Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Dhaulagiri and its location
Why in the News?
Five Russian mountaineers lost their lives during an expedition on Mount Dhaulagiri in Nepal, the world’s seventh-highest peak.
About Mount Dhaulagiri
|
Details |
| Location |
- North-central Nepal, in the Dhaulagiri Himal range;
- “Dhaulagiri” from Sanskrit: “dhawala” (white/dazzling), “giri” (mountain);
- Dhaulagiri Himal is part of the Nepal Himalayas.
|
| Elevation |
8,167 meters (26,795 feet) |
| Prominence |
3,357 meters (11,014 feet) |
| First Ascent |
May 13, 1960, by a Swiss-Austrian-Nepalese expedition |
| Nearby River |
Kali Gandaki River flows in the gorge between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna |
| Glaciers |
Chonbardan Glacier, Myagdi Glacier |
| Climate & Conditions |
Extreme cold, high winds, unpredictable weather |
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following pairs:
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch: Yamuna
- Bara Shigri: Chenab
- Milam: Mandakini
- Siachen: Nubra
- Zemu: Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 3 and 5 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trachoma; Its causes and treatment
Why in the News?
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that India has successfully eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem.
- This makes India the third country in the Southeast Asia Region to achieve this milestone.
- WHO has classified Trachoma as a neglected tropical disease (NTD).
- WHO estimates that around 150 million people worldwide are affected by Trachoma, and 6 million of them are either blind or at risk of severe visual problems.
- Trachoma is commonly found in underprivileged communities living in poor conditions.
|
What is Trachoma?
- Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects the eyes.
- It is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis.
- It is contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, eyelids, or secretions from the nose or throat of an infected person.
- If untreated, Trachoma can lead to irreversible blindness.
Trachoma in India: A Historical Perspective
- In the 1950s and 1960s, Trachoma was one of the leading causes of blindness in India.
- To tackle this, India launched the National Trachoma Control Program in 1963.
- Later, these efforts were integrated into India’s National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB).
- In 1971, the rate of blindness due to trachoma was 5% in the country.
- Due to various interventions under the National Programme for Control of Blindness & Visual Impairment (NPCBVI), the rate has now dropped to less than 1%.
What are the key measures taken to eliminate Trachoma?
- India implemented the WHO SAFE strategy across the country. This strategy includes:
- Surgery
- Antibiotics
- Facial hygiene
- Environmental cleanliness
- Although by 2017, India was declared free from infective Trachoma, it continued surveillance of Trachoma cases from 2019 to 2024.
PYQ:
[2018] Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marburg Virus and its treatment
Why in the News?
Rwanda has reported a Marburg virus outbreak with several confirmed cases and deaths, making it a country of concern for public health.
About the Marburg Virus
- The Marburg virus is a highly dangerous virus that causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
- It belongs to the same family of viruses as Ebola (the filovirus family).
- MVD has a case fatality rate that can range from 24% to 88%, depending on the virus strain and how cases are managed.
- The virus was first identified in 1967 during simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany.
How does it spread?
- The Marburg virus initially spreads from animals to humans, primarily through exposure to Rousettus bats, particularly the Egyptian fruit bat, found in caves or mines.
- Once a person is infected, it can spread from human to human through:
- Direct contact with the blood, and bodily fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, vomit, feces, breast milk, and semen) of an infected person.
- Indirect contact with surfaces or objects like bedding or clothing that have been contaminated with these fluids.
- Medical workers are often at risk, especially during outbreaks, due to contact with patients when proper infection control practices are not followed.
- The virus does NOT spread through the air like the common cold or flu.
Symptoms and Treatment
- Symptoms typically begin between 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus.
- Early symptoms are: High fever, severe headache, Muscle aches, Chills, Severe watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting.
- As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms may develop, including: Bleeding (both internal and external) ex—blood in vomit and faeces.
- Patients often die 8 to 9 days after the onset of symptoms, primarily from severe blood loss and multiple organ failure.
- Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for MVD. However, supportive care can improve the chances of survival.
- Supportive treatment includes:
- Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Treatment of specific symptoms like fever, pain, and diarrhoea.
