Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Why in the News?
In an alarming move, the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) cases rise to 110 in Pune.
What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?
- GBS is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, causing muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis.
- It is rare, affecting 1–2 per 100,000 people annually.
- It is more common in adults and males.
- It is often triggered by viral or bacterial infections, especially Campylobacter jejuni (a cause of gastroenteritis), influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus, or, in rare cases, vaccinations.
- Its Symptoms:
- Early signs: Tingling, weakness in legs spreading to the upper body, pins-and-needles sensation, back pain.
- Severe cases: Paralysis, breathing difficulties, loss of speech, vision problems.
- Complications: Can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to irregular heartbeat, blood pressure fluctuations, and potential respiratory failure.
Treatment and Recovery:
- No definitive cure, but treatments include:
- Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis): Removes harmful antibodies attacking nerves.
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Therapy: Injects healthy antibodies to counteract immune attacks.
- Supportive care: Some patients require ventilator support, physical therapy, and months to years of rehabilitation.
PYQ:
[2022] In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements:
- The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
- Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector-based platform.
- COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Magnetic Model
Why in the News?
Earth’s magnetic north pole, a critical point where the planet’s magnetic field lines converge, is in constant motion due to changes in the Earth’s molten core. Currently located in the Arctic Ocean above Canada, the magnetic north pole has been moving towards Siberia at an accelerated pace.
What is the World Magnetic Model (WMM)?
- The WMM is the standard model used for navigation, attitude, and heading referencing systems that rely on Earth’s geomagnetic field.
- It is widely used in civilian applications, including navigation and heading systems, as well as in military operations.
- The WMM provides accurate data on the Earth’s magnetic field and the location of the magnetic North Pole, combining measurements from ground stations and satellites.
- Revisions and Updates:
- A new version is updated every five years to address changes in the magnetic field.
- The latest version, WMM2025, was released on December 17, 2024, and will remain valid until late 2029.
- The WMM is jointly developed by the United States’ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United Kingdom’s Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), with technical support from NCEI and the British Geological Survey (BGS).
- It serves both civilian and military purposes, ensuring accuracy in navigation systems, GPS applications, and other tools dependent on Earth’s magnetic field.
Why is the Magnetic North Pole Moving?
- The magnetic North Pole moves due to the dynamic flow of molten iron and other metals in Earth’s outer core, which generates the planet’s magnetic field.
- These movements cause shifts in magnetic field lines, leading to the pole’s drift over time.
- The pole was first identified in Canada in 1831 and has since moved over 400 km toward Russia.
- Key Observations of Movement:
- From 1990 to 2000, the pole drifted at a rapid rate of 55 km/year.
- By 2015, this rate slowed to 35 km/year, but the drift remains unpredictable.
- Currently, the pole is moving closer to Siberia, reflecting changes in Earth’s core dynamics.
- Impact of Movement:
- The drift affects navigation systems, aviation routes, and Earth’s magnetic shielding against harmful solar radiation.
- Scientists monitor this movement using the WMM to ensure updated predictions and mitigate potential impacts on navigation and environmental protection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Etikoppaka Toys
Why in the News?
On the occasion of India’s 76th Republic Day, Andhra Pradesh’s tableau showcasing the Etikoppaka Bommalu — a 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition — captivated the audience at New Delhi’s Kartavya Path.
About Etikoppaka Bommalu
- The craft originates from Etikoppaka, a small village in Andhra Pradesh, renowned for its 400-year-old wooden toy-making tradition.
- The name “Etikoppaka” is synonymous with eco-friendly wooden toys, which reflect a seamless blend of art and sustainability.
- The toys are made from the wood of the Ankudu tree (Wrightia tinctoria), known for its lightweight and malleable properties, allowing intricate carvings.
- Artisans use natural dyes derived from plant-based sources like seeds, leaves, and bark, ensuring non-toxic and child-safe finishes.
- The lacquer-turning technique gives the toys a lustrous finish, sealing the natural colors while enhancing durability.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- The toys often depict mythological characters, animals, and musical instruments, connecting them to India’s rich cultural heritage.
- Many designs reflect motifs from ancient civilizations such as Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
- The crafts include spinning tops, household decorations, musical instruments, and Raja-Rani figurines, showcasing a timeless aesthetic.
