millions of years.
    • Data Sources: Measurements are taken from Mauna Loa Observatory and other global monitoring stations.

    Observations around the Curve

    • Key Milestones:
      • 1988: CO₂ levels reached 350 ppm, drawing global attention to climate change.
      • 2023: Levels exceeded 420 ppm, marking a critical point in atmospheric history.
      • 2024: Record growth of 3.58 ppm in average annual CO₂ concentrations compared to 2023.
    • Contributing Factors:
      • El Niño: Surface temperature rise in the Pacific Ocean boosted CO₂ emissions during 2024, exacerbated by wildfires in North and South America.
      • Anthropogenic Emissions: Burning fossil fuels and land-use changes remain major contributors.
    • Global Implications:
      • Contradicts IPCC scenarios for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as emissions continue to rise.
      • Record increases in CO₂ levels during El Niño events highlight the interplay between natural phenomena and human activities.

    PYQ:

    [2011] Consider the following:

    1. Photosynthesis

    2. Respiration

    3. Decay of organic matter

    4. Volcanic action

    Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth?

    (a) 1 and 4 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

    Jawaharlal Nehru Port

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Jawaharlal Nehru Port

    Why in the News?

    The Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) in Mumbai is on track to become India’s first port to join the ranks of top global ports by handling 10 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) annually by 2027.

    About the Jawaharlal Nehru Port

    • JNP is situated in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, covering an area of 200 square kilometers. Its strategic location enables vital trade links with international shipping routes.
    • Key Features:
      • India’s first 100% Landlord Major Port.
      • Operates five container terminals, including BMCT, NSICT, and GTIPL.
      • Customs facilities: 30 container freight stations and connectivity to 52 inland depots.
      • Handles vessels with 9,000 TEUs capacity, soon upgrading to 12,200 TEUs.
      • Processes 200 international ships monthly.
    • Future Developments:
      • Fourth Container Terminal operational by April 2025, adding 4.8 million TEUs capacity.
      • Developing a satellite port at Vadhvan and dry ports at Jalna and Wardha.

    Key Highlights of JNPA’s Expansion

    • In 2024, JNPA handled its highest-ever container volume of 7.05 million TEUs, operating at more than 90% capacity.
    • The port recorded an 11% year-on-year growth compared to the previous year.
    • The second phase of Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal will add 2.4 million TEUs to JNPA’s total capacity.
    • The upgradation of Nhava Sheva Freeport Terminal in 2025 will further enhance the port’s capabilities.
    • The total container handling capacity is projected to increase from 7.6 million TEUs to 10.4 million TEUs by 2027.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?

    (a) Andhra Pradesh

    (b) Chhattisgarh

    (c) Karnataka

    (d) Rajasthan

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  • Indian Missile Program Updates

    Pinaka Rocket Systems

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Pinaka Rocket System

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army is bolstering its artillery strength with a significant ₹10,200 crore order for ammunition associated with the Pinaka Multi-Launch Rocket System (MLRS).

    About the Pinaka Rocket System

    Details
    • A multi-barrel rocket launcher developed by DRDO and manufactured by Indian defence firms.
    • Named after the legendary bow of Lord Shiva, symbolizing power and precision.
    Key Features  
    • Multiple Launch Capability: Fires 12 rockets in just 44 seconds, delivering overwhelming firepower.
    • Mobility: Mounted on 8×8 or 6×6 trucks, allowing rapid deployment in diverse terrains.

    Range:
    – Pinaka Mk-I: 40 km.
    – Pinaka Mk-II and Enhanced Versions: 60–75 km.
    – Guided Variant: 90 km, with improved accuracy and reduced collateral damage.

    • Guidance and Precision: Equipped with satellite-based guidance for precision targeting.
    • Payload Options: Carries multiple warheads, including high explosives, incendiaries, anti-personnel, and anti-tank bomblets.
    • Quick Deployment and Reloading: Rapid deployment enables swift counter-strikes.
    • Modularity and Expandability: Modular design supports advanced technology integration for network-centric warfare.
    Operational Use
    • Proven effectiveness in mountainous and rugged terrains.
    • Played a critical role in Indian Army operations, showcasing its adaptability and firepower.
    Significance  
    • Boost to Artillery Strength: Enhances the Indian Army’s firepower with new regiments and extended-range rockets.
    • Cornerstone of Modernization: Central to India’s artillery modernization for precision and operational flexibility.
    • Border Security and Deterrence: Secures borders and acts as a strategic deterrent against adversaries.
    • Global Success: Strengthens India’s defense export market and contributes to defense diplomacy.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.

    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.

    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Mission SCOT

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Mains level: Mission SCOT

    Why in the News?

    Onboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission, Indian space surveillance firm Digantara successfully launched SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking), the world’s first commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) satellite.

    About Mission SCOT:

    Details
    • World’s first commercial SSA satellite, designed to track and characterize Resident Space Objects (RSOs) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
    • Launched via SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission as part of a rideshare program.
    • Supported by Aditya Birla Ventures and SIDBI.
    Note: As part of the Network for Space Objects Tracking and Analysis (NETRA), ISRO is also developing a Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) network equipped with advanced radars and optical telescopes to strengthen threat analysis and safeguard space assets.
    Aims and Objectives
    • Enhancing Space Safety: Prevent satellite collisions and optimize orbital resources.
    • Sovereign Surveillance: Strengthen India’s capabilities to protect its space assets.
    • Technological Leadership: Address gaps in global SSA technologies.
    • Sustainability: Promote safer and more sustainable space operations.
    Features/Significance
    • Operates in a sun-synchronous orbit, unaffected by weather or geography.
    • Tracks RSOs as small as 5 cm with high revisit rates and accuracy.
    • Safeguards critical satellites crucial for economic and strategic security.
    • Optimizes traffic management and enhances collision avoidance.
    Contribution to India’s Growth
    • Demonstrates India’s leadership in SSA technologies.
    • Highlights the role of Indian startups in space innovation.
    • Establishes India as a reliable international space partner.
    • Fosters investment in advanced surveillance technologies for future space developments.

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news?

    (a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India

    (b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayan-II

    (c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India

    (d) A space telescope developed by India

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    In news: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary

    India MappingPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary

    Why in the News?

    The Kalaburagi Forest Division is working to relocate a hamlet within the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary on the Karnataka-Telangana border to a safer area.

    About the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary

    Details
    • Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2011, covering 134.88 sq. km.
    • Recognized as the first dryland Wildlife Sanctuary in South India.
    • Located in the Kalaburagi District, renowned for its floristic diversity.
    • Contributes to the conservation of dryland ecosystems.
    Geographical Location
    • Situated in the Hyderabad Karnataka region.
    • Features the Chandrampalli Dam and four smaller dams within the sanctuary.
    Flora and Fauna
    • Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and tree species like Red Sanders, Sandalwood, Acacia, and Teak.
    • Fauna:
      • Mammals: Blackbuck, Common Fox, Four-horned Antelope, Indian Wolf, Hyena, and Fruit Bat.
      • Birds: Over 35 species, including Black Drongo, Black-winged Kite, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Blue Pigeon, Black-headed Oriole, and Grey Partridge.
    Climatic/Geographical Features
    • Comprises dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests.
    • Fringes are planted with Acacia and Teak.
    • Supports a dryland ecosystem with water bodies like the Chandrampalli Dam.
    • Features a mix of arid and semi-moist climatic conditions.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?

    (a) Arunachal Pradesh

    (b) Manipur

    (c) Meghalaya

    (d) Nagaland

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