From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polio and its eradication
Why in the News?
The World Health Organization (WHO) is investigating a suspected new strain of polio in a two-year-old child from Tikrikilla, Meghalaya.
What is Vaccine-Derived Polio?
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) contains a weakened form of the poliovirus that activates an immune response in the body.
The vaccine-virus is excreted after vaccination and can circulate in the environment.
In rare cases, if the population is under-immunized, the excreted virus can mutate over time and revert to a form capable of causing paralysis.
This mutated virus is known as circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV).
About Polio:
Details
Nature of Disease
Crippling and potentially deadly viral infectious disease affecting the nervous system.
Types of Poliovirus
– WPV1 (Wild Poliovirus type 1)
– WPV2 (Wild Poliovirus type 2, eradicated globally)
– WPV3 (Wild Poliovirus type 3, eradicated globally)
Current Status
WPV1 remains in circulation in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Transmission
Primarily through the faecal-oral route or contaminated water/food.
Affected Population
Largely affects children under 5 years of age.
Impact
Virus multiplies in the intestine, may invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.
Prevention
– No Cure: Preventable through immunization.
– Vaccines:
– OPV: Oral Polio Vaccine given at birth, with doses at 6, 10, 14 weeks, and a booster at 16-24 months.
– IPV: Injectable Polio Vaccine given with the 3rd dose of DPT under UIP.
India’s Status
Pulse Polio Immunization Initiative (1995)
Declaredpolio-free by WHO in 2014, with the last wild poliovirus case reported in 2011.
PYQ:
[2016] ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to:
(a) immunization of children and pregnant women
(b) construction of smart cities across the country
(c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JUICE Mission
Why in the News?
European scientists are preparing to execute a first-of-its-kind ‘Double Slingshot’ orbital maneuver to guide the JUICE probe towards Jupiter using a double slingshot technique.
About JUICE Mission:
Details
Launch
By European Space Agency (ESA) on April 14, 2023, Ariane 5 rocket
To study Jupiter’s Moons
Aim
Investigating the potential for life on Jupiter’s moons and understanding the Jovian system
Mission Duration
Approximately 12 years
Expected arrival at Jupiter in July 2031
Primary Objectives
Ganymede Exploration: Study its surface, subsurface, magnetic field, and potential subsurface ocean to assess habitability.
Europa Exploration: Investigate the surface, subsurface, and potential ocean beneath the ice; analyze interactions with Jupiter’s magnetosphere to assess its potential to support life.
Callisto Exploration: Study its surface, geological diversity, and possible subsurface ocean; understand its history of impacts and tectonic activity.
Jupiter System Exploration: Analyze Jupiter’s atmosphere, magnetosphere, and their interactions with the moons; study the dynamics of the magnetosphere and its influence on the surrounding environment.
Key Instruments
JANUS: Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator (Optical Camera)
RIME: Radar for Icy Moons Exploration
J-MAG: JUICE Magnetometer
MAJIS: Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer
Significance
First interplanetary spacecraft to the outer Solar System planets not launched by the United States
First mission set to orbit a moon other than Earth’s Moon
What is theDouble Slingshot Maneuver?
The JUICE probe will first use the moon’s gravity to set itself on the correct trajectory towards Earth.
Immediately after, it will useEarth’s gravity to slow down and redirect towards Venus and, eventually, Jupiter.
Significance of the Gravity Assist
This technique, used for decades in space exploration, involves using a planet or moon’s gravity to alter the speed or direction of a spacecraft.
It is unique as it involves back-to-back gravity assists using both the moon and Earth’s gravity, which has never been attempted before.
PYQ:
[2020] The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
Why in the News?
Many individuals, organizations, and zoos in India currently possess living specimens of exotic animal species listed under Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
These exotic species must be reported and registered as mandated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the PARIVESH 2.0 Portal.
Legal Framework for Reporting of Animals in Possession
The Living Animal Species (Reporting and Registration) Rules, 2024, were notified under Section 49 M of the Wild Life (Protection) Act via a Gazette Notification on February 28, 2024.
Who Must Register: Any person or entity in possession of a living specimen of species listed in Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
Failure to report and register these species within the stipulated time frame may result in penal actions.
About Schedule IV of the WPA
Details
Protection Level
Provides legal protection to species, prohibiting their hunting, capture, or trade. Protection is less stringent compared to Schedules I & II.
