Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Caterpillar fungus
Why in the News?
Recent research by scientists at the University of Nottingham’s has found that a chemical produced by a fungus growing on caterpillars may slow cancer cell growth.
What is Caterpillar fungus?
- Cordyceps militaris, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a parasitic fungus that primarily infects caterpillars and other insects.
- Found in the Himalayan region and parts of Asia, it is valued in traditional Asian medicine for its health benefits, including immune support, anti-inflammatory properties, and energy enhancement.
- It is considered a delicacy in some Asian cultures and has long been used for its purported wellness effects.
How it can slow down growth of cancer cells?
- Researchers from the University of Nottingham’s School of Pharmacy have identified cordycepin, a compound produced by Cordyceps militaris, as potentially effective in slowing cancer cell growth.
- Cordycepin works by interrupting overactive cell growth signals in cancer cells, which prevents rapid multiplication and allows for more targeted treatment.
- This approach may be less harmful to healthy tissues compared to conventional cancer treatments, offering a promising direction for targeted cancer therapies.
Other observations and significance of the species
- In addition to its traditional uses, Cordyceps militaris is significant for its role in ecological balance, helping control insect populations in forest ecosystems.
- Advances in research have enabled large-scale studies on cordycepin’s effects, with future studies focusing on derivatives of cordycepin for potentially enhanced anti-cancer properties.
- The fungus illustrates how natural compounds can contribute to sustainable medical practices, offering less toxic alternatives for disease treatment, especially in oncology.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:
(a) Anti-malarial drug
(b) Biodiesel
(c) Pulp for paper industry
(d) Textile fibre |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Diabetes Federation, Type 2 Diabetes
Why in the News?
- The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is developing new Type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines in collaboration with a global expert panel.
- These guidelines aim to integrate scientific evidence and clinical practice, adapted to the healthcare environment of specific countries.
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
- Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- It is commonly linked to obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet.
- Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
- Medications such as Metformin help regulate blood sugar levels, and in some cases, insulin therapy may be required.
|
About International Diabetes Federation (IDF):
|
Details |
| About |
- Established in 1950; Brussels, Belgium;
- Members: Over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories.
- Collaborations: Partners with global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and others for global health initiatives.
- Led by an elected President with the support of a Board of Directors from member countries.
- Regional offices: Operates regional offices in Africa, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- To improve the care and lives of people with diabetes and promote its prevention worldwide.
- Advocacy, research, education, and raising awareness to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
|
| Key Programs |
- World Diabetes Day (November 14)
- Global Diabetes Atlas
- Educational initiatives for healthcare professionals
|
| Diabetes Types Covered |
- Type 1 Diabetes: Primarily affects children and young adults, where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often linked to lifestyle factors and obesity. It involves insulin resistance and eventually pancreas dysfunction.
- Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
- Other Forms: Covers genetic forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), and MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bidar Fort
Why in the News?
- The Karnataka Waqf Board has identified 17 monuments within the historic Bidar Fort as its own property.
- These include the 16-Khamba Mosque (Sixteen Pillar Mosque) and 14 tombs of Bahmani rulers and their family members, including Ahmed Shah-IV, Allauddin, Hassan Khan, and others.
About Bidar Fort:
- It is situated in Bidar City on the northern plateau of Karnataka, India.
- The fort’s history dates back over 500 years, beginning with the Western Chalukya dynasty.
- Sultan Ahmed Shah Wali of the Bahmani dynasty made Bidar his capital in 1430 and renovated it into a strong citadel.
- Architectural Features:
- Constructed from trap rock with stone and mortar used for walls.
- Notable for its Islamic and Persian architectural elements, including:
- Seven main entrances
- 37 octagonal bastions equipped with metal-shielded cannons
- Mosques, mahals, and over 30 Islamic monuments
- The entrance gate features a lofty dome painted in bright colors.
About the Bahmani Kingdom
- The Bahmani Kingdom was established in 1347 when Ala-ud-din Hassan Bahman Shan revolted against Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.
- This marked the creation of the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.
- The kingdom covered areas in present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Initially, the capital was set in Ahsanabad (Gulbarga) but was later moved to Bidar.
- The Bahmani Kingdom had 14 sultans in total, with prominent rulers like Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad Shah I, and Firoz Shah.
