From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various mudras of Buddha
Why in the News?
The Leader of Opposition invoked the Abhaya Mudra in his inaugural address as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.
What is AbhayMudra?
Abhaya mudra, the motif of an open palm (gesturing to stop), is prevalent across many South Asian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
Known as the ‘fearlessness gesture’, ‘abhaya’ in Sanskrit means fearlessness. The gesture symbolizes protection and peace.
In yoga circles, the abhaya mudra is believed to promote courage and reduce fear and anxiety.
While common across many religions, the abhaya mudra is most prominently featured in Buddhism, especially in Thailand and Laos, where it is associated with images of the walking Buddha.
Origins of the Gesture
According to Stanford University, the gesture of an open palm pointed outwards appears to be a natural gesture used since prehistoric times as a sign of good intentions and peace.
The gesture also asserted power in antiquity, similar to the magna manusof the Roman Emperors who legislated and gave peace simultaneously.
The motif likely originated from a universal gesture associated with human communication, eventually integrating into major South Asian religions.
Evolution of Mudras in Buddhism
For about 500 years after the Buddha, he was not depicted in physical form.
Early representations appeared around the first millennium, influenced by Gandhara and Gupta art.
With the evolution of these Buddhist traditions, hundreds of mudras entered Buddhist iconography.
In tantric Buddhist traditions, mudras symbolized material offerings, enacted forms of worship, or relationships with visualized deities. (as shown in the above diagram)
Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Buddhism:
In Buddhism, the abhaya mudra is linked to a legendinvolving Devadatta, a cousin of the Buddha, who tried to murder the Buddha by losing a rampaging elephant into his path.
The Buddha calmed the elephant by displaying the abhaya mudra, indicating appeasement of the senses and the absence of fear.
The gesture is popularly pronounced in Buddhist cultures, symbolizing fearlessness and peace.
Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Hindu Religion:
The Buddha was absorbed into the Hindu pantheon as the 9th incarnation of Vishnu.
Hindus regarded the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu between AD 450 and the sixth century, with the first mention in the Vishnu Purana (400-500 CE).
The abhaya mudra appears in depictions of Hindu deities, commonly seen in images of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Ganesha.
PYQ:
[2014] Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with a hand gesture called ‘Bhumisparsha Mudra’. It symbolizes:
(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation
(b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara
(c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth and thus this life is transitory
(d) Both the statements ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct in this context
[2014] Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.
[2016] Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives, successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICEA and its mandate
Why in the News?
The Indian Cellular & Electronics Association (ICEA), representing domestic electronics manufacturers, called for a reduction of import duties in the upcoming Union budget.
ICEA highlighted that the growth of the mobile phone sector now depends on demand in the global market rather than domestic demand, facilitated by supportive policies like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.
AboutIndia Cellular and Electronics Association (ICEA)
The ICEA is the apex industry body representing the interests of the mobile and electronics sector in India.
It was established in 2017.
It plays a crucial role in shaping policies and promoting the growth of the industry through advocacy, policy formulation, and strategic initiatives.
Membership:
ICEA comprises leading mobile handset manufacturers, electronics companies, and industry stakeholders.
This includes bothIndian and global companies operating in the electronics sector.
Collaborations:
ICEA works closely with government bodies, regulatory authorities, and other industry associations to align its initiatives with national economic goals.
ICEA’s Key Demands
Reduction of Import Duties: ICEA is calling for a reduction in import duties on manufacturing inputs for electronics, particularly in the mobile phone sector.
Current high tariffs are increasing manufacturing costs in India by 7-7.5% on the bill of materials.
Alignment with Global Standards: The demand includes aligning tariffs with those of countries like China and Vietnam, which have lower tariffs on fewer components.
Improvement of Customs Procedures: ICEA is urging for streamlined customs procedures to prevent delays in the shipment of key components.
Significance of ICEA’s Demands
Reducing import duties enhances competitiveness, boosts exports, stimulates investment and job creation, reduces trade deficit, and fosters long-term growth in India’s electronics and mobile phone manufacturing sectors.
Key Initiatives and Programs by ICEA
Electronics Manufacturing Clusters: ICEA promotes the development of electronics manufacturing clusters to create a robust supply chain and manufacturing base in India.
Skill Development: The association emphasizes the need for skill development in the electronics sector to ensure a skilled workforce capable of supporting industry growth.
R&D and Innovation: ICEA encourages research and development (R&D) and innovation within the sector to maintain competitiveness and technological advancement.
Boost in Mobile Phone Exports from India
ICEA Report: According to ICEA, mobile phone exports from India have doubled to surpass Rs 90,000 crore (about USD 11.12 billion) in FY 2022-23 from Rs 45,000 crore in FY22.
Government Targets: The government has set a target of USD 10 billion worth of mobile phone exports, with an ambitious goal of achieving USD 300 billion worth of electronics manufacturing by 2025-26, of which USD 120 billion is expected from exports.