Offenses and Penalties
Violations can lead to fines and imprisonment, but penalties are generally less severe than those for species in higher schedules.
New Amendment (2022)
The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, inserted a new Schedule IV for specimens listed in the CITES Appendices.
Examples of Species
Flamingos, Hares, Falcons, Kingfishers, Magpie, and Horseshoe Crabs.
Purpose
Ensures legal protection to prevent exploitation and population decline of species that are not critically endangered but still need protection.
General Protection Role
Plays an important role in broader conservation efforts, offering safeguards to a wider range of species in India.
PYQ:
[2020] If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?
(a) A licence in required to cultivate that plant.
(b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances.
(c) It is a Genetically Modified crop plant.
(d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Non-Locality
Why in the News?
A recent study published in Physical Review Letters by Indian researchers has revealed that a universal standard for measuring quantum non-locality is impossible.
What is Quantum Nonlocality?
Quantum Nonlocality is a mysterious connection between distant objects that challenges the classical idea of local realism, where no faster-than-light communication is allowed.
It’s crucial for technologies like secure communication, random number generation, and cryptographic key creation.
Easy Explanation:
Imagine two particles that are created together and then move far apart, even to opposite ends of the universe.
In classical physics, any effect on one particle would need a signal to travel to the other, taking time.
But in quantum physics, Quantum Nonlocality means these particles are instantly connected, affecting each other no matter the distance, as if linked by an invisible thread that works faster than light.
Historical Background: Bell’s Theorem (1964)
Physicist John Stewart Bell introduced a theorem that challenged the classical idea of ‘local realism’ in quantum systems.
Local Realism: In classical physics, objects are believed to have definite properties independent of observation and are only influenced by their immediate surroundings.
Quantum Challenge: Bell demonstrated that in quantum systems with multiple, distant parts, correlations appear that cannot be explained by local realism.
Bell’s theorem was confirmed through experiments, leading to the recognition of quantum nonlocality, which was honored with the 2022 Physics Nobel Prize.
Recent Research and Findings
The research demonstrates that a universal standard for measuring and comparing quantum nonlocality is impossible.
It shows that the nature of nonlocality varies based on the type of correlation, with infinite unique points on the correlation boundary.
There is no single, universal resource in the realm of quantum nonlocality; instead, each nonlocal resource is unique, capable of performing specific tasks that others cannot.
This observation plays a key role in secure communication, random number certification, and cryptographic key generation.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hayflick Limit
Why in the News?
Leonard Hayflick, the renowned biomedical researcher who made a discovery about the limits of cell division in somatic cells (Hayflick Limit) has passed away at 98.
What is the Hayflick Limit?
In the early 1960s, Hayflick discovered that somatic (non-reproductive) cells have a finite number of divisions, typically between 40-60 times.
This phenomenon, the ‘Hayflick limit’ suggests that aging occurs because cells eventually stop dividing.
This leads to the accumulation of senescent cells that contribute to the aging process.
The “ultimate Hayflick limit” for humans is estimated to be around 125 years.
Beyond this, no amount of lifestyle changes or medical interventions can extend the human lifespan.
Hayflick’s discovery has been applied to cells from various animals, revealing different Hayflick limits based on species’ lifespans.
Ex. Galapagos turtles, have cells that can divide approximately 110 times, whereas laboratory mice have a much lower limit of around 15 divisions.
Broader Implications and Research
Hayflick’s discovery led to the discovery of telomeres in the 1970s.
Telomeres are protective DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, which shorten with each cell division.
When telomeres reach a critical length, cell division stops, which correlates with the Hayflick limit.
In the 1980s, scientists discovered telomerase, a protein capable of replenishing telomeres, which is naturally active in cancer cells, allowing them to bypass the Hayflick limit.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Waterspout
Why in the News?
A yacht sank off the coast of Sicily, Italy after being hit by a Waterspout.
What are Waterspouts?
A waterspout is a rotating column of air and mist over a water body.
It is a weaker relative of tornadoes and typically lasts for about five minutes, although it can occasionally last up to 10 minutes.
Size and Strength:
Average diameter: Around 165 feet.
Wind speeds: Can reach up to 100 km/hr.
Waterspouts are more common in tropical waters but can form anywhere with high humidity and relatively warm water temperatures compared to the overlying air.