- Blood transfusions and oxygen therapy may be required for severe cases.
PYQ:
[2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
(a) Syria and Jordan
(b) Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia
(c) Philippines and Papua New Guinea
(d) Jamaica, Haiti and Surinam |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artificial Neural Network, Physics Nobel, 2024
Why in the News?
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 2024 for their pioneering work that laid the foundation for machine learning and artificial neural network.
What is Artificial Neural Network?
- Artificial neural networks are systems inspired by the structure of the brain.
- In these networks, nodes represent the brain’s neurons, and they influence each other through connections, similar to synapses in the brain.
- These connections can be made stronger or weaker through training.
- For instance, connections between nodes with high values can become stronger as the network learns.
- Since the 1980s, Hopfield and Hinton have been conducting important research on artificial neural networks.
|
Significance of their contribution
- Hinton’s work on the Boltzmann machine and other neural networks helped drive the explosive growth of machine learning.
- His methods continue to play a significant role in modern AI, enabling technologies like image classification and pattern recognition.
PYQ:
[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
1 Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant
Why in the News?
Scientists at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with other researchers have developed the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant.
What is the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant?
- It is a hybrid implant made of metal-based nano-medicine combined with patient-derived blood clotting components.
- It is designed to reduce localized tumor recurrence after surgery.
- It uses nanotechnology and autologous fibrin (derived from the patient’s own blood) to enhance post-surgical cancer treatment by providing localized therapy and promoting healing in the tumor bed.
|
How does It Work?
- The implant is created using Nano-Micro-Sera (NMS), which consists of drug and metal-based nanomedicine stabilized by the patient’s own serum protein corona.
- The hybrid implant is reinforced into autologous fibrin, which quickly bonds with damaged tissue in the tumor bed after surgery.
- Once the surgical site is closed, the implant delivers localized chemo-phototherapy, triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD).
- This process activates dendritic cells and T-cells, which boosts the body’s immune response and prevents the recurrence of tumors.
Significance of the Implant
- The implant offers an affordable and effective solution for localized post-surgical cancer management, especially for marginalized patients.
- By using the patient’s own serum proteins and fibrin, the implant ensures personalized treatment, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity.
- The implant’s design is resource-efficient, making it accessible for bedside fabrication with simple equipment, ensuring wider availability.
- It has demonstrated superior outcomes in suppressing recurrent breast tumors, and its use could prevent tumor recurrence and reducing the chances of metastasis.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Humsafar Policy' and its features
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has launched the ‘Humsafar Policy’ in New Delhi to improve travel convenience on National Highways and boost the development of Wayside Amenities.
About the ‘Humsafar Policy’
- The Humsafar Policy is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways to enhance the convenience and experience of travelers on National Highways (NHs).
- It focuses on developing Wayside Amenities along highways to provide a range of facilities for highway users, ensuring smooth, safe, and comfortable journeys.
- The policy also emphasizes environmental sustainability by incorporating eco-friendly practices like water conservation, solar energy, and waste recycling.
Features of the Humsafar Policy
- Wayside Amenities: Includes food courts, fuel stations, EV charging stations, parking, toilets, ATMs, and pharmacies.
- Standardized Facilities: Ensures well-maintained and hygienic services for commuters.
- Visibility for Service Providers: Featured on the ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app, with signage space and renewal fee waivers for high-rated providers.
- Monitoring & Inspection: Regular third-party checks to maintain service quality, with alerts for low-rated facilities.
- Green Focus: Encourages solar energy, water conservation, and waste recycling.
Significance
- Better User Experience: Enhances travel with high-quality facilities.
- Economic Impact: Creates jobs and supports local communities.
- Standardization: Ensures consistent quality and accountability.
- Technological Integration: The ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app gives real-time facility info and allows feedback from users.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hanle Dark Sky Reserve
Why in the News?
Expert astro-photographers and astronomers have gathered at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve from for the second Star Party.
Star Party and Its Details
- The Star Party at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is a gathering of amateur astronomers and astro-photographers who travel to Hanle to observe and capture celestial phenomena.
- It was hosted by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) from and attended by over 45 astronomy enthusiasts from across India.
