Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veer Savarkar
Why in the News?
Prime Minister paid tribute to Veer Savarkar on his death anniversary (26th February), acknowledging his contributions to India’s freedom movement.
About Veer Savarkar: Life, Contributions, and Legacy
|
Details |
| Who was Veer Savarkar? |
• Born on May 28, 1883, in Bhagur, Maharashtra.
• Founded Abhinav Bharat Society (1904) for armed resistance.
• Led India House in London (1906) and the Free India Society.
• Arrested in 1910, sentenced to life imprisonment in Cellular Jail (Kala Pani, Andaman & Nicobar Islands).
• Became President of the Hindu Mahasabha (1937-1943).
• Died on February 26, 1966, after fasting till death. |
| His Contributions |
• Advocated armed revolution against British rule.
• Coined Hindutva (1923), defining Indian identity beyond religion.
• Opposed Partition, emphasizing Hindu political unity.
• Championed military nationalism over passive resistance.
• Writings and ideology influenced Indian nationalist movements. |
| Literary Works |
• The First War of Indian Independence (1909): Reinterpreted the 1857 Revolt as a nationalist struggle.
• Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? (1923): Laid the ideological foundation of Hindutva.
• My Transportation for Life (1950): Memoirs of his imprisonment in Cellular Jail.
• Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History: Advocated Hindu resistance against foreign invaders. |
| Controversies |
• Gandhi Assassination Case (1948): Arrested but acquitted due to lack of evidence.
• Mercy Petitions (1911-1924): Wrote clemency petitions for early release from prison, debated as tactical or compromising.
• Opposition to Quit India Movement (1942): Rejected Gandhi’s call, favored military strength over civil disobedience.
• Hindutva Ideology: Critics claim it fostered religious divisions, while supporters see it as reviving Hindu identity. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cali Fund
Why in the News?
A new international biodiversity fund, the ‘Cali Fund’, was launched at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
What is the Cali Fund?
- The Cali Fund is an international biodiversity financing mechanism launched on February 25, 2025, at COP16 of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
- It collects funds from private companies that utilize Digital Sequence Information (DSI) from nature in their businesses.
- The fund supports biodiversity conservation, scientific research, and indigenous communities.
Key Features of the Cali Fund:
- Funding Source: Businesses using genetic data (DSI) from plants, animals, and microorganisms will contribute financially.
- Utilization of Funds:
- 50% allocated to indigenous and local biodiversity projects.
- Supports scientific research and developing nations’ biodiversity action plans.
- Global Management: Managed by UNDP and UNEP, with MPTFO handling finances.
- Alignment with Global Goals: Supports Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
- First-of-Its-Kind: Direct private sector contributions to a global UN biodiversity fund.
What is Digital Sequence Information (DSI)?
- DSI refers to genetic data extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Used extensively in industries such as:
- Pharmaceuticals (medicine development).
- Cosmetics (natural ingredient research).
- Agriculture (crop improvement, pest resistance).
- Biotechnology (genetic engineering, bioinformatics).
|
About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
- The CBD, with 196 contracting parties, stands as the most comprehensive international agreement focused on nature conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources.
- It was opened for signing at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.
- The CBD has 3 main objectives:
- Conservation of biological diversity (including genetic, species, and habitat diversity).
- Sustainable use of biological diversity.
- Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
- It addresses biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.
- The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the CBD’s governing body, and it meets biennially to assess progress, set priorities, and develop action plans.
- The Secretariat of the CBD is located in Montreal, Canada.
- To further its goals, the CBD includes two binding protocols:
- The Cartagena Protocol (2000), which regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) and came into force in 2003.
- The Nagoya Protocol (2010), which provides a legal framework for the access to genetic resources and the fair sharing of benefits from their use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.
(d) Both A and B |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gharial
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh CM released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena.
About Gharial
- The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a unique species of crocodilian, characterized by its long, slender snout, which is perfectly adapted for catching fish.
- The species derives its name from the “ghara”, a bulbous growth found on the snouts of adult males, which aids in vocalization and mating displays.