Types of Waterspouts:
Tornadic Waterspouts
These are actual tornadoes that either form over water or move from land to water.
They are associated with severe thunderstorms and can be accompanied by high winds, large hail, and dangerous lightning.
Fair-Weather Waterspouts:
These are more common and form only over water during fair weather.
They are generally smaller and less dangerous than tornadic waterspouts.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following statements:
1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only.
2. Only some cyclones develop an eye.
3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10ºC lesser than that of the surroundings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Yaks
Why in the News?
Around 40 Chinese yaks ventured into Indian Territory in the “Demchok” area of eastern Ladakh and are currently under the control of the local villagers.
Grazing land issue at LAC:
Nomads from both sides traditionally access grazing grounds across the LAC.
Indian nomads have been stopped by Chinese soldiers when crossing to the Chinese side.
Demchok nomads lost access to Lungkar Valley in 2022 and Nilung Valley in 2017.
Loss of these areas has negatively impacted the livelihoods of border residents.
China expanded its presence on the Indian side of Charding nala (adjacent to Demchok) since 2020 stand-off.
About Himalayan Yaks in India:
Details
Species
Belongs to the Bovini tribe, including bison, buffaloes, and cattle.
Adaptation
Can tolerate extreme cold, down to -40°C; adapted for high altitudes with long, insulating hair.
Cultural Significance
Valued by Himalayan peoples;
Linked to Tibetan Buddhism legend of Rinpoche.
Raising Method
Traditionally reared under a transhumance system; involves significant hardship.
Habitat
Endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and high-altitude regions.
Altitude Preference
Thrives above 14,000 feet; typically climbs to 20,000 feet and rarely descends below 12,000 feet.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister has paid homage to the great Maharaja of Tripura Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur on his birth anniversary.
Who wasMaharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur?
Details
Reign
1923 – 1947
Birth
August 19, 1908
Contributions to Tripura
– Modernized Tripura with infrastructure and educational reforms.
– Planned and designed the city of Agartala, earning the title “Architect of Modern Tripura.”-He took initiatives to explore tea cultivation and established several tea estates in Tripura.
Education and Infrastructure
– Established schools, colleges, and hospitals.
– He was instrumental in establishing the first airport in Tripura, the Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport, which greatly improved connectivity and facilitated economic growth
Social Reforms
Introduced land reforms, granted land rights to indigenous people, and worked to abolish untouchability.
Maharaja Bir Bikram was a patron of the arts and culture, supporting various cultural activities and institutions.
Military Role
Supported the British during World War II.
Legacy
Died on May 17, 1947
Remembered as a visionary ruler who played a crucial role in shaping modern Tripura.
PYQ:
[2022] The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (250 words, 15 marks)
[2007] Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of the formation of the following states as full states of the Indian Union?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Banni Grasslands of Kachchh
Why in the News?
A study conducted by researchers at Kachchh University assessed the suitability of different areas in Banni for sustainable grassland restoration, with ecological value being the primary criterion.
Restoration of Banni Grasslands: Highlights of the Study
Recent Study:
Objective: A study conducted by researchers at KSKV Kachchh University assessed the suitability of different areas in Banni for sustainable grassland restoration, with ecological value being the primary criterion.
Need for restoration: Originally covering about 3,800 sq. km, the Banni grasslands have shrunk to about 2,600 sq. km.
Categories of Restoration Zones: The researchers divided the grassland into five categories based on restoration suitability:
Highly Suitable: 937 sq. km (36%)
Suitable: 728 sq. km (28%)
Moderately Suitable: 714 sq. km (27%)
Marginally Suitable: 182 sq. km (7%)
Not Suitable: 61 sq. km (2%)
Restoration Potential: The “highly suitable” and “suitable” zones, making up nearly two-thirds of the Banni grasslands, can be restored easily by providing adequate water sources.
About Banni Grasslands:
The Banni Grassland is a salt-tolerant ecosystem located in the Kutch district of Gujarat, covering around 3,847 square km.
The climate is arid and semi-arid, with extremely hot summers (temperatures above 45°C) and mild winters (12°C to 25°C), receiving 300-400 mm of annual rainfall mainly during the monsoon.
It is inhabited by pastoral communities like the Maldharis, who rely on livestock grazing (cattle, buffalo, and sheep) for their livelihood.
