Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines, in collaboration with the Government of Odisha, has set up the DMF (District Mineral Foundation) Exhibition at the iconic Sun Temple, Konark.
About the Sun Temple
- It is located approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
- It was built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
- It is dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
- It is designed as a massive chariot drawn by 7 horses with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- It was constructed from Khondalite stone, known for its durability and intricate carvings.
- The structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and an assembly hall (jagamohan) that have largely collapsed.
Historical Significance:
- The Konark Wheel, featured on Indian currency (old ₹20 and new ₹10 notes), symbolizes Odisha’s rich cultural heritage and national identity.
- It reflects 13th-century advancements in timekeeping and astronomy through its sundial functionality.
- It embodies the cycle of life and serves as a testament to the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
- It is a key example of the Kalinga architectural style, highlighting the Eastern Ganga Dynasty’s achievements.
Architectural Significance:
- Design: Represents a chariot of the Sun God, drawn by 7 horses, with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- Wheel Details:
- Diameter: 9 feet 9 inches.
- Spokes: 8 wide and 8 thin, symbolizing prahars (three-hour periods).
- Symbolism:
- 7 horses: 7 days of the week.
- 12 pairs of wheels: 12 months.
- 24 wheels: 24 hours in a day.
- Sundial Functionality: Two wheels act as sundials, showing time from sunrise to sunset using the axel’s shadow.
- Carvings: Features intricate designs of foliage, animals, and human figures, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship.
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IGICB Scheme, NIXI
Why in the News?
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) has introduced the Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building Scheme, aiming to enhance awareness and develop expertise in Internet Governance (IG) among Indian citizens.
About Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building (IGICB) Scheme:
|
Details |
| About the Scheme |
- Launched by National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) under MeitY.
- Aims to build expertise in Internet Governance (IG) and enable global participation.
Aims and Objectives:
- Develop Expertise: Build Indian talent in Internet Governance.
- Enhance Global Participation: Collaborate with organisations like ICANN, ISOC, and IETF.
- Promote Digital Inclusivity: Ensure India’s representation in global forums.
- Foster Leadership: Shape future tech policy leaders.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Tracks: Six-month and three-month internship programs.
- Mentorship: Guided by experts from ICANN, APNIC, and academic advisors.
- Support Mechanism: Stipend of ₹20,000/month and support for outreach programs.
- Online Portal: Applications via NIXI Scheme Portal, with biometric verification.
|
| Features of the Scheme |
- Global Exposure: Collaboration with leading organisations like ICANN, ISOC, and IEEE.
- Capacity Building: Focus on cybersecurity, Internet Governance, and digital policy.
- Mentorship: Hands-on guidance by seasoned professionals.
- Youth Engagement: Attracts young talent passionate about Internet Governance.
- Policy Impact: Strengthens India’s voice in global Internet Governance forums.
|
What is National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)?
- Establishment: Founded on June 19, 2003, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
- Purpose: A not-for-profit organisation facilitating increased internet penetration and adoption across India.
- Key Services:
- Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Builds infrastructure for internet exchange points.
- .IN Registry: Promotes .in domain digital identity.
- IRINN: Facilitates adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dark Oxygen
Why in the News?
Deep-sea researchers have initiated a groundbreaking project to explore dark oxygen, a form of oxygen produced in complete darkness on the ocean floor.
What is Dark Oxygen?
- Dark oxygen refers to oxygen produced at extreme ocean depths without the involvement of photosynthesis.
- This process occurs in total darkness on the ocean floor, challenging the traditional understanding that sunlight is necessary for oxygen generation.
- It was first discovered in 2024 by researchers studying deep-sea environments.
- The strange nodules found at a depth of 13,000 feet act like natural batteries, splitting water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen using electrical charges.
- These nodules function in areas where light does not penetrate, under extreme pressure and low-temperature conditions.