- One of the kingdom’s notable statesmen, Mahmud Gawan, served as the Prime Minister for 23 years, from 1458 to 1481.
- Under his guidance, the kingdom expanded its territories, including reclaiming Goa from the Vijayanagar Empire.
- The Bahmani Kingdom began to decline around 1518 when Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar Empire defeated its last ruler, leading to the dissolution of the Bahmani rule in the region.
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.
2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanangara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
- The Indian Navy conducted the 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Initiative, a high-level virtual interaction led by the Chief of Naval Staff.
- Theme: “Training Cooperation to Mitigate Common Maritime Security Challenges in IOR,” emphasizing the importance of training cooperation to address shared maritime challenges.
About MAHASAGAR Initiative:
|
Details |
| About |
- MAHASAGAR stands for “Maritime Heads for Active (MAHA) Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)”
- SAGAR Doctrine was culminated out of PM’s vision in 2015.
- Launched by Indian Navy in 2023 as part of India’s commitment to maritime security and regional cooperation.
- Held bi-annually.
|
| Aims |
- Training Cooperation: Collaborative training efforts among IOR nations.
- Capacity Building: Developing skilled manpower to address maritime security challenges.
|
| Members |
- Countries bordering the Indian Ocean, include Bangladesh, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
- Chief of Naval Staff of India leads the interactions.
- Heads of Navies, Maritime Agencies, and Senior Leadership from each participating country.
|
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Law and Justice is inviting comments on the draft Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024.
The GoI has enacted and amended the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 to ensure that commercial cases are resolved quickly, effectively, and affordably.
- Amendment History:
- The original Commercial Courts Act was enacted in 2015.
- Further amendments were made in 2018 to enhance the dispute resolution system.
|
Key features and provisions of the Commercial Courts (Amendment) Bill, 2024:
|
Details |
| Purpose |
To enhance the speed and efficiency of resolving commercial disputes through specialized courts and procedures. |
| Dedicated Commercial Courts |
Creation of Commercial Courts at the District level and High Court level to exclusively handle commercial disputes. |
| Arbitration Matters |
Provisions to establish specific courts for handling arbitration-related disputes. |
| Electronic Communication |
Includes provisions for the use of audio-video electronic means (video conferencing) for court proceedings, recording of evidence, and communications. |
| Pre-Institution Mediation |
Mandatory mediation before filing a commercial suit, unless urgent relief is required, aimed at reducing litigation burden. |
| Time-bound Decisions |
Judgment must be pronounced within 60 days of the conclusion of arguments. The judgment must be delivered to the parties via email or other electronic means. |
| Injunction Applications |
Courts must dispose of injunction applications within 90 days of filing, with reasons provided for any delay. |
| Infrastructure |
Provisions for setting up infrastructure like video conferencing facilities and other necessary resources for the functioning of Commercial Courts. |
| Appeals Process |
New provisions for expediting appeals, requiring prior notice to the opposing party before filing. |
| Witness Management |
Provisions to streamline the witness list format, requiring comprehensive details, including addresses and documents, and facilitating electronic submission. |
| Execution Proceedings |
Execution proceedings must be disposed of within six months from the date of filing the application. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Climate Change Impacts; Action related to Pandemic;
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying launched the ‘Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response’ initiative in New Delhi.
What is the primary aim of the Animal Health Security Project?
The Animal Health Security Project aims to strengthen India’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, reducing zoonotic disease risks through enhanced surveillance, laboratory systems, and regional collaboration. |
What are the objectives of the Animal Health Security Project?
- Prevention, Detection, and Response: Enhance India’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, minimizing risks of pathogens transmitting from animals to humans.
- Strengthen Surveillance Systems: Improve and integrate animal disease surveillance and early warning systems to promptly identify potential threats.
- Laboratory and Vaccine Infrastructure: Upgrade and expand laboratory networks and vaccine manufacturing facilities to ensure preparedness.
- Data Systems and Analytics: Strengthen interoperable data systems and analytics capabilities to support informed decision-making and risk communication.
- Cross-Border Collaboration: Promote regional cooperation for transboundary animal disease control through cross-border collaborations.
How is the project funded and what is its timeline?
