From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
Why in the News?
Japanese foreign and defence ministers have arrived in India to participate in the India-Japan 2+2 ministerial meeting.
About2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue is a diplomatic summit held annuallysince 2018, initially between India and the US.
It later expanded to include Japan, Australia, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
This dialogue involves the Foreign and Defense Ministers of participating countries and focuses on strengthening bilateral relations and addressing common concerns.
The dialogue replaced the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue during a 2017 agreement between PM Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump.
First Summit was held on September 6, 2018, between India and the US in New Delhi, involving discussions on defense partnerships and strategic cooperation.
Key Milestones:
What are the key priorities of the Indo-Japan 2+2 Dialogue?
Update Security Cooperation: Revising the 2008 security agreement to reflect current strategic needs.
Promote a Free Indo-Pacific: Collaborating to ensure a free, open, and stable Indo-Pacific region.
Engage in Strategic Talks: Holding strategic discussions between foreign and defense ministers to boost bilateral ties.
Address Regional Security: Discussing key issues like Chinese assertiveness, the Russia-Ukraine war, and the Gaza crisis.
Coordinate Quad Efforts: Exploring cooperation within the Quad framework, including a potential summit.
PYQ:
[2020] Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Waggle Dance of Bees
Why in the News?
Two scientists have raised concerns about “problematic behaviour” in papers on honeybee communication co-authored by Dr. Mandyam Srinivasan, a highly honoured neuroscientist.
AboutWaggle Dance of Bees
Details
Purpose
Communicates location of food sources to other bees.
Dance Pattern
Figure-eight (8) movement with a waggle run in the middle.
Direction Indication
Angle of waggle run shows direction relative to the sun.
Distance Indication
Duration of waggle run indicates distance to the food source.
Efficiency
Enhances foraging efficiency by guiding bees directly to food sources.
Environmental Impact
Accuracy affected by Sun position, wind, and landscape.
Scientific Importance
Decoded by Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch; an example of advanced insect communication.
PYQ:
[2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zoopharmacognosy
Why in the News?
Researchers highlighted the zoopharmacognosy (practice of self-medication) by a Sumatran orangutan using the plant Fibraurea tinctoria to treat a facial wound.
What is Zoopharmacognosy?
Zoopharmacognosy is the study of how animals use natural substances like plants, soils, and insects to treat their own illnesses.
The term was coined by ecologist D.H. Janzen from the University of Pennsylvania.
It shows that animals have an instinctive ability to find and use natural remedies.
Key Studies and Observations
Neanderthals: In 2012, a Nature publication found that Neanderthals in Northern Spain used plants like yarrow and chamomile to treat infections.
Other Animal Species:
Primates: Chimpanzees eat bitter leaves, like Vernonia amygdalina, to get rid of intestinal worms.
Pregnant lemurs nibbling on tamarind leaves to aid milk production.
Reindeer: Reindeer eat mushrooms like Amanita muscaria, possibly to fight off parasites.
Birds: Starlings line their nests with antimicrobial plants to protect their young from diseases.
Elephants: Pregnant elephants in Kenya eat specific plants to help induce labor.
Dogs: Dogs chew grass and then vomit to clear their stomachs of infections.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdhari Sect
Why in the News?
Recently, followers of the two rival groups within the Namdhari religious sect clashed violently in Haryana.
About Namdhari Sect
Details
Founder
Satguru Ram Singh in 1857 (on Baisakhi)
Also known as Kuka Movement
Primary Beliefs
– Belief in a living human Guru; Also known as Kuka/Kukaism
– Guru Granth Sahib is considered the Supreme Gurbani
– Strict vegetarianism and teetotalism (alcohol is forbidden)
Key Practices
– Wearing white attire as a sign of mourning
– Rejection of caste distinctions
– Promotion of widow remarriage
– Non-violent resistance– Cow is the sacred animal
Headquarters
Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana, Punjab
Global Presence
– Deras across Punjab and Haryana
– Presence in countries such as the UK, Canada, and Kenya
Role in Independence
– Early opposition to British rule
– Adoption of non-cooperation and boycott of British goods
– Victims of severe British reprisals
Notable Historical Event
Malerkotla Massacre (1872) – 66 Namdharis executed by the British
Leadership Succession
– After Ram Singh: His brother Satguru Hari Singh
– Later Successors: Satguru Partap Singh, Satguru Jagjit Singh
– Current leaders: Uday Singh and Dalip Singh (factional dispute)
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following Bhakti Saints :
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary Committees
Why in the News?