- Occurrence:
-
- Found in specific deep-sea zones, particularly in regions characterized by unique electrochemical activity.
- Occurs in places previously considered incapable of supporting oxygen production.
Features and Significance of Dark Oxygen:
- Unlike traditional oxygen production, dark oxygen does not rely on photosynthesis or sunlight.
- It is driven by electrochemical reactions occurring naturally in the ocean floor.
- Strange nodules on the ocean floor possess an electric charge, enabling them to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.
- The process releases hydrogen, which could potentially serve as an energy source for microbial life in these regions.
PYQ:
[2012] Which one of the following sets of elements was primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth?
(a) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium
(b) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus
(d) Carbon, Hydrogen, Potassium |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Why in the News?
The 1st Battalion of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) celebrated its 20th Raising Day.
About the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
|
Details |
| About |
- Constituted under Section 44 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 for specialized disaster response.
- Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is headed by a Director General (DG), typically an IPS officer.
- Initially established in 2006 with 8 battalions, now expanded to 16 battalions.
- Operates under the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), chaired by the Prime Minister.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Primary Role: Rescue and relief operations during natural and man-made disasters such as floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, building collapses, and accidents.
- Strategic Deployment: Resources are pre-positioned during imminent disaster situations to minimize damage.
- Active in international relief efforts, including the 2011 Fukushima disaster and the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
- Provides multi-skilled, highly specialized responses, with capabilities for handling complex disaster scenarios.
|
| Composition |
- Consists of 16 battalions, each with 1,149 personnel.
- Personnel are drawn from Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs): CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, SSB, and Assam Rifles.
- Members are trained in disaster response, relief, and recovery operations.
- Focus on proactive availability and pre-positioning during disasters to ensure quick response.
|
IMPORTANT: National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
- The NDRF is a statutory body constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
- It supplements State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) of a State, in case of a disaster of severe nature, provided adequate funds are not available in SDRF.
- The July 2015 guidelines states that natural calamities of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloud burst, pest attack and cold wave and frost will qualify for immediate relief assistance from NDRF.
- NDRF is managed in the “Public Accounts” under “Reserve Funds not bearing interest”.
- The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) audits the accounts of NDRF.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Protected areas mentioned
Why in the News?
A recent faunal survey conducted in the Munnar Wildlife Division has documented 24 new species of birds, butterflies, and odonates, enriching its biodiversity checklist.
Which are the surveyed sites?
All the surveyed national parks and wildlife sanctuaries are located in Kerala, India, specifically in the Idukki district:
- Mathikettan Shola National Park (MSNP): It is a biodiversity hotspot and part of the Western Ghats.
- Pambadum Shola National Park (PSNP): It is Kerala’s smallest national park and home to unique flora and fauna.
- Anamudi Shola National Park (ANP): Named after Anamudi, the highest peak in South India.
- Kurinjimala Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS): Located in Idukki, it protects the habitat of the Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana), a flower that blooms once every 12 years.
- Eravikulam National Park (ENP): Famous for the Nilgiri Tahr.
- Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS): Situated in the rain-shadow region of the Western Ghats, near the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border in Idukki.
|
Key Highlights of the Survey
- New Species Added: 24 new species, including birds (11), butterflies (8), and odonates (5).
- Total Documentation:
- Birds: 217 species recorded; checklist updated to 258.
- Butterflies: 166 species recorded; checklist updated to 246.
- Odonates: 5 new records, checklist updated to 58 species.
- Notable Wildlife Observed: Mammals like Nilgiri Tahr, tigers, leopards, and elephants; 12 species of reptiles and amphibians.
About the Added Species
- Birds:
- New Additions: Brown Hawk Owl, Barred Buttonquail, Spotted Owlet, Mottled Wood Owl, Baya Weaver, Red Munia, Richard’s Pipit, Jerdon’s Bushlark, Golden-Headed Cisticola, Large Grey Babbler, Chestnut-Bellied Nuthatch.