- The project is funded by the Pandemic Fund established by the G20 countries, which aims to help low- and middle-income countries improve their pandemic preparedness.
- The fund’s first round raised $2 billion, and India’s project received a $25 million grant.
- The project will be implemented by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Timeline: Expected to conclude by August 2026.
Why is this project necessary for India?
- Zoonotic Disease Threat: About two-thirds of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic (transmitted from animals), with recent examples including COVID-19. India’s large population of 536 million livestock makes it vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks.
- Public Health Impact: With five of the six major global public health emergencies in recent decades being zoonotic, the project is crucial for India’s pandemic prevention and public health security.
- Vulnerable Population Protection: By addressing animal health threats, the project aims to protect the health, nutritional security, and livelihoods of vulnerable populations reliant on livestock.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Coordination Across Sectors: Enhance collaboration between animal health, public health, and environmental sectors to create an integrated response to zoonotic threats, ensuring swift data sharing and response mechanisms.
- Sustain Capacity Building and Infrastructure Investments: Ensure continued investment in laboratory networks, vaccine production, and training to maintain preparedness, and bolster resilience against emerging animal-to-human diseases beyond the project’s timeline.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Airships
Why in the News?
Some companies have been working to solve the buoyancy challenge of Airships, a longstanding issue that has hindered their use for cargo transportation.
What are Airships?
- Airships are lighter-than-air aircraft capable of controlled powered flight.
- They were the first aircraft to achieve this and were considered the future of travel in the early 20th century.
- However, as aeroplane technology advanced, the popularity of airships declined due to their technological limitations.
- Today, airships are used mainly for:
- Advertising platforms
- Aerial observation for research and military purposes
- Tourism and scenic flights
| Note: Buoyancy is the force that makes things float. It acts in the opposite direction to gravity. When an object is placed in a fluid (like air or water), the fluid pushes up against the object, helping it to stay afloat. |
|
How do Airships work?
- Airships achieve lift by using lighter-than-air gases within their structure, much like helium balloons.
- Early airships used hydrogen due to its lightweight and low cost.
- However, hydrogen is highly flammable, leading to tragic incidents such as the Hindenburg disaster of 1937, which damaged public trust in airships.
- Most airships today use helium, a non-flammable gas that is safer than hydrogen.
- However, helium is scarce and expensive, costing about $35 per cubic meter (enough to lift just 1 kg).
- Challenge with varying Buoyancy:
- Airships require the ability to vary their buoyancy to adjust for weight changes when picking up or dropping off loads.
- Solutions such as releasing and refilling helium are impractical due to helium’s high cost and scarcity.
How Airships are a Promising Solution?
Airships hold potential as low-emission cargo vehicles due to their unique design:
- Airships have a high lift-to-drag ratio, meaning they consume far less fuel than aeroplanes for moving the same load.
- Companies are exploring the use of ballast to regulate airship buoyancy, a method common in hot air balloons and submarines.
- A French company has created a 200-meter “flying crane” airship called LCA60T, which can pick up water as ballast mid-flight, avoiding the need for specialized ground infrastructure.
- With concerns about climate change and the aviation industry’s carbon footprint, airships offer a less polluting alternative. They do not burn fossil fuels to lift, making them an eco-friendly choice.
PYQ:
[2017] Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horn of Africa and adjacent region
Why in the News?
According to a joint report by the UN and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), at least 65 million people are food insecure in the Horn of Africa.
Food Insecurity in Horn of Africa Region:
Of the 65 million affected, 36 million reside in IGAD member states: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
Main Causes:
- Extreme weather and climate change are primary drivers of food insecurity, leading to severe conditions.
- Conflict has also destroyed infrastructure and sources of food and income, worsening the situation.
|
About the Horn of Africa:
|
Details |
| Location |
A peninsula in northeastern Africa, extending into the Arabian Sea. |
| Geographical Composition |
Comprises the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. |
| Population |
Approximately 115 million people. |
| Area |
Covers about 2 million square kilometers. |
| Geographical Features |
Includes mountains, plateaus, deserts, and coastlines. Significant areas include the Ethiopian Plateau, Ogaden Desert, and Eritrean and Somalian coasts. |
| Historical Name |
Known as Bilad al Barbar or Berber Land in ancient times. |
| Significance |
- Known for diverse landscapes and unique biodiversity.
