Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AIMC system and its features
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) is moving toward large-scale use of Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) for National Highway projects.
- AIMC will provide real-time data at each stage of road construction, which will be sent directly to stakeholders, including MoRTH.
About Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) System
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Details |
| What is it? |
- A technology-driven approach for road and infrastructure projects, employing advanced machinery (GPS, sensors, real-time data tools) to automate and monitor construction tasks.
- Integrates machine automation, real-time data reporting, and precision engineering to enhance quality and speed of highway construction.
- In India, explored by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) to reduce project delays and ensure consistent construction quality.
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| Features of the System |
- GPS-Aided Equipment: Motor graders, intelligent compactors, and stringless pavers use GPS/digital designs for precise alignment and compaction.
- Automated Surveys: Drones or sensor-fitted machinery capture topographical data, enabling continuous verification of design parameters.
- Real-Time Documentation: Every stage (embankment, subgrade, sub-base, paving) is monitored and instantly shared with stakeholders.
- Integrated Software Platforms: Centralized software creates a digital twin of the site for analytics and alerts.
- Adaptive Workflows: Machines can operate 24/7, guided by digital models and real-time data.
- Precision & Safety Controls: AI-driven predictive maintenance and automated tasks reduce worker risk.
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| Significance of the System |
- Faster Project Completion: Real-time monitoring cuts down manual checks and paperwork, expediting construction.
- Improved Quality & Precision: Sensor-based feedback loops align construction closely with design specifications.
- Real-Time Data Sharing: Construction progress and quality metrics are instantly communicated, enabling immediate corrective actions.
- Reduced Human Error: Automated machinery limits inconsistencies from manual oversight.
- Better Accountability: Detailed digital records promote transparency and performance tracking.
- Cost-Efficiency: Minimizes delays and rework, lowering overall project expenses.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024, aiming to modernize and reform the State’s prison system. It is based on the Model Prisons Bill, 2023, issued by the Government of India (GoI).
Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024: Key Highlights :
- Repeal of Outdated Acts:
- The Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950 stand repealed.
- The new legislation consolidates laws related to regulation of prisons, correctional services, and prisoners in Maharashtra.
- Establishment of High-Security Prison in Mumbai:
- Plans are underway to construct a high-security, multi-storey prison with advanced surveillance measures, akin to international standards like Alcatraz in San Francisco.
- Features include fortified walls, electronic tracking, power fencing, watchtowers, and 24×7 CCTV coverage.
- Land parcels for the new Mumbai jail have already been identified.
- Special Categories of Prisons:
- Special Prisons for high-risk inmates.
- Open and Semi-Open Prisons to facilitate rehabilitation.
- Open Colonies designed for reintegration of inmates with society.
- Temporary Prisons for certain categories of offenders.
- Gender-Sensitive Facilities:
- Separate cells and wards for women inmates with provisions for pre- and post-natal care.
- Special child-care areas (Balwadis) for children staying with mothers in prison.
- Dedicated enclosures and healthcare for transgender inmates.
- Rehabilitation, Skill Development, and Welfare:
- Mandatory libraries, sports facilities, yoga, and recreation for inmates.
- Work-based compensation and opportunities to sell inmate-produced goods at on-site outlets.
- Borstal institutions for young offenders, focusing on education and skill-building.
- Early Release and Monitoring:
- A system of parole and furlough for good behavior, with electronic tracking.
- A special committee under district collectors to support bail bond funding for indigent undertrial prisoners (noting that 1,600 accused are still in jail due to lack of funds).
- Detention Centre in Mumbai:
- The State plans to establish a detention centre in Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been tasked to identify land for the project.
About Model Prison Act, 2023
- It replaces the colonial-era Prisons Act, 1894, aiming to modernise prison laws and align them with contemporary standards.
- It shifts emphasis from mere detention to reform and reintegration of inmates.
- It serves as a model document for states, since ‘Prisons’ is a State List subject in India.
- It merges relevant provisions of older legislations (e.g., Prisoners Act, 1900 and Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950).
- It strives to bring India’s prison system in line with international best practices and human rights norms.
- Key features include:
- Specialised Jails: Provides for high-security, open, and semi-open prisons to manage different categories of inmates.
- Rehabilitation Measures: Emphasises vocational training, skill development, counselling, and educational programs to facilitate inmates’ reintegration.
- Legal Aid & Incentives: Outlines provisions for legal assistance, along with parole, furlough, and premature release for good conduct.
- Use of Technology: Encourages CCTV, video conferencing, and e-monitoring systems to enhance transparency and security within prisons.
- Inclusive Accommodation: Mandates separate facilities for women, transgender persons, and other special categories, ensuring safety and dignity.
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Present Prison System: Key Findings of the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning Report
- The occupancy rate stood at 131.4% as of December 2022, with 75.8% of inmates being undertrials.
- This highlights a pressing need for measures to reduce congestion and expedite trials.
Initiatives taken:
- Modernization of Prisons Project (2021–26): The government provides financial assistance to States and Union Territories to implement advanced security measures in prisons.
- Aims to support reformation and rehabilitation efforts for inmates through various correctional programs.