- It is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian subcontinent.
- They are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
Conservation Status:
- Recognizing the rapid decline in gharial populations, India launched captive breeding and release programs in the late 1970s.
- Between 1975 and 1982, the country established 16 captive breeding centers and 5 protected sanctuaries to ensure the survival of the species.
- Gharials are ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red List of Species.
- The species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
- Today, gharials primarily survive in 5 major refuges:
- National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) – The largest stronghold of gharials.
- Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh.
- Chitwan National Park in Nepal.
- Son River Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
- Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary in Odisha.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following fauna of India:
1. Gharial
2. Leatherback turtle
3. Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are endangered?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Plastic
Why in the News?
A recent study suggested that black plastic contains harmful flame retardants, which may leach into food at hazardous levels.
What is Black Plastic?
- Black plastic is often made from recycled electronic waste like old computers, TVs, and appliances.
- These electronics contain flame retardants (such as bromine-based compounds), heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury), and other hazardous chemicals.
- Flame retardants are added to prevent fire hazards, but they can persist in recycled plastics.
- Many of these chemicals are now banned in several countries due to their toxicity.
- However, legacy plastics containing these substances continue to enter the recycling stream, leading to contamination of household products.
Threats Posed by Black Plastic:
- Contains Toxic Chemicals: Made from recycled e-waste, it may have flame retardants, heavy metals, and antimony.
- Food Contamination: Heat and acidic foods can leach harmful chemicals into meals.
- Environmental Impact: Difficult to recycle, it pollutes landfills and groundwater.
- Health Risks: Linked to hormonal issues, neurological damage, and cancer.
PYQ:
[2019] Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Gravity
Why in the News?
A new proposal published on October 29, 2024, suggests an experiment that could provide direct evidence for quantum gravity, unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. A new experiment proposes testing weak gravitational fields at the quantum level, a historic breakthrough in physics if successful.
What is Quantum Gravity?
- Quantum Gravity is a theoretical framework that aims to unify general relativity (which explains gravity at large scales) and quantum mechanics (which governs subatomic particles).
- Since gravity behaves differently from the other fundamental forces in quantum mechanics, physicists have been searching for a theory that integrates gravity into the quantum world.
- General relativity treats gravity as the curvature of spacetime, while quantum mechanics describes forces through particle interactions.
- Gravity has never been directly observed in quantum form, unlike the other fundamental forces.
- Theories like String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity attempt to explain quantum gravity but lack experimental validation.
Significance of the Experiment
- First Realistic Test for Quantum Gravity: Most quantum gravity theories rely on extreme conditions (e.g., black holes), making them impossible to test. This experiment provides a lab-based alternative.
- Testing Gravity at the Quantum Level: If a small mass in quantum superposition is influenced by gravity, it could prove gravity itself is quantum in nature.
- Weak Gravity Instead of Strong Gravity: Unlike previous studies focused on black holes, this experiment explores weak gravitational interactions, making it more feasible.
- Towards a Unified Theory of Physics: Proving quantum gravity could merge general relativity and quantum mechanics, solving a major gap in modern physics.
- Challenging Existing Theories: If results differ from both classical and quantum predictions, it could suggest a new force or a modified gravity theory.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Battle of Karnal
Why in the News?
On February 24, 1739, the Battle of Karnal marked a turning point in the history of Mughal empire.
About Battle of Karnal
- The Battle of Karnal on February 24, 1739, saw Nadir Shah’s Persian army defeat Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah ‘Rangila’ in under three hours.
- Despite having 300,000 soldiers, the Mughal army was crushed by Nadir Shah’s 55,000 well-trained troops using modern tactics and superior firearms.
- Following the victory, Delhi was sacked, 30,000 civilians massacred, and the Mughal treasury looted, including the Koh-i-Noor diamond and the Peacock Throne.
Impact on Mughal Decline
- Economic Collapse: The Mughal treasury was emptied, crippling military and administrative strength.