- Participants brought their own telescopes and cameras to capture unique celestial events, including faint galaxies, the Zodiacal Light, and the rare sight of Venus casting a shadow.
|
About Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)
- The HDSR is a designated area in Changthang region of eastern Ladakh created to control man-made light pollution and protect the naturally dark night skies.
- It spans approximately 1,073 square kilometers and is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
- Established to promote astronomy and astrophotography, it offers some of the darkest skies in India, ideal for astronomical research.
- Hanley is also the home to second-highest optical telescope in the world, established in 2001 by IIA.
Special Features of HDSR and the Surrounding Region
- High Altitude: Hanle is situated at a high altitude, providing clearer skies with minimal atmospheric interference.
- Minimal Light Pollution: The region has low light pollution, which makes it perfect for observing faint celestial objects.
- Dry Climate: The dry weather in the region contributes to excellent visibility, reducing the impact of humidity on astronomical observations.
Significance of HDSR
- Astrophotography and Research: The dark skies allow for detailed observation of celestial phenomena and astrophotography, attracting enthusiasts and researchers.
- Astro-Tourism: The reserve fosters astro-tourism, boosting the local economy by creating jobs for guides and supporting infrastructure.
- Preservation of Night Skies: It plays a crucial role in preserving the natural darkness of the sky, curbing light pollution in the region.
- International Attention: The reserve has attracted amateur and professional astronomers from across India and beyond, making it a hub for astronomical events.
| PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following phenomena:
- Light is affected by gravity.
- The Universe is constantly expanding.
- Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
Why in the News?
India’s power regulator, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), has appointed a Single Member Bench to assess the challenges of a sudden surge in power demand.
Projected Power Demand for October 2024
- India’s projected peak power demand for October 2024 is 230 Gigawatts (GW).
- After factoring in Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) losses, the demand is expected to rise to 232.2 GW.
- To meet this demand, an additional 12.60 GW of generation resources is required.
Concerns over Power System Operation:
- The steep rise in electricity demand, without enough generation sources, could pose a risk to power system operations.
- The Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs) are responsible for conducting operational planning to manage this surge, especially due to seasonal variations.
|
About Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC):
|
Details |
| Establishment |
It was constituted on July 24, 1998, under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998, and later brought under the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Type |
Statutory body with quasi-judicial status under Section 76 of the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Ministry |
Functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. |
| Primary Functions |
– Regulates tariffs of power generation companies (owned/controlled by the Government of India).
– Regulates interstate transmission tariffs.
– Issues licenses for interstate transmission and trading. |
| Key Role in Tariff Evolution |
– Introduced a Two-Part Tariff in 1992.
– Introduced Availability Based Tariff (ABT) in 2000 to improve grid stability. |
| Advisory Role |
– Contributes to National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
– Promotes competition, efficiency, and investment in the electricity sector. |
| Licensing |
– Issues licenses for electricity transmission and interstate trading. |
| Grid Operation Standards |
Enforces standards under the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) to improve grid stability and power quality. |
| Dispute Resolution |
Adjudicates disputes involving power generation companies and transmission licensees. |
| Collaboration |
Signed a MoU with the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in 2009 for enhancing power market regulation and grid reliability. |
| First Chairman |
Mr. S.L. Rao (1998–2001). |
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government?
(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy
(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018
(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time
(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAARC Currency Swap Framework
Why in the News?
The RBI has announced a Currency Swap Agreement with the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) under the SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-27.
India’s Financial Support to Maldives
- India will extend financial support to the Maldives, providing $400 million under the US Dollar/Euro Swap Window.
- Additionally, ₹30 billion (approximately $357 million) will be made available under the INR Swap Window.
- The Currency Swap Agreement will remain valid until June 18, 2027.
|
About SAARC Currency Swap Framework:
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide short-term liquidity support to SAARC member countries during financial crises or instability. |
| Administered by |
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Countries Involved |
All SAARC members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. |
| Facility |
Swap arrangement in US Dollar, Euro, or Indian Rupee. |
| Interest Rate |
Based on the currency borrowed, includes a margin over international benchmark rates. |
| Purpose |
To address the balance of payment crises and provide financial stability. |
| Recent Users |
Sri Lanka, Maldives |
Maldives’ Debt Situation
- The Maldives’ debt is now estimated at 110% of its gross domestic product (GDP), with increasing risks of defaulting on its sukuk (Islamic bond).