- Highlights: Nilgiri Wood Pigeon, Steppe Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Indian Grey Hornbill, and Blue-eared Kingfisher.
- Butterflies:
- Endemic Species: Red-disc Bushbrown, Palni Fritillary, Nilgiri Tiger, Nilgiri Four-ring.
- Unique Sightings: Grass Jewel (smallest butterfly in Kerala), Southern Birdwing (largest butterfly in India).
- Odonates (flying insects):
- New Records: Cratilla lineata calverti, Macrodiplax cora, Palpopleura sexmaculata, Tholymis tillarga, Lestes elatus.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are:
(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibans |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Launh stations in India
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet approved the construction of a third launchpad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. In 2024, PM laid the foundation stone for ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district. (The first one being the Dr Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.)
Who was Satish Dhawan?
- Born in Srinagar, Satish Dhawan was a prominent Indian rocket scientist and is hailed as the ‘Father of Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research’ in India.
- Succeeded Vikram Sarabhai as ISRO Chairman in 1972.
- Oversaw a period of extraordinary growth in India’s space program, including the development of:
- INSAT: India’s telecommunications satellite system.
- IRS: The Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
- PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which positioned India as a major spacefaring nation.
- Legacy:
- Passed away in 2002, after which the Sriharikota space center was renamed the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in his honor.
|
About the New Launchpad
- The new launchpad at Sriharikota aims to bolster India’s space capabilities.
- It will support Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) missions and enhance ISRO’s capacity to launch advanced satellites and spacecraft.
- Significance: This is India’s sole operational spaceport, serving as the hub for spacecraft and satellite launches since its inception.
How and why was Sriharikota selected as the Launch Site?
- 1960s Search: India’s search for an ideal launch site began in the 1960s when the country decided to develop indigenous satellites and launch vehicles.
- Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space program, tasked EV Chitnis to identify a site on the east coast.
- Survey and Acquisition: By October 1968, approximately 40,000 acres of land were acquired in Sriharikota.
- Reasons for Choosing Sriharikota:
- East Coast Location: Launching rockets eastward takes advantage of Earth’s rotational speed, adding an extra velocity boost of 450 m/s, especially beneficial for geostationary satellites.
- Proximity to the Equator: Rockets launching near the equator require less energy to reach geostationary orbits, making the location ideal for such missions.
- Uninhabited Area: The site’s sparse population minimizes risks during rocket launches and component re-entry.
- Access to the Sea: Proximity to the Bay of Bengal ensures that rocket debris falls into the sea, avoiding hazards to land or human settlements.
- Strategic Accessibility: Adequate access to resources, infrastructure, and government support facilitated the development of a robust launch facility.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
- PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
- Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
- GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdhari Sect
Why in the News?
Punjab CM paid tribute to the Kuka martyrs at a function held at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla. The day commemorates the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs (Kukas) on January 17 and 18, 1872, by British colonial authorities.
Who are the ‘Namdharis’?
- The Namdharis, also called Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh on April 12, 1857, in Ludhiana, Punjab.
- The name Kuka derives from their distinctive high-pitched recitation of Gurbani (kook in Punjabi means “cry” or “scream”).
- Social Reforms:
- Advocated against alcohol consumption, meat eating, and other social vices.
- Promoted Swadeshi principles, urging people to boycott foreign goods, British services, and educational institutions.
- The movement served as a precursor to nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance against colonial rule.
About the Kuka Rebellion
- The Kuka Rebellion was one of the localized uprisings against British rule after the Rebellion of 1857.
- The Namdharis actively opposed British policies, particularly cow slaughter, which became a focal point of their resistance.
- Key events leading to the rebellion:
- In January 1872, Namdharis, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, clashed with British authorities after a cow slaughter incident in Malerkotla.
- They attacked the Malaudh Fort in Ludhiana, loyal to the British, but the rebellion was crushed.
