Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

[pib] Schemes implemented by the WCD Ministry clubbed into 3 Verticals

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Schemes mentioned in the newscard

Mains level: NA

Why in the News?

  • For better implementation and efficient monitoring, all schemes implemented by the Ministry for the betterment of children have been consolidated into 3 verticals:
  1. Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0,
  2. Mission Shakti, and
  3. Mission Vatsalya.
  • These verticals aim to improve nutrition and health indicators, ensure safety and empowerment of women, and provide protection and welfare for children in difficult circumstances.

Scheme Details:

[1] Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 (Mission Poshan 2.0)

  • The Anganwadi Services Scheme, POSHAN Abhiyaan, and Scheme for Adolescent Girls have been reorganized into three primary sub-verticals:
    1. Nutrition Support: For POSHAN and Adolescent Girls.
    2. Early Childhood Care and Education: Targeting children aged 3-6 years.
    3. Anganwadi Infrastructure: Upgrading and modernizing Saksham Anganwadis.
  • Key Features:
  • Fortified rice supplied to Anganwadi Centres to meet micronutrient requirements and control anemia among children.
  • Emphasis on the use of millets for Hot Cooked Meals at least once a week and Take Home Ration (THR) at Anganwadi centers.

[2] Mission Shakti

  • Sambal: Focuses on the safety and security of women.
    • Includes schemes like One Stop Centres (OSC), Women Helpline (181-WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
  • Samarthya: Aims at the empowerment of women.
    • Encompasses schemes like Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh (renamed as Shakti Sadan), Working Women Hostel (renamed as Sakhi Niwas), National Hub for Empowerment of Women (NHEW), and National Creche Scheme (renamed as Palna).

[3] Mission Vatsalya

  • Objective: To provide better outreach and protection for children in need of care in a mission mode.
  • Goals:
    1. Support and sustain children in difficult circumstances.
    2. Develop context-based solutions for the holistic development of children from varied backgrounds.
    3. Encourage innovative solutions through green field projects.
    4. Facilitate convergent action by gap funding if required.

PYQ:

[2016] Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.

2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.

3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.

4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

(d) 3 and 4 only

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

[pib] Approval of Major Port at Vadhavan, Maharashtra

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Vadhavan Port

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has approved the project proposal for setting up a Major Port at Vadhavan, Palghar District of Maharashtra.

About Vadhavan Port Project 

  • The project involves the development of core infrastructure, terminals, and other commercial infrastructure through a public-private partnership (PPP) mode.
  • The shareholding for the project is divided between the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (74%) and the Maharashtra Maritime Board (26%).
    • The project aims to create a total capacity of 298 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).
  • Trade routes facilitated:

Existing Major Ports in India

  • India has 12 Major Ports: Chennai, Cochin, Deendayal (Kandla), Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva), Kolkata, Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin), Visakhapatnam, and Kamarajar Port Limited.
  • Private Sector participation is allowed in Major Ports for specific projects/berths/terminals through concession agreements for a specific period via open competitive bidding on revenue share/royalty between the Concessionaire and the Major Port Authority.
  • After the expiry of the concession period, the asset is handed over to the Port Authority.

Significance of Major Ports

  • Major ports play a critical role in facilitating international trade and commerce.
  • They serve as gateways for the import and export of goods, significantly contributing to the country’s economy.
  • Ports generate substantial revenue for the government through customs duties, port fees, and other related charges.
  • Ports facilitate international collaboration and partnerships, enhancing diplomatic and trade relations with other countries.

PYQ:

[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?

(a) Andhra Pradesh

(b) Chhattisgarh

(c) Karnataka

(d) Rajasthan

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

States can directly buy Rice from FCI

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: FCI, Open Market Sale Scheme

Why in the News?

The Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister announced that States can now directly purchase rice from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) under the Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) without participating in e-auctions.

Key Announcements:

Direct Rice Purchase of Rice by the States:

  • States can procure rice directly from FCI at ₹2,800 per quintal (excluding transportation cost), down from the earlier rate of ₹2,900 per quintal.
  • This new rate applies to rice procured over the stipulated 5 kg of free grain per individual under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY).

Launch of Price Monitoring System (PMS) 4.0:

  • Minister Joshi launched the 4.0 version of the Price Monitoring System (PMS) mobile app.
  • The app, which previously monitored prices of 22 commodities daily, will now include 38 commodities.
  • The additional 16 food items are bajra (whole), jowar (whole), ragi (whole), suji (wheat), maida (wheat), besan, ghee, butter (pasteurised), brinjal, egg, black pepper, coriander, cumin seed, red chillies, turmeric powder, and banana.

 

About Open Market Sale Scheme

Details
Purpose Enhance the supply of food grains, especially wheat, during the lean season to moderate open market prices, especially in deficit regions.
Administered by Food Corporation of India (FCI)
Method of Sale Surplus stocks of wheat and rice sold at pre-determined prices through e-auction on the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) platform.
Participants Bulk consumers, private traders, State Governments, and Union Territory Administrations
Auction Frequency Weekly
Reserve Price Fixed by the government; bidders cannot quote less than the reserve price.
Schemes under OMSS
  1. Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.
  2. Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction by dedicated movement.
  3. Sale of Raw Rice Grade ‘A’ to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.

 

PYQ:

[2017] Which of the following is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?

1. It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.

2. It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Sports Authority of India (SAI) and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)  

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: SAI, BCCI

Why in the News?

The Health Ministry has requested the Sports Authority of India (SAI) and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to implement measures to prevent surrogate advertisements of tobacco and alcoholrelated products by sportspersons.