- Model Prison Manual (2016): Offers detailed guidelines on the legal rights of inmates, including access to free legal services.
- Modernization of Prisons Scheme (2002–03): Introduced to improve living conditions in prisons, address the welfare of inmates, and enhance the working environment for prison staff.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mitochondria, mtDNA
Why in the News?
Recent research indicates that age-related losses in our cell’s mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—specifically, deletion mutations—could be a major driver of aging. These mutations, once they accumulate, reduce the mitochondrion’s ability to produce energy (ATP), causing cell and tissue dysfunction.
What are Mitochondria?
- Mitochondria generate most of the cell’s energy (hence called the Powerhouse) in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- They originated from free-living bacteria absorbed by ancient single-celled organisms, retaining a fraction of their own DNA (mtDNA).
- Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own circular DNA, though limited in size.
- Humans inherit mitochondria exclusively from the mother’s egg; sperm-contributed mitochondria are generally not passed on.
- They have a double membrane: a relatively permeable outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane (cristae) that maximizes surface area for energy production.
- Their inner compartment, the mitochondrial matrix, houses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes for the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and fatty acid β-oxidation.
- Mitochondria help regulate intracellular calcium levels, which is crucial for various signalling pathways.
- They play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) by releasing factors such as cytochrome c when the cell is under severe stress.
Functions of DNA, mRNA, and the gene:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
- Blueprint of Life: Houses genetic instructions in the form of a sequence of bases (A, T, G, C).
- Chromosomal Structure: In the nucleus, it is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, each carrying numerous genes.
- Base-Pairing: Two DNA strands form a double helix via base-pair bonding (A-T, G-C).
- Gene:
- Functional Unit of DNA: A stretch of DNA containing instructions (a few thousand base-pairs) for making proteins or functional RNA.
- Expression: When active, a gene is ‘read’ and transcribed into mRNA.
- mRNA (Messenger RNA):
- Intermediate Molecule: Carries the gene’s instructions from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the cytoplasm.
- Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes read mRNA sequences, translating them into specific proteins.
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Functions of the Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA):
- Encodes Key Mitochondrial Proteins:
- The mtDNA has 13 protein-coding genes crucial for mitochondrial energy production (ATP synthesis).
- It also encodes 24 non-coding genes (like rRNAs and tRNAs), essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
- Energy Production:
- mtDNA-encoded proteins form part of the electron transport chain, where most ATP is produced.
- Distinct Inheritance Pattern:
- Inherited exclusively from the mother.
- Each cell contains multiple mitochondria, each with multiple copies of mtDNA.
- Implication in Aging and Disease:
- Age-related mutations (deletions, chimeric genes) in mtDNA can lead to functional decline in tissues like muscle and brain.
- Loss of intact mtDNA reduces ATP generation, contributing to cellular and tissue ageing.
PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:
- Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondria replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg.
- A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC
Why in the News?
Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.
Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting
- The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
- Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
- The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
About BIMSTEC
- The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
- The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
- Origin:
- Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
- Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
- Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
- Key Features
- Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
- Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
- Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
- Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
- Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
- Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
- Bhutan: Environment and climate change
- India: Security (including energy)
- Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
- Nepal: People-to-people contacts
- Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
- Thailand: Connectivity
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Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals
- Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
- Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
- Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Internal Justice Council (IJC)
Why in the News?
Justice Madan B Lokur, retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, has been appointed as the Chairperson of the United Nations Internal Justice Council (IJC).
Justice Lokur’s Legacy:
- Justice Lokur served on the Supreme Court of India from June 2012 to December 2018, delivering landmark judgments across diverse areas of law.
- In August 2019, he was appointed to the non-resident panel of the Supreme Court of Fiji and reappointed for another three-year term in January 2022.
- His notable judgments include:
- Electoral Disqualification on Religious Grounds (January 2017): Authored a concurring opinion in a seven-judge bench ruling disqualifying electoral candidates for seeking votes based on religion, race, caste, or other identity markers.
- Raising the Age of Consent in Marriages (October 2017): Alongside Justice Deepak Gupta, ruled to raise the age of consent within marriages to 18 years, bolstering child protection laws.
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About UN Internal Justice Council (IJC):
| Establishment |
-
- Established in 2009 to reform and strengthen the UN’s internal justice system.
- Ensures the system operates effectively, impartially, and transparently, addressing workplace disputes within the UN.
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| Overview and Structural Mandate |
Mandate:
- Safeguards the independence and integrity of the internal justice system.
- The IJC is responsible for overseeing the administration of the UN’s internal justice system.
- It supervises:
- Office of Staff Legal Assistance (OSLA)
- UN Dispute Tribunal (UNDT)
- UN Appeals Tribunal (UNAT)
- Recommends measures to ensure judicial independence and efficiency in dispute resolution.
Composition:
- 5 members: 2 tribunal judges (from UNDT and UNAT), two staff representatives, and one external legal expert.
- Chairperson is selected by consensus and appointed by the UN Secretary-General.
- Members serve a four-year term, renewable once.