Major Contributors to Export Growth:
Apple’s Contribution: Apple is estimated to have a 50% share of mobile phone exports from India, contributing USD 5.5 billion (about Rs 45,000 crore).
Samsung’s Contribution: Samsung accounts for approximately 40% of exports, worth Rs 36,000 crore.
Third-Party Exports: Third-party exports contributed around USD 1.1 billion to the total export, comprising phones of various brands made in India.
Future Projections:
Export Contribution: Mobile phones are anticipated to contribute more than USD 50 billion worth of exports by 2025-26.
Overall Contribution: Mobile phone exports now account for 46% of the overall electronic goods exports, according to ICEA.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, India’s first ‘National Investment and Manufacturing Zone’ was proposed to be set up in:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FEMA, 1999
Why in the News?
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed to rationalise regulations governing export and import transactions. The aim is to promote ease of doing business and empower banks to provide more efficient service to their foreign exchange customers.
RBI Proposal and Directions
The RBI issued ‘Regulation of Foreign Trade under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 – Draft Regulations and Directions.’
Key propositions include:
Repatriation Timeline: The full export value of goods and services must be realised and repatriated to India within 9 months from the date of shipment for goods and the date of invoice for services.
Caution Listing: Exporters who fail to realise the full value within the specified time may be caution-listed by the authorised dealer.
Caution-Listed Exporters: Caution-listed exporters can undertake exports only against receipt of advance payment in full or an irrecoverable letter of credit, to the satisfaction of the authorised dealer.
Advance Remittance Restrictions: No advance remittance for the import of gold and silver is permitted unless specifically approved by the RBI.
Expected Benefits
Ease of Doing Business: The proposed regulations are intended to promote ease of doing business, especially for small exporters and importers.
Empowerment of Banks: The regulations aim to empower authorised dealer banks to provide quicker and more efficient service to their foreign exchange customers.
About Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
The FEMA, 1999, regulates foreign exchange and trade in India.
FEMA replaced the older Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973.
How does FEMA regulate EXIM Transaction?
Regulation under FEMA
Resident Indian Criteria
Defined in Section 2(v) of FEMA;
A person residing in India for more than182 days during the course of the preceding financial year.
Current Account Transactions
Permitted freely for EXIM activities, including trade payments and remittances.
Capital Account Transactions
Regulated by RBI, includes FDI in export-oriented units and overseas investments by Indian entities.
Documentation and Declarations
Exporters and importers must furnish declarations to RBI to ensure compliance and monitor foreign exchange.
Export Declarations
Declare the value of goods/services exported, expected earnings, and timeframe for realization.
Import Declarations
Provide details of goods/services imported, and foreign exchange spent, and ensure payments through authorized channels.
Authorized Dealers
Only RBI-approved dealers (banks/financial institutions) can handle foreign exchange transactions for EXIM.
Import Payment Regulations
Payments must be made through authorized channels within prescribed time limits, complying with DGFT terms.
Foreign Currency Accounts
Entities can maintain foreign currency accounts for efficient handling of foreign exchange for EXIM activities.
Significance of FEMA in Regulating EXIM Transactions
Facilitates Trade: By providing a clear regulatory framework, FEMA facilitates smoother and more efficient EXIM transactions, contributing to the growth of international trade.
Economic Stability: Ensures that foreign exchange earnings and expenditures are monitored and regulated, maintaining economic stability and preventing illegal outflows.
Investor Confidence: A transparent and regulated foreign exchange environment boosts investor confidence, attracting more foreign investment.
Liberalization: Replaces the stringent controls of FERA with a more liberal approach, encouraging businesses to engage in global trade.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following constitutes Capital Account?
1. Foreign Loans
2. Foreign Direct Investment
3. Private Remittances
4. Portfolio Investment
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A new metal oxide nanocomposite has been developed by The Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) that can help photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants like dyes and pharmaceuticals and hence can be used as sustainable technologies for cleaning up the environment.
Understanding Photocatalysis and Metal Oxides
Photocatalysis is a process that uses light to accelerate chemical reactions, particularly useful for degrading harmful substances in water and air.
They facilitate this reaction without being consumed.
When exposed to light, these metal oxides generate electron-hole pairs.
These pairs are highly reactive and can break down pollutants into harmless by-products.
Work Efficiency: The overall efficiency of this process depends on several factors, including the choice of metal oxide, its crystal structure, light intensity, pollutant concentration, pH level, and the amount of catalyst used.
Optimisation: Optimizing these factors is crucial for maximising the degradation rates of pollutants. Adjustments in the type of metal oxide, light parameters, and other conditions can significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency.
Breakthrough by IASST: NiTF Composite
The team developed a nanocomposite called NiTF, which stands for Nickel-doped Titanium Dioxide on Fuller’s Earth.
This innovative material combines the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide with the adsorption capabilities of Fuller’s earth, a type of natural clay.
What is Fuller Earth?
Fuller’s earth is a term for various clays used as an absorbent, filter, or bleaching agent.
