Antibiotics Resistance

Antibiotic Pollution from the Manufacturing Process

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antibiotic Pollution

Why in the News?

The World Health Organization (WHO) released its first-ever global guidance on managing antibiotic pollution from manufacturing processes.

What is Antibiotic Pollution?

  • Antibiotic pollution refers to the contamination of natural environments, particularly water and soil, by antibiotics.
  • This pollution occurs when antibiotics are released into ecosystems through various sources, leading to the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • AMR happens when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics, making infections harder to treat and posing a significant threat to global health.

How does Antibiotic Pollution occur from the Manufacturing Process?

  • Wastewater Discharge: Antibiotic plants release wastewater with residual antibiotics and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into local water bodies, contributing to drug-resistant bacteria.
  • Improper Solid Waste Disposal: Unused antibiotics, raw materials, and by-products are often disposed of improperly, contaminating soil and groundwater.
  • Inadequate Treatment: Many facilities lack effective systems to treat pharmaceutical waste, allowing antibiotics to enter the environment.
  • Mass Balance Calculations: Inefficient systems or mismanagement can lead to unintentional antibiotic discharge during recycling and waste estimation.
  • Leaks and Spills: Accidental leaks or spills during manufacturing, transportation, or storage introduce antibiotics into ecosystems.
  • Runoff: Rainwater can carry antibiotics from waste into nearby rivers, lakes, or agricultural land, further contaminating the environment.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Ancient India Temple Music: Haveli Sangeet

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Haveli Sangeet

Why in the News?

Haveli Sangeet is a unique form of classical music rooted in ancient temple traditions in India.

About Haveli Sangeet:

Details
Origin Linked to the Pushti Margiya temples of the Vaishnava Tradition; rooted in ancient temple music traditions.
Historical Background Revived during the Bhakti movement; declined during the medieval period due to socio-political changes.
Founder Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya, 16th century, founder of Pushti Marg and proponent of devotional worship (Bhakti).
Key Elements Involves Raga (melody), Bhog (offering), and Shringar (adornment) as part of sewa (service) in temples.
Musical Styles Includes Prabandh, Dhrupad, Dhamar, Khyal, Kirtana, and Bhajan; not limited to Dhrupad style alone.
Languages Used Songs are performed in Brij Bhasha, Sanskrit, Punjabi, and Marwari.
Significant Figures Vallabhacharya, Shri Vitthalnathji (Shri Gusaiji), Astachaps poets (e.g., Kumbhandas, Surdas), Pandit Jasraj.
Role in Vaishnavism Serves as a vehicle for Kirtan Bhakti, focusing on collective singing and emotional devotion to Lord Krishna.

 

PYQ:

[2014] A community of people called Manganiyars is well-known for their:

(a) Martial arts in North-East India

(b) Musical tradition in North-West India

(c) Classical vocal music in South India

(d) Pietra dura tradition in Central India

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR)

Why in the News?

An elephant was rescued from a rail barricade in the Maddur range of Bandipur Tiger Reserve.

About the Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR):

Details
Location Mysore and Chamarajanagar districts, Karnataka; at the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
Part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Geography “Ecological confluence” of the Western and Eastern Ghats (along with Mudumalai and Wayanad)
History Established as Venugopala Wildlife Park in 1931; expanded as Bandipur Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.
Surrounding Reserves Bordered by Nagarahole Tiger Reserve (NW), Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (S), and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (SW).
Rivers Surrounded by River Kabini (North) and River Moyar (South).
Climate Tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
Flora Dry deciduous to tropical mixed deciduous forests; includes rosewood, sandalwood, Indian laurel, and bamboo species.
Fauna Home to the largest population of wild Asian elephants in South Asia; also includes Bengal tiger, gaur, sloth bear, dhole, and others.

 

PYQ:

[2017] From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?

(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

(b) Nallamala Forest

(c) Nagarhole National Park

(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc.

[pib] HIM- DRONE-A-THON-2 & HIMTECH-2024

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Read the attached story

Why in the News?

The Indian Army has announced two significant events, HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 and HIMTECH-2024, aimed at advancing military technologies for operations in high-altitude areas.

About HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 

  • HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 is scheduled to take place at Wari La, near Leh on 17-18 September 2024.
  • This event serves as a platform for the Indian Drone Industry to demonstrate drone solutions tailored for high-altitude areas, where the Indian Army frequently operates.
  • The event will be conducted under actual terrain and environmental conditions at altitudes ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 meters to test the drones’ performance in realistic scenarios.
  • Indigenous drone manufacturers are invited to participate, demonstrating various drone types, including:
    • Surveillance drones
    • Loitering munitions
    • Logistics drones
    • Swarm drones
    • Drones with specialized roles and payloads, such as Electronic Warfare, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Communication Intelligence, and Electronic Intelligence.

HIMTECH-2024: Advancing High-Altitude Technologies

  • HIMTECH-2024 will follow HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2.
  • It is conceptualized to discuss, demonstrate, and explore new opportunities for the development and integration of technologies for high-altitude military operations.
  • It has been organized in collaboration with FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry).
  • It will highlight the latest technologies and systems developed to meet the operational requirements along India’s Northern Borders.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

Project Strawberry by OpenAI

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Project ‘Strawberry’; LLMs.

Why in the News?

OpenAI has planned to release its most powerful AI model likely as part of ChatGPT-5. Initially called Project Q* (Q-star), it is now codenamed Project Strawberry.

What is Project Strawberry?

  • Nearly six months ago, OpenAI’s secretive Project Q* (Q-Star) gained attention for its innovative approach to AI training.
  • OpenAI is now working on a new reasoning technology under the code name “Strawberry” believed to be the new name for Project Q*.
  • Strawberry aims to enable AI models to plan ahead, autonomously search the internet, and conduct deep research.

What are Large Language Models (LLMs)?

  • LLMs are advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems designed to understand, generate, and process human language.
  • They are built using deep learning techniques, particularly neural networks, and are trained on vast amounts of text data.

Difference from Existing AI Models

  • Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) can summarize texts and compose prose but struggle with common sense problems and multi-step logic tasks.
  • Current LLMs cannot plan ahead effectively without external frameworks.
  • Strawberry models are expected to enhance AI reasoning, allowing for planning and complex problem-solving.
  • These models could enable AI to perform tasks that require a series of actions over an extended time, potentially revolutionizing AI’s capabilities.

Potential Applications of Strawberry Models

  • Advanced AI models could conduct experiments, analyze data, and suggest new hypotheses, leading to breakthroughs in sciences.
  • In medical research, AI could assist in drug discovery, genetics research, and personalized medicine analysis.
  • AI could solve complex mathematical problems, assist in engineering calculations, and participate in theoretical research.
  • AI could contribute to writing, creating art and music, generating videos, and designing video games.

PYQ:

[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units.
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs.
  3. Disease diagnosis.
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion.
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Judicial Pendency

What is a Review Petition?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Review Petition

Why in the News?

Some medical students have filed a review petition against the Supreme Court’s dismissal of their plea to cancel NEET UG 2024 over alleged malpractices.

What is a Review Petition?

Details
Constitutional Provision Article 137 of the Constitution allows the Supreme Court to review any of its judgments or orders.
Scope of Review
  • Corrects “patent errors” and not minor mistakes.
  • It is not an appeal; it does not involve re-evaluating the entire case but correcting grave errors resulting in a miscarriage of justice.
Filing Review Petition
  • Can be filed by any person aggrieved by a ruling, not necessarily a party to the case.
  • Must be filed within 30 days of the judgment or order.
  • Delay can be condoned if justified with strong reasons.
Grounds for Review
  • Discovery of new and important evidence not available earlier despite due diligence.
  • Mistake or errors apparent on the face of the record.
Procedure in the Court
  • Review petitions are usually heard through circulation without oral arguments.
  • In exceptional cases, oral hearings may be allowed, especially in death penalty cases. 
  • Heard by the same bench of judges who delivered the original judgment or order.
Option After Review Fails If a review petition is dismissed, a curative petition can be filed as per the Roopa Hurra v. Ashok Hurra (2002) ruling, on very narrow grounds similar to a review petition.

 

PYQ:

[2017] In India, Judicial Review implies:

(a) the power of the Judiciary to pronounce upon the constitutionality of laws and executive orders.

(b) the power of the Judiciary to question the wisdom of the laws enacted by the Legislatures.

(c) the power of the Judiciary to review all the legislative enactments before they are assented to by the President.

(d) the power of the Judiciary to review its own judgements given earlier in similar or different cases.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

World Heritage City of Jaipur

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Jaipur, World Heritage Sites in India

Why in the News?