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| Powers, Functions, and Jurisdiction |
Judicial Appointments:
- Recommends candidates for UNDT and UNAT judge positions based on merit and judicial competence.
- Proposes a shortlist for final selection by the Secretary-General.
Oversight and Accountability:
- Monitors tribunal functioning to ensure fairness and transparency.
- Identifies and addresses systemic issues, proposing improvements.
Judicial Independence:
- Protects the impartiality of tribunal judges and safeguards judicial integrity.
- Advocates for institutional protections against external influence.
Advisory Role:
- Provides expert advice on internal justice reform.
- Evaluates tribunal processes to enhance efficiency and accessibility for UN staff.
Scope of Jurisdiction:
- Covers grievances related to administrative decisions, employment conditions, and workplace disputes brought forward by UN staff worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Government has requested the Centre to consider including the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) due to surge in the Mumps cases across the State.
Tamil Nadu’s UIP currently offers 11 vaccines protecting against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, including:
- Tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, rota virus, pneumococcal, and Japanese encephalitis (in 14 endemic districts).
- The Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine was added to the UIP in April 2017, but mumps is yet to be included.
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About Mumps Disease
- Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus, primarily affecting the salivary glands, leading to swelling near the ears (parotitis), fever, headache, and muscle aches.
- It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with saliva.
- While often mild, complications can include orchitis (testicular inflammation), oophoritis (ovarian inflammation), encephalitis, or hearing loss.
- There is no specific treatment, but supportive care like rest, hydration, and pain management helps.
- Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is the best prevention, offering 78–88% protection.
Which free immunised diseases are provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)?
- The UIP was launched in 1985 and became part of the National Health Mission in 2005 to provide free vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases for children and pregnant women.
- The programme now covers 12 diseases, including tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and Japanese encephalitis.
- Key vaccines added over the years include Hepatitis B (2007), Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (2017), Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Measles-Rubella Vaccine.
- The entire cost of vaccines is covered by the Government of India, funded through taxes, with an annual budget of ₹7,234 crore (US$870 million) as of 2022.
- The programme covers all residents of India, including foreign residents, ensuring nationwide access to life-saving vaccines.
- 4 new vaccines have been introduced, including the Adult Japanese Encephalitis vaccine and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, to address emerging health challenges.
Note:
Mission Indradhanush is a health initiative launched by the Government of India on 25 December 2014 by Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda. The mission aims to achieve 90% full immunization coverage in India by 2022, targeting vaccination against eight major vaccine-preventable diseases:
- Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenza type B.
Additionally, it covers Rotavirus Diarrhea and Japanese Encephalitis in specific states and districts.
The mission targets 201 districts in its first phase, focusing on areas with the highest number of unvaccinated children, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. The approach follows similar planning and administration as the Pulse Polio Immunisation (PPI) program. |
PYQ:
[2016] ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to:
(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women.
(b) Construction of smart cities across the country.
(c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space.
(d) New Educational Policy. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bio-Bitumen
Why in the News?
India’s first bio-bitumen-based National Highway stretch was inaugurated on NH-44 in Mansar, Nagpur, Maharashtra by Union Minister Nitin Gadkari.
About Bio-Bitumen
- Bio-bitumen is a bio-based binder derived from renewable, sustainable sources such as: Vegetable oils, Crop stubble, Algae, Lignin (a component of wood), Animal manure.
- It serves as an alternative to traditional bitumen, which is primarily derived from the distillation of crude oil.
- The production of bio-bitumen reduces dependence on petroleum and is a step toward sustainable road construction and infrastructure development.
Significance and Features of Bio-Bitumen:
- Bio-bitumen reduces the carbon footprint associated with the traditional bitumen production process.
- By using renewable sources such as lignin (a byproduct of wood), it helps mitigate environmental concerns like stubble burning and contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, potentially by as much as 70% compared to fossil-based bitumen.
- India, which heavily imports traditional bitumen, can reduce its import dependency by switching to bio-bitumen made from locally available materials.
- The use of bio-bitumen stimulates bio-refineries, creating opportunities for revenue generation and providing economic benefits to farmers and the bio-refining industry.
India’s Bitumen Scenario:
- India imports around 50% of its total annual bitumen requirements, which amounted to 3.21 million tonnes in FY 2023-24.
- The country produced 5.24 million tonnes of bitumen in the same period.
- India’s bitumen consumption has been steadily increasing, averaging 7.7 million tonnes annually over the past five years.
- In 2023-24, India constructed around 12,300 km of national highways, averaging nearly 34 km per day.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GenCast
Why in the News?
Google DeepMind has unveiled its revolutionary GenCast AI model, designed to predict the weather more accurately and farther in advance than current forecasting tools.
About GenCast:
| What is it? |
- GenCast is an AI-based weather forecasting model developed by Google DeepMind.
- It uses machine learning techniques for more accurate and long-term predictions compared to traditional models.
- Unlike traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, GenCast uses an ensemble of AI-generated forecasts, trained on 40 years of reanalysis data.
- Outperforms traditional tools in predicting extreme weather, tropical cyclones, and wind power production.