About Sports Authority of India (SAI)

Details
Establishment Founded in 1984 by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India
Headquarters Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Complex, New Delhi, India
Objectives
  • Promote sports and physical education
  • Develop sports infrastructure
  • Identify and nurture sports talent
  • Conduct coaching and training programs
Key Programs
  • National Sports Talent Contest Scheme (NSTC)
  • Special Area Games (SAG)
  • SAI Training Centres (STC)
  • Centres of Excellence (COE)
  • National Sports Academies (NSA)
Major Facilities
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi
  • Indira Gandhi Stadium Complex, New Delhi
  • Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi
  • Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (NSNIS), Patiala
Notable Initiatives
  • Khelo India Program
  • Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS)
  • Mission Olympic Cell (MOC)

 

About Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)

Details
Establishment Founded in December 1928
Headquarters Cricket Centre, Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India
Objectives
  • Promote and develop cricket in India
  • Organize domestic and international cricket matches
  • Identify and nurture cricket talent
  • Maintain cricket infrastructure and facilities
Key Responsibilities
  • Selection of national cricket teams (men’s, women’s, and junior)
  • Organization of domestic cricket tournaments
  • Administration of Indian Premier League (IPL)
  • Conducting training and coaching programs
Major Tournaments
  • Indian Premier League (IPL)
  • Ranji Trophy
  • Vijay Hazare Trophy
  • Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
  • Duleep Trophy
  • Irani Cup
Funding and Support
  • Funded through sponsorships, broadcasting rights, and match revenues
  • Provides financial assistance and contracts to cricketers
Reforms  Justice Lodha Committee: Result of the report submitted by the Justice Mukul Mudgal Committee after an investigation into the 2013 IPL betting scandal.

 

PYQ:

[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship:

1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won.

2. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 and 2

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

[pib] Artificial Insemination in Cattle

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Rashtriya Gokul Mission and its Components

Why in the News?

  • The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing the Rashtriya Gokul Mission.
    • The mission aims to develop and conserve indigenous bovine breeds, genetically upgrade the bovine population, and enhance milk production and productivity.

About Rashtriya Gokul Mission:

Details
About
  • Initiated in December 2014.
  • Announced under the National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development during the 12th Five Year Plan. 
  • Continued under Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana (2021-2026) with a budget of Rs. 2400 crore.
Nodal Ministry Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying
Objectives
  • Enhance productivity of bovines and increase sustainable milk production using advanced technologies.            
  • Propagate the use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding.
  • Expand artificial insemination coverage by strengthening the breeding network and delivering services at farmers’ doorsteps.
  • Promote scientific and holistic conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo rearing.
Significance
  • Increased productivity, benefiting all cattle and buffaloes in India, with a focus on small and marginal farmers.
  • Empowers women, who perform over 70% of livestock farming tasks.
Components
  1. Availability of High Genetic Merit Germplasm
  2. Extension of Artificial Insemination Network
  3. Development and Conservation of Indigenous Breeds
  4. Skill Development
  5. Farmers’ Awareness
  6. Research, Development, and Innovation in Bovine Breeding
Implementing Agency State Implementing Agency (SIA) viz. Livestock Development Boards
Significant Initiatives
  • Gopal Ratna Awards: For farmers maintaining the best herd of Indigenous Breed and practicing best management practices.          
  • Kamdhenu Awards: For best-managed Indigenous herd by Institutions/Trusts/ NGOs/ Gaushalas or best-managed Breeders’ societies.
  • Gokul Grams: Integrated cattle development centers focusing on promoting indigenous cattle rearing and conservation in a scientific manner.
  • National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre (NKBC): Centre of Excellence for the holistic and scientific development and conservation of Indigenous Breeds.
  • E-Pashu Haat: Web portal providing information on pet cattle and facilitating trading of bovine animals.
  • Nakul Prajnan Bazaar: E-market portal connecting breeders and farmers for quality, disease-free bovine germplasm.
  • Pashu Sanjivni: Animal wellness program providing animal health cards and unique identification, uploading data on the National Database.
  • Advanced Reproductive Technology (ART): Includes Assisted Reproductive Technique- IVF/Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) and sex-sorted semen technique.
  • National Bovine Genomic Center for Indigenous Breeds (NBGC-IB): To be established for selecting breeding bulls of high genetic merit at a young age using highly precise gene-based technology.

Key Initiatives for Artificial Insemination:

  • Multi-Purpose Artificial Insemination Technicians in Rural India (MAITRI): This initiative provides trained manpower for delivering quality artificial insemination services at farmers’ doorsteps.
  • Nationwide Artificial Insemination Programme: This programme extends artificial insemination coverage among bovines using semen from high genetic merit bulls of indigenous breeds.
  • Induction of High Genetic Merit Bulls: This program produces bulls with known genetic potential through progeny testing and pedigree selection, supplying these bulls to semen stations for quality semen dose production.
  • Strengthening of Semen Stations: Efforts are made to improve the quality of semen production by formulating minimum standard protocols and establishing a Central Monitoring Unit for evaluation and grading of semen stations.
  • Breed Purity Tests: To protect indigenous breeds from indiscriminate breeding, breed purity tests are conducted for all imported germplasm.
  • Guidelines for Import and Export of Bovine Germplasm: The Department has formulated guidelines to regulate the import of germplasm and prevent the ingress of exotic diseases, ensuring the safety and purity of bovine genetics within the country.

PYQ:

[2012] Consider the following crops of India:

  1. Cowpea
  2. Green gram
  3. Pigeon pea

Which of the above is/are used as pulse, fodder and green manure?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

85th death anniversary of Shaheed Udham Singh

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Udham Singh

Why in the News?

  • On July 31, 1940, Indian revolutionary leader Udham Singh was executed at the Pentonville prison in London for killing Michael O’Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of Punjab.

