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Type: Prelims Only

  • US policy wise : Visa, Free Trade and WTO

    What is the H-1B Visa Program?

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Effect Of Policies & Politics Of World On India’S Interests

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: H-1B Visa

    Why in the News?

    The US President-elect Donald Trump has expressed support for H-1B Visas but emphasized balancing immigration policies with protecting American jobs.

    About H-1B Visa Program

    Details
    What is it?
    • Allows U.S. employers to hire foreign workers for specialty occupations requiring:
      • High expertise.
      • A bachelor’s degree or higher.
    • Administered by the U.S. Department of Labor to address skill shortages in the U.S. workforce.
    • Employment under H-1B is temporary but renewable.
    Key Features
    • Purpose: Provides access to specialized talent unavailable domestically.
    • Annual Cap: 65,000 new H-1B visas + 20,000 for workers with U.S. master’s degrees or higher.
    • Exemptions: Workers in higher education institutions, non-profits, or government research organizations are not subject to the cap.
    How does it benefit in Indians?
    • Indians account for the largest group of H-1B beneficiaries (72.3% in FY 2023, ~2.79 lakh approvals).
    • Fields:
      • 65% employed in computer-related occupations.
      • Others include architecture/engineering (9.5%) and education (6%).
    • Median Compensation: $118,000 annually in 2023.

    Trends and Policy Changes:

    1. Admission Trends:
    • Pre-COVID rise (2018: 5.70 lakh; 2019: 6.01 lakh).
    • COVID-19 decline (2020: 3.68 lakh; 2021: 1.48 lakh).
    • Post-COVID recovery (2022: 4.10 lakh; 2023: 7.55 lakh).
    2. Denial Rates:
    • Increased during Trump era (2016: 6%; 2018: 24%).
    • Declined to 4% by 2021 and stabilized at 2% in 2022.
    • High denials during Trump’s term were often overturned upon appeal.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples.

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  • China approves dam over Brahmaputra

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Upper Siang; Brahmaputra River; Three Gorges Dam

    China approves dam over Brahmaputra

    Why in the News?

    China has announced the construction of world’s largest dam on the Brahmaputra River (known as Yarlung Zangbo in Tibet), sparking concerns in India and Bangladesh, the lower riparian states.

    About the Dam

    • This project is part of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and its long-term development strategy through 2035.
    • The dam will be constructed in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet, near the Indian border.
    • It is situated at a massive gorge in the Himalayas, where the river takes a U-turn to flow into Arunachal Pradesh and then to Bangladesh.
    • Its investment exceeds $137 billion, dwarfing any other infrastructure project, including China’s Three Gorges Dam.
    Three Gorges Dam: It is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River near Sandouping in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, central China, downstream of the Three Gorges.

    What are the concerns associated with the Dam Construction?

    • Geopolitical Control: China’s ability to regulate water flow raises fears of disruption and misuse during conflicts.
    • Environmental Impact: Risks to biodiversity, sediment flow, and downstream ecosystems in a fragile Himalayan zone.
    • Seismic Hazards: The dam’s location on a tectonic plate boundary increases earthquake risks.
    • Livelihood Disruption: Potential harm to agriculture, fishing, and local communities dependent on the river.
    • Transparency Issues: Limited data sharing and unilateral decisions heighten distrust among riparian states.

    PYQ:

    [2011] The Brahmaputra, Irrawady and Mekong rivers originate in Tibet and flow it through narrow and parallel mountain ranges in their upper reaches. Of these rivers, Brahmaputra makes a “U” turn in its course to flow into India. This “U” turn is due to:

    (a) Uplift of folded Himalayan series

    (b) Syntaxial bending of geologically young Himalayas

    (c) Geo-tectonic disturbance in the tertiary folded mountain chains

    (d) Both (A) and (B) above

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Communist Party of India (CPI)

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Communist Party of India (CPI) and its contributions

    Why in the News?

    December 26, 2024, marks the 100th foundation day of the Communist Party of India (CPI). The CPI has played a pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle, social reforms, and political evolution.

    About the Communist Party of India (CPI)

    • Reasons for Formation:
      • Founded on December 26, 1925, at the Kanpur Conference, inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution.
      • Earlier efforts included the Tashkent group (1920) led by M.N. Roy and Abani Mukherji, supported by the Comintern (Communist International).
      • Faced early repression through cases like:
        • Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924).
        • Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929–1933).
      • Dissatisfaction with Gandhian methods and moderate nationalism.
      • Inspiration from the Soviet Revolution (1917) and global socialist movements.
    • Split (1964):
      • Ideological rift during the Cold War over alignment with the Soviet Union or China.
      • Led to the creation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M).