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| How GenCast Works |
- Trained on 40 years of reanalysis data (1979–2019), blending historical data and modern forecasts.
- It is powered by a neural network with 41,162 nodes and 240,000 edges, where nodes process data and edges connect them.
- A diffusion model that refines noisy data in 30 steps to improve forecast accuracy.
- It generates about 50 forecasts at once, providing probabilistic predictions (e.g., likelihood of rain, not exact amounts).
- Generates forecasts in 8 minutes using a single TPU v5 unit, much faster than traditional NWP models, which take hours.
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| Significance of GenCast |
- Outperforms ECMWF ensemble forecasts on 97.2% of targets, especially for extreme weather predictions.
- Provides longer-term forecasts for up to 15 days, with spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25° and 12-hour intervals.
- Offers probabilistic forecasts to help better prepare for extreme weather.
- Faster processing than traditional models, reducing forecast time from hours to minutes.
- Sustainability and scalability allow the model to be expanded to other areas of weather prediction.
- Google collaborates with weather agencies to enhance AI forecasting methods while recognizing the importance of traditional models.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Interception Rules and Safeguards
Why in the News?
The Centre has introduced the Telecommunications (Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024, replacing Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951, allowing certain agencies to intercept phone messages under specific conditions.
About the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951
- The Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951 are a set of regulations that govern the establishment, maintenance, and operation of telecommunication services in India.
- These rules were framed under the provisions of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, which is a key legislation that grants the government authority to regulate telecommunication networks in India.
- The rules cover various aspects of telecommunication, such as:
- The process for obtaining telecommunication licenses.
- The rights and obligations of telecommunication service providers.
- The use of telecommunication networks for government purposes.
- Provisions for the lawful interception and monitoring of communication for security, investigation, and public interest reasons (Rule 419A).
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What do the new Telecommunications (Procedures and Safeguards for Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024 state?
- Authorization for interception:
- The Union Home Secretary and the Secretary to the State government in charge of the Home Department can authorize interception orders.
- An officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary may issue interception orders in unavoidable circumstances (the circumstances are not specified).
- Remote areas/operational reasons:
- In remote areas, or for operational reasons, the head or second senior-most officer of the authorized agency (at central and state levels) can issue orders.
- These orders must be confirmed by the competent authority within seven days.
- If not confirmed, the interception ceases and the data cannot be used for any purpose, including court evidence.
- Destruction of records:
- Interception records must be destroyed every six months by the authorized agency and review committee, unless required for functional purposes or court directions.
Will it override Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951?
- Yes, Rule 419A is replaced with these new rules, introducing changes in the conditions and procedures for interception.
- Previously, interception was allowed only in emergent cases.
- The new rules broaden this to include situations where it is not feasible to obtain prior orders in remote areas or due to operational reasons.
- Under Rule 419A, there was no limit to the number of IGP-rank officers at the State level who could be authorized for interception.
- The new rules allow only the head and second senior-most officer of the authorized agency at the state level to issue orders.
- If the order is not confirmed within seven days, any intercepted messages cannot be used for any purposes, including court evidence.
PYQ:
[2021] ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 20
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 29 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Starlink Project
Why in the News?
Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, denied claims that militants in Manipur (India) were using his Starlink satellite internet technology after the Indian Army and police seized Starlink devices alongside weapons.
Starlink’s involvement in Terrorism:
- The Indian Army shared photos showing weapons and what seemed to be Starlink devices seized in Manipur. The equipment was marked with “RPF/PLA,” referring to a militant group.
- This discovery raised concerns over the potential bypass of geographic restrictions by non-state actors.
- Musk denied the allegations, explaining that Starlink services were not operational in India, despite the devices being found in the region.
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What is Starlink?
- Starlink is a satellite internet service developed by SpaceX, designed to provide broadband internet via a network of low Earth orbit satellites.
- Satellites are launched ensuring low latency and high-speed connections compared to traditional satellite internet.
- Starlink uses a large constellation of satellites, each equipped with phased array antennas and parabolic antennas to boost capacity.
- SpaceX has plans to launch 42,000 satellites, which will create a mega-constellation to provide global coverage.
Does Starlink have regulatory approval in India?
- Starlink does not yet have regulatory approval in India.
- India’s regulatory framework restricts the use of foreign satellite communication services, especially for non-commercial purposes.
- Starlink is however operational in more than 60 countries, including neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Bhutan (where it plans to start operations in 2025).
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Posthumous Assisted Reproduction
Why in the News?
On October 4, 2024, the Delhi High Court allowed the parents of a deceased man to use his frozen semen for posthumous reproduction. The court cited a similar 2018 case in Germany and noted that the ART Act, 2021, doesn’t specifically address such situations.
What is Posthumous Assisted Reproduction (PAR)?
- Posthumous reproduction refers to the use of reproductive material (such as sperm or eggs) from a deceased individual to conceive a child after their death.
- This can include posthumous sperm retrieval, where sperm is collected from a deceased man (typically through medical procedures shortly after death) for future use in assisted reproductive technologies, like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
What does the Law says in India?