Udham Singh (1899-1940) and his Contributions:

Details
Birth and Early Life Singh was born in Sunam in Punjab’s Sangrur district in 1899.
Political Activism Became associated with the Ghadar Party while in the US, which was founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna in 1913 and headquartered in California.
Purpose and Actions In 1934, Singh travelled to London to assassinate Michael O’Dwyer, the former Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Reason for Targeting O’Dwyer O’Dwyer had ordered Brigadier Reginald Dyer to Amritsar before the massacre, fearing a second Indian mutiny due to Hindu-Muslim unity and demonstrations.
Assassination of O’Dwyer On March 13, 1940, Singh shot O’Dwyer at a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Arrest and Execution Arrested immediately, held in Brixton prison, sentenced to death, and hanged on July 31, 1940, at Pentonville Prison.
Legacy and Recognition
  • Regarded as a hero for avenging the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
  • Gandhi termed it an “act of insanity”.
  • He symbolized Hindu-Sikh-Muslim unity by adopting the name ‘Ram Mohamed Singh Azad’ during his trial.
Posthumous Honors
  • His remains were returned to India in 1974 and cremated in his village in Sunam.
  • His statue was installed at Jallianwala Bagh in 2018;
  • Udham Singh Nagar district in Uttarakhand is named after him.

 

PYQ:

[2014] The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a:

(a) Revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco.

(b) Nationalist organization operating from Singapore

(c) Militant organization with headquarters at Berlin

(d) Communist movement for India’s freedom with head-quarters at Tashkent

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

‘Zombies’ in our Genes helped us evolve      

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Endogenous Retroviruses and their significance in human evolution

Why in the News?

Research suggests that around 8% of the human genome is composed of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) often referred to as ‘zombie’ regions.

Retroviruses and Human Genome Integration

  • Most viruses can’t affect the human genome, but retroviruses are an exception.
  • Retroviruses can integrate and reshape the genomes of their hosts.
  • They have an RNA genome and can reverse-transcribe it to DNA, inserting it into the host’s genome.
  • This process is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
  • Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1971, this enzyme converts the virus’s RNA into a corresponding DNA sequence.
  • Historical Discoveries:
    • Viral causes of cancer were known even before the mechanism was understood.
    • In 1908, Oluf Bang and Vilhelm Ellermann discovered the viral cause of chicken leukosis.
    • In 1957, Ludwik Gross isolated a leukaemia-causing virus in mice.

What are Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs)?

  • ERVs are remnants of ancient viral infections that have integrated into the genome of the host species.
  • When these retroviruses infect germ cells (sperm or egg cells), their genetic material can be passed down to the next generation, becoming a permanent part of the host’s DNA.
  • Zombie Regions:
    • They refer to inactive viral sequences within the genome that no longer produce functional viruses but remain as embedded genetic fossils.
    • These regions are a result of retrovirus integration that has lost its ability to replicate and produce proteins, yet they persist in the host’s DNA.

Evolutionary Significance of ERVs:

  • In the life cycle of a retrovirus, reverse-transcribed DNA is integrated into the host’s DNA with the help of integrase.
  • The viral DNA, called a provirus, hijacks human cells, turning them into virus-making factories.
  • Over tens of thousands of years, many retroviruses have left genomic elements in human genome, contributing to evolutionary processes.
  • Example:
    • Syncytins are genes thought to have descended from ERVs and are crucial for placental development. These genes originally came from viruses and were acquired during mammalian evolution.

Their Contribution to Human Biology

  • ERVs are highly expressed in the placenta and may influence conditions like preeclampsia.
  • Researchers found that a particular RNA derived from an ERV is dysregulated in early-onset preeclampsia, suggesting it could be used as a biomarker for the condition.
  • ERVs play a role in cell-type differentiation during embryo development.
  • A protein called MERVL-gag is derived from an ERV. This transition is crucial for producing pluripotent stem cells capable of forming different cell types.
  • Researchers also found that a human ERV element LTR10 affects tumour formation in colorectal cancer.

PYQ:

[2021] Consider the following statements :​

1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes.​

2. Common cold is sometime caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus.​

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

SEBI’s proposed measures to curb F&O speculation    

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Types of derivatives

Mains level: Measures taken by SEBI related to derivatives

Why in the news?

SEBI has proposed a series of measures to curb speculative trading in the index derivatives segment due to concerns over the exponential increase in trading volumes in futures and options, especially among individual investors.

What are the different types of derivatives?  

Note: Derivatives are financial contracts deriving their value from an underlying asset such as stocks, commodities, or currencies.
  • Futures: 
      • Futures are standardized contracts obligating the buyer to purchase an underlying asset (such as stocks, commodities, or currencies) at a predetermined price on a specified future date. They are traded on exchanges, with daily settlements based on market price changes.
      • Futures contracts have margin requirements and are marked to market daily, ensuring liquidity and reducing credit risk.
  • Options: 
      • Options give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time frame. Unlike futures, options are not obligatory; the buyer can choose whether to exercise the option.
      • Options can be traded on exchanges or over-the-counter (OTC) and require the payment of a premium by the buyer.
  • Forwards: 
      • Forward contracts are similar to futures but are privately negotiated agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date and price. They are customizable and traded over the counter, which allows for flexibility but introduces counterparty risk.
      • Settlement occurs at the maturity date, and forward contracts do not have standardization like futures.
  • Swaps: 
    • Swaps involve the exchange of cash flows or financial instruments between two parties, often based on interest rates or currencies. Common types include interest rate swaps and currency swaps, which allow participants to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations or gain access to different currencies.
    • Swaps are typically traded over the counter and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the parties involved.

What measures have the SEBI proposed?

  • Increase in minimum contract size for index derivatives from Rs 5-10 lakh to Rs 15-20 lakh, which can be further increased to Rs 20-30 lakh after six months.
  • Upfront collection of option premiums by brokers from clients.
  • Intraday monitoring of position limits for index derivative contracts by Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).
  • Providing only one weekly options contract on a single benchmark index of an exchange.
  • Removal of calendar spread benefits on the expiry day for positions involving any of the contracts expiring on the same day.
  • Rationalisation of options strikes, with a uniform interval up to a fixed coverage of 4% near the prevailing index price and an increased interval as the strikes move away from the prevailing price.
  • Increasing margins on the expiry day and the previous day to address the issue of high implicit leverage in options contracts near expiry.

Why have these measures been proposed?