- A failure to make payments would mark the world’s first default of an Islamic bond.
-
- Fitch Ratings estimates that the Maldives’ external debt obligations will reach $557 million by 2025 and exceed $1 billion by 2026.
- The country’s foreign reserves stood at just $437 million at the end of August, only enough to cover one-and-a-half months of imports.
- India provided a $50 million lifeline to the Maldives to help avoid this outcome.
- The Export-Import Bank of India is owed nearly $400 million, while the Export-Import Bank of China is owed about $530 million as of last year.
Significance of India’s Assistance
- Debt Relief: India’s financial aid, including a $50 million lifeline, would help the Maldives avoid debt default and stabilize its economy.
- Geopolitical Influence: With this, India can counter China’s influence in the Maldives, strengthening its strategic position in the Indian Ocean.
- Diplomatic Reset: India’s support strengthens diplomatic relations, aiding the Maldives in debt restructuring and global partnerships.
PYQ:
[2019] In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis?
- The foreign currency earnings of India’s IT sector
- Increasing the government expenditure
- Remittances from Indians abroad
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EnviStats India 2024 Report and its highlights
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the “EnviStats India 2024: Environment Accounts” Report.
What is the EnviStats India 2024 Report?
- The EnviStats India 2024 Report, released by the MoSPI, is the 7th consecutive publication.
- It compiles environmental-economic accounts based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Framework.
- This framework provides a global standard for integrating environmental data with economic statistics, offering insights into the country’s natural resources, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability efforts.
Key Highlights:
|
Details |
| Protected Areas (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 72% increase in the number of Protected Areas (2000-2023)
– 16% increase in the area of Protected Areas, reflecting biodiversity conservation efforts. |
| Mangrove Cover (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 8% increase in mangrove cover (2013-2021), highlighting positive growth in coastal ecosystem protection. |
| Ocean Accounts (SDG 14: Life below Water) |
– Introduced for the first time, covering the extent and condition of ocean ecosystems. |
| Energy Use & Physical Asset Accounts (SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy & SDG 13: Climate Action) |
– Includes Physical Asset Accounts and Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy, aligned with SEEA-Energy Framework, and data from ministries like Coal and Petroleum. |
| Soil Nutrient Index (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) |
– Updated data on Soil Nutrient Index based on the Soil Health Card 2023-24, reflecting soil health and agricultural sustainability. |
| Biodiversity & Species Richness (SDG 15: Life on Land) |
– Data on faunal and floral diversity, including endangered species like Leopards and Snow leopards, connecting to biodiversity conservation. |
Policy Recommendations
The EnviStats India 2024 Report suggests several policy directions based on its findings:
- Biodiversity Protection: Strengthen community-led conservation and expand protection of critical ecosystems.
- Ocean Ecosystem Management: Use Ocean Accounts for sustainable marine resource management and pollution control.
- Soil Health: Encourage sustainable farming practices and better soil management, leveraging Soil Health Cards for improved productivity.
- Integrated Planning: Focus on species conservation, habitat restoration, and genetic conservation through data-driven planning.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rani Durgavati and her contemporaries
Why in the News?
Madhya Pradesh CM chaired a meeting in honour of the 16th century tribal queen Rani Durgavati on her 500th birth anniversary.
Rani Durgavati (1524-1564)
- Rani Durgavati was born in 1524 in the Chandela dynasty of Mahoba (present-day Uttar Pradesh).
- She married Dalpat Shah, son of Gond King Sangram Shah of the Garha-Katanga kingdom.
- After her husband’s death in 1550, she ruled the kingdom as regent for her young son, Bir Narayan.
- Her role against the Mughals:
- Rani Durgavati expanded her kingdom and ruled with prosperity, shifting her capital to Chauragarh for strategic advantage.
- In 1564, the Mughal general Asaf Khan, under Emperor Akbar, attacked her kingdom.
- She led her forces bravely and initially defeated the Mughals in a strategic battle at Narhi.