Lok Sabha Speaker has constituted six new Parliamentary Committees, for a tenure of 1year:
Origin
Composition
Functions
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
Established in 1921 under the Government of India Act, 1919
22 members: 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha;
Chairman from the Opposition,
Appointed by the LS Speaker.
Examines public expenditure, scrutinizes CAG reports, and ensures efficient use of public funds.
Committee on Estimates
Traces back to 1921; reconstituted in 1950 (recommended by John Mathai)
30 members,
All from Lok Sabha;
Elected annually through proportional representation.
Minister CANNOT be a member.
Examines budget estimates, suggests economic efficiencies, and recommends alternative policies.
Committee on Public Undertakings
Established in 1964 based on the Krishna Menon Committee
22 members: 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha;
Chairman appointed by the Speaker,
Chosen from Lok Sabha members
Examines accounts and reports of PSUs, and provides recommendations without interfering in operations.
Committee on Welfare of OBCs
The committee was constituted in June 2012
It comprises 30 members, with 20 from the Lok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha
Focuses on the implementation of policies for OBC welfare, evaluates reservations, and suggests improvements.
Committee on Welfare of SC/ST
N/A
The committee consists of 30 members, with 20 elected from the Lok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha.
Ensures implementation of safeguards for SCs and STs, reviews welfare programs, and suggests enhancements.
Joint Committee on Office of Profit
Joint Committee on Office of Profit was established by the Lok Sabha on July 23, 2019
15 members; 10 Lok + 5 from Rajya Sabha.
Examines cases of MPs/MLAs holding offices of profit, determine qualification, and maintains legislative integrity.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deceptive Dark Patterns
Why in the News?
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) has released a report highlighting the use of deceptive dark patterns in Indian apps.
Key highlights of the ASCI Study:
The ASCI report aims to raise awareness among marketersand designers about the ethical implications of these deceptive patterns.
The study analyzed 12,000 screens across 53 leading Indian apps in 9 different industries.
The report identified the use of one or more of 12 deceptive patterns in most of these apps.
What are Deceptive Dark Patterns?
These practices use elements of digital choice architecture, particularly in user interfaces.
The goal is to manipulate or impair consumer autonomy, decision-making, or choice.
These patterns are often subtle, directing users toward decisions that may not align with their true preferences.
As a result, they compromise the ability of users to make informed choices.
Examples of Deceptive Patterns:
Description
Example
Interface Interference
Directs users to specific choices using visual tricks.
Highlighting preferred options with bright colors.
Confirm Shaming
Uses guilt to push users toward certain actions.
Options like “Upgrade now” vs. “I don’t want a smarter software.”
Basket Sneaking
Adds unwanted items to cart without consent.
Automatically adding a donation to the shopping cart.
Privacy Deception
Tricks users into sharing more personal data.
Requiring unnecessary personal info during signup.
Drip Pricing
Reveals extra fees late in the purchase process.
Adding hidden charges at checkout.
Subscription Trap
Leads to unintended subscriptions without clear notice.
“Free trial” that auto-renews to a paid plan.
Importance of Ethical Design
Raising Awareness: Marketers are encouraged to study the guidelines issued by ASCI and the Department of Consumer Affairs to avoid unethical practices.
Conscious Patterns Website: Marketers can use resources like the Conscious Patterns website to test their apps and obtain a “conscious score” to ensure that their apps balance business needs with user interests.
Digital Responsibility: As the digital world evolves, ethical design practices are crucial for building and maintaining trust with customers.
Marketer and Designer Roles: Both marketers and app designers need to be vigilant about pursuing ethical design to create safe and trustworthy online environments.
PYQ
[2015] What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming this bottleneck?
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
The Finance Ministry has issued a notification amending the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019, to simplify Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rules.
Key amendments made by the Finance Ministry:
Details
Cross-Border Share Swaps
Simplifies the process for Indian companies to engage in cross-border share swaps with foreign companies.
Clarity on Downstream Investments
Provides clearer guidelines on the treatment of downstream investments by OCI-owned entities on a non-repatriation basis, aligning them with NRI-owned entities.
FDI in White Label ATMs (WLAs)
Allows FDI in White Label ATMs to increase the geographical spread of ATMs, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas.
Standardization of ‘Control’ Definition
Standardizes the definition of ‘control’ to ensure consistency with other Acts and laws.