  • The measures aim to enhance investor protection and promote market stability in the derivative markets, amidst concerns about an exponential rise in the volume of trade in the futures and options (F&O) segment, particularly by individual investors.
  • In the Union Budget 2024-25, the Securities Transaction Tax (STT) on F&O of securities was doubled to 0.02% and 0.1%, respectively, effective October 1, 2024.
  • Data shows that in FY 2023-24, 92.50 lakh unique individuals and proprietorship firms traded in the NSE index derivatives segment and cumulatively incurred a trading loss of Rs 51,689 crore, with only 14.22 lakh investors (about 15%) making a net profit.

Way forward: 

  • Enhancing Investor Education and Awareness: To mitigate the risks associated with speculative trading in index derivatives, it is essential to implement comprehensive investor education programs.
  • Strengthening Regulatory Oversight and Compliance: SEBI should enhance its regulatory framework by implementing robust monitoring systems that ensure compliance with the proposed measures.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

[pib] National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

Why in the News?

The NPPA monitors the prices of scheduled as well as non-scheduled medicines under Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013 (DPCO, 2013), informed the Union Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers.

What are Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Formulations?

[A] Scheduled Formulations:

  • Defined as formulations listed in Schedule-I of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013 (DPCO, 2013).
  • Ceiling prices of these formulations are revised annually based on the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) for the preceding calendar year.
  • National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) is responsible for revising and notifying these prices.

[B] Non-Scheduled Formulations:

  • Defined as formulations not included in Schedule-I of the DPCO, 2013.
  • Prices of these formulations can be increased by manufacturers, but the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) cannot be increased by more than 10% during the preceding 12 months.
  • NPPA also monitors the prices of non-scheduled formulations to ensure compliance.

Action is taken against companies selling formulations at prices higher than permissible, and overcharged amounts are recovered.

About National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

  • NPPA was set up as an independent regulator on August 29, 1997, for drug pricing and ensuring affordable access to medicines.
  • It is an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
  • NPPA is not a Statutory or Constitutional Body.
  • It is responsible for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the DPCO.

Functions of NPPA:

  • Fixation and revision of prices of ‘Scheduled’ drugs under Drug (Price Control) Orders.
    • Scheduled drugs (15% of the pharma market) are allowed an increase based on WPI.
    • Non-scheduled drugs (85% of the pharma market) are allowed an automatic 10% increase annually.
  • Monitoring and enforcement of drug prices.
  • Ensuring availability and accessibility of all medicines and medical devices, including non-scheduled drugs.
  • Undertaking or sponsoring studies on drug pricing.
  • Collecting and maintaining data on production, exports, imports, market share, and profitability of pharmaceutical companies.
  • Advising the Central Government on changes or revisions in drug policy.

Back2Basics: Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO)

  • The DPCO is an order issued by the Government of India under Sec. 3 of Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the prices of drugs.
  • The Order provides the list of price controlled drugs, procedures for fixation of prices of drugs, method of implementation of prices fixed by Govt., penalties for contravention of provisions etc.
  • Under the provisions of DPCO 2013, only the prices of drugs that figure in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) are monitored and controlled by the regulator, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.
    • Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the majority of the population.

 

PYQ:

[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Interstate River Water Dispute

In new: Mekedatu Project

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Mekedatu Project

Why in the News?

Karnataka CM has offered to discuss with Tamil Nadu, the implementation of Mekedatu Project across River Cauvery.

About Mekedatu Project

  • Mekedatu is a location along Kaveri in the border of Chamarajanagar and Ramanagara Districts in Karnataka.
  • Karnataka intends to build a reservoir across River Cauvery near Mekedatu.
  • The dam is proposed to have a capacity of 48 TMC feet (thousand million cubic) and is estimated to cost Rs 6,000 crore.
  • It was first proposed in 2003 with an intention:
    • To use the water for a hydro power station (400 MW) and
    • Supply drinking water to Bengaluru city.
  • At Mekedatu, the Kaveri runs through a deep, narrow ravine of hard granite rock.

Tamil Nadu’s concerns over the Project

  • Tamil Nadu has all along strongly opposed the project and approached the Supreme Court as well.
  • Its argument is that any dam proposal by upper riparian states in the Cauvery basin would deprive the state’s delta farmers of their rightful share of water as per the top court verdict.
  • Tamil Nadu contends that the proposed dam violates the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, which determined the water-sharing arrangements between the two states.

About Cauvery River

  • The Cauvery River, also spelled as ‘Kaveri’ and known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil, originates from Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range located in Karnataka’s Kodagu district.
  • It spans approximately 800 km, traversing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, until it eventually discharges in the Bay of Bengal.
  • The river’s catchment area covers regions in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.
  • Key tributaries that join the Cauvery include Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, and Bhavani.
  • Cauvery remains perennial due to its dual reliance on both advancing and retreating monsoons for rainfall.

Justifications and proposals by Karnataka

  • Ensuring adequate flow to TN: Karnataka argues that the construction of the Mekedatu dam will not hinder the stipulated quantum of water release to Tamil Nadu nor be utilized for irrigation purposes.
  • Allocation of funds and willingness to negotiate: The Karnataka government has earmarked Rs 1,000 crore for the project, indicating its commitment. It also expresses willingness to engage in discussions and negotiations with Tamil Nadu to address concerns and find a resolution.
  • Clearance of feasibility study: The Central Water Commission cleared a feasibility study for the Mekedatu project in 2018, providing additional support for Karnataka’s justifications and indicating the project’s viability.

PYQ:

[2016] Recently, linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken?

(a) Cauvery and Tungabhadra

(b) Godavari and Krishna

(c) Mahanadi and Sone

(d) Narmada and Tapti

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

[pib] India concludes 46th World Heritage Committee Session in New Delhi

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: 46th World Heritage Committee, UNESCO

Why in the News?

  • The 46th Session of the World Heritage Committee has concluded successfully.
    • It was the first time India hosted this international assembly.