- British Retaliation:
- The British responded brutally, executing 49 Namdharis on January 17, 1872, and 17 more on January 18, 1872.
- The Kukas were placed in front of cannons and blown up in a public spectacle to intimidate others.
Kuka Martyrs’ Day
- It is observed on January 17 and 18 each year to honor the 66 Namdharis who were executed in 1872.
- Significant Stories of Bravery:
- Bishan Singh (12 years old): Refused to renounce his sect despite being offered his life and was brutally executed after tugging the beard of a British official.
- Waryam Singh: Courageously used stones to elevate himself to the cannon’s mouth for execution, showing unwavering dedication.
- Legacy:
- After the rebellion, Satguru Ram Singh and other Namdhari leaders were exiled to Rangoon.
- Namdharis believe Ram Singh is still alive and mourn his absence by wearing white.
|
PYQ:
[2016] The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the:
(a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lokpal and Lokayukta; Powers and Functions
Why in the News?
12 years after its enactment, the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, has seen limited impact, with the Lokpal ordering just 24 investigations and granting 6 prosecution sanctions.
History of Lokpal:
- The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC-I) recommended establishing an anti-corruption ombudsman for India in 1966.
- Several Lokpal Bills were introduced between 1971 and 2008, but none were passed.
- In 2011, activist Anna Hazare’s Jan Lokpal Andolan led to significant public pressure for an anti-corruption framework.
- This movement resulted in the enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, which provides for the appointment of:
- Lokpal at the Centre.
- Lokayuktas in states to address corruption cases involving public servants.
|
About Lokpal and Lokayukta
|
Lokpal |
Lokayukta |
| About |
- Envisioned under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, it is India’s first anti-corruption ombudsman at the central level.
- Covers corruption cases involving public servants, including the Prime Minister (with exceptions), Union Ministers, MPs, and central government officials.
- Appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee (includes PM, LoP, CJI, and an eminent jurist).
|
- Established under Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, as the state-level counterpart to the Lokpal.
- Handles corruption cases involving state public servants, including Chief Ministers, Ministers, MLAs, and state officials.
- Appointed by the Governor, with the composition and appointment process varying across states.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Investigates corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act.
- Can confiscate property acquired through corrupt practices.
- Has jurisdiction over central officials in Groups A, B, C, and D, and institutions receiving significant foreign contributions or government funding.
- Can refer cases to the CBI or its Inquiry Wing for investigation.
- Submits annual reports to the President, which are tabled in Parliament.
|
- Investigates cases under state laws, particularly involving state public servants.
- Addresses corruption complaints related to government schemes, contracts, and functioning.
- Powers vary across states, but typically include authority to recommend investigations, disciplinary action, or prosecution.
- Submits annual reports to the Governor, which are presented in the State Legislature.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Composition: Chairperson (former CJI, SC Judge, or eminent person) and up to 8 members, 50% of whom must be from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women.
- Tenure: 5 years or until 70 years of age.
- Salary: Chairperson’s salary equals CJI, members’ salaries equal SC Judges.
- Removal by the President upon SC inquiry for misconduct or incapacity.
|
- Composition: Varies by state law but generally includes a Chairperson and members with qualifications similar to the Lokpal.
- Tenure: Defined by state legislation.
- Salary: Modeled on the Lokpal but subject to state laws.
- Removal by the Governor, often following a process modelled on the Lokpal Act.
|
PYQ:
[2013] ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FTI- TTP
Why in the News?
The Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) is set to expand to seven major Indian airports starting January 16, 2025, ensuring seamless and expedited immigration processes for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
About the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI- TTP)
- Launched under the ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision, it aims to establish world-class immigration facilities and enhance international mobility.
- The Bureau of Immigration, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the nodal agency responsible for implementing the programme.
- It was initially introduced on June 22, 2024, at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI).