- In 2017, Etikoppaka Bommalu received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, ensuring their authenticity and preserving their cultural significance.
- These toys have gained international recognition, admired by collectors and eco-conscious enthusiasts.
Other GI-Tagged Toys in India:
|
Origin |
Description |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wooden toys known for vibrant colors and eco-friendly lacquer finish. |
| Nirmal Toys |
Telangana |
Intricately carved wooden toys that reflect artistic craftsmanship. |
| Indore Leather Toys |
Madhya Pradesh |
Lifelike animal figures made from leather, showcasing detailed craftsmanship. |
| Kondapalli Bommallu |
Andhra Pradesh |
Traditional wooden dolls crafted from local wood, often painted in bright colors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister recently commended Indore and Udaipur for earning a spot in the prestigious list of 31 Wetland Accredited Cities (WCA) worldwide under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Key Highlights of Indore and Udaipur
- Indore:
- Known as India’s cleanest city and recipient of Smart City 2023 Award.
- Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, supports large water bird congregations and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
- Over 200 wetland mitras are actively involved in conservation efforts, particularly protecting the Sarus Crane.
- Udaipur:
- Famous for its picturesque lakes, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
- These wetlands are vital for maintaining the city’s microclimate and providing a buffer against extreme weather events.
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About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
- It was introduced during COP 12 (2015) of the Ramsar Convention to recognize cities that take exceptional steps in wetland conservation and sustainable management.
- Objective: To promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands while fostering socio-economic benefits for local populations.
- The accreditation is valid for 6 years.
Criteria for WCA:
Cities must meet specific standards set by the Ramsar Convention, including:
- Presence of one or more Ramsar sites or significant wetlands.
- Implementation of wetland conservation measures and restoration initiatives.
- Integration of wetlands into land-use planning.
- Raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- Establishing local committees with expertise in wetland management.
- Having strong laws and policies to prevent wetland degradation.
India’s Efforts in Wetland Conservation
- India became a Ramsar Convention member in 1982, with 85 Ramsar sites covering 13,58,068 hectares (10% of India’s wetland area).
- India initially designated 26 Ramsar sites (1982–2013) and added 59 more since 2014, reflecting a growing commitment to wetland preservation.
- Tamil Nadu leads with 18 Ramsar sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh (10 sites).
- Global Leadership Wetland Conservation:
- UK has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175), followed by Mexico (142).
- Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection (148,000 sq. km).
Interesting Facts about Indian Wetlands:
- India’s wetlands cover 1,52,600 sq. km, constituting 4.63% of its geographical area (ISRO data).
- Gujarat has the largest wetland area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
- Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance:
- Examples include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal), and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
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PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland.
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed.
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site.’ |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), under the Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, upgraded its sub-office in Varanasi to a full-fledged Regional Office. This move aims to strengthen the implementation of Inland Water Transport (IWT) activities in National Waterway-1 (NW-1), covering the Ganga River, and other waterways in Uttar Pradesh.
IWAI’s Regional Expansion:
- Varanasi becomes IWAI’s 6th regional office, joining those in Guwahati, Patna, Kochi, Bhubaneswar, and Kolkata.
- Capacity augmentation is also underway for NW-2 (Brahmaputra River), NW-3 (West Coast Canal), and NW-16 (Barak River).
Important Projects by IWAI:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): A World Bank-supported initiative aimed at capacity augmentation of NW-1 through:
- River conservancy works like bandalling and maintenance dredging.
- Construction of key infrastructure, including:
- Multi-Modal Terminals (MMTs): Varanasi, Sahibganj, and Haldia.
- Inter-Modal Terminal: Kalughat.
- Navigational Lock: Farakka, West Bengal.
- Development of 60 community jetties across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal to support local communities like farmers, artisans, and fishermen.
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About Inland Waterways Authority of India
- Established in 1986 under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
- Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
- Objective: To reduce the underutilization of India’s 14,500 kilometers of navigable waterways, which account for just 2% of the transportation mix.
-
- Responsible for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation.
- Develops and maintains Inland Water Transport (IWT) infrastructure on national waterways with grants from the Ministry of Shipping.
- Ensures safe and efficient navigation to integrate waterways into the national transport system.
-
- Planning and Execution: Implements and maintains navigation and shipping infrastructure projects.