- Weakening Central Power: Governors of Bengal, Awadh, and Hyderabad declared independence.
- Military Decline: The Mughal army’s outdated tactics were exposed; future invasions (e.g., Ahmad Shah Abdali, 1748-1761) followed.
- Rise of Regional Powers: The Marathas expanded, eventually capturing Delhi (1771); the Sikhs grew in Punjab.
- British Expansion: The East India Company took advantage, leading to British rule after 1857.
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to Mughal India, what is/are the difference/differences between Jagirdars and Zamindar?
1. Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection.
2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and revenue rights of Zamindars were not hereditary.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Quality of Public Expenditure' Index
Why in the News?
The Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index, developed by the RBI, evaluates how efficiently government funds are used, focusing on expenditure composition and its long-term impact on economic growth.
About the QPE Index
- The QPE Index by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) measures how effectively government funds are utilized.
- It focuses on fiscal discipline, capital investment, and efficient allocation of public resources for long-term growth.
- Key Indicators of the QPE Index:
- Capital Outlay to GDP Ratio: Measures government spending on infrastructure as a percentage of GDP. Higher ratio = better quality expenditure.
- Revenue Expenditure to Capital Outlay Ratio: Lower ratio preferred, as excessive spending on salaries & subsidies reduces funds for development.
- Development Expenditure to GDP Ratio: Tracks spending in education, healthcare, infrastructure, improving human capital & productivity.
- Development Expenditure as % of Total Expenditure: Higher share indicates better resource allocation.
- Interest Payments to Total Expenditure Ratio: Lower ratio = better debt management & fiscal sustainability.
Key Findings from RBI’s QPE Index Analysis:
- 1991-2003: Post-liberalization, focus on reducing fiscal deficit led to a decline in public investment.
- 2003-2008: FRBM Act (2003) improved fiscal discipline, increasing capital spending & state revenues.
- 2008-2013: Global Financial Crisis (GFC) led to higher government spending, increasing fiscal deficits but supporting recovery.
- 2013-2017: 14th Finance Commission (2015) increased states’ share in central taxes, boosting development expenditure.
- 2017-2020: GST implementation challenges affected the Centre’s revenues, but states benefited from higher tax shares.
- 2020-Present: Record capital expenditure boosted infrastructure & economic recovery, improving public expenditure quality.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Union Budget, which of the following, is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?
1. Defence-expenditure
2. Interest payments
3. Salaries and pensions
4. Subsidies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rupee-Dollar Swap Auction
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will conduct a $10 billion dollar-rupee swap auction on February 28, 2025, aimed at injecting durable rupee liquidity into the banking system.
This 3-year forex swap is expected to inject ₹86,000 crore into the banking system at a time when there is a liquidity deficit of ₹1.7 lakh crore in the financial sector.
What is the RBI’s Forex Swap Auction?
- Forex swap auctions are a tool used by the RBI to manage liquidity and stabilize financial markets.
- In return, the RBI will inject rupee liquidity into the banking system.
- Buy-Sell Swap: RBI buys dollars now and sells them back later (liquidity injection).
- Sell-Buy Swap: RBI sells dollars now and buys them back later (liquidity absorption).
- After 3 years, the transaction will be reversed, with the RBI selling dollars back to banks and absorbing rupee liquidity from the system.
How does it work?
- Auction Process:
- Banks bid in the swap auction by quoting the swap rate (forward premium).
- The lowest premium bids are accepted first (similar to G-sec auctions).
- Liquidity Injection:
- Banks sell US dollars to the RBI at the prevailing exchange rate.
- The RBI provides rupees in exchange, boosting liquidity in the banking system.
- Reverse Swap After Three Years:
- On March 6, 2028, the swap will be reversed.
- The RBI will return US dollars to the banks and absorb the equivalent amount of rupees.
- This allows the RBI to control liquidity over a longer period without permanently altering its forex reserves.
Significance of this move
- Reduces Borrowing Costs: More liquidity in the system lowers short-term interest rates. Bond yields and corporate borrowing costs decline, benefiting businesses and NBFCs.