- It is targeted at Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders in its first phase and will eventually include foreign travelers.
- Phase-Wise Implementation:
- Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
- Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travelers.
- The program is free of cost during its initial implementation phase.
- By 2025, the program will be operational at 21 major airports across India.
Features of the Program
- Operates through e-gates or automated border gates for faster processing.
- Travelers scan their boarding pass and passport, followed by biometric authentication, to complete the process.
- Enrollment is completed through an online portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in), where applicants upload their details and required documents.
- Membership is valid for a maximum of 5 years or until the passport’s validity, whichever comes first.
- Applicants must ensure their passport has a minimum six-month validity at the time of registration.
- White-listed trusted travelers undergo faster clearance while maintaining security standards.
Significance
- Reduces immigration clearance time, providing a hassle-free travel experience for international travelers.
- Biometric authentication ensures identity verification, reducing risks of fraudulent entries.
- Travelers can bypass regular queues, making the process more convenient and seamless.
- Comparable to the Global Entry Program in the United States, it aligns India’s immigration services with international standards.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
- A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Suspects Registry
Why in the News?
In just three months since its launch, the Central Suspect Registry (CSR) has successfully declined over 6 lakh fraudulent transactions, saving ₹1,800 crore, according to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
About the Central Suspect Registry (CSR)
- The CSR aims to strengthen fraud risk management by maintaining a comprehensive registry of cybercrime suspects.
- It contains data on 1.4 million cybercriminals linked to financial fraud and other cybercrimes.
- The registry was created by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- The registry is accessible to states, Union Territories, central investigation agencies, intelligence agencies, and financial institutions.
- Developed with inputs from banks and financial institutions, the CSR serves as a central database consolidating cybercrime-related data.
Significance of the CSR:
- Integration with NCRP: Uses data from the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal to identify potential cybercriminals.
- Fraud Detection and Prevention: Helps financial institutions and law enforcement agencies identify and block fraudulent activities.
- Support from Financial Entities: The RBI has directed all banks to integrate the registry into their systems for fraud prevention.
- Impact:
- Over 6.10 lakh fraudulent transactions blocked, saving ₹1,800 crore as of December 1, 2024.
- 8.67 lakh mule accounts frozen by banks and financial intermediaries.
- 7 lakh SIM cards and 1.4 lakh mobile devices blocked.
- Financial fraud transactions amounting to ₹3,850 crore saved since 2021 through the Citizen Financial Cyber Frauds Reporting and Management System.
- 1,03,151 suspicious online content items blocked under the powers conferred by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?
- Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
- Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
- Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
- Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydroclimate Whiplash
Why in the News?
Since earlier this month Los Angeles has been gripped by devastating wildfires fueled by a rare and alarming meteorological phenomenon known as hydroclimate whiplash.
What is Hydroclimate Whiplash?
- Hydroclimate whiplash refers to rapid and extreme shifts between periods of intensely wet weather and dangerously dry conditions.
- Characteristics:
- Alternates between heavy rainfall and severe drought.
- Typically results in amplified weather extremes, such as floods followed by wildfires.
- Global Trend:
- Hydroclimate whiplash has increased by 31% to 66% worldwide since the mid-20th century, largely due to climate change.
- Projections indicate a 113% rise in such events during sub-seasonal periods with a 3°C increase in global temperatures.
Causes of Hydroclimate Whiplash
- Rising global temperatures intensify hydrological extremes, causing prolonged periods of rainfall and drought.
- Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfalls during wet periods and exacerbating droughts during dry phases.
- Shifts in El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles influence precipitation and temperature extremes.
- Changes in ocean currents and wind patterns disrupt normal weather cycles, contributing to hydroclimate variability.
- Unusual delays in wet or dry seasons can magnify hydroclimate swings, as seen in regions like California.
How did this phenomenon cause wildfire in LA?
- The usual wet season, which begins in October, failed during 2024-25, exacerbating dry conditions and increasing fire hazards.