    Prominent Leaders and Key Contributions

    • Prominent Leaders:
      • M.N. Roy (1920s): Founder of the Tashkent group; advocated socialism and anti-colonialism.
      • Abani Mukherji (1920s): Drafted the Indian Communist Manifesto.
      • S.A. Dange (1924): Founding CPI member; labour leader implicated in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
      • Muzaffar Ahmed (1920s): Mobilized workers and peasants; key figure in AITUC (1920).
      • Shaukat Usmani (1920s–1930s) and M. Singaravelu (1925): Early CPI activists.
    • Key Contributions:
      • Demand for Poorna Swaraj (1927):
        • Advocated for complete independence, influencing the Indian National Congress (INC).
      • Workers and Peasants Movements (1920s–1950s):
        • Mobilized workers through AITUC (1920) and peasants through All India Kisan Sabha (1936).
        • Led uprisings like the Telangana Rebellion (1946–1951).
      • Opposition to British Rule (1920s–1947):
        • Organized strikes and protests during the Quit India Movement (1942).
    • Achievements of CPI
      • In the First Lok Sabha (1952–57), CPI was the single largest opposition party.
      • In 1957, CPI won the state elections in Kerala, becoming the first democratically elected communist government in independent India.
    Note: The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), India’s oldest trade union federation, was founded in 1920 by Lala Lajpat Rai and others in Bombay to represent India at the ILO (International Labour Organisation).

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following events:

    1. The first democratically elected communist party government was formed in a State in India.
    2. India’s then largest bank, ‘Imperial Bank of India’, was renamed ‘State Bank of India’.
    3. Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.
    4. Goa became a part of independent India.

    Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?

    (a) 4 – 1 – 2 – 3

    (b) 3 – 2 – 1 – 4

    (c) 4 – 2 – 1 – 3

    (d) 3 – 1 – 2 – 4

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  • River Interlinking

    Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) launched

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project

    Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) launched

    Why in the News?

    PM Modi laid the foundation stone of the Ken-Betwa River Linking National Project, the first project under the National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking rivers, conceptualized in 1980. The project would submerge over 10 per cent of the core area of the Panna Tiger Reserve.

    About the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP):

    About
    • Objective: Transfer water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
      • Ken-Betwa Canal: Envisages a 221 km canal (including a 2-km tunnel) for water diversion.
      • Submergence area: Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur and Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.
    • It’s the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan (1980).
    • Targeted completion within 8 years, as per the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
    Key Components
    • It will irrigate 10.62 lakh ha (8.11 lakh ha in MP and 2.51 lakh ha in UP) and provide drinking water to ~62 lakh people.
    • Power Generation: Aims for 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.

    Phases:

    1. Phase-I: Construction of Daudhan Dam, related tunnels, canal, and powerhouses.
    2. Phase-II: Building of Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project, and Kotha Barrage.

    Daudhan Dam:

      • Foundation stone laid in December 2024 by PM Narendra Modi.
      • 2,031 m in length and 77 m in height, submerging ~9,000 ha across 10 villages.
    • Construction contract awarded to NCC Ltd.
    Geographical Features of Ken and Betwa River Ken River: Rises near Ahirgawan in Madhya Pradesh, flows through Bundelkhand, joins the Yamuna near Chilla village in UP.

    Betwa River: Originates in the Vindhya Range (near Hoshangabad, MP), also flows through Bundelkhand, and meets the Yamuna at Hamirpur (UP).

    • Both rivers traverse hilly and plateau regions of Bundelkhand, often facing drought-like conditions.
    • Both are highly seasonal; flows depend largely on monsoon rainfall.
    Significance
    • Water Scarcity Mitigation: Aims to alleviate drought-like conditions in Bundelkhand by ensuring year-round irrigation.
    • Enhanced Agriculture: 10.62 lakh ha of farmland to benefit, improving crop yields and farm income.
    • Drinking Water Supply: Targets ~62 lakh people in MP and UP, improving public health.
    • Energy Generation: A total of 130 MW (103 MW hydropower + 27 MW solar), boosting renewable energy capacity in rural areas.
    • Bundelkhand Development: Expected to spur socio-economic growth, reduce rural distress and migration, and aid industrial expansion.
    • Template for Future Projects: As the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan, its success could pave the way for additional river-linking schemes nationwide.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.

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  • Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc.

    What is Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) system?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: AIMC system and its features

    Why in the News?

    • The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) is moving toward large-scale use of Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) for National Highway projects.
      • AIMC will provide real-time data at each stage of road construction, which will be sent directly to stakeholders, including MoRTH.