Harmonization of ‘Startup Company’ Definition
Aligns the definition of ‘startup company’ with the Government of India’s notification G.S.R. 127 (E) dated February 19, 2019.
About The Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019
These rules govern foreign investment in India in non-debt instruments like equity shares, mutual funds, and real estate (excluding agricultural land).
These rules, effective from October 17, 2019, were issued under FEMA, 1999 (Foreign Exchange Management Act).
It covers the following key aspects:
FDI Regulation: Specifies guidelines for foreign direct investment (FDI) in various sectors, including sectoral caps and conditions.
Investment Vehicles: Allows investment through entities like Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), and mutual funds.
Repatriation: Provides a framework for repatriation of profits, dividends, and capital by foreign investors.
Reporting: Mandates detailed reporting for companies receiving foreign investments.
Sectoral Caps and Conditions: Sets sectoral limits and approval requirements for foreign investment, with some sectors requiring government approval.
Prohibited Sectors: Prohibits foreign investment in sectors like lottery, gambling, chit funds, and agricultural land.
Transfer of Shares: Outlines guidelines for share transfer between residents and non-residents, ensuring compliance with regulatory conditions.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic?
(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.
(b) It is a largely non-debt creating capital flow.
(c) It is the investment which involves debt-servicing.
(d) It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in the Government securities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nord Stream Gas Pipeline
Why in the News?
The Wall Street Journal has reported that a group of Ukrainian patriots carried out the sabotage of the undersea pipelines(Nord Stream pipelines) in sep,2022 that supplied gas from Russia to Europe.
AboutNord Stream Pipeline:
Details
Overview
Natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea.
Connects Russia and Germany.
Purpose
Built to transport natural gas from Russia to Europe, bypassing traditional transit countries like Ukraine.
Completion
Nord Stream 1: Completed in 2011, 1,224 km long, running from Vyborg, Russia to Lubmin, Germany.
Nord Stream 2: Completed in 2012, running from Ust-Luga, Russia to Lubmin, Germany, with a capacity of 55 billion cubic meters per year.
Significance of the Pipelines
(A) For Europe:
Provides a steady and cost-effective supply of natural gas, essential for heating, power, and industry which ensures stable gas prices. If reduced supply from Russia could lead to price hikes and domestic unrest in europe.
(B) For Russia:
Revenue: Critical for Russia, with around 40% of its budget coming from gas and oil sales.
Geopolitical Influence: Strengthens Russia’s influence over Europe’s energy markets by securing its position as a major gas supplier.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oeko-Tex Certification, Eri Silk
Why in the News?
The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC), under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), has achieved the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk.
What isOeko-Tex Certification?
Details
Establishment
Founded in 1992 by the Oeko-Tex Association.
Comprises 18 independent textile research and testing institutes.
Certification System
Independent testing and certification for textile safety and environmental standards.
Key Standards
– STANDARD 100: Tests textiles for harmful substances.
– MADE IN GREEN: Ensures environmentally friendly and socially responsible production.
– LEATHER STANDARD: For leather products, free from harmful chemicals.
– STeP: Certification for sustainable textile production facilities.
– ECO PASSPORT: Certifies safe chemicals used in textiles.
– DETOX TO ZERO: Supports elimination of hazardous chemicals in production.
Testing Process
Products tested for harmful substances like heavy metals, formaldehyde, azo dyes, etc.
Global Recognition
Trusted worldwide for ensuring product safety, environmental friendliness, and social responsibility.
Benefits
– Consumers: Assurance of safe, chemical-free products.
– Manufacturers: Access to global markets, improved brand reputation.
– Environment: Promotes sustainable and eco-friendly production.
Usage
Found on clothing, home textiles, bedding, footwear, and more.
About Eri Silk
Eri Silk is the world’s only vegan silk, where the moth naturally exits the cocoon, making it cruelty-free.
Unlike conventional silk production, where cocoons are boiled to extract the silk filament.
It is also known as Ahimsa Silk.
It is primarily produced in the North-Eastern states of India, especially Assam; also found in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and other states.
Its production is deeply rooted in the traditions of tribal communities in Assam and adjacent hill areas.
Significant Features of Eri Silk:
Production Process: Known as Ericulture; involves rearing silkworms on castor plants; the silk is spun rather than reeled due to the naturally pierced cocoons.
Eco-Friendly: Requires minimal chemicals and water; only 20 litters of water needed toconvert 1 kg of raw Eri fiber into yarn.
Unique Properties: Isothermal (temperature-regulating), anti-fungal, washable, durable, and less shiny than other silks.