Agriculture is limited due to arid conditions, with some areas used for salt production.
Flora: Grasses such as Dichanthium, Sporobolus, and Cenchrus species, with salt-tolerant plants, shrubs, and trees like Acacia and the invasive Prosopis juliflora.
Fauna: Indian wolf, hyena, chinkara, Great Indian Bustard, flamingos, and various raptors, reptiles, and invertebrates.
PYQ:
[2021] The vegetation of Savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions?
1. Burrowing animals and termites
2. Fire
3. Grazing herbivores
4. Seasonal rainfall
5. Soil properties
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
Why in the News?
Japanese foreign and defence ministers have arrived in India to participate in the India-Japan 2+2 ministerial meeting.
About2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue is a diplomatic summit held annuallysince 2018, initially between India and the US.
It later expanded to include Japan, Australia, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
This dialogue involves the Foreign and Defense Ministers of participating countries and focuses on strengthening bilateral relations and addressing common concerns.
The dialogue replaced the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue during a 2017 agreement between PM Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump.
First Summit was held on September 6, 2018, between India and the US in New Delhi, involving discussions on defense partnerships and strategic cooperation.
Key Milestones:
What are the key priorities of the Indo-Japan 2+2 Dialogue?
Update Security Cooperation: Revising the 2008 security agreement to reflect current strategic needs.
Promote a Free Indo-Pacific: Collaborating to ensure a free, open, and stable Indo-Pacific region.
Engage in Strategic Talks: Holding strategic discussions between foreign and defense ministers to boost bilateral ties.
Address Regional Security: Discussing key issues like Chinese assertiveness, the Russia-Ukraine war, and the Gaza crisis.
Coordinate Quad Efforts: Exploring cooperation within the Quad framework, including a potential summit.
PYQ:
[2020] Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Waggle Dance of Bees
Why in the News?
Two scientists have raised concerns about “problematic behaviour” in papers on honeybee communication co-authored by Dr. Mandyam Srinivasan, a highly honoured neuroscientist.
AboutWaggle Dance of Bees
Details
Purpose
Communicates location of food sources to other bees.
Dance Pattern
Figure-eight (8) movement with a waggle run in the middle.
Direction Indication
Angle of waggle run shows direction relative to the sun.
Distance Indication
Duration of waggle run indicates distance to the food source.
Efficiency
Enhances foraging efficiency by guiding bees directly to food sources.
Environmental Impact
Accuracy affected by Sun position, wind, and landscape.
Scientific Importance
Decoded by Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch; an example of advanced insect communication.
PYQ:
[2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zoopharmacognosy
Why in the News?
Researchers highlighted the zoopharmacognosy (practice of self-medication) by a Sumatran orangutan using the plant Fibraurea tinctoria to treat a facial wound.
What is Zoopharmacognosy?
Zoopharmacognosy is the study of how animals use natural substances like plants, soils, and insects to treat their own illnesses.
The term was coined by ecologist D.H. Janzen from the University of Pennsylvania.
It shows that animals have an instinctive ability to find and use natural remedies.
Key Studies and Observations
Neanderthals: In 2012, a Nature publication found that Neanderthals in Northern Spain used plants like yarrow and chamomile to treat infections.
Other Animal Species:
Primates: Chimpanzees eat bitter leaves, like Vernonia amygdalina, to get rid of intestinal worms.
Pregnant lemurs nibbling on tamarind leaves to aid milk production.
Reindeer: Reindeer eat mushrooms like Amanita muscaria, possibly to fight off parasites.
Birds: Starlings line their nests with antimicrobial plants to protect their young from diseases.
Elephants: Pregnant elephants in Kenya eat specific plants to help induce labor.
Dogs: Dogs chew grass and then vomit to clear their stomachs of infections.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdhari Sect
Why in the News?
Recently, followers of the two rival groups within the Namdhari religious sect clashed violently in Haryana.