The Walled City of Jaipur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019, is set for heritage conservation and development with a budget of ₹100 crore.

About the World Heritage City of Jaipur:

  • Founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, Jaipur was designed as a commercial capital with a grid layout that reflects Vedic architectural principles. 
  • Unlike many other Indian cities built in hilly terrains, Jaipur was established on a plain, allowing for a systematic urban design characterized by wide streets and public squares known as chaupars.

Architectural Significance

  • Jaipur’s urban planning is notable for its geometric structure, which integrates traditional Hindu concepts with modern Western influences.
  • The city is divided into nine blocks, with two reserved for state buildings and the remaining for public use. Known for its distinctive pink-colored buildings, which give it the nickname “Pink City.”
  • The architecture features uniform facades along the main streets. Key monuments include:
    • Hawa Mahal: A palace known for its intricate façade and numerous windows.
    • City Palace: A royal residence that blends Mughal and Rajput architecture.
    • Jantar Mantar: An astronomical observatory built by Jai Singh II.
    • Govind Dev Temple: A significant religious site reflecting the city’s cultural heritage.

Jaipur’s (Pink City) Criteria for UNESCO Recognition

  • Criterion (ii): Exhibiting an important interchange of human values in architecture and urban planning.
  • Criterion (iv): Representing a significant example of a planned city that reflects the cultural traditions of its time.
  • Criterion (vi): Being directly associated with events or living traditions of universal significance, particularly in the context of its festivals and cultural practices.

 

Other Important Places Contributing to World Heritage Status

Amber Fort (Amer Fort)
  • A majestic fort known for its artistic Hindu and Mughal architectural style, located on a hill overlooking Maota Lake.
  • Famous for its intricate carvings, mirror work, and expansive courtyards.
City Palace
  • A complex of palaces, courtyards, and museums in the heart of Jaipur, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the region.
  • Combines Rajput and Mughal architectural styles, showcasing royal artifacts, costumes, and weapons.
Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds)
  • A five-story palace with 953 small windows (jharokhas), designed to allow royal women to observe street activities while remaining unseen.
  • An iconic example of Rajput architecture with intricate latticework and unique design.
Jantar Mantar
  • An astronomical observatory with 19 large instruments, including the world’s largest stone sundial.
  • A separate UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflecting the scientific achievements of the 18th century.
Nahargarh Fort
  • Built in 1734, located on the Aravalli Hills, offering panoramic views of Jaipur city.
  • Served as a retreat and defensive structure for the royal family, showcasing the military architecture of the period.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Study confirms the existence of a Dockyard at Lothal

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Lothal and other IVC Sites

Why in the News?

A recent study by the Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar (IITGn) has presented new evidence supporting the presence of a dockyard (222 x 37 metres) at Lothal, which was earlier debated.

Evidence of Lothal’s Dockyard

  • The discovery of Lothal, located in the Bhal region of Gujarat during the 1950s, initiated debates among archaeologists about the existence of a dockyard.
  • The IITGn study reveals that the Sabarmati River once flowed close to Lothal during the Harappan period, contrasting its current course, which is 20 km away.
  • The study suggests a trade route linking Ahmedabad, through Lothal, Nal Sarovar, and the Little Rann, to Dholavira, another prominent Harappan site.
  • Satellite imagery and multi-sensor data analysis have uncovered the ancient channels of the Sabarmati River, confirming Lothal’s strategic location on a significant riverine route.
  • The study also suggests that traders might have arrived in Gujarat via the Gulf of Khambhat, collected materials from Ratanpura, and transported them to Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).

About Lothal:

Details
Location Bhal region, Gujarat, India
Historical Significance Built around 2200 BC; major trade centre for beads, gems, and ornaments
Name Meaning “Lothal” means “the mound of the dead” in Gujarati (Similar to Mohenjodaro)
Discovery Discovered by S.R. Rao; excavated from 1955 to 1960
Port City Evidence Earliest known dock; connected to the ancient Sabarmati River
Key Features Tidal dockyard, marine microfossils, and a basin for sailing boats
Heritage Status Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014; only port-town of the Indus Valley Civilization

 

PYQ:

[2021] Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelling water into connected reservoirs?

(a) Dholavira

(b) Kalibangan

(c) Rakhigarhi

(d) Ropar

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Internal Security Trends and Incidents

Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Anti-Naxal Operations in India

Why in the News?