    About Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) System

    Details
    What is it?
    • A technology-driven approach for road and infrastructure projects, employing advanced machinery (GPS, sensors, real-time data tools) to automate and monitor construction tasks.
    • Integrates machine automation, real-time data reporting, and precision engineering to enhance quality and speed of highway construction.
    • In India, explored by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) to reduce project delays and ensure consistent construction quality.
    Features of the System
    • GPS-Aided Equipment: Motor graders, intelligent compactors, and stringless pavers use GPS/digital designs for precise alignment and compaction.
    • Automated Surveys: Drones or sensor-fitted machinery capture topographical data, enabling continuous verification of design parameters.
    • Real-Time Documentation: Every stage (embankment, subgrade, sub-base, paving) is monitored and instantly shared with stakeholders.
    • Integrated Software Platforms: Centralized software creates a digital twin of the site for analytics and alerts.
    • Adaptive Workflows: Machines can operate 24/7, guided by digital models and real-time data.
    • Precision & Safety Controls: AI-driven predictive maintenance and automated tasks reduce worker risk.
    Significance of the System
    • Faster Project Completion: Real-time monitoring cuts down manual checks and paperwork, expediting construction.
    • Improved Quality & Precision: Sensor-based feedback loops align construction closely with design specifications.
    • Real-Time Data Sharing: Construction progress and quality metrics are instantly communicated, enabling immediate corrective actions.
    • Reduced Human Error: Automated machinery limits inconsistencies from manual oversight.
    • Better Accountability: Detailed digital records promote transparency and performance tracking.
    • Cost-Efficiency: Minimizes delays and rework, lowering overall project expenses.

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  • Police Reforms – SC directives, NPC, other committees reports

    Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024

    Bills/Act/LawsPrelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Civil Service

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024

    Why in the News?

    The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024, aiming to modernize and reform the State’s prison system. It is based on the Model Prisons Bill, 2023, issued by the Government of India (GoI).

    Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024: Key Highlights :

    • Repeal of Outdated Acts:
      • The Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950 stand repealed.
      • The new legislation consolidates laws related to regulation of prisons, correctional services, and prisoners in Maharashtra.
    • Establishment of High-Security Prison in Mumbai:
      • Plans are underway to construct a high-security, multi-storey prison with advanced surveillance measures, akin to international standards like Alcatraz in San Francisco.
      • Features include fortified walls, electronic tracking, power fencing, watchtowers, and 24×7 CCTV coverage.
      • Land parcels for the new Mumbai jail have already been identified.
    • Special Categories of Prisons:
      • Special Prisons for high-risk inmates.
      • Open and Semi-Open Prisons to facilitate rehabilitation.
      • Open Colonies designed for reintegration of inmates with society.
      • Temporary Prisons for certain categories of offenders.
    • Gender-Sensitive Facilities:
      • Separate cells and wards for women inmates with provisions for pre- and post-natal care.
      • Special child-care areas (Balwadis) for children staying with mothers in prison.
      • Dedicated enclosures and healthcare for transgender inmates.
    • Rehabilitation, Skill Development, and Welfare:
      • Mandatory libraries, sports facilities, yoga, and recreation for inmates.
      • Work-based compensation and opportunities to sell inmate-produced goods at on-site outlets.
      • Borstal institutions for young offenders, focusing on education and skill-building.
    • Early Release and Monitoring:
      • A system of parole and furlough for good behavior, with electronic tracking.
      • A special committee under district collectors to support bail bond funding for indigent undertrial prisoners (noting that 1,600 accused are still in jail due to lack of funds).
    • Detention Centre in Mumbai:
      • The State plans to establish a detention centre in Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been tasked to identify land for the project.

    About Model Prison Act, 2023 

    • It replaces the colonial-era Prisons Act, 1894, aiming to modernise prison laws and align them with contemporary standards.
    • It shifts emphasis from mere detention to reform and reintegration of inmates.
    • It serves as a model document for states, since ‘Prisons’ is a State List subject in India.
    • It merges relevant provisions of older legislations (e.g., Prisoners Act, 1900 and Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950).
    • It strives to bring India’s prison system in line with international best practices and human rights norms.
    • Key features include:
      • Specialised Jails: Provides for high-security, open, and semi-open prisons to manage different categories of inmates.
      • Rehabilitation Measures: Emphasises vocational training, skill development, counselling, and educational programs to facilitate inmates’ reintegration.
      • Legal Aid & Incentives: Outlines provisions for legal assistance, along with parole, furlough, and premature release for good conduct.
      • Use of Technology: Encourages CCTV, video conferencing, and e-monitoring systems to enhance transparency and security within prisons.
      • Inclusive Accommodation: Mandates separate facilities for women, transgender persons, and other special categories, ensuring safety and dignity.