- National Waterways Management: Oversees 111 national waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Infrastructure Development: Focuses on dredging, terminal construction, and maintaining year-round navigability for vessels.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nahargarh WLS
Why in the News?
The Forest Department of Rajasthan has initiated efforts to revise the boundaries of the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary to address existing legal and administrative complications.
About the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- It was established in 1980, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
- It is named after the nearby Nahargarh Fort, which overlooks the sanctuary.
- It is a significant part of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve corridor, providing a habitat for wildlife movement.
- Geographical Features:
- It is situated in the Aravalli hills, close to Jaipur city, offering a natural escape amidst urban surroundings.
- Its area spans approximately 50 square kilometres, featuring rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and plateaus.
- It has seasonal streams and waterholes that serve as vital water sources for wildlife.
- Flora and Fauna:
- Flora: Comprises dry deciduous and thorny scrub forests, typical of the Aravalli range; Key tree species include Dhok, Babool, Khejri, and Ber; Grassy patches and scattered shrubs provide a diverse ecosystem for herbivores.
- Fauna: Fauna: Includes leopards, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, sambars, chitals, peacocks, partridges, migratory birds, monitor lizards, snakes, turtles, and various pollinators.
PYQ:
[2012] In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?
(a) Biosphere Reserves
(b) National Parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stargardt Disease
Why in the News?
Researchers have created a gene-editing tool to fix ABCA4 gene mutations, offering hope for treating Stargardt disease, a rare condition that causes progressive vision loss.
What is Stargardt Disease?
- Stargardt Disease is a rare inherited eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss, primarily affecting the central part of the retina, called the macula.
- It is typically caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, which disrupts the body’s ability to use Vitamin A, leading to an excessive buildup of lipofuscin (yellowish-brown pigment) in retinal cells.
- The disease commonly begins in childhood or early adulthood and is usually bilateral, involving both eyes.
- Currently, there is no cure for Stargardt Disease.
Symptoms of Stargardt Disease
- Progressive vision loss, particularly affecting central vision.
- Difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness).
- Blurred or distorted vision, with colors appearing less vivid.
- Appearance of dark spots or areas of vision loss in the central visual field.
- Gradual deterioration of visual acuity, leading to potential legal blindness.
Present Scenario in India
- According to a 2023 study by L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad:
- The disease predominantly affects males and typically manifests during the second decade of life.
- Estimated prevalence: 1 in 8,000 to 10,000 individuals.
- 10.79% of patients had a family history of Stargardt disease, while 10.69% were from consanguineous marriages.
- In India, Stargardt disease is a not uncommon hereditary condition, with limited treatment options available.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Plastic pollution;
Why in the News?
The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), an initiative of the World Economic Forum, has reached a significant milestone by expanding its network to include 25 countries. This expansion introduces seven new members: Angola, Bangladesh, Gabon, Guatemala, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, which together represent a population of more than 1.5 billion people.
What is the Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP)?
- The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is an initiative launched by the World Economic Forum aimed at combating plastic pollution worldwide.
- It focuses on promoting a circular economy for plastics, emphasizing reuse, recycling, and sustainable management to mitigate the environmental impacts of plastic waste.
What are the key components of GPAP?
- Governance and Structure: GPAP operates through a robust governance framework consisting of a Governing Council, Steering Board, and Advisory Committee, involving senior executives from founding organisations such as the World Economic Forum.
- For example, in Indonesia, the governance structure facilitated the creation of the National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP), which oversees the implementation of strategies to reduce marine plastic leakage.
- National Action Roadmaps: GPAP collaborates with various stakeholders to create National Action Roadmaps tailored to specific countries.
- For instance, Vietnam’s National Plastic Action Partnership launched its roadmap in 2022, targeting a 50% reduction in plastic waste by 2030 through strategies.
- Investment Mobilization: GPAP focuses on aligning financial resources with plastic waste reduction goals. For example, in Ghana, GPAP worked with the government and private sector to attract investments for waste recycling infrastructure.
- Global Collaboration Network: GPAP acts as a platform connecting stakeholders globally to address plastic pollution.
- For example, it facilitated the sharing of best practices between countries like Indonesia and Ghana, allowing them to adopt innovative solutions such as advanced recycling technologies and extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks.
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What is the significance of expanding GPAP to include seven new African countries?