  • In a significant anti-Naxal operation, nine Maoists were killed by security forces in the forests along the border of Chhattisgarh’s Dantewada.
    • This operation was part of ongoing efforts to eliminate Naxalite influence in the region.

Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada

  • Dantewada, a district in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India, is known as a hotbed of Naxal (Maoist) insurgency. 
  • The region has seen numerous anti-Naxal operations over the years due to its dense forests, rugged terrain, and the presence of significant Naxalite (Maoist) cadres.

Important security operations against Naxalism:

Details
Operation Greyhounds 1989 – Ongoing: A specialized anti-Naxal force created to combat Naxal insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Operation Green Hunt 2009 – Ongoing: To flush out Naxalite insurgents in the “Red Corridor ” from their strongholds.
Operation Thunderstorm 2010: To target Naxal cadres in the dense forest regions of Lalgarh, West Bengal.
Operation Octopus 2014: To clear Maoist influence from the Sukma district of Chhattisgarh.
Operation All Out 2015 – Ongoing: To launch coordinated offensive operations against Naxalites in Jharkhand and Bihar.
Operation Samadhan 2017 – Ongoing: A comprehensive strategy to combat LWE by addressing both security and developmental issues.
Operation Prahar 2017 – Ongoing: To eliminate top Maoist leaders and dismantle support networks in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.
Operation Monsoon 2018: To target Maoist groups during the monsoon season when their activities are restricted.

 

PYQ:

[2022] Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

[pib] SCOMET List

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: SCOMET List

Why in the News?

The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, has released the updated SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies) list for the year 2024.

What is the SCOMET List?

Details
Purpose To regulate the export of dual-use items that can be used for both civilian and military applications, particularly those that could contribute to the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and their delivery systems.
Regulatory Authority Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
Notification Notified by DGFT under Appendix 3 to Schedule 2 of the ITC (HS) Classification of Export and Import Items.
Legal Framework Governed by Chapter IVA of the Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act, 1992, as amended in 2010.

This chapter provides the legal basis for export control of dual-use items and outlines penalties for non-compliance.

Policy and Procedures Outlined in Chapter 10 of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) and the Handbook of Procedures (HBP) 2023.

These documents provide the detailed procedure for licensing, application, and compliance for exporting SCOMET items.

Categories The SCOMET List includes multiple categories:
1. Category 0: Nuclear materials and nuclear-related dual-use items.
2. Category 1: Toxic chemical agents and precursors.
3. Category 2: Materials and materials processing equipment.
4. Category 3: Electronics.
5. Category 4: Computers.
6. Category 5: Telecommunications and information security.
7. Category 6: Sensors and lasers.
8. Category 7: Navigation and avionics.
9. Category 8: Marine.
10. Category 9: Aerospace and propulsion.
New Licensing Authority for Category 6 Department of Defence Production (DDP), Ministry of Defence is the new licensing authority for the export of items under Category 6 (Sensors and Lasers).
Export Licensing Exporters must obtain a specific license from DGFT (or DDP for Category 6) to export SCOMET items.

The licensing process includes a comprehensive review to ensure that exports do not contribute to the proliferation of WMDs or unauthorized military use.

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Judicial Reforms

Use of Regional Languages in High Courts remains limited

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Article 348(1)(a), Article 348 (2)

Why in the News?

A growing movement in India is advocating for use of regional languages in High Court proceedings to make justice more accessible to the common citizen.

Current Scenario: Regional Languages in High Courts

  • Out of India’s 25 High Courts, only 4Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar — are authorized to use Hindi in their proceedings and legal documents.
    • Bihar HC was the last High Court to receive authorization to use Hindi in 1972.
  • A litigant possesses the fundamental right to comprehend and engage in courtroom proceedings, under Article 19 and Article 21.
    • She/ He is entitled to present their case in a language they understand before the magistrate.
  • Additionally, the “Right to Justice” is explicitly recognized under Article 21 of the Constitution.
  • Despite these provisions, the use of regional languages in High Courts remains limited.

Constitutional Provisions for Regional Languages in Judiciary:

Provision Details
Article 348(1) (a) Language of Proceedings
  • English is the official language for proceedings in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and specified tribunals.
  • All records and orders must be in English.
Purpose Ensures uniformity and consistency in legal proceedings and documentation at the highest judicial levels.
Scope Applies to the Supreme Court, High Courts, and all authorities mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.
Article 348(2) Use of Other Languages
  • The President may authorize the use of Hindi or any other regional language in addition to English.
  • Authorization is subject to conditions specified by the President.
Purpose Allows for regional languages to be used in judicial proceedings, making the system more accessible to non-English speakers.
Scope Can be applied in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and other authorities as mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.