- Stabilizes Foreign Exchange Markets: The rupee’s availability increases, reducing pressure on exchange rates. Lower hedging costs for companies with foreign liabilities.
- Enhances RBI’s Monetary Policy Toolkit: This approach provides a temporary boost to liquidity, while ensuring a controlled reversal in the future.
PYQ:
[2015] Convertibility of rupee implies:
(a) Being able to convert rupee notes into gold
(b) Allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces
(c) Freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa
(d) Developing an international market for currencies in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOBP-IGO
Why in the News?
India has taken over the Chairmanship of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) Inter-Governmental Organisation from Bangladesh at the 13th Governing Council Meeting in Male, Maldives.
What is BOBP-IGO?
- BOBP-IGO is a regional fisheries body promoting sustainable fisheries management and improving the livelihoods of small-scale fishers in the Bay of Bengal region.
- It was established in 2003 and is headquartered in Chennai.
- It evolved from the Bay of Bengal Programme (BoBP), which was launched in 1979 under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- Members:
- Full Members: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
- Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
- Objectives: Enhance marine fisheries management, build fisher capacities, promote policy cooperation, and combat Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Significance of India’s Chairmanship in BOBP-IGO
- India will lead policies for sustainable fisheries management and marine conservation across member nations.
- This would strengthen monitoring, surveillance, and enforcement to prevent overfishing and illegal activities.
- It will facilitate collaboration among member nations, exchange best practices, and integrate advanced technology in fisheries.
- It would promote scientific research, innovation, and economic growth while reinforcing India’s influence in the Indian Ocean Region.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jhumur Dance
Why in the News?
Prime Minister witnessed the largest-ever Jhumur dance performance in Guwahati, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Assam’s tea industry.
What are Tea Tribes/Tea Garden Communities of Assam?
- The Tea Tribes or Tea Garden Communities of Assam are descendants of laborers brought by the British in the 19th century to work in tea plantations.
- These workers were mainly from Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Many were brought through forced migration, and even voluntary migration occurred under exploitative conditions.
- They were subjected to poor wages, inhumane working conditions, and restricted mobility.
- The community is concentrated in Upper Assam districts like Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and Sivasagar, and in the Barak Valley.
- They currently have Other Backward Classes (OBC) Status but demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, as many of their sub-groups, like Munda, Santhal, and Oraon, hold ST status in their original states.
- Despite adversity, the Tea Garden Communities preserved their cultural identity, with distinct festivals, music, and dance forms.
- Their major festivals include Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, celebrated with the traditional Jhumur dance.
About Jhumur Dance
- Jhumur (also spelled Jhumoir or Jhumair) is a folk dance of the Sadan ethnolinguistic group, mainly practised by Assam’s Tea Garden Communities.
- It originated in Chotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal, and Chhattisgarh) and was brought to Assam during the British colonial era.
- Over time, it blended with Assamese culture, incorporating Assamese musical and linguistic influences.
- Performance and Style:
- Women are the primary dancers, standing shoulder-to-shoulder in synchronized formations.
- Men accompany them with traditional instruments like madal, dhol, dhak (drums), cymbals, flutes, and shehnai.
- Attire: Women wear red and white sarees, while men wear kurta-dhoti with gamocha (traditional Assamese cloth).
- Jhumur songs depict both celebration and hardship, narrating:
- Love and Nature – Seasonal changes, harvest, and romance.
- Hardships of Tea Workers – Struggles, migration, and exploitation.
- Festivals and Community Life – Unity, faith, and social cohesion.
- It serves as a cultural bridge, helping retain their traditions and forge a unique identity in Assam.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to:
(a) Dance forms of Northwest India
(b) Musical instruments
(c) Pre-historic cave paintings
(d) Tribal languages |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement
Why in the News?
On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and Bhagat Singh’s paternal uncle.
About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)
- The Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement was a peasant uprising in Punjab against the oppressive British land laws that exploited farmers.