- Strengthened Global Coalition: With this expansion, GPAP now encompasses 25 countries representing over 1.5 billion people, making it the largest global initiative focused on combating plastic pollution.
- Addressing Urgent Environmental Challenges: The inclusion of these countries underscores a growing recognition of the urgent need to tackle plastic pollution, which poses severe threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health.
- Fostering Regional Collaboration: The addition of new African countries facilitates regional collaboration and knowledge sharing on best practices for waste management and recycling.
- Economic Growth and Job Creation: GPAP’s initiatives are expected to stimulate economic growth through the promotion of sustainable materials and recycling infrastructure.
- Commitment to Circular Economy Principles: The expansion reflects a commitment to advancing circular economy principles, which focus on reusing and recycling plastics rather than relying on single-use materials.
What are the anticipated environmental and economic impacts of GPAP’s initiatives?
- Decreased Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The initiative targets a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastic production and waste management, which currently accounts for an estimated 1.8 billion tonnes annually. By promoting a circular economy, GPAP aims to mitigate emissions, particularly methane from landfills.
- By implementing National Action Roadmaps, the partnership seeks to reduce annual land-based plastic leakage by approximately 80% by 2040 compared to business-as-usual scenarios.
- By transitioning to a circular economy model, GPAP initiatives can help countries recover lost economic value from plastics, estimated at $80 billion to $120 billion annually due to inefficiencies in current systems.
- Job Creation: GPAP’s efforts in developing sustainable waste management practices are expected to create significant employment opportunities, potentially generating up to 6 million green jobs globally by 2030. This includes safer jobs for informal waste workers who play a crucial role in recycling and waste management.
- Investment Mobilization: The partnership has already mobilized substantial investments, such as $3.1 billion, aimed at supporting projects that tackle plastic waste. This influx of capital can stimulate local economies and drive innovation in sustainable materials and recycling technologies.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Partnerships: Collaborate with governments, private sectors, and civil society to establish robust policies to enforce regulations and promote extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks to drive systemic change.
- Enhance Innovation and Infrastructure: Invest in advanced recycling technologies for scalable waste management infrastructure and research to develop sustainable alternatives, fostering a circular economy while creating green jobs and reducing plastic pollution.
Prelims PYQ:
In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following ? (UPSC IAS/2019)
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)
Why in the News?
India is set to launch its first human underwater submersible (deep-sea manned vehicle) in 2025, marking a significant achievement in the country’s scientific and technological journey.
About the Submersible:
- The submersible will initially operate at a depth of 500 meters, with the goal of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters by next year.
- Part of the Deep Ocean Mission, the initiative focuses on exploring untapped underwater resources and advancing India’s blue economy.
- The submersible is being developed using 100% indigenous technology, demonstrating India’s commitment to self-reliance in advanced science and innovation.
- The mission aims to unlock vast underwater resources, including: Critical minerals, Rare metals and undiscovered marine biodiversity.
About the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):
- DOM is an ambitious initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in 2021 to develop technologies for deep-sea exploration.
- Part of the 9 missions under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).
Important updates in DOM: Samudrayaan and Matsya6000:
- Launched in 2021 under DOM, Samudrayaan is India’s flagship crewed expedition to reach a depth of 6,000 m in the Central Indian Ocean.
- The mission will utilize Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed for a three-member crew.
- Construction: Made from titanium alloy to endure pressures up to 6,000 bar.
India’s Ocean Exploration Milestones:
- 1981: Ocean studies began with a program on polymetallic nodules (PMN) initiated at CSIR-NIO, marked by the collection of the first nodule sample from the Arabian Sea aboard the research vessel Gaveshani.
- 1987: India became the first country to receive Pioneer Investor status from the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
- Allocated 1.5 lakh km² in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration, based on extensive surveys by CSIR-NIO.
- 2002: India signed a contract with the ISA; after resource analysis, surrendered 50% of the allotted area, retaining 75,000 km².
- Further studies narrowed the mining area to 18,000 km², identified as the First Generation Mine-site.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea Board, Tea Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India, the world’s second-largest tea producer after China, has become the largest importer of tea from Kenya, signaling a shift in global tea trade dynamics.
Key Highlights of Tea Trade
- Imports surged from 3.53 million kg in 2023 to 13.71 million kg in 2024, reflecting a significant 288% increase.