- The Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Act, 2021 governs all fertility treatments and artificial insemination procedures.
- The ART Rules, 2022 specify guidelines for posthumous sperm retrieval, but only in cases where the deceased was married, and the surviving spouse is the one requesting the retrieval.
- The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) rejected the parents’ request, clarifying that the law does not apply to “post-mortem grandparenthood.”
- The Surrogacy Regulation Act applies exclusively to married couples or women with medical needs for surrogacy and does not include grandparents as “intending grandparents.”
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Challenges posed by Posthumous Assisted Reproduction (PAR):
PAR presents several legal, ethical, and social challenges:
- Legal Issues: There’s a lack of clear laws governing the use of gametes after death, especially regarding consent from the deceased and questions about parentage and inheritance. The absence of specific regulations makes it difficult to establish who holds parental rights.
- Ethical Concerns: Issues include the morality of using a deceased person’s genetic material, the commodification of human tissue, and concerns about grandparenthood. The emotional and ethical implications for surviving family members also come into play.
- Social and Psychological Issues: Children born through PAR may face challenges related to knowing their deceased parent, and surviving partners may struggle with grief or guilt. Disputes over the deceased’s wishes can complicate family dynamics.
- Biological Considerations: The long-term storage of gametes can lead to degradation, affecting the quality of embryos or sperm. Preserving genetic material for extended periods also presents technical challenges.
- Cultural and Religious Concerns: Different cultures and religions may oppose posthumous reproduction, viewing it as morally or spiritually problematic.
- Access and Equity: PAR can be expensive and may raise issues of access and commercialization, potentially leading to exploitation or unequal access to these technologies.
PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:
1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of egg.
2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrothermal Vents
Why in the News?
- Indian oceanographers have captured the first-ever image of an active hydrothermal vent located 4,500 metres below the surface of the Indian Ocean.
- This discovery is part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, with a total outlay of ₹4,000 crore.
What are Hydrothermal Vents?
- Hydrothermal vents are typically found near tectonic plates, where cold water (about 2°C) near the ocean floor mixes with magma, leading to superheated water (up to 370°C) that emerges through chimneys.
- These vents release mineral-rich plumes, including metals like copper, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, iron, cobalt, and nickel, making them significant for mineral exploration.
Mineral Potential of Hydrothermal Vents:
- Hydrothermal vent deposits are rich in valuable minerals such as copper, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel, which are highly sought after for various industries.
- These vents can remain active for periods ranging from a few hundred years to 30,000 years, making them long-lasting and crucial for mineral exploration.
- Scientists at NCPOR, confirmed that the image showed an active vent chimney with black smokers, and signs of chemosynthetic organisms thriving in this extreme environment.
- This discovery enhances India’s Deep Ocean Mission, particularly the Samudrayaan mission, which focuses on mineral exploration from inactive hydrothermal vents.
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About the Hydrothermal Exploration Programme by NCPOR:
| Details |
- A scientific initiative by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) to explore hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, focusing on the Central and Southwest Indian Ridges.
- Aimed at mineral exploration and studying ecosystems around hydrothermal vents.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Locate and Study Hydrothermal Vents: Identify active vents with minerals like copper, zinc, gold, and nickel.
- Mineral Exploration: Part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission, aiming at valuable mineral exploration such as cobalt and platinum.
- Biodiversity Studies: Understand chemosynthetic organisms that thrive in extreme conditions of the vents.
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| Key Features of the Programme |
- Geophysical Surveys: Conducted since 2012 to detect temperature anomalies and turbidity in the water columns for locating vent fields.
- Use of Advanced Technology: Utilizes Automatic Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and high-resolution imaging.
- Collaborations: Partners with the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) for exploration in the Southern Indian Ocean.
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About the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):
- DOM is an ambitious initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in 2021 to develop technologies for deep-sea exploration.
- Part of the 9 missions under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).
Important updates in DOM:
- Samudrayaan and Matsya6000:
- Launched in 2021 under DOM, Samudrayaan is India’s flagship crewed expedition to reach a depth of 6,000 m in the Central Indian Ocean.
- The mission will utilize Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed for a three-member crew.
- Construction: Made from titanium alloy to endure pressures up to 6,000 bar.
India’s Ocean Exploration Milestones:
- 1981: Ocean studies began with a program on polymetallic nodules (PMN) initiated at CSIR-NIO, marked by the collection of the first nodule sample from the Arabian Sea aboard the research vessel Gaveshani.
- 1987: India became the first country to receive Pioneer Investor status from the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
- Allocated 1.5 lakh km² in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration, based on extensive surveys by CSIR-NIO.
- 2002: India signed a contract with the ISA; after resource analysis, surrendered 50% of the allotted area, retaining 75,000 km².
- Further studies narrowed the mining area to 18,000 km², identified as the First Generation Mine-site.
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PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements:
- The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
- India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters
- ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Protected Area Regime (PAR)
Why in the News?
- The Manipur government has announced that the Central government has re-imposed the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, all of which share borders with Myanmar.
- The reimposition of the PAR comes after 13 years of relaxation and is aimed at addressing security concerns, primarily the alleged illegal immigration from Myanmar.