- The movement was led by Ajit Singh, Kishan Singh (Bhagat Singh’s father), and Lala Lajpat Rai, who mobilized farmers to resist these unfair policies.
- Farmers protested against three major British laws:
- Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 – Restricted farmers from selling or mortgaging their land, favoring landlords and moneylenders.
- Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906 – Allowed the British to take control of farmers’ land after their death instead of passing it to their heirs.
- Doab Bari Act, 1907 – Deprived farmers of ownership rights and reduced them to contract workers.
- The British also raised taxes on agricultural land and irrigation, making it harder for farmers to sustain themselves.
- The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta“, meaning “Take care of your turban, O farmer,” was coined by Banke Dayal, a nationalist poet, and became a symbol of self-respect and protest.
- The movement resulted in mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, forcing the British to roll back some clauses of these laws.
- Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai were arrested in May 1907 and exiled to Burma. Due to public pressure, they were released in November 1907.
- Fearing further persecution, Ajit Singh fled to Persia and later lived in Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he worked with other revolutionaries against British rule.
- The movement became a landmark in India’s freedom struggle, inspiring future farmers’ agitations, the Ghadar Movement, and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.
Who was Ajit Singh?
- Ajit Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and nationalist leader who played a crucial role in India’s independence movement.
- He was born on February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, which is now part of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district.
- He was the elder brother of Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh, and played a key role in shaping Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary ideals.
- Ajit Singh co-founded the Bharat Mata Society, an organization that aimed to unite farmers and revolutionaries against British exploitation.
- Due to his active role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, he became a prime target of British authorities and was forced into exile for 38 years (1909-1947).
- He lived in Persia, Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he continued his revolutionary activities and worked with Lala Hardayal and Madame Cama.
- In March 1947, Ajit Singh returned to India, just a few months before India gained independence.
- However, due to prolonged illness, he passed away on August 15, 1947, the very day India became independent.
- Since 2021, February 23 has been observed as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honoring Ajit Singh’s contributions to India’s independence and farmers’ rights.
|
PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement?
(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.
(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.
(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab Colonization Bill.
(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zonal Council
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune.
About Zonal Councils in India:
|
Details |
| Origin & Purpose |
- Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956 to promote cooperation among states after reorganization.
- Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, with the goal of resolving inter-state disputes and ensuring balanced socio-economic development.
|
| Composition & Structure |
- Five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council (NEC).
- Chairperson: Union Home Minister.
- Vice-Chairperson: Chief Ministers (rotating one-year term).
- Each state is represented by its Chief Minister + 2 ministers, with NITI Aayog participation.
- Standing Committees of Chief Secretaries review issues before full meetings.
|
| Zonal Councils & Member States |
- Northern: Haryana, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh.
- Central: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, UP, MP.
- Eastern: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal.
- Western: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu.
- Southern: AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry.
- North-Eastern Council (NEC): Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim (added in 2002).
|
| Functions & Recent Developments |
- Resolves inter-state disputes, improves Centre-State coordination, addresses border issues, economic planning, transport, and linguistic minorities.
- Strengthens cooperative federalism and regional development.
- 2018: Union Home Minister became NEC Chairperson.
- Modi government transformed Zonal Councils from advisory bodies to action-oriented platforms.
|
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Odisha
Why in the News?
On December 1, 2024, a team of archaeologists, students, and laborers began excavation at the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Jajpur, Odisha.
About the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site
- Located in Jajpur district, Odisha, Ratnagiri is part of the “Diamond Triangle” along with Udayagiri and Lalitgiri.
- It flourished as a Vajrayana Buddhist center from the 5th to 13th century AD.
- It was first reported in 1906, with excavations conducted from 1958-1961 by Debala Mitra.
- It is identified as ‘Sri Ratnagiri Mahavihara Arya Bhikshu Sangha’ through inscriptions.
Key Findings at the Site:
- Largest Buddha Head in Odisha: 1.4 meters tall, made of Khondalite stone, featuring intricate carvings.
- Monolithic Elephant Sculpture: Likely part of an ancient shrine complex.