- The average price of Kenyan tea imported to India was ₹156.73 per kg, significantly lower than ₹252.83 per kg fetched by Assam tea at auctions up to October 2024.
- India’s tea exports increased by 13%, rising from 184.46 million kg in 2023 to 209.14 million kg in 2024.
- Assam and West Bengal were major contributors to exports, accounting for the bulk of the tea exported.
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About Tea Board of India
- The Tea Board of India was established in 1954 under the Tea Act, 1953, succeeding the Central Tea Board and Indian Tea Licensing Committee.
- It was originally formed under the Indian Tea Cess Bill (1903) to promote Indian tea domestically and internationally.
- It is headquartered in Kolkata, with 23 offices across India, including zonal, regional, and sub-regional offices.
- It functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, with 31 members, including representatives from Parliament, tea producers, traders, and trade unions.
- Provides financial and technical assistance for tea cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing, supports R&D to improve tea quality, and monitors pesticide residue compliance.
Tea Crop in India
- Under the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the East India Company gained control of Assam, laying the foundation for India’s commercial tea industry.
- The British finally introduced tea to India in the 19th century to compete with China’s monopoly, establishing the first commercial tea garden in Chabua, Assam, in 1837.
- Tea requires 20°C–30°C temperatures and 150–300 cm annual rainfall with slightly acidic, well-drained soil for optimal growth.
- India is the second-largest tea producer globally and the largest consumer, accounting for 30% of global tea consumption, with major production in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
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PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:
- The Tea Board is a statutory body.
- It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
- The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vaigai River and its tributaries
Why in the News?
The Madras High Court has issued directives to local bodies in Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts to submit a comprehensive action plan with timelines to mitigate pollution in the Vaigai River.
About Vaigai River
| Geographical Features and Location |
- Originates from the Varusanadu Hills in the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu.
- Flows through Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts.
- Length: Approximately 258 km, draining into the Palk Strait.
- Major towns along the river include Madurai.
- Historical site Keeladi is also located along the river.
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| Major and Minor Tributaries |
- Major Tributaries: Suruliyar River, Varaha River, Manjalar River, Kottagudi River, and Kridhumaal River.
- Minor Tributaries: Sambanadi River, Kumilaar River, and Utharakosa Mangaiyar River.
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| Conservation Sites and Programs |
- Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve: Acts as a vital catchment area and supports biodiversity.
- Vaigai Dam: Built near Andipatti, providing irrigation and drinking water.
- Vaigai River Restoration Program: Focuses on cleaning, improving water quality, and promoting biodiversity.
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PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.
(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.
(c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river.
(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river. |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pangsau Pass
Why in the News?
The Pangsau Pass International Festival returns to Nampong, Arunachal Pradesh, from January 20-22, 2025, celebrating India-Myanmar cultural ties and heritage after a four-year gap.
About Pangsau Pass
- Pangsau Pass is a vital mountain pass located on the India-Myanmar border, connecting the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, with the Sagaing Region of Myanmar.
- Situated in the Patkai Hills, it lies at an altitude of approximately 3,727 feet (1,136 meters) above sea level.
- Often referred to as “Hell Pass” due to its challenging terrain and dense forests, it serves as both a geographical marvel and a historical landmark.
Geographical Significance:
- Strategic Location: Acts as a natural link between India and Myanmar, facilitating cross-border trade and cultural exchanges.
- Scenic and Biodiverse: Attractions include the Lake of No Return, a mythical body of water in Myanmar associated with World War II legends.
- Tourism Potential: The Pangsau Pass International Festival showcases the region’s tribal cultures, boosting local economies and promoting tourism.
Historical/Political Significance
- The pass was a crucial part of the Stillwell Road (Ledo Road), constructed during World War II to connect India to China through Myanmar.
- It played a pivotal role in the China-Burma-India Theater, facilitating supply lines for Allied forces.
- It serves as a gateway for implementing India’s Act East Policy, aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asia.
- It facilitates cross-border trade and cultural exchanges, fostering economic and diplomatic relationships between India and Myanmar.
- It enables communities on both sides of the border to engage under the Free Movement Regime (FMR) (now suspended), allowing visitors to travel up to 16 km into each other’s territories without visas or passports.