- Strategic importance due to proximity to oil-producing regions in the Middle East.
|
| Key Bodies of Water |
- Lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden and along the southern boundary of the Red Sea.
- Grand Renaissance Dam: Under construction by Ethiopia on the Nile River, impacting regional water dynamics.
|
| Shipping Routes |
Major shipping routes pass through the Red Sea, with Djibouti serving as a critical maritime hub for international trade. |
| Climate |
Characterized by a mix of arid, semi-arid, and temperate climates, influencing agriculture and livelihoods in the region. |
Geopolitical and strategic importance for India:
- The Horn of Africa is located near the Middle East, a region vital for global oil production.
- Around 40% of Middle Eastern oil flows through the Red Sea shipping lanes adjacent to the Horn, making it a critical point for energy security.
- Djibouti and the surrounding areas control access to the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints.
- Several countries, including the US, France, and China, have established military bases in Djibouti to secure their interests in this strategic region.
- China’s presence in Djibouti and other Horn of Africa nations aligns with its “string of pearls” strategy, which aims to secure military and economic footholds around India.
- The Horn region serves as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments in infrastructure, energy, and mining sectors.
- The region, particularly Somalia, poses threats from Pirates and terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab.
PYQ:
[2016] Consider the following statements:
- The India-Africa Summit
- held in 2015 was the third such Summit
- was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Proba-3 Mission
Why in the News?
- India is set to launch the European Space Agency’s (ESA) PROBA-3 Mission in December from the Sriharikota spaceport.
- The mission will use ISRO’s PSLV rocket to place two satellites in orbit, designed to study the Sun’s corona, or outer atmosphere.
About Proba-3 Mission:
|
Details |
| Mission Name |
PROBA-3 (Project for On-Board Autonomy-3) |
| Objective |
Study the Sun’s corona by creating an artificial eclipse with precision formation flying of two satellites |
| Launch Date and Location |
December 4, 2024, from Sriharikota spaceport, India, via ISRO’s PSLV-XL rocket |
| Orbit |
Highly elliptical orbit, ranging from 600 km to 60,000 km, with a 19.7-hour orbital period |
| Satellites |
Two satellites:
- Coronagraph spacecraft (340 kg) and
- Occulter spacecraft (200 kg)
|
| Alignment Precision |
Millimeter-level alignment to block the Sun’s light and allow continuous corona observation |
| Key Scientific Goals |
Observe solar phenomena, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, to improve space weather forecasting |
| Unique Features |
First ESA mission dedicated to precision formation flying, using smaller, agile satellites for cost-effective observation |
| International Collaboration |
Jointly developed by ESA and ISRO, with contributions from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands |
| Communication Support |
Managed via antenna in Santa Maria (Azores) and ground station in Redu (Belgium) |
| Significance |
Advances solar research and international collaboration; enhances space weather insights, supporting infrastructure on Earth |
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Conditions, Vitamin D
Why in the News?
Recent research conducted by scientists at McGill University has shed light on the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining thymus health and its implications for immune function.
About Autoimmune Conditions:
- Autoimmune conditions refer to disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, viewing them as foreign.
- Vitamin D plays a role in regulating immune responses and promoting immune tolerance—the body’s ability to avoid attacking its own cells.
- It influences T-cells (a type of immune cell) to recognize and tolerate the body’s own tissues rather than attacking them.
- The thymus gland trains T-cells to avoid attacking healthy cells. A deficiency in Vitamin D may cause the thymus to age prematurely, reducing its ability to regulate T-cells properly.
- Vitamin D affects certain genetic pathways related to immune function.
- Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may also predispose some individuals to autoimmune diseases, and these individuals might be more sensitive to Vitamin D levels.
|
What is Vitamin D?
- Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for the body’s ability to absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, which are essential for bone health.
- It supports muscle movement, nerve function, and immune system responses. Due to its synthesis in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, it is often called the ‘sunshine vitamin’.
- The body naturally produces Vitamin D when skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.
- Sources of Vitamin D:
- Fish: Salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D.
- Cod liver oil: A concentrated source, providing 400–1,000 IU per teaspoon.