- To avoid capture, she sacrificed her life, becoming a symbol of courage and resistance.
Her contributions
- Rani Durgavati is remembered for her bravery, administrative skills, and martyrdom.
- She carried out public works, including the construction of Ranital, a reservoir near Jabalpur.
- Celebrated as a symbol of self-determination, especially for tribal communities.
- She is honored in Indian history as a patriotic ruler who resisted Mughal expansion, with various political and cultural tributes dedicated to her legacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Dravidian style of temple architecture
Why in the News?
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), has recently finished copying inscriptions at three temples in Thirukurungudi, located in Tirunelveli district.
About the 3 temples mentioned:
Nambi Rayar Temple (Thirukoshtiyur Temple)
- It is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in Thirukoshtiyur, near Sivaganga in Tamil Nadu.
- It is one of the 108 Divya Desams (sacred Vishnu temples).
- It is known for its association with Ramanuja, one of the most important figures in Vaishnavism, who learned the sacred mantra “Ashtakshara” here.
- The temple has a five-tiered rajagopuram (temple tower) and is built in Dravidian style.
Thirumalai Nambi Temple (Thirumaliruncholai Temple)
- It is a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located in Thirumaliruncholai, also known as Azhagar Kovil, near Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
- This temple is also one of the 108 Divya Desams.
- Thirumalai Nambi, who was a saint and a scholar, was closely associated with this temple and served as a priest here.
- The temple is set in a hilly region and has intricate carvings and sculptures in traditional Dravidian architecture.
Aniliswarar Temple
- It is a Shaivite temple located in Anilivandhan Kottai, near Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.
- The temple architecture is traditional with a smaller gopuram (temple tower) compared to the larger, more well-known temples.
|
About Dravidian Style of Architecture
|
Details |
| Flourished |
8th century to the 13-14th century AD |
| Enclosure |
Temples are enclosed within a compound wall, unlike Nagara temples. |
| Notable Features |
- Gopuram (Entrance Gateway): The front wall has an elaborate gateway tower called Gopuram, which serves as the main entrance to the temple complex.
- Vimana (Main Tower): Vimana or temple tower has a stepped pyramid-like structure that rises geometrically, unlike the curving shikhara in North Indian temples.
- Temple Tank: It is common to have a large water reservoir or temple tank enclosed within the temple complex.
|
| Shapes of Temples |
- Square (Kuta or Caturasra)
- Rectangular (Shala or Ayatasra)
- Elliptical (Gaja-prishta or Vrittayata)
- Circular (Vritta)
- Octagonal (Ashtasra)
|
| Notable Temples |
The Pallavas, early builders of Dravidian temples, started with rock-cut temples and later shifted to structural temples.
- Mahabalipuram: Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) initiated construction, and Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) built the Shore Temple.
- The Shore Temple houses three shrines for Shiva and Vishnu.
The Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar Temple at Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola in 1009 CE, is the largest and tallest of Indian temples. It features large Gopurams with elaborate sculptures. |
| Significance |
Temples were not only religious centers but also key administrative hubs, controlling large areas of land and resources, especially during the 8th-12th centuries. |
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cerebral palsy
Why in the News?
- The World Cerebral Palsy Day was celebrated on October 6 with the theme ‘#UniquelyCP’.
- It celebrates the uniqueness of individuals living with cerebral palsy by emphasizing that they are not defined by their disability.
About Cerebral Palsy:
|
Details |
| Condition |
A group of neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture. |
| Cause |
Abnormal brain development, usually before birth; can also occur due to injury during birth or early childhood. |
| Types |
– Spastic CP: Stiff muscles, difficulty with movement (most common, 70-80% of cases).
– Dyskinetic CP: Uncontrolled movements affecting limbs.
– Ataxic CP: Poor balance and coordination.
– Mixed CP: Combination of symptoms from different types. |
| Symptoms |
Motor skill difficulties (crawling, walking); Muscle stiffness or looseness; Poor coordination and balance; Speech or swallowing difficulties; Seizures in some cases. |
| Diagnosis |
Physical examination, MRI scans, developmental monitoring (usually diagnosed within first 2 years). |
| Risk Factors |
Premature birth; Low birth weight; Multiple births; Maternal infections; Lack of oxygen during birth. |
| Treatment |
– Physical, occupational, and speech therapies.