About Namdhari Sect
Details
Founder
Satguru Ram Singh in 1857 (on Baisakhi)
Also known as Kuka Movement
Primary Beliefs
– Belief in a living human Guru; Also known as Kuka/Kukaism
– Guru Granth Sahib is considered the Supreme Gurbani
– Strict vegetarianism and teetotalism (alcohol is forbidden)
Key Practices
– Wearing white attire as a sign of mourning
– Rejection of caste distinctions
– Promotion of widow remarriage
– Non-violent resistance– Cow is the sacred animal
Headquarters
Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana, Punjab
Global Presence
– Deras across Punjab and Haryana
– Presence in countries such as the UK, Canada, and Kenya
Role in Independence
– Early opposition to British rule
– Adoption of non-cooperation and boycott of British goods
– Victims of severe British reprisals
Notable Historical Event
Malerkotla Massacre (1872) – 66 Namdharis executed by the British
Leadership Succession
– After Ram Singh: His brother Satguru Hari Singh
– Later Successors: Satguru Partap Singh, Satguru Jagjit Singh
– Current leaders: Uday Singh and Dalip Singh (factional dispute)
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following Bhakti Saints :
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary Committees
Why in the News?
Lok Sabha Speaker has constituted six new Parliamentary Committees, for a tenure of 1year:
Origin
Composition
Functions
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
Established in 1921 under the Government of India Act, 1919
22 members: 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha;
Chairman from the Opposition,
Appointed by the LS Speaker.
Examines public expenditure, scrutinizes CAG reports, and ensures efficient use of public funds.
Committee on Estimates
Traces back to 1921; reconstituted in 1950 (recommended by John Mathai)
30 members,
All from Lok Sabha;
Elected annually through proportional representation.
Minister CANNOT be a member.
Examines budget estimates, suggests economic efficiencies, and recommends alternative policies.
Committee on Public Undertakings
Established in 1964 based on the Krishna Menon Committee
22 members: 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha;
Chairman appointed by the Speaker,
Chosen from Lok Sabha members
Examines accounts and reports of PSUs, and provides recommendations without interfering in operations.
Committee on Welfare of OBCs
The committee was constituted in June 2012
It comprises 30 members, with 20 from the Lok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha
Focuses on the implementation of policies for OBC welfare, evaluates reservations, and suggests improvements.
Committee on Welfare of SC/ST
N/A
The committee consists of 30 members, with 20 elected from the Lok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha.
Ensures implementation of safeguards for SCs and STs, reviews welfare programs, and suggests enhancements.
Joint Committee on Office of Profit
Joint Committee on Office of Profit was established by the Lok Sabha on July 23, 2019
15 members; 10 Lok + 5 from Rajya Sabha.
Examines cases of MPs/MLAs holding offices of profit, determine qualification, and maintains legislative integrity.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deceptive Dark Patterns
Why in the News?
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) has released a report highlighting the use of deceptive dark patterns in Indian apps.
Key highlights of the ASCI Study:
The ASCI report aims to raise awareness among marketersand designers about the ethical implications of these deceptive patterns.
The study analyzed 12,000 screens across 53 leading Indian apps in 9 different industries.
The report identified the use of one or more of 12 deceptive patterns in most of these apps.
What are Deceptive Dark Patterns?
These practices use elements of digital choice architecture, particularly in user interfaces.
The goal is to manipulate or impair consumer autonomy, decision-making, or choice.
These patterns are often subtle, directing users toward decisions that may not align with their true preferences.
As a result, they compromise the ability of users to make informed choices.
Examples of Deceptive Patterns:
Description
Example
Interface Interference
Directs users to specific choices using visual tricks.
Highlighting preferred options with bright colors.
Confirm Shaming
Uses guilt to push users toward certain actions.
Options like “Upgrade now” vs. “I don’t want a smarter software.”
Basket Sneaking
Adds unwanted items to cart without consent.
Automatically adding a donation to the shopping cart.
Privacy Deception
Tricks users into sharing more personal data.
Requiring unnecessary personal info during signup.
Drip Pricing
Reveals extra fees late in the purchase process.
Adding hidden charges at checkout.
Subscription Trap
Leads to unintended subscriptions without clear notice.
“Free trial” that auto-renews to a paid plan.
Importance of Ethical Design
Raising Awareness: Marketers are encouraged to study the guidelines issued by ASCI and the Department of Consumer Affairs to avoid unethical practices.
Conscious Patterns Website: Marketers can use resources like the Conscious Patterns website to test their apps and obtain a “conscious score” to ensure that their apps balance business needs with user interests.
Digital Responsibility: As the digital world evolves, ethical design practices are crucial for building and maintaining trust with customers.