- Mushrooms: Varieties like portobello contain Vitamin D if exposed to UV light.
- Fortified Foods: Milk, yogurt, orange juice, and cereals often have added Vitamin D.
- Egg yolks: Contain a small amount of Vitamin D.
- Common forms include Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), especially useful in autumn and winter when sunlight exposure is limited.
Significance of Vitamin D
- Bone Health: Essential for calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
- Muscle and Nerve Function: Supports muscle contractions and nerve signaling between the brain and body.
- Immune System: Enhances immune defenses, helping to fight off infections by viruses and bacteria.
- Brain Health: May play a role in maintaining cognitive health, especially with aging.
- Inflammation and Pain: Helps regulate the body’s response to inflammation and pain.
- Blood Pressure: Linked to regulating blood pressure; deficiency is associated with hypertension.
Impacts of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Increases the risk of rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteoporosis in adults.
- Low levels of Vitamin D are linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
- Recent studies indicate that Vitamin D deficiency can accelerate thymus aging, leading to immune dysfunction and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases.
- Deficiency has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and chronic pain.
- Can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and depression.
- In severe cases, deficiency may cause impaired bone growth and fracture susceptibility.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy.
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism.
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tuna Fish, PMMSY
Why in the News?
The Department of Fisheries has notified the creation of a Tuna Cluster in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- The A&N Islands offer significant opportunities for fisheries development with approximately 6.0 lakh square km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
- This region has rich sea resources, particularly Tuna and Tuna-like species, with an estimated potential of 60,000 metric tons.
- The islands’ location near Southeast Asia enables efficient sea and air trade, and the pristine waters support sustainable fishing.
|
About Tuna Species and its Significance
- Tuna are large, fast-swimming fish belonging to the Thunnini tribe within the Scombridae family.
- Known for their streamlined bodies and remarkable agility, tuna are found in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide.
- There are over 15 species of tuna, with some of the most well-known being Bluefin, Yellowfin, Albacore, Bigeye, and Skipjack.
- Tuna can grow quickly and live for several decades, with species like Bluefin reaching over 450 kg in weight.
- It is one of the most popular and valuable fish in the global seafood market, highly sought after for its flavor, texture, and nutritional value.
- Species like Bluefin tuna are particularly valuable, often fetching high prices in markets, especially in Japan for dishes like sushi and sashimi.
- It is rich in protein, low in saturated fat, and packed with omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health, brain function, and inflammation reduction.
- It also provides essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin D, B12, iron, and selenium.
 |
PYQ:
[2013] The most important fishing grounds of the world are found in the regions where
(a) Warm and cold atmospheric currents meet
(b) Rivers drain out large amounts of freshwater into the sea
(c) Warm and cold oceanic currents meet
(d) Continental shelf is undulating |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jagannath Puri Temple
Why in the News?
Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
- The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
- The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
- The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
|
It’s Architecture:
- With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
- The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
- This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
- Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
- Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
- Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
- Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
- Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First Asian Buddhist Summit
Why in the News?
The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.
About the Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)
- ABS is a high-level conference organized to bring together Buddhist leaders, scholars, and practitioners from across Asia.
- The theme of the first summit was ‘Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia’.
- It aligns with India’s Act East Policy, aiming to deepen cultural and spiritual ties across Asian nations.
- Key topics discussed at the summit include:
- The role of Buddhist art, architecture, and heritage.
- The dissemination of Buddha Dhamma and its cultural influence across Asia.
- The significance of holy Buddhist relics and their societal impact.
- The relevance of Buddhist philosophy and literature in the 21st century.
- Exploring the relationship between Buddhism and scientific research for health and well-being.
|
About Buddhism:
|
Details |
| Origin of Buddhism |
• Originated in India over 2,600 years ago.
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 563 BCE.
• Born into the royal family of the Sakya clan in Lumbini, near the Indo-Nepal border.
• At age 29, Gautama renounced a life of luxury and embraced asceticism.
• Attained Bodhi (enlightenment) after 49 days of meditation under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya, Bihar.
• Delivered his first sermon in Sarnath, known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
• Died at 80 in Kushinagara (Mahaparinirvana) in 483 BCE. |
| Tenets of Buddhism |
• Advocated the Madhyam Marg (Middle Path) between indulgence and asceticism.