What is the Protected Area Regime (PAR)?
| Details |
- Introduced under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958, which is part of the Foreigners Act, 1946.
- The regime was created to regulate the movement of foreigners in sensitive areas near international borders.
- It applies to regions between the Inner Line and the International Border, primarily areas close to Myanmar in these states.
Objectives: To ensure national security by restricting foreign nationals’ access to sensitive regions.
Implications:
- For Foreign Visitors: Special permits and approvals required, potentially discouraging tourism.
- Impact on Tourism and Development: Could slow international tourism and investments, reversing earlier benefits.
- Enhanced Security: Allows tighter control over foreign movements, addressing illegal migration.
- Border Control: Strengthens border management, reducing unauthorized cross-border activities.
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| Areas Covered |
- Pre-2010: Applied to all of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
- 2010 Relaxation: The regime was relaxed for Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, allowing foreigners to visit these areas without special permits.
- 2024 Reimposition: The regime has been reimposed in these states, particularly due to security concerns related to illegal immigration and border management.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate: Foreign nationals must apply for a Protected Area Permit (PAP) through the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) or state authorities to enter these areas.
- Implementation: The PAPs specify the duration of stay and movement routes. Unauthorized extension or deviation from routes is prohibited. The system is managed under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958.
- Exemptions: Some countries may have exemptions, and Indian citizens generally do not need PAPs to travel in these areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAFE Initiative
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog has proposed a set of policy interventions to enable the creation of mega workers’ accommodations near factories under its initiative called S.A.F.E (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Accommodation-Worker Housing for Manufacturing Growth.
About the S.A.F.E. (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Initiative
| Overview |
- S.A.F.E. initiative by NITI Aayog aims to provide affordable dormitory-style housing for workers near industrial areas, especially migrant laborers, including women.
- The housing will include essential amenities like water, electricity, and sanitation, improving workers’ living conditions and enhancing productivity.
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| Key Features |
- Location: Housing will be near industrial hubs to minimize commute time.
- Basic Amenities: Includes water, electricity, and sanitation.
- Ownership: Non-transferable accommodations, strictly for worker use, ensuring worker welfare.
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| Significance |
- Worker Welfare: Improves living standards and promotes gender inclusivity.
- Productivity: Reduces commute time, enhancing productivity and reducing attrition.
- Economic Growth: Attracts global investors and supports India’s manufacturing growth target of 25% GDP by 2047.
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| Key Recommendations |
- Tax & GST Benefits: Reclassification for tax exemptions to make the initiative financially viable.
- Zoning Laws: Amendments for mixed-use developments to integrate worker housing.
- Viability Gap Funding (VGF): 30%-40% of project cost for financial support.
- Environmental Clearances: Streamlining for faster approvals.
- Financial Support: Public-private partnerships for development and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to election;
Why in the News?
The 129th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2024, mandates fixed five-year Lok Sabha terms, aligning State Assembly elections, with mid-term polls serving only the remainder of the five-year tenure if dissolved.
Do fixed legislative tenures promote better governance?
- Potential for Improved Stability: Fixed tenures can provide a stable political environment, reducing frequent electoral disruptions that may hinder long-term governance plans.
- Governance Challenges: However, Achary argues that while fixed terms might seem beneficial, they could lead to governance issues if political instability arises, as seen in states where mid-term elections are necessary due to governmental collapse.
Note:
- Fixed Legislative Tenure refers to predetermined, non-variable terms for legislatures, ensuring elections occur at set intervals, and enhancing stability.
- Mid-term polls are elections held before the scheduled end of a legislative term, usually triggered by government collapse or dissolution.
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How would fixed tenures impact the accountability of elected officials?
- Increased Accountability: Frequent elections are believed to enhance political accountability since representatives must consistently engage with their electorate. Achary emphasises that regular electoral cycles compel politicians to remain responsive to public needs.
- Mid-Term Elections as a Safety Valve: Allowing mid-term elections maintains accountability within the legislative framework, ensuring that elected officials remain answerable to their constituents even if they face political challenges during their term.
What are some learnings from the Western world?
- Lessons from the UK: The UK’s Fixed-term Parliaments Act of 2011 was meant to set fixed terms for its Parliament but caused problems like policy delays and constitutional issues.
- It was eventually repealed. India’s plan is different because it allows mid-term elections, where new governments serve only the remaining term, not a full fixed term.
- Lessons from Germany: The Constructive Vote of No Confidence in Germany mandates the selection of a new leader before the current one is removed, ensuring stability. However, this approach is not well-suited to India’s political system and has not gained significant support.
What challenges might arise from implementing fixed tenures in the Indian political context?
- Erosion of Federalism: Aligning State Assembly tenures with those of the Lok Sabha could weaken federalism by reducing the autonomy of state legislatures. This may result in premature dissolutions and disruptions in local governance.
- Political Instability Risks: The bill’s provision for shorter tenures following mid-term elections could result in significant instability. If a government collapses mid-term, the resultant Lok Sabha might only serve for about a year, which is seen as undesirable by Madhavan.