PYQ:
[2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:
1. Deep gorges
2. U-turn river courses
3. Parallel mountain ranges
4. Steep gradients causing land-sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the evidences for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geographical Indications (GI) Tags
Why in the News?
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has announced an ambitious target to achieve 10,000 Geographical Indication (GI) tags by 2030.
About Geographical Indications (GI) Tags
- A GI is a sign identifying a product as originating from a specific geographical location, possessing qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherently linked to that origin.
- It is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, effective from September 2003.
- It is defined under Article 22(1) of the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement.
- It is managed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- GI tags are valid for 10 years and can be renewed upon expiry.
- Darjeeling Tea was the first product to receive a GI tag in 2004–05.
- Purpose and Benefits:
- Protects the identity of unique products linked to specific regions.
- Promotes economic development, cultural preservation, and export potential.
Procedural Implementation and Recognition of GI’s:
- Authority for GI Tags:
- The Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications.
- The register for GIs is divided into:
- Part A: Registration of GIs.
- Part B: Registration of authorized users.
- Application Process:
- Applications can be made by individuals, associations of persons, producers, or authorized organizations representing the producers’ interests.
- Applications must include details about the product’s quality, nature, reputation, geographical environment, manufacturing process, natural and human factors, and a map of the production territory.
- Scrutiny and Decision:
- The Registrar conducts a preliminary review for deficiencies, with applicants given one month to address any issues.
- Accepted applications are advertised in the GI Journal, inviting objections.
- If unopposed, a certificate of registration is granted.
- Timeframe:
- Registration must be completed within 12 months; otherwise, the Registrar may abandon the application after notifying the applicant.
PYQ:
[2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?
1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees
2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
3. Tirupathi Laddu
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Keeling Curve
Why in the News?
Atmospheric CO₂ levels hit a record high in 2024 due to wildfires and human activities, as shown by the Keeling Curve, a 67-year record maintained at Mauna Loa Observatory since 1958.
What is Keeling Curve?
- The Keeling Curve is a long-term record of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, initiated by Charles David Keeling in 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
- It tracks the rise in CO₂ levels and provides evidence of the impact of human activities on climate change.
- Named after Charles David Keeling, it has become a globally recognized tool for understanding global warming.
Significant Features and Sources:
- Steady Upward Trend: Demonstrates a consistent rise in atmospheric CO₂ levels since 1958, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion and deforestation.
- Seasonal Fluctuations:
- CO₂ levels decrease during spring and summer as plants absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis.
- Levels increase during fall and winter when plant decay releases CO₂.
- Initial Measurements: Recorded CO₂ levels at 315 ppm in 1958.
- Current Levels: As of January 2025, CO₂ concentrations have reached 427.1 ppm, the highest in millions of years.
- Data Sources: Measurements are taken from Mauna Loa Observatory and other global monitoring stations.
Observations around the Curve
- Key Milestones:
- 1988: CO₂ levels reached 350 ppm, drawing global attention to climate change.
- 2023: Levels exceeded 420 ppm, marking a critical point in atmospheric history.
- 2024: Record growth of 3.58 ppm in average annual CO₂ concentrations compared to 2023.
- Contributing Factors:
- El Niño: Surface temperature rise in the Pacific Ocean boosted CO₂ emissions during 2024, exacerbated by wildfires in North and South America.
- Anthropogenic Emissions: Burning fossil fuels and land-use changes remain major contributors.
- Global Implications:
- Contradicts IPCC scenarios for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as emissions continue to rise.
- Record increases in CO₂ levels during El Niño events highlight the interplay between natural phenomena and human activities.
PYQ:
[2011] Consider the following:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration
3. Decay of organic matter
4. Volcanic action
Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Why in the News?
The Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) in Mumbai is on track to become India’s first port to join the ranks of top global ports by handling 10 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) annually by 2027.
About the Jawaharlal Nehru Port
- JNP is situated in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, covering an area of 200 square kilometers. Its strategic location enables vital trade links with international shipping routes.
- Key Features:
- India’s first 100% Landlord Major Port.
- Operates five container terminals, including BMCT, NSICT, and GTIPL.
- Customs facilities: 30 container freight stations and connectivity to 52 inland depots.
- Handles vessels with 9,000 TEUs capacity, soon upgrading to 12,200 TEUs.
- Processes 200 international ships monthly.