• Emphasized individual responsibility for happiness.
• Four Noble Truths (ariya-sachchani):
1. Dukkha: Suffering is inherent.
2. Samudya: Every suffering has a cause.
3. Nirodha: Suffering could be extinguished.
4. Atthanga Magga: Achieved through the Eightfold Path.
• Eightfold Path (astangika marg): Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, mindfulness, effort, concentration.
• Ultimate goal: Attaining Nirvana (Nibbana).
• Five Precepts (Panchasil): Prohibitions against violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants. |
| Major Buddhist Texts |
• Initially oral teachings, memorized by the Sangha.
• Written down around 25 BCE in Pali.
• Three Pitakas:
1. Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules.
2. Sutta Pitaka: Main teachings, divided into five Nikayas (Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka).
3. Abhidamma Pitaka: Philosophical analysis of teachings.
• Other important texts: Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha. |
| Role of the Buddhist Councils |
• Important turning points in early Buddhism, leading to sectarian clashes and the Great Schism.
• Four Major Councils:
1. First Council (483 BCE): Presided by Mahakasyapa, aimed to preserve teachings.
2. Second Council (383 BCE): Addressed monastic discipline.
3. Third Council (250 BCE): Under Ashoka, focusing on spreading Buddhism.
4. Fourth Council (72 CE): Led to division into Mahayana and Hinayana. |
| Different Schools of Buddhism |
• Mahayana: “Great Vehicle,” emphasizes Bodhisattva ideal and idol worship; spread to Central and East Asia.
• Hinayana: “Lesser Vehicle,” focuses on individual salvation and original teachings; Theravada is a major branch.
• Theravada: Closest to original teachings; dominant in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Vajrayana: “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt,” complex rituals; developed around 900 CE.
• Zen: Focuses on meditation, developed in China and Japan. |
| Spread of Buddhism in Ancient India |
• Monastic organization through Sangha for spreading teachings.
• Rapid growth during Buddha’s lifetime.
• Ashoka’s influence post-Kalinga conquest; adopted Dhamma conquest, sending missions to various regions, including Gandhara, Kashmir, Greece, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Egypt, and Thailand. |
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sun’s Rotation
Why in the News?
Indian astronomers at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have achieved a groundbreaking feat by mapping, for the first time, the variation in the Sun’s rotation speed from its equator to its poles.
Sun’s Rotation: Key Facts
- Unlike a solid body, the Sun exhibits differential rotation, meaning different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
- The rotation speed varies depending on latitude, with faster rotation near the equator and slower rotation toward the poles.
- This variation is primarily due to the Sun’s composition of gaseous plasma rather than solid material.
Rotation Period Variation by Latitude:
- Equatorial Regions: The rotation period at the equator is the fastest, around 24.47 days (sidereal rotation).
- Sunspot Zones (about 16 degrees latitude): Rotation slows slightly, with a period of about 27.3 days.
- Higher Latitudes (up to 75 degrees): Rotation slows significantly; for example, at 75 degrees latitude, the rotation period is about 33.4 days.
- Poles: The slowest rotation occurs at the poles, with a period around 31.1 days.
Sidereal vs. Synodic Rotation Periods:
- Sidereal Rotation Period: The time taken for the Sun to complete one full rotation relative to distant stars. It varies by latitude, from 24.47 days at the equator to around 33.4 days at higher latitudes.
- Synodic Rotation Period: This is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to appear in the same position when observed from Earth. It is longer than the sidereal period due to Earth’s own movement around the Sun, averaging around 26.24 days.
Why Differential Rotation Occur?
- Gaseous Plasma Composition: The Sun is composed of plasma—a hot, ionized state of matter—which allows its different regions to rotate at different speeds.
- Convective Zone Dynamics: The outer convective layer of the Sun contributes to differential rotation. Plasma circulates, rising and sinking, which influences the rotational speed at different latitudes.
Scientific Implications
- Solar Dynamo Theory: The differential rotation of the Sun is central to theories about the solar dynamo—the process that generates the Sun’s magnetic field.