- As dry air moves from high-pressure regions over southwestern deserts to low-pressure zones off the California coast, it warms and dries further, creating ideal wildfire conditions.
|
PYQ:
[2011] La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?
1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Bhargavastra' Micro Missiles
Why in the News?
India has achieved a significant milestone in defense technology by successfully testing its first domestically developed Bhargavastra micro-missile system, designed to counter swarm drone threats.
What is Bhargavastra?
- Bhargavastra is India’s first micro-missile-based counter-drone system, developed to address the increasing threat posed by swarm drones.
- It is capable of detecting and neutralizing small aerial vehicles at ranges exceeding 6 km.
- Developed by Economic Explosives Ltd, the system is designed for the Indian Army, with interest also expressed by the Indian Air Force.
- The system is tailored to provide a cost-effective solution for countering drone threats while preserving advanced air defense systems for larger challenges.
Features of the Bhargavastra Missile System
- Detection Range: Can detect small aerial vehicles at distances greater than 6 km.
- Neutralization Capability: Employs guided micro munitions to engage and destroy drone targets.
- Simultaneous Launches: Capable of launching over 64 micro missiles simultaneously, enabling effective countermeasures against swarm formations.
- Mobile Platform: Mounted on a mobile platform for rapid deployment in diverse terrains, including high-altitude regions.
- Versatile Design: Engineered to operate across varied terrains, meeting the specific requirements of the Indian military.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Ships/Vessels
Why in the News?
Three frontline combatants—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai.
About the Ships/Vessels
|
Details |
| INS Nilgiri |
- Type: First Ship of Project 17A (Nilgiri-class stealth frigates)
- Role: Multi-mission operations in deep-sea environments
- Builders: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and GRSE, Kolkata
- Features: Integrated construction, supersonic missiles, MRSAMs, advanced weaponry
- Timeline: Keel laid Dec 28, 2017; Launched Sep 28, 2019; Delivered Dec 20, 2024
- Significance: Enhances anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities
|
| INS Surat |
- Type: Last Ship of Project 15B (stealth guided missile destroyers)
- Role: Advanced stealth destroyer for offensive and network-centric warfare
- Builders: MDL
- Features: AI-enabled systems, advanced weaponry (surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes), COGAG propulsion
- Timeline: Commissioned in 2024; follows Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, and Imphal
- Significance: India’s first AI-enabled warship with advanced IT tools
|
| INS Vaghsheer |
- Type: Last Submarine of Project 75 (Scorpene-class submarines)
- Role: Stealthy, multi-role operations (anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare)
- Builders: Collaboration with French Naval Group
- Features: Diesel-electric propulsion, wire-guided torpedoes, modular design for future AIP upgrades
- Timeline: Sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine; follows Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, and Vagir
- Significance: Enhances India’s underwater warfare capabilities
|
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QS World Future Skills Index
Why in the News?
PM has expressed his happiness as the QS World Future Skills Index ranks India 2nd for Digital Skills, ahead of Canada and Germany.
About the QS World Future Skills Index
- The index is launched by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a London-based higher education firm, the index evaluates countries on their readiness to meet evolving job market demands.
- It assesses over 190 countries, analyzing:
- 280 million job postings
- 5 million employer skill demands
- 17.5 million research papers
- 4 Key Indicators:
- Skills Fit: Alignment between workforce skills and employer demands.
- Academic Readiness: Higher education’s capability to prepare students for future skills.
- Future of Work: Job market readiness for emerging skills in digital, AI, and green technologies.
- Economic Transformation: Capacity for innovation and sustainable growth.
- Countries are classified into 4 categories as:
- Future Skills Pioneers
- Practitioners
- Contenders (India’s category)
- Aspirants
Key Observations
- India ranks 2nd globally in digital, AI, and green skills, showcasing its leadership in technology and sustainability.