- Future Developments:
- Fourth Container Terminal operational by April 2025, adding 4.8 million TEUs capacity.
- Developing a satellite port at Vadhvan and dry ports at Jalna and Wardha.
Key Highlights of JNPA’s Expansion
- In 2024, JNPA handled its highest-ever container volume of 7.05 million TEUs, operating at more than 90% capacity.
- The port recorded an 11% year-on-year growth compared to the previous year.
- The second phase of Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal will add 2.4 million TEUs to JNPA’s total capacity.
- The upgradation of Nhava Sheva Freeport Terminal in 2025 will further enhance the port’s capabilities.
- The total container handling capacity is projected to increase from 7.6 million TEUs to 10.4 million TEUs by 2027.
|
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pinaka Rocket System
Why in the News?
The Indian Army is bolstering its artillery strength with a significant ₹10,200 crore order for ammunition associated with the Pinaka Multi-Launch Rocket System (MLRS).
About the Pinaka Rocket System
| Details |
- A multi-barrel rocket launcher developed by DRDO and manufactured by Indian defence firms.
- Named after the legendary bow of Lord Shiva, symbolizing power and precision.
|
| Key Features |
- Multiple Launch Capability: Fires 12 rockets in just 44 seconds, delivering overwhelming firepower.
- Mobility: Mounted on 8×8 or 6×6 trucks, allowing rapid deployment in diverse terrains.
Range:
– Pinaka Mk-I: 40 km.
– Pinaka Mk-II and Enhanced Versions: 60–75 km.
– Guided Variant: 90 km, with improved accuracy and reduced collateral damage.
- Guidance and Precision: Equipped with satellite-based guidance for precision targeting.
- Payload Options: Carries multiple warheads, including high explosives, incendiaries, anti-personnel, and anti-tank bomblets.
- Quick Deployment and Reloading: Rapid deployment enables swift counter-strikes.
- Modularity and Expandability: Modular design supports advanced technology integration for network-centric warfare.
|
| Operational Use |
- Proven effectiveness in mountainous and rugged terrains.
- Played a critical role in Indian Army operations, showcasing its adaptability and firepower.
|
| Significance |
- Boost to Artillery Strength: Enhances the Indian Army’s firepower with new regiments and extended-range rockets.
- Cornerstone of Modernization: Central to India’s artillery modernization for precision and operational flexibility.
- Border Security and Deterrence: Secures borders and acts as a strategic deterrent against adversaries.
- Global Success: Strengthens India’s defense export market and contributes to defense diplomacy.
|
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mission SCOT
Why in the News?
Onboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission, Indian space surveillance firm Digantara successfully launched SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking), the world’s first commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) satellite.
About Mission SCOT:
| Details |
- World’s first commercial SSA satellite, designed to track and characterize Resident Space Objects (RSOs) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- Launched via SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission as part of a rideshare program.
- Supported by Aditya Birla Ventures and SIDBI.
| Note: As part of the Network for Space Objects Tracking and Analysis (NETRA), ISRO is also developing a Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) network equipped with advanced radars and optical telescopes to strengthen threat analysis and safeguard space assets. |
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- Enhancing Space Safety: Prevent satellite collisions and optimize orbital resources.
- Sovereign Surveillance: Strengthen India’s capabilities to protect its space assets.
- Technological Leadership: Address gaps in global SSA technologies.
- Sustainability: Promote safer and more sustainable space operations.
|
| Features/Significance |
- Operates in a sun-synchronous orbit, unaffected by weather or geography.
- Tracks RSOs as small as 5 cm with high revisit rates and accuracy.
- Safeguards critical satellites crucial for economic and strategic security.
- Optimizes traffic management and enhances collision avoidance.
|
| Contribution to India’s Growth |
- Demonstrates India’s leadership in SSA technologies.
- Highlights the role of Indian startups in space innovation.
- Establishes India as a reliable international space partner.
- Fosters investment in advanced surveillance technologies for future space developments.
|
PYQ:
[2010] In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news?
(a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India
(b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayan-II
(c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India
(d) A space telescope developed by India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in the News?
The Kalaburagi Forest Division is working to relocate a hamlet within the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary on the Karnataka-Telangana border to a safer area.
About the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
| Details |
- Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2011, covering 134.88 sq. km.
- Recognized as the first dryland Wildlife Sanctuary in South India.