- Hundreds of Votive Stupas: Used for spiritual offerings, reflecting Vajrayana Buddhist traditions.
- Sanskrit Inscriptions in Kutila Script: Provide insights into monastic teachings and rituals.
- Stone Tablets and Masonry Structures: Indicate large, organized monastic settlements.
- Lion Pedestal (Simhasana) and Buddhist Deities: Includes Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava, Akshobhya, Amitabha, Tara, Marici, Padmapani, Cunda.
- Artefacts Used in Local Villages: Repurposed as decorations, Tulsi bases, and construction materials.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs :
Famous shrine: Location
- Tabo monastery and temple complex: Spiti Valley
- Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako: Zanskar Valley
- Alchi temple complex: Ladakh complex
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moon’s South Pole
Why in the News?
Astronomers are studying the first detailed geological map of the Moon’s South Pole, created by India’s Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.
About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:
- First High-Resolution Map:
- This map is created by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO, using data from Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover.
- It offers new insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.
- Confirmation of a Magma Ocean:
- Pragyan’s Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detected molten rock beneath the surface.
- This confirms a global magma ocean in the Moon’s early history.
- Age and Crater Mapping:
- Landing site estimated to be 3.7 billion years old, similar to Earth’s early evolution.
- Schomberger Crater identified as the primary source of impact debris.
- Importance for Lunar and Planetary Studies:
- Preserved craters help understand the history of asteroid impacts.
- Provides insights into the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?
- Water Ice Reserves:
- Permanently shadowed craters hold large water ice deposits, first confirmed by Chandrayaan-1 (2009).
- Crucial for future lunar colonies and deep-space missions.
- Harsh but Valuable Environment:
- Extreme cold (as low as -250°C) preserves ancient materials.
- Continuous sunlight in some areas makes it ideal for solar power.
- Scientific and Strategic Importance:
- Craters contain pristine material from the early Solar System.
- NASA, China, and Russia plan permanent research bases in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission
Why in the News?
In a historic judgment, the Supreme Court of India has ruled that prisoners eligible for remission under state policies must be considered for release even if they do not apply for it.
This decision comes as part of the suo motu case “In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail”, initiated in 2021 to address prison overcrowding.
Supreme Court’s Ruling: Key Takeaways
- The SC overruled its earlier stance in:
- Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) – Held that remission was not automatic and required a convict’s application.
- Mohinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2013) – Ruled that courts cannot grant remission suo motu.
- The new ruling recognizes the existence of remission policies in states and holds that:
- Prison superintendents must initiate remission proceedings for eligible convicts.
- Failure to consider eligible prisoners for remission violates Article 14 (Right to Equality).
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What is Remission?
- Remission refers to the reduction of a prison sentence without altering the conviction.
- It is different from pardon or commutation, which may involve modifying or canceling the sentence entirely.
Legal Provisions on Remission
- The power of remission is governed by:
- Section 473 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 (formerly Section 432 of CrPC) – Grants state governments the power to remit sentences at any time under specific conditions.
- Section 475 of BNSS (formerly Section 433A of CrPC) – Prevents remission for life convicts guilty of crimes punishable by death until they serve at least 14 years.
- Articles 72 & 161 of the Constitution – Provide remission powers to the President and Governors at the Union and State levels.
- Earlier, remission was initiated only when a prisoner applied for it, but the new ruling removes this necessity if states already have structured remission policies.
Impact of the Ruling on Prison Reforms
- India’s prison population far exceeds capacity, with a 131.4% occupancy rate (2022 NCRB data).
- Over 75% of prisoners are undertrials—this ruling may not directly help them, but it could ease congestion by enabling timely release of eligible convicts.
- The new ruling ensures all eligible prisoners get equal consideration, preventing biases in prison administration.
- International standards (like UN Nelson Mandela Rules) emphasize prisoner rights and rehabilitation.
- The judgment upholds fairness and reintegration into society.
PYQ:
[2014] Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major and Minor Minerals
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines has reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals, aligning with the National Critical Mineral Mission to boost India’s industrial growth.