– Medications to reduce muscle stiffness.
– Surgery in severe cases. |
| Life Expectancy |
Normal life expectancy in many cases, depending on severity and associated complications. |
| Prevention |
Some causes are preventable with proper maternal care, but many are not. |
| Policy Support |
Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme:
- Coverage: Up to ₹1,00,000/- for treatments, surgeries, and therapies for persons with disabilities.
- Eligibility: Covers individuals with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Multiple Disabilities.
- Annual Renewal: Requires yearly renewal with different fees for BPL and APL categories.
- Easy Application: Enrollment and claims processed online via Registered Organizations (ROs).
|
PYQ:
[2020] In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Energy Efficiency Hub
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of a ‘Letter of Intent’ that will enable India to join the International Energy Efficiency Hub (Hub).
About the International Energy Efficiency Hub
- The Hub was established in 2020 as the successor to the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC), of which India was already a member.
- It is a global platform that promotes collaboration and energy efficiency among governments, international organizations, and the private sector.
- Members: As of July 2024, 16 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the US, and the UK.)
- The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory agency, has been designated as the implementing agency for India’s participation in the Hub.
Significance for India
- India will benefit from opportunities to collaborate with other member states as a member.
- India can share its expertise and learn from international best practices in energy efficiency.
- The country will also contribute to global efforts to address climate change by promoting energy-efficient technologies and practices.
- India’s participation will:
- Accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.
- Improve energy security by adopting more efficient energy practices.
Back2Basics: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established in March 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 |
| Objective |
To promote energy efficiency and conservation, reduce energy intensity, and enhance energy security |
| Governing Body |
Functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India |
| Key Functions |
• Develops energy efficiency policies and strategies
• Implements energy conservation programs
• Coordinates with various sectors like industry, transport, and municipalities on energy efficiency
• Promotes R&D in energy conservation technologies |
| Key Initiatives |
• Standards and Labeling Program (Star rating system for appliances)
• Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) Scheme (for energy-intensive industries)
• Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) (for commercial buildings)
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
• Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) |
| Important Programs |
• National Energy Conservation Awards
• Demand Side Management (DSM)
• Street Lighting National Program (SLNP) (LED streetlight replacement) |
| Goals |
• Reduce energy intensity in India
• Improve energy efficiency in key sectors like agriculture, industry, buildings, and appliances
• Contribute to sustainable development and reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
| International Cooperation |
Collaborates with UNDP, World Bank, and ADB on energy efficiency projects globally |
| Legislative Framework |
Operates under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 |
| Achievements |
• Significant reduction in carbon emissions
• Supports India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement |
|
PYQ:
[2016] On which of the following, can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?
1. Ceiling fans
2. Electric geysers
3. Tubular fluorescent lamps
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brain mapping of fruit flies and its applications
Why in the News?
Researcher have successfully mapped the entire brain of an adult fruit fly, marking the first time researchers have created such a detailed map of an adult animal’s brain.
How Was the Fruit Fly Brain Mapped?
- The process of mapping Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster) brain began in 2013.
- Scientists dunked the brain of an adult fruit fly in a chemical bath, hardening it into a solid block.
- This process involved 7,050 sections of the brain and produced 21 million photos to map the entire brain.
- The first high-resolution image of the brain was created more than a decade after the work started.
|
Key findings
- Scientists identified more than 50 million connections between 139,000 neurons (brain nerve cells).
- They classified the cells into 8,453 distinct types, making it the largest catalogue of cell types in any brain.
- The research gave insights into how different types of cells function and how the fruit fly’s eyes process motion and color.
- A group of “hub neurons” was discovered, which may help speed up information flow.
Significance of the Work
- Although the human brain is more complex, the logic of how neurons communicate is similar between fruit flies and humans.
- Fruit flies are a valuable model system for neuroscience. Their brains solve many of the same problems that human brains do.
- It could help in understanding and treat mental health conditions like Parkinson’s and depression.