- Potential for Increased Political Maneuvering: There is doubt about whether fixed tenures can effectively deter practices like horse trading or efforts to destabilize governments. While the bill aims to address such issues, its success is uncertain.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Federalism: Ensure state legislatures retain autonomy by allowing flexibility in election cycles and minimizing central influence on state governance.
- Mitigate Political Instability: Introduce safeguards like stricter anti-defection laws and robust mechanisms to address mid-term government collapses while maintaining accountability.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to space debris;
Why in the News?
space startups from Japan and India announced a joint agreement to explore the use of laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit, addressing the growing issue of orbital congestion.
What is Space Debris?
- Space debris, often referred to as space junk, consists of non-functional spacecraft, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions or disintegration of satellites.
- These objects orbit the Earth at high speeds, posing significant risks to operational satellites and manned missions.
What are laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit?
- Laser-equipped satellites utilize focused laser beams to target and vaporize small parts of space debris, effectively stopping its rotation and making it easier for servicing spacecraft to rendezvous with and de-orbit defunct satellites. T
- Companies like Japan’s Orbital Lasers and India’s InspeCity are collaborating to explore business opportunities for these laser systems.
- They plan to demonstrate this technology in space, with potential deployment on satellites after meeting regulatory requirements in their respective countries, indicating a growing interest in international partnerships to tackle the issue of space debris.
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What are the concerns related to space debris?
- Collision Risks: The increasing amount of space debris raises the likelihood of collisions with active satellites and spacecraft, which can lead to further debris generation in a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome.
- Operational Challenges: Space debris complicates satellite operations and can disrupt services such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, and global positioning systems.
- Environmental Impact: The accumulation of debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) threatens the sustainability of space activities and could hinder future space exploration efforts.
What are the initiatives to tackle space debris globally?
- International Collaboration: Organizations like the United Nations have called for urgent action to track and manage space debris, emphasizing the need for global cooperation.
- Technological Innovations: Companies like Orbital Lasers are exploring innovative solutions such as using laser-equipped satellites to de-orbit defunct satellites and mitigate debris by vaporizing parts of their surfaces.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Various countries are developing regulations to ensure responsible satellite launches and operations, including guidelines for end-of-life satellite disposal to minimize future debris creation.
What are the measures should be taken by Satellite? (Way forward)
- Tracking and Monitoring: Satellites use onboard systems and ground-based tracking data to monitor the position of space debris and predict potential collision risks.
- Avoidance Maneuvers: Satellites perform preemptive orbital adjustments or “collision avoidance manoeuvres” to shift their trajectory away from debris.
- Shielding and Resilience: Some satellites are equipped with protective shielding to withstand minor debris impacts, minimizing potential damage in low-risk scenarios.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRIS²
Why in the News?
The European Union has signed a contract for IRIS², a network of 290 satellites aimed at improving resilience, connectivity, and security.
About IRIS²:
| Details |
- IRIS² stands for Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite.
- It consists of a 290-satellite constellation, including 264 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 18 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
- Collaboration between European Union and SpaceRISE.
- First satellite launch planned for 2029.
Key Features of IRIS²:
- Deployment of 264 satellites in LEO and 18 in MEO.
- Provide secure, high-speed broadband connectivity, particularly in underserved regions.
- Focus on Europe for secure satellite internet services.
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| Project Funding and Implementation |
- 12-year concession for IRIS² is funded by the EU, ESA, and private firms like SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus.
- Total cost: €10.6 billion (~$11 billion).
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| Applications of IRIS² |
- Governmental Use: Border surveillance, crisis management, infrastructure security, and defense.
- Civilian Use: Broadband access, smart energy, transportation, and remote healthcare.
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World’s Largest Earth Observation Programs: Take a look
- Copernicus Program (EU): Launched in 2014, the Copernicus Program is a European Union initiative with satellites like Sentinel to monitor land, ocean, and atmosphere, enhancing environmental management and disaster response.
- NASA Earth Observing System (EOS): Initiated in 1997, NASA’s EOS provides comprehensive Earth observation data from satellites like Terra and Aqua, focused on understanding Earth’s environment, climate change, and atmospheric composition.
- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Founded in 2005, GEOSS connects Earth observation systems globally to provide data on climate, water resources, biodiversity, and natural disasters, involving over 100 organizations.
- Landsat Program (USA): Launched in 1972 by NASA and USGS, Landsat is the longest-running satellite program offering continuous Earth surface monitoring, focusing on land cover, land use, and environmental changes.
Note:
In September, 2024, ISRO launched the Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 under the SSLV-D3/EOS-08 mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, with the satellite operating in a circular Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of 475 km and a mission life of 1 year. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)
Why in the News?
- Law Minister is proposing that the Bills on “One Nation, One Election” be referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for further examination.
- The committee will have 21 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha.
About Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC):
| What is a JPC? |
- JPC is a committee formed by both Houses of Parliament for scrutinizing a subject or Bill in detail.
- It includes members from both Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- Members represent both ruling parties and opposition.