Capacity-building initiatives proposed by India

  • India pledged $1 million to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre to support capacity-building initiatives and conservation projects in developing countries.
  • India proposed to develop and implement training programs for heritage professionals from around the world.
  • India proposed exchange programs for heritage professionals and researchers.
  • Leading Indian heritage institutions, such as the Archaeological Survey of India and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), will play a key role in implementing the initiatives.

About the World Heritage Young Professional Forum

  • The World Heritage Young Professionals Forum is an initiative by UNESCO to engage young professionals in the field of heritage conservation.
  • The first World Heritage Young Professionals Forum was organized in 1995.
  • The primary aim is to engage young professionals in heritage conservation and management through capacity building, networking, and awareness-raising.

Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Description
UNESCO World Heritage Sites Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties.
Importance World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history.
Selection Criteria Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc.
Conservation World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence.
World Heritage Committee Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term.
Membership India is NOT a permanent member of the World Heritage Committee.

It has been selected for a term from 2021 to 2025.

 

PYQ:

[2014] Consider the following international agreements:

  1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
  2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
  3. The World Heritage Convention

Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

Why are Russian athletes ‘banned’ from the 2024 Paris Olympics?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Paris Olympics

Why in the News?

  • Athletes from Russia and Belarus are banned from participating in the ongoing Paris Olympics under their nations’ official flags.
    • Many of them compete under a separate category called Athletes Individuals Neutres (AIN) in French, which means Individual Neutral Athletes.

Reason 

  • The ongoing war in Ukraine and the conflict between Israel and Hamas add to the geopolitical tensions.
  • The Paris Summer Olympics are “the most geopolitically charged Olympics in decades.”
  • The International Olympic Committee (IOC) sanctioned Russia and Belarus after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
    • The invasion violated the Games’ Olympic Truce, which says nations should not attack each other from 1 week before the Olympics to 1 week after the Paralympics.
    • Belarus was implicated for allegedly allowing Russia to use its territory for military purposes.
  • In October 2023, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended after declaring authority over Ukrainian sports organizations in certain regions.

Political Neutrality and Violations

  • The IOC cited Russia’s International Friendship Association (IFA) as a political body violating the IOC charter.
  • The charter states that sports organizations within the Olympic Movement should apply political neutrality.
  • Russia’s announcement of the Friendship Games in 2024 led to accusations of politicizing sports.
  • Critics note the concept of “political neutrality” is not based on objective criteria and is challenging to interpret consistently.

What is Individual Neutral Athletes (AINs)?

  • The IOC allows athletes from these countries to participate as individual-neutral athletes (AINs).
    • Athletes must not represent their country or any associated organization.
    • They cannot actively support the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
  • AINs are athletes with Russian or Belarusian passports qualified through existing qualification systems.
    • They will compete under a neutral flag and uniform, with a neutral song played if they win medals.
    • The audience cannot wave their flags.

 

Do you know?

The Indian Olympic Association was suspended in 2014, leading to three athletes competing under the Olympic flag.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

What is Oropouche Fever?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Oropouche Fever

Why in the News?

Brazil has reported the first deaths from Oropouche fever.

About Oropouche Fever

  • Oropouche fever is a viral disease caused by the Oropouche virus.
  • The virus is transmitted primarily through the bites of infected midges, specifically the Culicoides paraensis, and mosquitos.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) reported the first-ever outbreak in Cuba on June 11, 2024.

Symptoms:

  • Symptoms are similar to those of dengue fever and typically begin between four to eight days after the bite.
  • Common symptoms include:
    • Sudden onset of fever
    • Headaches
    • Body aches
    • Chills
    • Joint stiffness
    • Nausea and vomiting (occasionally)
  • Most patients recover within seven days, and severe cases are rare.
  • There is no evidence of human-to-human transmission.

Treatment and Prevention

  • There is no specific vaccine or antiviral treatment for Oropouche fever.
  • Treatment is usually symptomatic, focusing on relieving fever and pain.
  • Preventative measures include avoiding bites from midges and mosquitos by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and using insect nets.

PYQ:

[2010] Widespread resistance of malarial parasites to drugs like chloroquine has prompted attempts to develop a malarial vaccine to combat malaria. Why is it difficult to develop an effective malaria vaccine?

(a) Malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium
(b) Man does not develop immunity to malaria during natural infection
(c) Vaccines can be developed only against bacteria
(d) Man is only an intermediate host and not the definitive host

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

What is FnCas9 Enzyme?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: FnCas9 Enzyme

Why in the News?

  • Scientists from the “CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology” have developed an enhanced genome-editing system using FnCas9 that can modify DNA more precisely and more efficiently than existing CRISPR-based technologies.
    • CRISPR occurs naturally in some bacteria, as a part of their immune system that limits infections by recognizing and destroying viral DNA.

What is FnCas9?

  • FnCas9 is a variant of the Cas9 enzyme derived from the bacterium Francisella novicida.
  • It is used in genome editing technologies, particularly within the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) system, to make precise modifications to DNA sequences.

What is CRISPR-Cas9 System?

  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary genome-editing tool adapted from a natural bacterial defense mechanism against viruses.
  • Bacteria use CRISPR sequences to store segments of viral DNA, which helps them recognize and combat viruses in subsequent infections.
  • The most commonly used Cas9 enzyme is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.

Mechanism:

  • Guide RNA (gRNA): A specifically designed RNA molecule that matches the target DNA sequence.
  • Cas9 Enzyme: Acts as molecular scissors that cut DNA at a location specified by the gRNA.
  • Proto-spacer Adjacent Motif (PAM): A short DNA sequence adjacent to the target site that Cas9 must recognize and bind to in order to cut the DNA.
  • DNA Repair: Once the DNA is cut, the cell’s natural repair mechanisms either repair the break or introduce desired genetic changes.

Applications:

  • Agriculture: Enhancing crop yield and nutritional value.
  • Healthcare: Diagnosing and treating genetic disorders.
  • Research: Studying gene functions and interactions.

Challenges with Traditional Cas9: SpCas9 can sometimes cut DNA at unintended sites, leading to potential unintended genetic modifications.