Marketer and Designer Roles: Both marketers and app designers need to be vigilant about pursuing ethical design to create safe and trustworthy online environments.
PYQ
[2015] What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming this bottleneck?
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
The Finance Ministry has issued a notification amending the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019, to simplify Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rules.
Key amendments made by the Finance Ministry:
Details
Cross-Border Share Swaps
Simplifies the process for Indian companies to engage in cross-border share swaps with foreign companies.
Clarity on Downstream Investments
Provides clearer guidelines on the treatment of downstream investments by OCI-owned entities on a non-repatriation basis, aligning them with NRI-owned entities.
FDI in White Label ATMs (WLAs)
Allows FDI in White Label ATMs to increase the geographical spread of ATMs, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas.
Standardization of ‘Control’ Definition
Standardizes the definition of ‘control’ to ensure consistency with other Acts and laws.
Harmonization of ‘Startup Company’ Definition
Aligns the definition of ‘startup company’ with the Government of India’s notification G.S.R. 127 (E) dated February 19, 2019.
About The Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019
These rules govern foreign investment in India in non-debt instruments like equity shares, mutual funds, and real estate (excluding agricultural land).
These rules, effective from October 17, 2019, were issued under FEMA, 1999 (Foreign Exchange Management Act).
It covers the following key aspects:
FDI Regulation: Specifies guidelines for foreign direct investment (FDI) in various sectors, including sectoral caps and conditions.
Investment Vehicles: Allows investment through entities like Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), and mutual funds.
Repatriation: Provides a framework for repatriation of profits, dividends, and capital by foreign investors.
Reporting: Mandates detailed reporting for companies receiving foreign investments.
Sectoral Caps and Conditions: Sets sectoral limits and approval requirements for foreign investment, with some sectors requiring government approval.
Prohibited Sectors: Prohibits foreign investment in sectors like lottery, gambling, chit funds, and agricultural land.
Transfer of Shares: Outlines guidelines for share transfer between residents and non-residents, ensuring compliance with regulatory conditions.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic?
(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.
(b) It is a largely non-debt creating capital flow.
(c) It is the investment which involves debt-servicing.
(d) It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in the Government securities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nord Stream Gas Pipeline
Why in the News?
The Wall Street Journal has reported that a group of Ukrainian patriots carried out the sabotage of the undersea pipelines(Nord Stream pipelines) in sep,2022 that supplied gas from Russia to Europe.
AboutNord Stream Pipeline:
Details
Overview
Natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea.
Connects Russia and Germany.
Purpose
Built to transport natural gas from Russia to Europe, bypassing traditional transit countries like Ukraine.
Completion
Nord Stream 1: Completed in 2011, 1,224 km long, running from Vyborg, Russia to Lubmin, Germany.
Nord Stream 2: Completed in 2012, running from Ust-Luga, Russia to Lubmin, Germany, with a capacity of 55 billion cubic meters per year.
Significance of the Pipelines
(A) For Europe:
Provides a steady and cost-effective supply of natural gas, essential for heating, power, and industry which ensures stable gas prices. If reduced supply from Russia could lead to price hikes and domestic unrest in europe.
(B) For Russia:
Revenue: Critical for Russia, with around 40% of its budget coming from gas and oil sales.
Geopolitical Influence: Strengthens Russia’s influence over Europe’s energy markets by securing its position as a major gas supplier.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oeko-Tex Certification, Eri Silk
Why in the News?
The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC), under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), has achieved the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk.
What isOeko-Tex Certification?
Details
Establishment
Founded in 1992 by the Oeko-Tex Association.
Comprises 18 independent textile research and testing institutes.
Certification System
Independent testing and certification for textile safety and environmental standards.
Key Standards
– STANDARD 100: Tests textiles for harmful substances.
– MADE IN GREEN: Ensures environmentally friendly and socially responsible production.
– LEATHER STANDARD: For leather products, free from harmful chemicals.
– STeP: Certification for sustainable textile production facilities.
– ECO PASSPORT: Certifies safe chemicals used in textiles.
– DETOX TO ZERO: Supports elimination of hazardous chemicals in production.
Testing Process
Products tested for harmful substances like heavy metals, formaldehyde, azo dyes, etc.
Global Recognition
Trusted worldwide for ensuring product safety, environmental friendliness, and social responsibility.