PYQ:
[2013] What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their application in aviation and automobile industries. (100 words)
This marks the third and final development flight of the SSLV.
AboutEOS-08 Satellite:
Details
Type
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)
Design Platform
Built on ISRO’s Microsat/IMS-1 bus, known for its compact and efficient design.
Orbit
Operates in a Circular Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an altitude of 475 km with an inclination of 37.4°.
Mission Life
1 year
Payloads
– Electro Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Captures images in MIR and LWIR bands for surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental assessments.
– Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Payload: Monitors ocean surface winds, soil moisture, and inland water bodies using GNSS-R-based remote sensing.
– SiC UV Dosimeter: Monitors UV irradiance, particularly for ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission, ensuring safety against UV radiation.
Technological Innovations
– Integrated Avionics System: Combines Communication, Baseband, Storage, and Positioning (CBSP) functions into one system.
– Embedded Technologies: Includes a Structural Panel Embedded with PCB, Embedded Battery, enhancing structural efficiency and power reliability.
– Advanced Antennas: Micro-DGA (Dual Gimbal Antenna) and M-PAA (Phased Array Antenna) for precise control and enhanced signal transmission.
– Flexible Solar Panels & Nano Star Sensor: Improves energy efficiency and satellite orientation in space.
Back2Basics: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3
SSLV is designed to launch Mini, Micro, orNanosatellites (10 to 500 kg) into a 500 km planar orbit.
SSLV is a 3-stage launch vehicle with all solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as the terminal stage.
SSLV is designed for low cost and low turn-around time.
The vehicle offers flexibility in accommodating multiple satellites and is capable of launch-on-demand.
SSLV requires minimal launch infrastructure, making it a versatile option for satellite deployment.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways has launched the standard operating procedures for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP).
What is the Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)?
The GTTP aims to transition conventional fuel-based harbour tugs to greener, more sustainable alternatives.
The program is a part of India’s broader efforts to decarbonize maritime operations and promote environmental sustainability in the maritime sector.
The GTTP is also aligned with the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp,’ a strategic framework for enhancing India’s commitment to a greener and more sustainable maritime industry.
Key Features:
(1) Decarbonization of Maritime Operations
Objective: Replace conventional tugs with green tugs powered by cleaner fuels like battery-electric, hybrid, methanol, and green hydrogen.
Impact: Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Indian ports.
(2) Phased Implementation
Phase 1 (2024-2027): Four Major Ports (Jawaharlal Nehru, Deendayal, Paradip, and V.O. Chidambaranar) will each procure or charter two green tugs.
Technology: Initial tugs will be battery-electric with provisions for adopting newer technologies.
(3) Standardization and Compliance
ASTDS-GTTP Standards: By 2040, all tugs in Indian Major Ports will comply with green standards, ensuring an eco-friendly fleet.
(4) Alignment with National Visions
Maritime India Vision 2030: Supports goals like sourcing 60% of port power from renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions by 30% per ton of cargo by 2030.
Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from port vessels by 30% by 2030.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Port
Well known as
1. Kamarajar Port
First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port
Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam Port
Largest container port in India
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) All three pairs
(d) None of the pairs
Space weather refers to the varying conditions within the solar system and its heliosphere, influenced by the Sun and solar wind.
The main components of space weather include: solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and solar flares.
These components can compress the Earth’s magnetosphere, triggering geomagnetic storms.
This can disrupt communication, power transmission, damage spacecraft electronics, and pose threats to astronauts.
Solar Cycle and Its Importance
The activity of the Sun follows an approximately 11-year periodic cycle, marked by variations in the number of sunspots on the Sun’s surface.
This solar cycle influences space weather, Earth’s atmosphere, and climate variations.
Predicting the amplitude of the solar cycle is a major challenge in astrophysics, as it directly affects related phenomena and space weather.
Research Findings
IIA researchers discovered that the width of supergranular cellson the solar surface during the minimum year of the solar cycle is correlated with the number of sunspots observed during the subsequent solar cycle maximum.
This simple method can be used to predict the strength of the upcoming solar cycle, which is valuable for space weather forecasting.
What are Supergranular Cells?
Supergranular Cells are large convective cells on the Sun’s surface, with diameters of about 30,000 km.
These cells are part of the solar convection zone where hot plasma rises, cools as it reaches the surface, and then sinks back down in a continuous cycle.
Characteristics:
Supergranular cells are larger than granules, another type of convective cell on the Sun. Its borders, known as supergranular lanes, are about 5,000 km thick.