How FnCas9 overpowers traditional Cas9 (SpCas9)?

  • FnCas9 is known for its higher specificity in targeting DNA sequences compared to SpCas9, resulting in fewer off-target effects.
  • More accurate targeting reduces unintended genetic modifications.
  • It ensures more reliable and safer genome editing.

Achievements by Indian Scientists

  • Scientists at the CSIR-IGIB in New Delhi have modified FnCas9 to enhance its efficiency without compromising specificity.
  • Key Modifications include:
    • Amino Acid Tinkering: Researchers modified amino acids in FnCas9 that interact with the PAM sequence to increase binding affinity.
    • Improved Binding: Enhanced binding affinity allows FnCas9 to sit more securely on the DNA, improving gene-editing effectiveness.
    • Flexibility: The enhanced FnCas9 can access and edit hard-to-reach regions of the genome.

Experimental Results:

  • Enhanced FnCas9 cuts target DNA at a higher rate than the unmodified version.
  • FnCas9 improved ability to detect single-nucleotide changes in the genome, broadening its diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
PYQ:

[2019] What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news?

(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing

(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients

(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant

(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops

[2016] In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to:

(a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing

(b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

(c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression

(d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

DAC approves amendment to MQ-9B UAV deal with US

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: MQ-9B HALE UAV

Why in the News?

  • The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has reviewed and approved amendments to the deal for 31 MQ-9B High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) from General Atomics of the US.
    • The DAC also approved a proposal for the scheduled refit of aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya later this year.

About MQ-9B HALE UAV

  • The MQ-9B drone is a version of the MQ-9 “Reaper” and has two models: Sky Guardian and Sea Guardian.
  • It is built by the General Atomics.
  • This drone can fly over 40,000 feet high, making it useful for watching the Himalayan border areas.
  • It can stay in the air for up to 40 hours, perfect for long surveillance missions.
  • The MQ-9B has advanced features like automatic take-off and landing, a system to avoid other objects, secure GPS, and encrypted communications.
  • It can offer 80% of a manned aircraft’s capabilities at 20% of the cost per hour.
  • Deployment:
    • The MQ-9B drones are planned to be deployed at four places, including INS Rajaji near Chennai and Porbandar in Gujarat, by the Indian Navy.
    • The other two services will keep them jointly at two bases in Sarsawa and Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh at Air Force bases due to long runway requirements.

Specifications of the Procurement:

  • India is looking to procure 31 MQ-9B UAVs, including 15 Sea Guardians for the Indian Navy and 16 Sky Guardians (eight each for the Indian Army and Air Force).
  • The Indian Navy has leased two MQ-9As with the maiden flight taking place on November 21, 2020.
  • The estimated cost is $3.99 billion.
  • As part of the deal, General Atomics will establish a Global Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facility in India, contributing to offset obligations.

Significance of the deal

  • The SeaGuardian model can help the Navy patrol large areas more economically than manned aircraft.
  • For the Army and Air Force, these drones will help monitor movements along the borders, especially with China.

Back2Basics: Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)

Details
Constitution Established under the Defence Ministry for guiding defence procurement planning.
Role Highest decision-making body in the Defence Ministry for new policies and capital acquisitions for the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Indian Coast Guard.
Formation Created in 2001 following recommendations on reforming the National Security System after the Kargil War.
Chairman Minister of Defence.
Members Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), Minister of State for Defence, Three Service Chiefs (Army, Navy, Air Force), Chief of Integrated Staff Committees, Defence Secretary, Secretary Defence Research & Development.
Functions
  • In-principle approval of the 15 Year Long-Term Integrated Perspective Plan for Defence Forces.
  • Accord of Acceptance of Necessity for acquisition proposals.
  • Categorize acquisition proposals into ‘Buy’, ‘Buy & Make’, and ‘Make’.
  • Decisions on offset provisions for acquisitions above Rs. 300 crores.
  • Decisions regarding the transfer of technology under the ‘Buy & Make’ category.

 

PYQ:

[2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

(a) An Israeli radar system

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

(c) An American anti-missile system

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Specie in news: Charles Darwin’s Frog

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Charles Darwin’s Frog

Why in the News?

  • The Charles Darwin frog, a species native to the Andaman Islands, is exhibiting unusual mating and egg-laying behaviors. 

About Charles Darwin’s Frog

  • Charles Darwin’s frog, scientifically known as Minervarya charlesdarwini, is a frog species endemic to the Andaman Islands.
  • This species is named after the famous naturalist Charles Darwin.
  • It belongs to the family Dicroglossidae, a large group of Asian frogs with over 220 species.
  • Detailed morphological descriptions and specific physical characteristics are still being studied.
  • The species is listed as VULNERABLE on the International Union for Conservation (IUCN) Red List.

Study and Findings:

  • The frog species engages in upside-down mating and egg-laying behavior.
  • The frogs increasingly use artificial objects, such as plastic sapling bags and discarded containers, as breeding sites.
  • This shift is likely a response to habitat loss and fragmentation, forcing the frogs to adapt to rapidly changing environments.

PYQ:

[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are:

(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibians

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

CITES eases Export of Agarwood from India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Agarwood

Why in the News?

  • India successfully prevented the inclusion of Aquilaria malaccensis (agarwood) in the Review of Significant Trade (RST) of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
    • CITES notified a new export quota for Aquilaria malaccensis from India, effective April 2024.

What is Agarwood?

  • Agarwood (the Wood of Gods) also known as “Oud,” is a highly valuable and aromatic resinous wood produced by the Aquilaria tree.
  • The resin forms in the heartwood of the tree when it becomes infected with a particular type of mold (Phialophora parasitica).
  • This infection causes the tree to produce a dark, fragrant resin, which is highly sought after for its distinctive aroma.
  • This contains essential oils with compounds like sesquiterpenes, chromones, and phenylethyl chromone derivatives.
  • It thrives in tropical forests, at altitudes up to 1000 meters, often found in areas with high humidity and rainfall.
  • Conservation Status:
    • IUCN Status: Listed as Critically Endangered.
    • CITES: Listed in Appendix II in 1995 based on India’s proposal at CoP9 in 1994.