- Number of members in a JPC can vary based on the task at hand and the members are decided by the Parliament.
- The JPC is dissolved once its task is completed or its term ends.
- A motion is passed in one House of Parliament, and the other House agrees to it.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate of a JPC is determined by the motion that forms it.
- Scrutinizing documents related to the subject.
- Summoning people for questioning.
- Submitting a report and making recommendations to the government.
- The proceedings and findings are confidential except in matters of public interest.
- Speaker of the House resolves any disputes regarding evidence.
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| Nature of JPC Recommendations |
- Recommendations are advisory and persuasive but not binding on the government.
- The government can choose whether or not to follow the recommendations.
- The government must submit an Action Taken Report to Parliament on the actions taken based on the JPC’s recommendations.
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| Notable JPCs in the Past |
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- Telecom Licenses and Spectrum Allocation (2011).
- Stock Market Scam (1992) and related matters.
- Irregularities in Securities and Banking Transactions.
- Bofors Contract Inquiry (1987).
- Constitutional and Legal Position Regarding the Office of Profit.
- Waqf (Amendment) Bill (2024).
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PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
(a) Committee on Government Assurances
(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation
(c) Rules Committee
(d) Business Advisory Committee |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)
Why in the News?
All 17,130 police stations in India are now connected through the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), a centralized online platform for filing FIRs, chargesheets, and investigation reports, accessible to law enforcement across the country.
About Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS):
| What is CCTNS? |
- A centralized online platform to file FIRs, charge-sheets, and investigation reports across 17,130 police stations.
- Launched in 2009 with a ₹2,000 crore budget under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Aimed at improving efficiency, transparency, and nationwide access to crime data.
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| Key Features |
- Nationwide integration, with 100% connectivity across 28 states and 8 Union Territories.
- Stores data on criminals, habitual offenders, missing persons, stolen vehicles, etc.
- Generates analytical crime reports and detailed case statistics.
- Integrated with the ICJS (Integrated Criminal Justice System) for coordination with courts, forensics, and other criminal justice pillars.
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| Recent Modifications for New Criminal Laws |
- Incorporates the 2024 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (erstwhile IPC), Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Indian Evidence Act), and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (CrPC).
- Introduces mandatory videography for crime scenes in serious cases, forensic investigations, and arrest transparency (including officer approval and informing relatives).
- Updates include timely progress reports and digital reporting of daily diaries.
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| Impact and Implementation |
- Facilitates efficient investigations by providing access to comprehensive crime data and analytical tools.
- Improves police coordination across states and law enforcement agencies.
- Enhanced citizen services with online tracking of complaints and case updates.
- Supported by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and integrated with other public safety platforms for better coordination and resource management.
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PYQ:
[2014] We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kailash Mansarovar
Why in the News?
- India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra.
- The pilgrimage has been suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and non-renewal of arrangements by China.
India-China Talks on Border Management:
- Disengagement and De-escalation: Agreed to continue implementing the October 2024 disengagement agreements for safe patrolling and grazing in certain areas.
- Peace and Tranquility: Both sides agreed to maintain peace along the border and implement effective border management mechanisms.
- Resolution of Boundary Dispute: Continued efforts toward a mutually acceptable solution to the boundary dispute.
- Cross-Border Cooperation: Discussions included river cooperation, Nathula border trade, and other exchanges to strengthen bilateral relations.
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About Kailash Mansarovar:
- Kailash Mansarovar is a sacred religious site located in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, near the borders of India, Nepal, and Tibet.
- It consists of Mount Kailash, a peak considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hinduism, and Mansarovar Lake, a high-altitude freshwater lake revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon traditions.
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- Mount Kailash stands at an elevation of 6,638 meters (21,778 feet), making it one of the most difficult and revered peaks to approach.
- The Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of 4,556 meters (14,950 feet) and spans approximately 88 square kilometers.
- The region lies in the Tibetan Plateau.
Religious Significance:
- Hinduism:
- Mount Kailash is considered the abode of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati. Pilgrims believe that a pilgrimage to Kailash is essential for liberation and salvation (Moksha).
- Mansarovar Lake is believed to have been created by Lord Brahma. Bathing in its holy waters is believed to cleanse sins and grant spiritual merit.
- Buddhism:
- The region is sacred as it is believed to be the home of Buddha Demchok, who represents supreme bliss.
- The lake is also linked to the Jambhala, the god of wealth in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Jainism:
- Jain tradition holds that Lord Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, attained Nirvana at the peak of Mount Kailash.
- Bon Religion:
- For practitioners of Bon, an ancient religion indigenous to Tibet, Kailash is regarded as the sacred center of the universe.
Route and Access:
- India to Kailash Mansarovar: The pilgrimage is generally undertaken through the Lipulekh Pass, a high-altitude pass that connects Uttarakhand (India) with Tibet.
- Pilgrims usually travel through Nepal, and the journey is conducted via Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
- Travel to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake is restricted, and permits are required from the Chinese government.
- Pilgrims from India are primarily facilitated through the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra organized by the Government of India and other authorized agencies.
PYQ:
[2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. |
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