Plasma within these cellsmoves from the center of the cell toward the edges, where it sinks back into the Sun’s interior. This movement creates a network of lanes that can be observed on the solar surface.
Supergranular cells are associated with the magnetic field concentrations on the Sun’s surface, often where sunspots and other magnetic features appear.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?
GPS and navigation systems could fail.
Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
Power grids could be damaged.
Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over pola-regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)
Why in the News?
The Centre has launched the AI-based National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS) to help farmers connect with agriculture scientists and experts for pests’ control.
What is the National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)?
The NPSS is an AI-based platform launched by the government on August 15, 2024.
It is designed to help farmers connect with agricultural scientists and experts for effective pest control using their phones.
It aims to reduce farmers’ dependence on pesticide retailers.
It provides data for selected crops i.e. Rice, Cotton, Maize, Mango and Chilies.
How will farmers use it?
Farmers can take photos of infested crops or pests using the NPSS platform, which are then analyzed by scientists and experts.
Then they will suggest the correct quantity of the pesticide at the right time, reducing excessive pesticide use.
Target Groups: Approximately 14 crore farmers across India.
Significance
It will reduce crop damage, improve pest management practices, and reduce the risk of soil damage by minimizing excessive pesticide use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements:
1. Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites.
2. Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents.
3. Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
The Environment Ministry announced the designation of three more wetlands: Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (TN), Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (TN) and Tawa Reservoir (MP) as Ramsar Sites.
This makes the total Ramsar sites count in India to 85.
About the newly designated Ramsar Sites:
Location
Geographical Features
Key Species
Ecosystem
Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary
Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu
Located on the banks of Nanjarayan Tank;
~125 hectares
Herons, egrets, pelicans
Wetland habitats, surrounded by agricultural lands
Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary
Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu
Brackish water wetland near Bay of Bengal;
~5,000 hectares
Flamingos, pelicans, storks, waterfowl
Mix of freshwater and saltwater habitats, includes mangroves
Tawa Reservoir
Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh
Part of Narmada River Basin, foothills of Satpura Range;
~225 sq. km
Mahseer fish, surrounded by Satpura forests
Aquatic life, forested surroundings
Important Facts:
India became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention in 1982.
India is one of the contracting parties to the Ramsar Convention, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.
With the inclusion of these 3 new sites, India now has 85 Ramsar sites, covering a total area of 13,58,068 hectares.
Tamil Nadu currently has the highest number of Ramsar sites in India, with 18 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
India’s Ramsar wetlands constitute about 10% of the total wetland area in the country, spread across 18 states.
UK leads globally with 175 sites, followed by Mexico with 142 sites.
Bolivia, however, has the largest area under Ramsar protection, spanning 148,000 sq. km.
According to the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment by ISRO, India’s wetlands cover approximately 1,52,600 sq. km., which is 4.63% of total geographical area.
India has 19 types of wetlands, with Gujarat having the largest area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Captagon Drug
Why in the News?
Captagon, the “poor man’s cocaine,” has become increasingly popular among young adults in the Middle East and North Africa.
What is the Drug Captagon?
Captagon is a synthetic drug that was originally developed in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s.
It was initially created as a pharmaceutical treatment for attention deficit disorders, narcolepsy, and sometimes depression.
The primary active ingredient in Captagon is fenethylline, a compound that, once ingested, is metabolized into two powerful stimulants: amphetamine and theophylline.
These substances stimulate the central nervous system, leading to increased alertness, reduced fatigue, and a sense of euphoria.
How Addictive is Captagon?
Captagon is highly addictive due to its powerful effects on the brain and body.
As a psychostimulant, Captagon significantly impacts the central nervous system, leading to a range of effects that can make it very difficult for users to stop taking the drug once they start.
It is also reportedly used byfighters in conflict zones to enhance their endurance and suppress fatigue.
The primary effects of Captagon include:
Euphoria: Users often experience an intense feeling of happiness or well-being.
Increased Wakefulness: The drug reduces the need for sleep, keeping users awake and alert for extended periods.
Enhanced Physical and Mental Performance: Users may feel stronger, more focused, and more capable of performing both physically and mentally demanding tasks.
However, the heavy use of Captagon comes with serious risks such as cognitive impairment, cardiovascular issues, and risk of addiction.
Where is Captagon Made?
In recent years, Syria the “narco state” of Middle East has emerged as the largest producer of Captagon.