 

PYQ:

[2021] Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character?

(a) The Independence of the judiciary is safeguarded.

(b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.

(c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.

(d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

J&K – The issues around the state

Vision J&K @2047

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Vision JK @2047

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions has presented the Vision J&K @2047 describing it as an integral part of Vision India @2047.

What is J&K @2047?

  • Vision J&K @2047 is a long-term strategic plan for Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
  • It seeks to develop the region into a model of sustainable development, economic growth, and social harmony by the year 2047, coinciding with India’s 100th year of independence.

Key features of Vision J&K @2047:

  • Vision J&K @2047 focuses on restoring democratic governance through Assembly elections and establishing Zilla Parishads.
  • It aims to enhance infrastructure, create job opportunities, and drive economic development in the region.
  • Significant improvements in education and healthcare are planned, along with empowerment initiatives for women and minorities.
  • Governance reforms aim to enhance administrative efficiency and reduce bureaucratic hurdles.
  • Promotion of local industries and entrepreneurship is a key component to achieve economic self-sufficiency.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

Rule 170 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Rule 170 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018

Why in the News?

The Supreme Court has raised concerns over the AYUSH ministry’s notification, which advised state licensing authorities not to take action under Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act in the context of the ongoing case against Patanjali Ayurved.

Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018:

Details
What is it? Rule 170 was introduced in 2018 to regulate the manufacture, storage, and sale of Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines, focusing on controlling misleading advertisements in the AYUSH sector.
Requirements • AYUSH drug manufacturers must obtain approval and a unique identification number from state licensing authorities before advertising their products.
• Required documentation includes textual references, rationale, indications for use, and evidence of safety, effectiveness, and quality.
Key Provisions
  • Prohibits advertisement of AYUSH products without prior state authority approval.
  • Advertisements may be rejected if they:
    – Lack of contact details of the manufacturer.
    – Contain obscene or vulgar content.
    – Promote products for enhancing sexual organs.
    – Feature endorsements from celebrities or government officials.
    – Refer to government organizations.
    – Convey false impressions or make misleading or exaggerated claims.
Rationale Behind   • Introduced following a parliamentary standing committee’s concerns about misleading claims in the AYUSH sector.
• Aims to ensure proactive measures by the AYUSH ministry against such advertisements.
Challenges   • AYUSH drug manufacturers are required to obtain licenses from drug controllers similar to allopathic medicines.
• Unlike allopathic drugs, AYUSH drugs do not need to undergo Phase I, II, or III trials for approval.

 

PYQ:

[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Sector – M-SIPS, National Policy on Electronics, etc.

[pib] India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: India Semiconductor Mission

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to establish a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat. This is the 5th semiconductor unit to be approved under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM). 

About India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM):

Details
Launch Year 2021
Financial Outlay ₹76,000 crore
Backing by  Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)
Objective Develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India.
Primary Goal Provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductor and display manufacturing and design ecosystem.
Leadership Envisioned to be led by global experts in the Semiconductor and Display industry.
Components
  • Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs: Fiscal support to set up semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities.
  • Scheme for Display Fabs: Fiscal support for setting up TFT LCD/AMOLED display fabrication facilities.
  • Scheme for Compound Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors Fab and ATMP/OSAT: 30% fiscal support for setting up compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensors fabs, and ATMP/OSAT facilities.
  • Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: Financial incentives and design infrastructure support for semiconductor design for ICs, chipsets, SoCs, systems & IP cores.
Vision To develop India into a global hub for semiconductor and display manufacturing and design.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

[pib] DoT notifies Telecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Digital Bharat Nidhi Rules, 2024

Why in the News?

The Centre has published the first set of rules under the Telecommunications Act, 2023 (44 of 2023), titled ‘Telecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024.’

About Telecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024:

Description
Legislation Introduced under the Telecommunications Act, 2023
Fund Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN): Replaces the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
Role of Administrator Responsible for overseeing the implementation and administration of DBN
Key Focus Areas • Enhancing telecommunication services in underserved and remote areas
• Promoting access to mobile and broadband services
• Improving telecom security
• Supporting next-generation telecom technologies
Target Beneficiaries • Marginalized groups (e.g., women, persons with disabilities, economically weaker sections)
• Remote and underserved regions
Project Criteria • Provision of telecom services and equipment
• Enhancing telecom security
• Improving access and affordability
• Promoting innovation, R&D, and indigenous technology
• Supporting start-ups
• Encouraging sustainable and green technologies
Funding Conditions Entities receiving DBN funding must provide telecom services on an open and non-discriminatory basis
Vision Alignment Aligned with Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047
Sustainability Focus Emphasizes the promotion of green technologies in telecommunications

 

PYQ:

[2019] In India, which of the following review the Independent regulators in sectors like telecommunications, insurance, electricity, etc.?

  1. Ad Hoc Committees set up by the Parliament
  2. Parliamentary Department Related Standing Committees
  3. Finance Commission
  4. Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission
  5. NITI Aayog

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1, 3 and 4

(c) 3, 4 and 5

(d) 2 and 5

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

What is Digital Agriculture Mission?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Digital Agriculture Mission

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the “Digital Agriculture Mission” with a budget of ₹2,817 Crore, including ₹1,940 Crore as the central share.

About Digital Agriculture Mission

Category Details
Historical Context Originally planned for the financial year 2021-22 but delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Announced in the Union Budgets of 2023-24 and 2024-25.

Funding Breakdown Total outlay: Rs 2,817 crore

• Rs 1,940 crore from the Centre
• Remaining amount from states and Union Territories (UTs)

Objective To create Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in the agriculture sector, similar to other e-governance initiatives like Aadhaar, DigiLocker, eSign, UPI, and electronic health records.
Major Components of DPI 1. AgriStack:
– A comprehensive digital platform integrating various agricultural services.
– Facilitates access to information, services, and benefits related to farming and agricultural practices.
– Centralizes agricultural data to improve accessibility and efficiency.
2. Krishi Decision Support System (DSS):
– Provides data-driven insights and recommendations for farmers.
– Assists in decision-making related to crop management, pest control, and resource optimization based on real-time data.
– Utilizes advanced analytics to enhance productivity and mitigate risks.
3. Soil Profile Maps:
– Detailed digital maps on a 1:10,000 scale covering approximately 142 million hectares.
– Provides comprehensive information about soil characteristics and health.
– Supports precision agriculture by offering targeted soil data for optimal crop planning.
Additional Component Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES):
– A tech-based system to provide accurate estimates of agricultural production.
– Aims to offer reliable data for policy decisions, agricultural planning, and resource allocation.
Impact on Farmers The mission will enable farmers to access a range of digital services, improve decision-making through data analysis, enhance productivity with detailed soil information, and provide accurate crop estimations to better manage agricultural practices.
Timeline Rolled out across the country over the next two years (until 2025-26).

 

PYQ:

[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:

(a) Digital security infrastructure

(b) Food security infrastructure

(c) Health care and education infrastructure

(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Methane’s Contribution in Climate Change

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Methane emission

Why in the News?

The European Union introduced a new regulation in May 2024 requiring fossil fuel companies to routinely measure, report, and reduce methane emissions.

About Methane Emissions:

Details
Nature Colorless, Odourless.

Considered a short-lived climate pollutant due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide over a short term.
GWP100: 28 (over 100 years)Accounts for approximately 30% of global warming.
Atmospheric Lifetime Breaks down in about 12 years; shorter-lived compared to CO2.
Major Sources Cattle farming: 32% of human-caused methane emissions (includes manure and enteric fermentation)
Landfills: Approximately 20%
Wastewater treatment: Around 8%
Rice cultivation: About 10%
Industrial processes: Varied but significant
Natural Non-Human Sources Includes wetlands and permafrost, which release methane through natural processes.
Impact Compared to CO2 Traps 84 times as much heat as CO2 over a 20-year period.
CO2 has a longer-term warming effect but is less potent.
Key Initiatives Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26, signed by over 90 countries, led by the US and EU.

India did not sign.

 

PYQ:

[2019] Consider the following:

  1. Carbon monoxide
  2. Methane
  3. Ozone
  4. Sulphur dioxide

Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Gut molecule in C. Elegans Worms slows fat burning

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: C. Elegans Worm

Why in the News?