- It achieved a perfect score in economic capacity, reflecting strong growth potential.
- However, India scored poorly in skills fit (59.1) and sustainability innovation (15.6), highlighting gaps in education and innovation alignment.
- Developed nations like the USA, UK, and Germany lead as “future skills pioneers.”
Significance of the Index
- The report serves as a global benchmark for readiness in meeting evolving job market demands.
- It highlights the importance of digital, AI, and green skills for future industries.
- It provides actionable insights for policy reforms in education and workforce training.
- It positions India to address gaps and leverage its strengths to secure a competitive global role.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Transition Theory
Why in the News?
The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.
IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?
Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
- Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
- Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
- Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.
|
Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report
- Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
- Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
- Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
- The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
- In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
- Consumption Patterns in India:
- India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
- By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
- The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.
About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend
- India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
- From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
- This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
- India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
- By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
- India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
- Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
- Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:
- Low birth-rate with low death rate
- High birth-rate with high death rate
- High birth-rate with low death rate
Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 2, 3, 1
(d) 3, 2, 1 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Makaravilakku Festival
Why in the News?
The Makaravilakku festival was celebrated at the hill shrine of Sabarimala Ayyappa temple.
About the Makaravilakku Festival
- Makaravilakku is a significant annual Hindu festival celebrated at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
- It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) and coincides with Makara Sankranti.
- Celebrations are centred at the Sabarimala Temple, nestled in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
- The event draws millions of devotees who chant “Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa” in reference to Lord Ayyappa.
- The festival typically lasts for seven days, beginning on Makara Sankranti.
- Key Rituals and Events:
- A symbolic lamp ‘Makaravilakku’ is lit at Ponnambalamedu, a hill near Sabarimala, on the evening of Makara Sankranti.
- A divine star Makara Jyothi is believed to appear in the sky, symbolizing the blessings of Lord Ayyappa.
- Devotees undertake a strict 41-day penance (Vratham) before making the pilgrimage to the temple.
It’s Significance:
- The festival signifies the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, celebrating devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
- The tradition emphasizes equality, with all devotees wearing black or blue attire and carrying the “Irumudi Kettu” (a sacred bundle).
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following pairs:
Traditions- Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival- Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra- Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari- Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) and its features
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Commerce & Industry has inaugurated the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) emphasizing India’s goal to enhance organic farming and achieve ₹20,000 crore in organic exports within the next 3 years.
About the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2001.
- Implemented by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries.
- Focuses on accreditation, organic production standards, and promoting organic farming.
- Enhances India’s global competitiveness in organic farming and supports eco-friendly and viable practices.
|
| Features of the 8th Edition |
- Recognition for Organic Grower Groups: Simplified certification requirements for grower groups, granting them legal status and replacing the Internal Control System (ICS), a previous quality assurance system for group certification.
- NPOP Portal: Provides visibility and streamlines operations for organic stakeholders.
- Organic Promotion Portal: Connects farmers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and exporters with global buyers, offering trade leads, training, and events.
- TraceNet 2.0: Upgraded system ensuring farm-to-market transparency, traceability, and compliance with global standards.
- AgriXchange Portal: Facilitates data analysis and connects international buyers and sellers to strengthen India’s position in the global organic market.
- 6. Technological Advancements: Boosts organic farming operations through innovative systems and tools, enhancing India’s organic production ecosystem.
|
| Significance |
- Sets standards for organic production and accreditation, recognized by the European Commission and Switzerland, enabling acceptance of Indian organic products internationally.
- Facilitates India’s integration into the global organic market.
|
Do you know?
- India ranks 2nd globally in terms of organic agricultural land.
- Sikkim is the world’s first fully organic state, and North East India has a tradition of organic farming with minimal chemical use.
- India has the highest number of organic producers worldwide, with 2.3 million farmers.
- By 2023-24, approximately 4.5 million hectares (2.5% of total agricultural land) were under organic certification.