Its production increased after 2011 Arab Spring protests, which led to civil unrest and conflict in the region.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extremophile bacteria
Why in the News?
Researchers have isolated extremophile bacteria from harsh environments like volcanic vents, permafrost, acid mines, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and lakes beneath polar ice caps.
What are Extremophiles?
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions where other life forms typically cannot survive.
For example: Volcanic vents, Permafrost, Acid mines, Deep-sea hydrothermal vents, dark lakes buried beneath polar ice caps, on the exteriors of spacecraft, around nuclear waste storage sites.
Adaptation and Evolution:
Extremophiles have developed unique biological and biochemical processes over millions of years to adapt to diverse habitats.
Unlike more complex life forms, which have one set of proteins, extremophiles have multiple sets of proteins, each adapted to specific environmental conditions.
These proteins are ‘activated’ based on the surrounding environment, enabling survival during extreme conditions like high temperatures, lack of water, or high acidity.
Significance: Some scientists believe that life on Earth may have begun as an extremophile in extreme environmental niches before spreading and adapting to more temperate ecosystems.
About the ‘Earth Microbiome Project’
It is a global initiative aimed at mapping, organising, and understanding the diversity of microbial life across different environmental niches on Earth.
The project was founded in 2010.
Objective:
To sequence 200,000 genetic samples from diverse environments.
To assemble 500,000 microbial genomes, creating a comprehensive map of microbial diversity on Earth.
Significance:
The project is part of broader efforts to understand the microbial world, which is still in its infancy.
It is related to other significant projects like the ‘Earth Biogenome Project,’ which aims to sequence the genomes of all eukaryotic organisms on the planet.
Understanding microbial diversity has numerous biological and industrial applications, such as developing new enzymes for molecular biology or finding new ways to adapt organisms to challenging environments.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
There has been a significant increase in importsof precious metals from the UAE under the trade agreement.
Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) has raised concerns about the spurt in imports of gold, silver, platinum, and diamonds with zero tariffs in the coming years.
GTRI’s report highlights potential revenue losses and a shift in import business from banks to private traders, favouring Dubai-based firms.
It also claims that many imports do not meet the Rules of Origin conditions, making them ineligible for concessions.
Review of IT Hardware Import Regime
When asked about the review of the new authorisation regime for monitoring imports of certain IT hardware products, Barthwal indicated that the government would make a decision at the appropriate time.
The government had previously adjusted import restrictions on laptops and computers, allowing importers to bring in shipments under an ‘authorisation’ system until September.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PHEIC, Mpox
Why in the news?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox as a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC).
What is a PHEIC?
A PHEIC is a formal declaration by the WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005.
It refers to an “extraordinary event” posing a public health risk through the international spread of disease, potentially requiring a coordinated global response.
Criteria for PHEIC:
Serious and unusual event: Poses a significant public health risk.
Cross-border implications: Affects more than one country.
International response needed: Requires immediate global coordination.
Purpose: Mobilizes resources, raises awareness, and coordinates efforts to manage and contain the threat.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a disease caused by the orthopoxvirus, related to the smallpox virus.
First detected in humans in 1970, it is endemic in central and West Africa.
Transmission: Spread from animals to humans (zoonotic) and between humans via close contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials.
Symptoms: Fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes; can lead to severe complications or death.
Vaccination: WHO recommends vaccines, widely used in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to control outbreaks.
Recent Developments:
In recent years, there has been an increase in mpox cases, including the emergence of new strains such as clade 1b, which has spread to countries outside of its typical endemic regions.
This led to the declaration of mpox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its potential for widespread impact.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following diseases
1. Diphtheria
2. Chickenpox
3. Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FloodWatch India Version 2.0 App
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched Version 2.0 of the ‘FloodWatch India’ mobile application.
About FloodWatch India Version 2.0
FloodWatch India Version 2.0 is a mobile application developed by Central Water Commission (CWC) under the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti.
The app provides real-time information and forecasts related to flood situations across India.
It now covers 592 flood monitoring stations, up from 200 in the previous version, offering a more comprehensive overview of flood conditions.
The app includes information on the storage positions of 150 major reservoirs in India, aiding in flood management.
Key features include:
It provides real-time river flow data and flood forecasts up to 7 days in advance.
Users can view state-wise and basin-wise flood forecasts and advisories.
The app uses satellite data analysis, mathematical modelling, and real-time monitoring to ensure accurate and timely flood information.
The app is available in English and Hindi and offers both readable and audio broadcast formats.
PYQ:
[2016] The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