Major and Minor Minerals in India
What are Major Minerals?
- Major minerals are those with high economic value, used in industrial applications, energy production, and metallurgy.
- Regulation: Controlled by the Central Government under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act).
- Examples:
- Metallic Minerals: Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Gold, Manganese, Zinc, Lead.
- Energy Minerals: Coal, Lignite, Uranium.
- Industrial Minerals: Limestone, Rare Earth Elements, Graphite, Gypsum.
What are Minor Minerals?
- Minor minerals have lower economic value and are mainly used in construction, local industries, and ornamental purposes.
- Regulation: Controlled by State Governments under the MMDR Act, which gives them the power to grant leases and regulate mining activities.
- Examples:
- Building Materials: Sand, Gravel, Stone, Marble.
- Non-Metallic Minerals: Dolomite, Mica, Quartz, Felspar, Clay (until reclassified as major minerals).
Key Reasons for Reclassification:
- Extraction of Critical Minerals: These minerals are found with Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tin, and Tantalum, essential for energy transition, space, and healthcare industries.
- Industrial & Strategic Importance: Barytes is used in oil drilling, electronics, radiation shielding, while Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are crucial for ceramics, glass, and semiconductor industries.
- Improved Regulation & Transparency: Reclassification ensures scientific mining, reporting, and compliance under Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), reducing illegal extraction and enhancing exploration.
- No Impact on Existing Leases: Current leases remain valid for 50 years, allowing miners to adapt to new rules without disruption, with revenue continuing to benefit State Governments.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following minerals:
- Bentonite
- Chromite
- Kyanite
- Sillimanite
In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bathou Faith and its Philosophy
Why in the News?
The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government in Assam has officially included ‘Bathouism’ as an option in the religion column of key application forms, including admission forms, birth and death certificates.
What is Bathouism?
- Bathouism is the traditional faith of the Bodo people, primarily practiced in Assam and the foothills of Bhutan.
- It is a nature-centric religion that worships Bathoubwrai, the supreme deity believed to govern the universe.
- The central symbol of Bathouism is the Sijou plant (Euphorbia antiquorum), representing Bathoubwrai and planted in sacred enclosures (Bathou Thansali).
- Bathou Puja is performed to seek divine blessings for prosperity, health, and well-being.
- The Assam government has recently recognized Bathouism as a distinct faith, allowing its inclusion in official documents.
Philosophy of Bathouism
- Bathouism is based on five fundamental elements, known as Ba (five) Thou (deep thought), representing natural forces:
- Bar (Air) – Symbolizes breath, movement, and life force.
- San (Sun) – Represents light, energy, and warmth.
- Ha (Earth) – Stands for stability, fertility, and sustenance.
- Or (Fire) – Denotes transformation and purification.
- Okhrang (Sky) – Represents infinite wisdom and cosmic balance.
- Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai) is considered almighty, omniscient, and eternal, beyond time and space. He is indestructible—fire cannot burn him, water cannot moisten him, air cannot dry him, and weapons cannot pierce him.
- Bathouism promotes:
- Truthfulness, honesty, and righteousness.
- Respect for elders, ancestors, and nature.
- Peaceful coexistence and non-violence.
- Gratitude through rituals and pujas.
- Bathou rituals involve five bamboo sticks symbolizing the five elements, with offerings of rice beer, milk, flowers, and incense.
- Ancestral veneration and community harmony are integral aspects of the faith.
PYQ:
[2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?
(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
(c) Lokayata and Kapalika
(d) Sankhya and Yoga |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SOUL Conclave
Why in the News?
Prime Minister inaugurated the first edition of the School of Ultimate Leadership (SOUL) Leadership Conclave at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
Bhutan’s PM Tshering Tobgay was the keynote speaker, emphasizing India’s leadership role in shaping governance and public service.
What is the SOUL Leadership Conclave?
- The SOUL Leadership Conclave (School of Ultimate Leadership Conclave) is a premier leadership summit inaugurated by PM Modi.