Researchers have discovered a mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) worms that explains why fat loss slows down during fasting.

Fasting and Fat Metabolism

  • The brain is known to regulate fat production and breakdown in humans, other mammals, and model organisms like C. elegans.
  • In 2017, researchers identified FLP-7 hormone in the brain that triggers fat burning in the gut of C. elegans.
  • However, it was unclear how the gut communicates back to the brain, as C. elegans lacks sensory nerves in their intestines.
  • The study reveals that during fasting, the gut produces a form of insulin called INS-7, which signals the brain to halt fat burning.
  • Unlike traditional insulin, which activates insulin receptors, INS-7 blocks these receptors, leading to a cascade of events that stop the production of the fat-burning hormone FLP-7.

About Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans):

Details
Overview A small, free-living nematode (roundworm) used as a model organism in biological research.
Size Approximately 1 millimeter in length.
Habitat Found in soil environments worldwide.
Reproduction Primarily self-fertilizing hermaphrodites; males make up a small percentage and can mate with hermaphrodites.
Genome First multicellular organism to have its genome fully sequenced; about 20,000 genes.
Chromosomes Six chromosomes (five autosomes, one sex chromosome).
Body Plan Approximately 1,000 cells in an adult hermaphrodite; transparent body allows for easy microscopic observation.
Lifespan Around 2 to 3 weeks under laboratory conditions.
Research Contributions Instrumental in discoveries related to apoptosis, RNA interference, gene regulation, and human diseases.

 

PYQ:

[2013] Improper handling and storage of cereal grains and oilseeds result in the production of toxins known as aflatoxins which are not generally destroyed by normal cooking process. Aflatoxins are produced by:

(a) Bacteria

(b) Protozoa

(c) Moulds

(d) Viruses

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

In news: Thanjavur Veena

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Thanjavur Veena

Why in the News?

Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, is renowned for making the Veena, the first musical instrument in India to receive a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

About Thanjavur Veena:

Details
Type Saraswati Veena (a classical stringed musical instrument)
GI Tag Received in 2012.
Crafting Materials Jackfruit wood, known for its resonance and tonal quality.
Production Process – Wood is cut, carved, shaped, and assembled.
– Takes 15-20 days to complete.
– Involves three parts: resonator (kudam), neck (dandi), and tuning box.
Other Types of Veena – Saraswati Veena (used in Carnatic classical music)
– Rudra Veena and Vichitra Veena (used in Hindustani classical music)
– Chitra Veena (used in Carnatic classical music)

 

PYQ:

[2021] With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to​:

(a) Dance forms of Northwest India​

(b) Musical instruments​

(c) Pre-historic cave paintings​

(d) Tribal languages​

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

LGBT Rights – Transgender Bill, Sec. 377, etc.

[pib] Measures taken by Govt. for LGBTQI+ Community

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Various schemes mentioned

Why in the News?

The Department of Social Justice and Empowerment has invited inputs to ensure that policies and initiatives regarding the LGBTQI+ community are inclusive and effective.

Who are the LGBTQ+?

  • It is an umbrella term used to refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex.
  • LGBTQI+ people represent a subset of individuals among the broader category of sexual and gender diverse individuals.
  • Sexual orientation, gender identity and expression (SOGIE) is diverse and spans cultures across the world.

Various policy initiatives for LGBTQI+ Community:

Policy/Scheme Details
Supreme Court Judgment on Section 377 (2018) Decriminalized consensual same-sex relations by ruling that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized such acts, was unconstitutional.
• Affirmed the right to privacy and equality, marking a historic victory for LGBTQI+ rights in India.
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019) • Grants legal recognition to transgender individuals, prohibits discrimination in education, employment, and healthcare, and mandates the establishment of a national and state-level transgender welfare board.
• Ensures protection of transgender rights, and access to welfare benefits, and facilitates legal recognition and equality.
National Portal for Transgender Persons (2020) • An online platform launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment for applying for a transgender certificate and identity card.
• Streamlines the legal recognition process, enabling transgender individuals to obtain official documentation more easily.
SMILE Scheme (2021) • “Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprises” Central Sector scheme.
• Provides financial assistance and support for the livelihood and enterprise development of marginalized individuals and beggars, including members of the LGBTQI+ community. 

 

PYQ:

[2023] Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Join us across Social Media platforms.

💥Mentorship March Batch Launch
💥💥Mentorship March Batch Launch