Uses of Agarwood

  • It is traditionally used as incense.
  • Extracts (agarwood oil) are used in perfumes, the aroma industry, medicine, air fresheners, and purifiers.
  • Essential oil has anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, analgesic, and anti-oxidant properties.
    • Agarwood cultivation is prevalent in parts of India, especially in the Northeast.
    • This development will benefit lakhs of farmers in districts of Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura.

What is the issue over the inclusion of ‘Agarwood’ (Aquilaria malaccensis) in the RST of the CITES list?

  • Aquilaria malaccensis was listed in Appendix II of CITES in 1995, which means its trade is controlled to avoid utilization incompatible with its survival.
  • The RST process assesses whether trade in a species is detrimental to its survival and recommends actions to ensure sustainability.
  • India’s stance was supported by a study conducted by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), which suggested that the harvest from wild populations should be prohibited, while allowing harvest from plantations and private/community lands.

Arguments against Inclusion in RST

  • Controlled Harvesting: India argued that it has established controlled harvesting practices, ensuring that only cultivated agarwood is used for trade.
  • Economic Impact: Inclusion in the RST could have disrupted the livelihoods of farmers and traders who depend on agarwood cultivation, particularly in the northeastern states of Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura.
  • Sustainable Practices: The NDF indicated that the current practices in India were sustainable and that the species was being cultivated widely, reducing pressure on wild populations.

New Export Quota

  • Establishment of Quota: CITES notified a new export quota for agarwood from India, effective from April 2024. The quota was set at 1,51,080 kg/year for agarwood chips and powder/sawdust, and 7,050 kg/year for agarwood oil.
  • Formal Trade: The absence of an export quota for a long period had led to informal trade and increased prices. The new quota aims to regulate and legalize the trade, ensuring benefits to local growers and the economy.
[2016] With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:

1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India.

2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rainforest areas of South India.

Which of the statements given above is /are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Himachal witnesses gradual snowfall pattern shift  

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Shift in snowfall patterns in Himachal, Rivers and glaciers located

Why in the News?

  • Himachal Pradesh is experiencing a reducing snow cover over the years.
    • There is a noticeable shift in snowfall occurrence from winter months towards early summer months.

Findings from the Latest Study:

  • The study by the Centre on Climate Change of Himachal Pradesh Council for Science Technology-Environment (HIMCOSTE) shows an overall decrease of 12.72% in snow cover area in 2023-24 compared to 2022-23.
  • The study used Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) satellite data to analyze snow cover trends.
  • Early winter months (October-November) showed a decrease in snow cover area except for the Ravi basin, which showed a marginal increase in October.
  • Peak winter months (December-January) saw a negative trend in snow cover area.
  • Late winter months (February-March) showed a positive trend with an increase in snow cover area in all basins compared to the previous year.
  • Snow cover area increased in April due to fresh snowfall in the early summer period.

Impact on Water Availability

  • The decrease in snow cover during peak winter months (December and January) is especially alarming.
  • Snowfall during these months sustains longer and enhances the discharge dependability of major river basins during summer.
  • Reduced snow cover in winter could affect water availability during the summer months.

Concerns and Implications

  • Environmentalists and scientists are concerned about the shifting snowfall patterns.
  • Depleting snow cover and changing snowfall patterns have significant impacts on hydro-power, water sources, people, livestock, forests, farms, and infrastructure.

Back2Basics: Rivers of Himachal Pradesh   

Description
Satluj
  • Originating from Rakas Lake in Tibet, the Satluj River is the longest river in Himachal Pradesh.
  • It flows through the districts of Kinnaur, Shimla, Kullu, Mandi, Solan, and Bilaspur, and enters Punjab near Nangal.
  • The river is crucial for hydropower generation and irrigation.
  • Hydropower Dams: Bhakra Dam (Bhakra-Nangal Project), Nathpa Jhakri Dam, Karcham Wangtoo Dam.
  • Glaciers Feeding: Rakas Lake (Tibet), Zema Glacier, Shipki La Glacier.
Beas
  • The Beas River originates from Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass.
  • It flows through the districts of Kullu, Mandi, Hamirpur, and Kangra, eventually entering Punjab.
  • It is known for its picturesque valleys and is significant for agriculture and hydropower.
  • Hydropower Dams: Pandoh Dam, Pong Dam (Maharana Pratap Sagar).
  • Glaciers Feeding: Beas Kund Glacier.
Ravi
  • Originating from the Bara Bhangal Glacier in the Himalayas, the Ravi River flows through the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.
  • It eventually enters Pakistan. The river is crucial for both hydropower and irrigation in the region.
  • Hydropower Dams: Chamera Dam (Chamera I, II, and III).
  • Glaciers Feeding: Bara Bhangal Glacier.
Chenab
  • The Chenab River, formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers, originates from the Bara Lacha Pass in Lahaul-Spiti.
  • It flows through the districts of Lahaul and Chamba before entering Jammu and Kashmir.
  • It is one of the largest rivers in terms of discharge and is vital for hydropower.
  • Hydropower Dams: No major dams within Himachal Pradesh, but significant potential for hydropower.
  • Glaciers Feeding: Bara Shigri Glacier, Miyar Glacier.
Yamuna
  • The Yamuna River originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas.
  • It forms the eastern boundary of Himachal Pradesh with Uttarakhand.
  • It is one of the most sacred rivers in India and supports major irrigation systems downstream.
  • Hydropower Dams: No significant major hydropower projects within Himachal Pradesh (major dams located downstream in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh).
  • Glaciers Feeding: Yamunotri Glacier.
Spiti
  • The Spiti River originates from the Kunzum Range and flows through the cold desert region of Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh.
  • It joins the Satluj River near Khab. The river is known for its stunning landscapes and unique ecosystem.
  • Hydropower Dams: No significant major hydropower projects (projects primarily focused on other rivers in the region).
  • Glaciers Feeding: Kunzum Range Glaciers.
Parbati
  • The Parbati River originates from the Parbati Glacier in the Kullu district.
  • It is a tributary of the Beas River.
  • The river is significant for its hydropower potential and scenic beauty, attracting many trekkers and nature enthusiasts.
  • Hydropower Dams: Parbati Hydroelectric Project.
  • Glaciers Feeding: Parbati Glacier.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

President appoints six new Governors  

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Appointment of Governors

Why in the News?