- The mapping of the fruit fly’s brain raises hopes that scientists will eventually be able to map the entire human brain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chenchu Tribes and its unique culture
Why in the News?
- The Chenchu tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh, faces poverty, unemployment, and worsening living conditions due to the discontinuation of a special MGNREGS project.
- The government launched the MGNREGS Chenchu Special Project in 2009 to address their specific needs, providing 180 days of employment.
About Chenchu Tribe
|
Details |
| Location |
Primarily found in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha |
| Habitat |
Sparse and deciduous Nallamala forest, part of the Eastern Ghats |
| Language |
Chenchu language, belonging to the Dravidian language family |
| Traditional Livelihood |
Hunter-gatherers, relying on forest produce like honey, roots, tubers, soapberries, and gum for sustenance |
| Role in Tiger Conservation |
Involved as tiger protection watchers in the Nagarjuna-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) |
| Forest Rights |
Granted land rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006), allowing subsistence farming and forest dwelling |
| Challenges |
Facing displacement, low literacy rate (40.6%), and rehabilitation issues due to relocation from their forest homes |
| Cultural Practices |
Worship Malalamma Vana Devatha (goddess of honey); brew liquor from acacia bark, mahua flower, and jaggery |
| Society |
Community-oriented with close-knit family bonds, practicing traditional subsistence living and deeply connected to forest ecosystems |
| Population |
64,227 (2011 Census), spread across five districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana |
| Government Support |
Special rights granted under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (FRA) |
| Major Threats |
Displacement due to tiger conservation efforts, lack of modern skills, poverty, and low literacy rates |
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs :
Tribe: State
1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim
2. Karbi : Himachal
3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha
4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Classical Languages
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved conferring the status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
Classical Languages in India:
|
Details |
| Objective |
To recognize and preserve Bharat’s profound cultural heritage embodied in these languages and their literary traditions. |
| Criteria for Classical Language Status |
2004 (when Tamil was declared a Classical Language):
- High Antiquity over a thousand years.
- A body of ancient literature valued by generations.
- Original literary tradition, not borrowed.
2005 (when Sanskrit was declared a Classical Language):
- High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years.
- Ancient literature valued by generations.
- Original literary tradition, not borrowed.
- Distinct from modern forms, with possible discontinuity.
2024 (as recommended by the Linguistic Experts Committee):
- High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years.
- Ancient literature valued by generations.
- Includes knowledge texts, prose, inscriptions.
- Distinct from current forms or may show discontinuity.
|
| Previously Conferred Status |
Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014) |
| Implementation Strategy |
• Establishment of Central Universities for Sanskrit (2020)
• Promotion of Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia through the Central Institute of Indian Languages (Mysuru)
• National and International awards for Classical Languages |
| Impact on Employment |
• Employment in academia, research, and archiving
• Jobs in preservation, digitization, translation, and publishing of ancient texts |
| States Involved |
Maharashtra (Marathi), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (Pali, Prakrit), West Bengal (Bengali), Assam (Assamese) |
|
| The Eighth Schedule |
- Lists 22 official languages, governed by Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution.
- Includes Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu
|
| Chronological Additions to the Eighth Schedule |
• 1950: Initially included 14 languages
• 1967: Sindhi added (21st Constitutional Amendment)
• 1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), Nepali added (71st Constitutional Amendment)
• 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santali added (92nd Constitutional Amendment)
• 2011: “Oriya” replaced with “Odia” (96th Constitutional Amendment) |
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following was given classical language status recently?
(a) Odia
(b) Konkani
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Assamese
[2014] Consider the following languages :
1. Gujarati
2. Kannada
3. Telugu
Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language / Languages’ by the Government?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Navika Sagar Parikrama
Why in the News?
The second edition of Navika Sagar Parikrama, a global circumnavigation by sailboat was flagged off by Navy Chief at INS Mandovi in Goa.
About Navika Sagar Parikrama:
|
Details |
| Expedition |
- Navika Sagar Parikrama, a maritime expedition by the Indian Navy, aimed at circumnavigating the globe in a sailboat crewed by women officers.