Benefits
– Consumers: Assurance of safe, chemical-free products.
– Manufacturers: Access to global markets, improved brand reputation.
– Environment: Promotes sustainable and eco-friendly production.
Usage
Found on clothing, home textiles, bedding, footwear, and more.
About Eri Silk
Eri Silk is the world’s only vegan silk, where the moth naturally exits the cocoon, making it cruelty-free.
Unlike conventional silk production, where cocoons are boiled to extract the silk filament.
It is also known as Ahimsa Silk.
It is primarily produced in the North-Eastern states of India, especially Assam; also found in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and other states.
Its production is deeply rooted in the traditions of tribal communities in Assam and adjacent hill areas.
Significant Features of Eri Silk:
Production Process: Known as Ericulture; involves rearing silkworms on castor plants; the silk is spun rather than reeled due to the naturally pierced cocoons.
Eco-Friendly: Requires minimal chemicals and water; only 20 litters of water needed toconvert 1 kg of raw Eri fiber into yarn.
Unique Properties: Isothermal (temperature-regulating), anti-fungal, washable, durable, and less shiny than other silks.
PYQ:
[2013] What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their application in aviation and automobile industries. (100 words)
This marks the third and final development flight of the SSLV.
AboutEOS-08 Satellite:
Details
Type
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)
Design Platform
Built on ISRO’s Microsat/IMS-1 bus, known for its compact and efficient design.
Orbit
Operates in a Circular Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an altitude of 475 km with an inclination of 37.4°.
Mission Life
1 year
Payloads
– Electro Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Captures images in MIR and LWIR bands for surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental assessments.
– Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Payload: Monitors ocean surface winds, soil moisture, and inland water bodies using GNSS-R-based remote sensing.
– SiC UV Dosimeter: Monitors UV irradiance, particularly for ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission, ensuring safety against UV radiation.
Technological Innovations
– Integrated Avionics System: Combines Communication, Baseband, Storage, and Positioning (CBSP) functions into one system.
– Embedded Technologies: Includes a Structural Panel Embedded with PCB, Embedded Battery, enhancing structural efficiency and power reliability.
– Advanced Antennas: Micro-DGA (Dual Gimbal Antenna) and M-PAA (Phased Array Antenna) for precise control and enhanced signal transmission.
– Flexible Solar Panels & Nano Star Sensor: Improves energy efficiency and satellite orientation in space.
Back2Basics: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3
SSLV is designed to launch Mini, Micro, orNanosatellites (10 to 500 kg) into a 500 km planar orbit.
SSLV is a 3-stage launch vehicle with all solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as the terminal stage.
SSLV is designed for low cost and low turn-around time.
The vehicle offers flexibility in accommodating multiple satellites and is capable of launch-on-demand.
SSLV requires minimal launch infrastructure, making it a versatile option for satellite deployment.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways has launched the standard operating procedures for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP).
What is the Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)?
The GTTP aims to transition conventional fuel-based harbour tugs to greener, more sustainable alternatives.
The program is a part of India’s broader efforts to decarbonize maritime operations and promote environmental sustainability in the maritime sector.
The GTTP is also aligned with the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp,’ a strategic framework for enhancing India’s commitment to a greener and more sustainable maritime industry.
Key Features:
(1) Decarbonization of Maritime Operations
Objective: Replace conventional tugs with green tugs powered by cleaner fuels like battery-electric, hybrid, methanol, and green hydrogen.
Impact: Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Indian ports.
(2) Phased Implementation
Phase 1 (2024-2027): Four Major Ports (Jawaharlal Nehru, Deendayal, Paradip, and V.O. Chidambaranar) will each procure or charter two green tugs.
Technology: Initial tugs will be battery-electric with provisions for adopting newer technologies.
(3) Standardization and Compliance
ASTDS-GTTP Standards: By 2040, all tugs in Indian Major Ports will comply with green standards, ensuring an eco-friendly fleet.
(4) Alignment with National Visions
Maritime India Vision 2030: Supports goals like sourcing 60% of port power from renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions by 30% per ton of cargo by 2030.
Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from port vessels by 30% by 2030.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Port
Well known as
1. Kamarajar Port
First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port
Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam Port
Largest container port in India
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) All three pairs
(d) None of the pairs