- It is aimed at cultivating transformational leaders beyond traditional political hierarchies.
- The event is designed to bring together leaders from diverse sectors, including politics, business, sports, media, spirituality, and public policy, to share their insights and experiences on leadership.
- The conclave serves as the foundation for the upcoming SOUL Leadership Institution, an exclusive leadership training academy in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Key Features of SOUL Conclave:
- Multi-Sector Leadership: Brings together leaders from various fields to promote cross-sector collaboration and knowledge-sharing.
- Training & Development: Focuses on nurturing ethical and globally competent leaders, beyond traditional political dynasties.
- SOUL Leadership Institute: A 22-acre, ₹150 crore campus is being developed in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, for formal leadership training.
- Global Leadership Insights: Discusses policymaking, governance, and leadership challenges with national and international leaders.
- Strengthening India’s Leadership Pipeline: Aims to train future leaders in governance, economics, diplomacy, and innovation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 101(4)
Why in the News?
Amritpal Singh’s detention has raised concerns over his parliamentary position, as Article 101(4) states that an MP’s seat can be vacated after 60 consecutive absences without permission. He has missed 46 sittings so far.
About Article 101(4) and its Feature
- Article 101(4) states that if a Member of Parliament (MP) is absent from all meetings of the House for a period of 60 days, their seat may be declared vacant.
- The 60-day period is counted continuously (excluding adjournments but including recess).
- If the MP remains absent without prior permission from the House, the seat can be vacated under Article 101(4).
- No MP has ever lost a seat under Article 101(4) in practice.
- The House may grant condonation (excuse the absence) if a valid reason is provided.
- This provision ensures active participation of MPs and prevents prolonged absenteeism.
- If an MP does not attend any session of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha for 60 days without permission, the House can initiate proceedings to declare the seat vacant.
Legal Options
- Like past MPs, Amritpal can formally request permission to remain absent due to his incarceration.
- Former MP from Uttar Pradesh Atul Rai received similar permission in 2023 while in jail.
- The Lok Sabha must formally vote to declare his seat vacant, making disqualification unlikely unless actively pursued.
PYQ:
[2012] Regarding the office of the Lok Sabha speaker, consider the following statements:
- He/She holds the office during the pleasure of the President.
- He/She need not be a member of the House at the time of his/her election but has to become a member of the House within six months from the date of his/her election.
- If he/she intends to resign, the letter of his/her resignation has to be addressed to the Deputy Speaker.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Consumer Helpline (NCH)
Why in the News?
The National Consumer Helpline (NCH) has seen a 300% rise in complaints in Arunachal Pradesh, reflecting increased awareness and trust in consumer grievance redressal.
What is National Consumer Helpline (NCH)?
- NCH is an initiative of the Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution to provide a nationwide grievance redressal system for consumers.
- It offers advice, guidance, and assistance to consumers facing issues with products, services, and unfair trade practices.
-
- Toll-Free Consumer Helpline: 1800-11-4000 / 1915 (Available from 9:30 AM – 5:30 PM, except national holidays).
- Multi-Channel Complaint Registration: Website, mobile app, email, WhatsApp, and SMS-based complaint filing.
- Covers a Wide Range of Sectors: E-commerce, telecom, banking, insurance, transport, healthcare, digital payments, etc.
- Operated under: The Centre for Consumer Studies at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA).
How has the NCH succeeded in Northeast India?
- Complaints rose from 9,162 in 2020 to 36,609 in 2024, with Arunachal Pradesh seeing a 50-fold rise in consumer grievances.
- 517% increase in online complaint registrations; introduction of regional language assistance to enhance accessibility.
- Workshops, SHG partnerships, and NGO collaborations helped rural and tribal communities understand consumer rights.
- “Jago Grahak Jago” initiatives, grants to NE states, and Panchayat training programs increased consumer participation.
- Consumers experienced faster redressal in cases like e-commerce refunds, delayed product deliveries, and service-related issues.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.
2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.
3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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