- Mystery of Differential Rotation: Despite extensive research, the exact mechanism behind the Sun’s differential rotation remains an active area of investigation in solar physics.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following phenomena
1. Size of the sun at dusk
2. Colure of the sun at dawn
3. Moon being visible at dawn
4. Twinkle of stars in the sky
5. Polestar being visible in the sky
Which of the above are optical illusions?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 5 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole Triple and its formation
Why in the News?
Scientists have discovered a “black hole triple” in space, marking the first time such a system has been identified.
Black Hole Triple: What does it mean?
- Many black holes are found in binary systems with another star or black hole.
- This triple system includes two stars orbiting a black hole:
- The nearer star orbits the black hole every 6.5 days.
- The distant star orbits approximately every 70,000 years.
- The system, located in the constellation Cygnus, features V404 Cygni, one of the oldest black holes known, which is nine times larger than the Sun.
- It is 8,000 light years away from Earth.
What is a Black Hole?
- A black hole is a space region with such strong gravity that no light or matter can escape.
- Most black holes form from supernova explosions—the death of massive stars.
- This triple system suggests an alternative, less violent formation process.
|
How was it discovered?
- Researchers from Caltech and MIT discovered the system while reviewing astronomical data from telescopes.
- They described the stars as being gravitationally bound, indicating they form a triple system.
- It is believed that V404 Cygni did not form through a supernova explosion, which typically ejects outer stars.
- Instead, it likely formed through direct collapse: the star collapsed inward without exploding.
- Known as a “failed supernova”, this process causes an implosion without expelling matter, leading to a gentler black hole formation.
Future of the Triple System
- The triple system may not remain as such, as V404 Cygni is consuming the nearby star.
- This discovery suggests that some existing binary systems may have originally been triple systems, where the black hole later consumed one of its members.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?
(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’ |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalka-Shimla Heritage Railway
Why in the News?
- Himachal Pradesh CM has requested the Centre to consider running the Kalka-Shimla narrow-gauge railway—a UNESCO World Heritage Site—on green hydrogen to promote clean energy.
- The CM emphasized that this initiative aligns with Himachal Pradesh’s goal of becoming a ‘green energy state’ by March 31, 2026.
About the Kalka-Shimla Railway
- The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway with a width of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm).
- It was constructed in 1898 to link Shimla with the broader Indian rail system under the guidance of chief engineer H. S. Harington.
- The total length of the railway is approximately 96.6 km.
- This engineering marvel features 107 tunnels, of which 102 are still in use, along with 864 bridges along its route.
- The railway has a ruling gradient of 1 in 33 (about 3%), making it quite a steep climb in places, and it includes 919 curves, with the sharpest curve being at 48 degrees.
- The elevation of the railway starts at 656 meters (2,152 feet) in Kalka and rises to 2,076 meters (6,811 feet) in Shimla, resulting in a height difference of 1,420 meters (4,660 feet).
- Diesel locomotives began operation on the railway in 1955, followed by diesel-hydraulic models introduced in 1970.
- On 8 July 2008, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Mountain Railways of India.
Note:
- Three of the lines, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka–Shimla Railway, are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name “Mountain Railways of India”.
- Two more, the Matheran Hill Railway and the Kangra Valley Railway, are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
- The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is also the only rack and pinion railway in India.
|
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thadou Tribe
Why in the News?
The Thadou tribe, one of the oldest and largest non-Naga tribes in Manipur, has expressed support to implement the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in the state.
About the Thadou Community
|
Details |
| Overview |
- One of the oldest indigenous tribes in Manipur, recognized as a distinct community.
- One of 29 officially recognized indigenous tribes in Manipur with rich cultural practices and folklore.
|
| Historical Background |
Recognized as the largest tribe in Manipur since the First Census of India (1881), with a distinct historical narrative from Kukis. |
| ST Recognition |
Acknowledged as an independent Scheduled Tribe under the 1956 Presidential Order. |
| Population |
As per the 2011 Census, the Thadou population stands at 2,15,913; |
| Identity |
Asserts a distinct identity from the Kuki community, emphasizing unique language, culture, and history. |
| Language |
Belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, with a distinct dialect from other nearby tribes. |
| Geographic Distribution |
Primarily located in Manipur; also present in Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram, inhabiting hilly regions. |
| Socioeconomic Status |
Engaged in agriculture (particularly jhum cultivation) and knowledgeable about medicinal plants; faces challenges in infrastructure and education. |
| Religious Practices |
Traditionally practiced animism; many have converted to Christianity, blending traditional and Christian customs. |
| Position Amid Ethnic Conflict |
Affected by the ethnic conflict between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023; asserts their distinct identity. |
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs :
Tribe: State
1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim
2. Karbi : Himachal
3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha
4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gompertz Model
Why in the News?
Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newborn’s birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.
What is the Gompertz Model?
- It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
-
- It was originally designed to model population growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
- The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
-
- Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
- Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
- Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
- Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
- Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.
Recent Research and Significance
- Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
- The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
- Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
- In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glacial Lakes
Why in the News?
Since 1977, the South Lhonak Lake, a glacial lake in Sikkim has expanded significantly, growing from 17 hectares to 167 hectares by 2023.
Formation of Glacial Lakes:
- When a glacier melts and retreats, the hollow left behind often fills with water, creating a glacial lake.
- The rocky moraine at the glacier’s end can act as a natural dam, holding the water to form the lake.
- Glacial lakes act as hydrological buffers, regulating water flow from melting ice, which can sometimes pose challenges to downstream communities.
- Glacial lakes often have a vivid blue color, similar to swimming pools, due to the scattering of light by fine rock particles (rock flour) in the water.
- There are several types of glacial lakes, each formed by specific processes and glacier dynamics:
-
- Moraine-Dammed Lakes: Formed when moraine debris piles up at the end of a glacier and traps meltwater behind it. These are common and pose risks of outburst flooding.
- Kettle Lakes: This was created when a chunk of glacier ice is buried in the moraine and eventually melts, leaving a depression filled with water.
- Cirque Lakes: Formed in circular basins (cirques) carved by glaciers at high elevations. These lakes are often small and located at the glacier’s original head.
- Pro-glacial Lakes: Situated in front of the glacier, between the ice and the moraine dam. These lakes are sometimes formed when the glacier’s snout melts and deposits water in the valley.
- Tarn Lakes: Formed in depressions left behind in the cirques or basins after the glacier has completely melted.
|
Major Glacial Lakes in India
India’s Himalayan region is home to numerous glacial lakes, each with unique characteristics:
- Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world at 5,430 meters above sea level, fed by glacial melt and known for its religious significance.
- Chandra Taal (Himachal Pradesh): A stunning crescent-shaped lake in the Lahaul-Spiti region at 4,300 meters. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and fed by glacier melt.
- Samiti Lake (Sikkim): Located along the trek to Kanchenjunga and known for its clear blue waters and reflective quality.
- Satopanth Tal (Uttarakhand): Found in the Garhwal Himalayas, this lake lies close to Satopanth Glacier and is considered sacred by locals.
- South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim): A growing lake fed by three glaciers, expanding rapidly due to climate change and posing risks of glacial lake outburst floods.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following pairs:
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch: Yamuna
- Bara Shigri: Chenab
- Milam: Mandakini
- Siachen: Nubra
- Zemu: Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 3 and 5 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Why in the News?
A recent study from Michigan Medicine found that Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, increases the risk of dementia (loss of cognitive functioning) in adults, especially in women.
What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?
- OSA is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to blocked airways.
- It is marked by episodes of disrupted or restricted breathing, leading to brief awakenings throughout the night.
- Symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air, morning headaches, and daytime drowsiness.
- Risk Factors: Common in individuals who are overweight, have large tonsils or suffer from nasal congestion.
- In India, approximately 10.4 lakh people are reported to suffer from OSA, as per government data.
- Untreated OSA is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline.
|
Recent Findings on OSA and Dementia Risk
- A study from Michigan Medicine found a link between OSA and increased dementia risk, especially in older adults over 50.
- Women with known or suspected OSA were found to have a higher likelihood of developing dementia compared to men, with dementia diagnoses increasing as women age.
- Another study by NIMHANS focused on the link between stroke and OSA.
- 105 stroke patients over the age of 50 were studied using polysomnography (PSG), which tracks brain waves and sleep breathing patterns.
- Results showed that 88% of stroke patients had sleep apnea soon after their stroke, with 38% having severe OSA.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now