     

    Present Prison System: Key Findings of the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning Report

    • The occupancy rate stood at 131.4% as of December 2022, with 75.8% of inmates being undertrials.
    • This highlights a pressing need for measures to reduce congestion and expedite trials.

    Initiatives taken:

    • Modernization of Prisons Project (2021–26): The government provides financial assistance to States and Union Territories to implement advanced security measures in prisons.
    • Aims to support reformation and rehabilitation efforts for inmates through various correctional programs.
    • Model Prison Manual (2016): Offers detailed guidelines on the legal rights of inmates, including access to free legal services.
    • Modernization of Prisons Scheme (2002–03): Introduced to improve living conditions in prisons, address the welfare of inmates, and enhance the working environment for prison staff.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA)

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mitochondria, mtDNA

    Why in the News?

    Recent research indicates that age-related losses in our cell’s mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—specifically, deletion mutations—could be a major driver of aging. These mutations, once they accumulate, reduce the mitochondrion’s ability to produce energy (ATP), causing cell and tissue dysfunction.

    Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA)

    What are Mitochondria?

    • Mitochondria generate most of the cell’s energy (hence called the Powerhouse) in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • They originated from free-living bacteria absorbed by ancient single-celled organisms, retaining a fraction of their own DNA (mtDNA).
    • Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own circular DNA, though limited in size.
    • Humans inherit mitochondria exclusively from the mother’s egg; sperm-contributed mitochondria are generally not passed on.
    • They have a double membrane: a relatively permeable outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane (cristae) that maximizes surface area for energy production.
      • Their inner compartment, the mitochondrial matrix, houses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes for the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and fatty acid β-oxidation.
    • Mitochondria help regulate intracellular calcium levels, which is crucial for various signalling pathways.
    • They play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) by releasing factors such as cytochrome c when the cell is under severe stress.

    Functions of DNA, mRNA, and the gene:

    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
      • Blueprint of Life: Houses genetic instructions in the form of a sequence of bases (A, T, G, C).
      • Chromosomal Structure: In the nucleus, it is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, each carrying numerous genes.
      • Base-Pairing: Two DNA strands form a double helix via base-pair bonding (A-T, G-C).
    • Gene:
      • Functional Unit of DNA: A stretch of DNA containing instructions (a few thousand base-pairs) for making proteins or functional RNA.
      • Expression: When active, a gene is ‘read’ and transcribed into mRNA.
    • mRNA (Messenger RNA):
      • Intermediate Molecule: Carries the gene’s instructions from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the cytoplasm.
      • Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes read mRNA sequences, translating them into specific proteins.

    Functions of the Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA):

    • Encodes Key Mitochondrial Proteins:
      • The mtDNA has 13 protein-coding genes crucial for mitochondrial energy production (ATP synthesis).
      • It also encodes 24 non-coding genes (like rRNAs and tRNAs), essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
    • Energy Production:
      • mtDNA-encoded proteins form part of the electron transport chain, where most ATP is produced.
    • Distinct Inheritance Pattern:
      • Inherited exclusively from the mother.
      • Each cell contains multiple mitochondria, each with multiple copies of mtDNA.
    • Implication in Aging and Disease:
      • Age-related mutations (deletions, chimeric genes) in mtDNA can lead to functional decline in tissues like muscle and brain.
      • Loss of intact mtDNA reduces ATP generation, contributing to cellular and tissue ageing.

    PYQ:

    [2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:

    1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondria replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg.
    2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-ASEAN

    Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

    IOCRPrelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: BIMSTEC

    Why in the News?

    Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.

    Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting

    • The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
    • Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
    • The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.

    About BIMSTEC 

    • The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
    • Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
    • The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
    • Origin:
      • Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
      • Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
      • Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
    • Key Features  
      • Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
      • Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
      • Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
      • Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
      • Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
        • Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
        • Bhutan: Environment and climate change
        • India: Security (including energy)
        • Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
        • Nepal: People-to-people contacts
        • Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
        • Thailand: Connectivity

    Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals  

    • Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
    • Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
    • Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
    • Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.

    PYQ:

    [2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

    UN Internal Justice Council (IJC)

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Internal Justice Council (IJC)

    Why in the News?

    Justice Madan B Lokur, retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, has been appointed as the Chairperson of the United Nations Internal Justice Council (IJC).