- Located in the Kalaburagi District, renowned for its floristic diversity.
- Contributes to the conservation of dryland ecosystems.
|
| Geographical Location |
- Situated in the Hyderabad Karnataka region.
- Features the Chandrampalli Dam and four smaller dams within the sanctuary.
|
| Flora and Fauna |
- Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and tree species like Red Sanders, Sandalwood, Acacia, and Teak.
- Fauna:
- Mammals: Blackbuck, Common Fox, Four-horned Antelope, Indian Wolf, Hyena, and Fruit Bat.
- Birds: Over 35 species, including Black Drongo, Black-winged Kite, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Blue Pigeon, Black-headed Oriole, and Grey Partridge.
|
| Climatic/Geographical Features |
- Comprises dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests.
- Fringes are planted with Acacia and Teak.
- Supports a dryland ecosystem with water bodies like the Chandrampalli Dam.
- Features a mix of arid and semi-moist climatic conditions.
|
PYQ:
[2018] In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Manipur
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Nagaland |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doctrine of Merger and its implications
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court clarified the “doctrine of merger,” stating that only one final decree or order can govern the same matter. When a higher court rules on a case, its decision overrides the lower court’s decree, becoming the binding and operative order.
What is ‘Doctrine of Merger’?
- The Doctrine of Merger is a legal principle that governs the relationship between decisions or decrees passed by different judicial forums in the hierarchy.
- It holds that once a superior court disposes of a case, the decision or decree of the lower court merges with that of the superior court.
- This doctrine ensures that there is only one operative and binding decree governing a subject matter at a given point in time.
- The doctrine applies when the order or decree of a lower court is subjected to an appeal, revision, or review before a higher court.
- It ensures that there is no ambiguity regarding which order is binding and enforceable.
- Key Features of the Doctrine of Merger
-
- Single Operative Decree: The doctrine ensures that once a higher court has passed its judgment, there cannot be multiple operative decrees for the same subject matter.
- Scope: Applicable when a lower court’s order is challenged before a superior court. The higher court’s decision, whether confirming, modifying, or overturning the lower court’s decree, becomes the final and binding authority.
- Effect of Merger: The lower court’s decree is no longer independently enforceable; it is subsumed within the superior court’s order.
Legal Basis and Precedents:
- Kunhayammed v. State of Kerala (2000): The superior court’s decree, whether it confirms, modifies, or sets aside the lower court’s decree, replaces the lower court’s decision.
- Logic of the Doctrine: “There cannot be more than one decree or operative order governing the same subject matter at a given point of time.”
- Jurisdictional Hierarchy: This principle is applied in cases of appeals and revisions where the decision of the higher forum takes precedence over that of the lower forum.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Turmeric Board, Turmeric Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Commerce & Industry inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in New Delhi, with Palle Ganga Reddy appointed as its first Chairperson.
About the National Turmeric Board
| Details |
- Operates under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
- Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana.
- Aim: To enhance turmeric production, support farmers, and boost global exports.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Chaired by a Central Government appointee.
- Includes representatives from the Ministry of AYUSH, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, and Department of Commerce.
- Rotating senior representatives from three states are also part of the Board.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Promotes awareness of turmeric’s medicinal and essential properties.
- Supports farmers across 20 states, including Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
- Facilitates research, value addition, and development of new products for domestic and global markets.
- Enhances logistics, supply chains, and trade opportunities.
|
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Production in India |
- Turmeric is also known as ‘Golden Spice’.
- It thrives in temperatures ranging between 20°C and 30°C with high annual rainfall.
- India is the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric globally.
- Cultivates 30+ varieties over 3.05 lakh hectares, producing 10.74 lakh tonnes (2023-24).
- Accounts for over 70% of global turmeric production and 62% of world exports.
- Key exporting markets: Bangladesh, UAE, the US, and Malaysia.
- GI-tagged turmeric includes Lakadong (Meghalaya), Kandhamal (Odisha), and Erode (Tamil Nadu).
- Note: The Centre does NOT declare MSP for Turmeric.
|
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following:
- Areca nut
- Barley
- Coffee
- Finger millet
- Groundnut
- Sesamum
- Turmeric
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has announced the Minimum Support Price for which of the above?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 7 only
(b) 2, 4, 5 and 6 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
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