- Symbolizes women’s empowerment and Indian maritime traditions.
|
| Objective |
Promotes women’s empowerment, gender equality, oceanic research, and Indian maritime traditions. |
| First Edition |
- Began on September 10, 2017, with an all-women crew of six officers aboard INSV Tarini.
- Completed on May 21, 2018.
|
| Second Edition |
Launched on October 2, 2024, with two women officers, Lieutenant Commander Dilna K. and Lieutenant Commander Roopa A., setting sail from INS Mandovi, Goa. |
| Agencies Involved |
- Indian Navy: Leading the initiative.
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): Marine research on microplastics and ferrous content.
- Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Research on large sea mammals.
- Sagar Defence: Providing drones for documentation.
- Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL): Supplying meals.
- Transform Rural India Foundation (TRIF) and Piramal Foundation: Supporting logistics and research.
|
| Route |
Divided into five legs with four stopovers:
1. Goa to Fremantle, Australia
2. Fremantle to Lyttleton, New Zealand
3. Lyttleton to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
4. Port Stanley to Cape Town, South Africa
5. Cape Town to Goa, India |
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Psychedelic Drugs
Why in the News?
Researchers from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in collaboration with researchers from Cornell, Yale, and Columbia has uncovered how a psychedelic drug interacts with the brain to alleviate anxiety.
About Psychedelic Drugs
- Psychedelic drugs are a class of psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes.
- These drugs often induce hallucinations, altered states of consciousness, and enhanced sensory experiences.
- They are typically associated with spiritual experiences and have historically been linked with counterculture movements, but they are now being studied for their potential in medical therapies.
- Examples of Psychedelic Drugs:
- LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide): Known for causing intense visual hallucinations and altering thoughts, it is one of the most potent psychedelics.
- Psilocybin: The active compound found in magic mushrooms, known for creating visual and auditory hallucinations, as well as a deep sense of connection to the environment.
- MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Often associated with recreational use, but is also being researched for its therapeutic potential, especially in treating PTSD.
- DMT (Dimethyltryptamine): Produces powerful, short-lived hallucinatory experiences, sometimes referred to as the “spirit molecule.”
- Mescaline: Found in the peyote cactus, mescaline induces hallucinations and altered states of reality.
|
How do they work?
Psychedelics primarily affect the brain by interacting with the serotonin system, a network of neurotransmitters involved in regulating mood, perception, and cognition.
- Serotonin Receptors: Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin bind to 5-HT2A receptors, a type of serotonin receptor. This interaction leads to altered perception, enhanced mood, and hallucinations.
- Brain Connectivity: They increase communication between different regions of the brain, breaking down normal patterns of activity. This leads to heightened creativity, altered sensory experiences, and a sense of connectedness.
How Psychedelics hold promise for treating Anxiety and Depression?
- Resetting Neural Circuits: Psychedelics may “reset” dysfunctional brain circuits, helping treat mood disorders.
- Reduced Anxiety: They reduce overthinking by dampening activity in the brain’s default mode network.
- Emotional Release: Patients experience emotional breakthroughs during psychedelic therapy sessions.
- Neuroplasticity: Psychedelics may promote adaptive brain connections, aiding in recovery from chronic stress and depression.
| PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to prevent the same? (250 Words, 15 Marks) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Golden Langur
Why in the News?
The construction of wildlife passages and artificial canopy bridges along the India-Bhutan border has been prompted by increased deaths of the endangered golden langur due to road accidents.
About Golden Langur
|
Details |
| Identification |
- Recognizable by the color of their fur, which gives them their name.
- Fur color changes with the seasons.
- Young langurs are almost pure white.
|
| Geographic Range |
- Found in Assam, India, and neighboring Bhutan year-round.
- Inhabits an area bordered by the foothills of Bhutan (north), Manas river (east), Sankosh river (west), and Brahmaputra river (south).
|
| Habitat |
- Occupies moist evergreen and tropical deciduous forests, along with some riverine areas and savannahs in Assam and Bhutan.
- Prefers living in the upper canopy of sub-tropical forests in the south and temperate forests in the north.
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
|
| Habitat |
- Ripu Reserve Forest and Chakrashila WLS serve as vital habitats.
- Fragmented habitats face instability and threats.
|
PYQ:
[2012] Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal |
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