President Droupadi Murmu has appointed six new Governors and reshuffled three others.

New appointments:

Name New Position
Om Mathur Governor of Sikkim
K. Kailashnathan Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry
Santosh Kumar Gangwar Governor of Jharkhand
Jishnu Dev Varma Governor of Telangana
Ramen Deka Governor of Chhattisgarh
C.H. Vijayashankar Governor of Meghalaya
Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde Governor of Rajasthan

About the Office of Governor and his/her Appointment

Details
Role
  • Constitutional head of a state, similar to the President at the central level.
  • Exists in states, while lieutenant governors and administrators are in union territories.
  • Independent constitutional office, not subordinate to Central government.
Articles Articles 153 to 167 in Part VI of the Constitution deal with the state executive
Part of State Executive Consists of the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, and Advocate General
Borrowed Office
  • From the Government of India Act of 1935.
  • Canadian model adopted: Governor appointed by President by warrant under his hand and seal.
Dual Role
  • Chief executive Head of the States (nominal).
  • Agent of the central government.
Qualifications
  • Constitutional: Citizen of India, 35+ years old.
  • Conventional: Outsider to the state, President consults the Chief Minister.
Oath
  • Administered by the Chief Justice of the state High Court (or senior-most judge available)
  • Swears to execute office faithfully, preserve the Constitution, and serve the people
Term of Office
  • No fixed term, holds office for 5 years subject to President’s pleasure
  • Eligible for reappointment.
  • Can be transferred or hold office beyond term until successor assumes charge
Removal
  • Can resign by addressing the President
  • Can be removed by the President at any time without specified grounds
  • Chief Justice of state high court may temporarily discharge functions in contingencies
Additional Functions
  • Acts on advice of Chief Minister and Council of Ministers
  • Holds executive power, legislative power (to some extent), and discretionary power
  • Functions as Chancellor of state universities, where applicable
Reforms  stipulated by Sarkaria Commission (1988)
  • Governor should be appointed by the President after consulting the Chief Minister.
  • Should be a person of eminence, not belonging to the state.
  • Should not be removed before term completion except in rare circumstances.
  • Act as a bridge between the center and state.
  • Exercise discretionary powers judiciously.

 

PYQ:

[2013] Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) In India, the same person cannot be appointed as Governor for two or more States at the same time

(b) The Judges of the High Court in India are appointed by the Governor of the State just as the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President

(c) No procedure has been laid down in the Constitution of India for the removal of a Governor from his/her post

(d) In the case of a Union Territory having a legislative setup, the Chief Minister is appointed by the Lt. Governor on the basis of majority support.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Tax Reforms

What is Indexation in calculating LTCG tax?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Indexation, Capital Gains Tax Regime.

Why in the News?

The withdrawal of the indexation benefit from the long-term capital gains (LTCG) tax regime has emerged as a contentious decision in the Union Budget for 2024-25.

What is Indexation?

  • Indexation is a method used to adjust the purchase price of an asset to account for inflation over the period it was held.
  • This reduces the taxable capital gain, as it reflects the increase in the asset’s value due to inflation.
  • Purpose: To ensure that the taxpayers are taxed only on the real gains and not on the inflationary increase in the value of the asset.

Changes in the LTCG Regime

  • The new LTCG regime removes the indexation benefit for property, gold, and other unlisted assets.
  • The LTCG tax rate is reduced from 20% to 12.5%.
  • For assets purchased before 2001, the fair market value as of April 1, 2001, is considered the cost of acquisition.

Implications of the Changes

  • The government claims the changes simplify the capital gains tax structure without causing a loss to most taxpayers.
  • The uniform tax rate for various asset classes is intended to benefit both taxpayers and tax authorities.

Concerns for Taxpayers

  • There was significant concern, particularly in the residential real estate sector, about increased LTCG tax liabilities.
  • The government clarified that the new regime would be beneficial in most cases, as real estate returns typically outpace inflation.
  • The Income Tax Department explained that:
  1. For properties held for 5 years, the new regime is beneficial if the value has appreciated 1.7 times or more, and
  2. For 10 years, if the value has increased to 2.4 times or more.

Back2Basics: Capital Gains Tax Overview

Details
Definition Tax on profit from the sale of a capital asset.
Launch Introduced in 1956, as part of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Types Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG): Held for ≤36 months (≤12 months for specified assets).

Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG): Held for >36 months (>12 months for specified assets).

Tax Rates (STCG) With STT: 15%

Without STT: Applicable income tax slab rates.

Tax Rates (LTCG) Listed Equity Shares & Equity-Oriented Funds: 10% on gains >₹1 lakh without indexation.

Other Assets: 20% with indexation (proposed 12.5% without indexation from FY 24-25).

Indexation Adjusts purchase price for inflation using Cost Inflation Index (CII).
Purpose of Indexation To tax only the real gains, accounting for inflation.
Formula (Indexation) Indexed Cost of Acquisition: (Cost of Acquisition × CII of sale year) / CII of purchase year

Indexed Cost of Improvement: (Cost of Improvement × CII of sale year) / CII of improvement year

 

PYQ:

[2012] Under which of the following circumstances may ‘capital gains’ arise?

1. When there is an increase in the sales of a product

2. When there is a natural increase in the value of the property owned

3. When you purchase a painting and there is a growth in its value due to increase in its popularity

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Join us across Social Media platforms.

💥Mentorship March Batch Launch
💥💥Mentorship March Batch Launch