    Justice Lokur’s Legacy:

    • Justice Lokur served on the Supreme Court of India from June 2012 to December 2018, delivering landmark judgments across diverse areas of law.
    • In August 2019, he was appointed to the non-resident panel of the Supreme Court of Fiji and reappointed for another three-year term in January 2022.
    • His notable judgments include:
      • Electoral Disqualification on Religious Grounds (January 2017): Authored a concurring opinion in a seven-judge bench ruling disqualifying electoral candidates for seeking votes based on religion, race, caste, or other identity markers.
      • Raising the Age of Consent in Marriages (October 2017): Alongside Justice Deepak Gupta, ruled to raise the age of consent within marriages to 18 years, bolstering child protection laws.

    About UN Internal Justice Council (IJC):

    Establishment
      • Established in 2009 to reform and strengthen the UN’s internal justice system.
    • Ensures the system operates effectively, impartially, and transparently, addressing workplace disputes within the UN.
    Overview and Structural Mandate Mandate:

    • Safeguards the independence and integrity of the internal justice system.
    • The IJC is responsible for overseeing the administration of the UN’s internal justice system.
    • It supervises:
    1. Office of Staff Legal Assistance (OSLA)
    2. UN Dispute Tribunal (UNDT)
    3. UN Appeals Tribunal (UNAT)
    • Recommends measures to ensure judicial independence and efficiency in dispute resolution.

    Composition:

    • 5 members: 2 tribunal judges (from UNDT and UNAT), two staff representatives, and one external legal expert.
    • Chairperson is selected by consensus and appointed by the UN Secretary-General.
    • Members serve a four-year term, renewable once.
    Powers, Functions, and Jurisdiction Judicial Appointments:

    • Recommends candidates for UNDT and UNAT judge positions based on merit and judicial competence.
    • Proposes a shortlist for final selection by the Secretary-General.

    Oversight and Accountability:

    • Monitors tribunal functioning to ensure fairness and transparency.
    • Identifies and addresses systemic issues, proposing improvements.

    Judicial Independence:

    • Protects the impartiality of tribunal judges and safeguards judicial integrity.
    • Advocates for institutional protections against external influence.

    Advisory Role:

    • Provides expert advice on internal justice reform.
    • Evaluates tribunal processes to enhance efficiency and accessibility for UN staff.

    Scope of Jurisdiction:

    • Covers grievances related to administrative decisions, employment conditions, and workplace disputes brought forward by UN staff worldwide.

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  • Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

    Mumps Vaccine

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine

    Why in the News?

    Tamil Nadu Government has requested the Centre to consider including the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) due to surge in the Mumps cases across the State.

    Tamil Nadu’s UIP currently offers 11 vaccines protecting against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, including:

    • Tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, rota virus, pneumococcal, and Japanese encephalitis (in 14 endemic districts).
    • The Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine was added to the UIP in April 2017, but mumps is yet to be included.

    About Mumps Disease

    • Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus, primarily affecting the salivary glands, leading to swelling near the ears (parotitis), fever, headache, and muscle aches.
    • It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with saliva.
    • While often mild, complications can include orchitis (testicular inflammation), oophoritis (ovarian inflammation), encephalitis, or hearing loss.
    • There is no specific treatment, but supportive care like rest, hydration, and pain management helps.
    • Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is the best prevention, offering 78–88% protection.

    Which free immunised diseases are provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)?

    • The UIP was launched in 1985 and became part of the National Health Mission in 2005 to provide free vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases for children and pregnant women.
    • The programme now covers 12 diseases, including tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and Japanese encephalitis.
    • Key vaccines added over the years include Hepatitis B (2007), Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (2017), Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Measles-Rubella Vaccine.
    • The entire cost of vaccines is covered by the Government of India, funded through taxes, with an annual budget of ₹7,234 crore (US$870 million) as of 2022.
    • The programme covers all residents of India, including foreign residents, ensuring nationwide access to life-saving vaccines.
    • 4 new vaccines have been introduced, including the Adult Japanese Encephalitis vaccine and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, to address emerging health challenges.

    Note:

    Mission Indradhanush is a health initiative launched by the Government of India on 25 December 2014 by Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda. The mission aims to achieve 90% full immunization coverage in India by 2022, targeting vaccination against eight major vaccine-preventable diseases:

    • Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenza type B.
      Additionally, it covers Rotavirus Diarrhea and Japanese Encephalitis in specific states and districts.

    The mission targets 201 districts in its first phase, focusing on areas with the highest number of unvaccinated children, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. The approach follows similar planning and administration as the Pulse Polio Immunisation (PPI) program.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016]  ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to:

    (a) Immunization of children and pregnant women.

    (b) Construction of smart cities across the country.

    (c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space.

    (d) New Educational Policy.

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