- Madhya Pradesh (26%), Maharashtra (22%), Gujarat (15%), and Rajasthan (13%) together contribute 76% of India’s total organic farming area.
|
PYQ:
[2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?
- Permaculture farming discourages mono-cultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
- Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
- Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions.
- Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 4 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Livestock Mission
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).
What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?
- It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
- They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
- The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
- Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.
|
About National Livestock Mission (NLM): Summary Table
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2014-15, realigned in 2021-22 under the White Revolution – Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana.
- Aims to enhance livestock production quantity and quality while fostering entrepreneurship.
- Overseen by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
|
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Comprises 3 sub-missions: (1) Breed Improvement of Livestock and Poultry, (2) Feed and Fodder Development, and (3) Innovation and Extension.
- Focus on entrepreneurship through financial incentives for individuals, FPOs, SHGs, cooperatives, and startups.
- Includes 10 activities, such as fodder cultivation and livestock insurance, emphasizing sustainable practices and stakeholder support.
|
| Features |
- Entrepreneurship Support: 50% subsidy (up to ₹50 lakh) for horse, donkey, mule, and camel conservation.
- Fodder Seed Processing: Infrastructure eligible for 50% subsidy for private entities and cooperatives.
- Fodder Cultivation: Assistance to state governments for growing fodder in degraded and non-arable lands.
- Livestock Insurance: Reduced farmer premiums (15%), expanded animal coverage, and enhanced Centre-State funding (60:40 or 90:10).
|
What is the Status of Livestock Sector in India?
- The livestock sector grew at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2014-15 to 2020-21
- Contribution to Agricultural GDP increased from 24.3% in 2014-15 to 30.1% in 2020-21
- Contributes 4.35% to the national GDP in fiscal year 2022-23
- Total livestock population: Approximately 536.76 million animals
- Population growth: 4.8% increase since 2012
- Global Livestock Ownership Highlights:
- 12.50% of world’s cattle population
- 56.70% of world’s buffalo population
- World’s second-largest poultry market
- Major Schemes and Programmes:
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM): Launched in December 2014 for breed development
- National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Focuses on controlling Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis
- Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): Approved 116 projects worth INR 3,731.4 crore
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Why in the news?
The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.
About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
|
Details |
| About |
- Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
- Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
- First Chairperson: Homi J. Bhabha (1948–1966).
- Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
|
| Functions |
- Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
- Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
- Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
- Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
- Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
- Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.
Operates 6 key research centers:
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.
|
PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pink Fire Retardant (PFR)
Why in the News?
Air tankers have dropped thousands of litres of pink fire retardant (PFR) to slow the spread of wildfires in Los Angeles.
Pink Fire Retardant (PFR) and its properties
- The PFR is a chemical mixture designed to slow or suppress wildfires by reducing the flammability of vegetation and other materials.
- The most recognized brand of PFR is Phos-Chek, manufactured by Perimeter Solutions.
- It is primarily made of ammonium phosphate-based slurry, including:
- Monoammonium phosphate (80%-90%).
- Diammonium phosphate.
- Performance additives for enhanced effectiveness.
- Pink dye for visibility.
- It is sprayed as a foam or slurry to coat vegetation ahead of wildfires.
- It slows combustion by:
- Depleting oxygen needed for flames.
- Altering how cellulose (plant material) decomposes, creating non-flammable carbon.
- Unlike water, which evaporates quickly, PFR’s chemical components remain effective for days or weeks, providing long-term protection.
Significance of PFR
- Provides fire-fighters with critical time to control wildfires.
- Creates firebreaks by coating vegetation and preventing ignition.
- Effective in diverse terrains, slopes, and weather conditions.
- Helps protect natural habitats and human infrastructure by slowing wildfire spread.
- Reduces the scale and intensity of wildfires, minimizing ecological damage.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following:
- Carbon monoxide
- Methane
- Ozone
- Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now