Products labeled fuller’s earth typically consist of palygorskite or bentonite.
Primary modern uses include as absorbents for oil, grease, and animal waste, and as a carrier for pesticides and fertilizers
Testing and Results
The NiTF nanocomposite was tested for its ability to decolorize methylene blue, a common dye.
Methylene blue is a persistent pollutant toxic to aquatic life, harmful to human health, and causes colour pollution in water bodies.
The results were impressive, with the composite achieving a 96.15% decolorization of the dye solution at a pH of 9.0 under visible light within 90 minutes.
Fuller’s earth enhanced the TiO2’s ability to adsorb pollutants, even in the absence of light.
This suggests that the NiTF nanocomposite could be a cost-effective solution for environmental photocatalysis, providing benefits even in low-light conditions.
Potential Applications
Catalysis: The nanocomposite can enhance the efficiency of various chemical reactions.
Energy Storage: It has the potential to improve systems for storing energy.
Sensors: The material can be used to develop highly sensitive detection devices.
Optoelectronics: The nanocomposite can advance technologies that use light for electronic devices.
Biomedical Fields: It can be applied in medical treatments and diagnostics.
Coatings: The material can be used to create protective and functional surfaces.
Renewable Energy: It can facilitate water splitting to produce renewable energy.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in the health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Megafauna, Archaeological evidence of Ostrichs in India
PC: India Today
Why in the News?
Archaeologists have discovered a 41,000-year-old ostrich nest in Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh.
Prehistoric Ostrich Nest: Details of the Discovery
The nest, identified as the world’s oldest known ostrich nest, measures 9-10 feet in width.
The nest was once home to 9-11 eggs but was capable of holding 30-40 eggs at a time.
Ostriches are mega omnivores, weighing between 90 and 140 kg and standing seven to nine feet tall.
What are Megafauna?
Megafauna generally refers to animals weighing more than 50 kg, though scientific definitions vary.
The term was first used by Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1876 book, “The Geographical Distribution of Animals.”
Megafauna can be classified into:
Megaherbivores (plant-eaters),
Megacarnivores (meat-eaters), and
Megaomnivores (who eat both plants and meat).
Historical Evidence of Megafauna
Early Documentation: Richard Lydekker in 1884 presented the earliest documented evidence of ostriches in the subcontinent, identifying the extinct Struthio asiaticus in the Dhok Pathan deposits in Upper Siwalik Hills, present-day Pakistan.
Discoveries in Maharashtra: Archaeologist S A Sali in 1989 reported ostrich eggshell beads and engraved pieces dating back to 50,000–40,000 years ago at Patne, Maharashtra.
CCMB Research in 2017: Researchers at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad established the presence of ostriches in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat 25,000 years ago.
Broader Implications and Studies
Biogeographical Dispersion: The presence of ostriches in India is attributed to bio-geographical dispersion from the continental drifting of Gondwanaland.
Late Quaternary Extinctions: The study, titled ‘Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent,’ established that the disappearance of large animals began around 30,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of humans.
Co-Evolution Hypothesis: The study supports the hypothesis that fauna and their resilience to extinction resulted from coevolution with hominins, with geographic isolation and abiotic factors accelerating extinction.
PYQ:
[2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of:
(a) Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in the loss of good native ecosystems.
(b) Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65 million years ago that caused the mass extinction of many species including those of dinosaurs.
(c) Large-scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation in other parts of the world which may cause the disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of food biodiversity.
(d) Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats, destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate change.
India wants, South Korea to eliminate tariffs on items such as varieties of meat, milk, fruits, fish, stones, yarn, and petroleum products.
These items were previously exempted or protected against steep cuts in the India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
What is CEPA?
Details
Definition
A CEPA is a broad trade agreement that encompasses trade in goods and services, investments, intellectual property rights, and economic cooperation.
Key Components
Trade in Goods: Reduction/elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers.
Trade in Services: Liberalization of service sectors.
Investment: Protection and promotion of investments.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Strengthening protection of IPR.
Economic Cooperation: Collaboration on economic and technical aspects.
Dispute Resolution: Mechanisms for resolving disputes.
Objectives
Enhance bilateral trade.
Promote investment.
Foster economic integration.
Encourage innovation and economic growth.
Examples
India-Japan CEPA: Signed in 2011, focuses on tariff reduction, service trade liberalization, and investment promotion.
India-Mauritius CECPA: Effective from April 2021, includes provisions on trade in goods, services, and investment.
India-UAE CEPA: Entered into force on May 1, 2022
Significance for India
Economic Growth: Provides new markets for Indian goods and services.
Job Creation: Increased trade and investment can create jobs.
Technological Advancements: Access to new technologies and best practices.
Strategic Partnerships: Strengthens economic and strategic ties.
Challenges
Implementation Issues: Requires robust legal and institutional frameworks.
Domestic Industry Impact: Concerns about increased competition.
Regulatory Harmonization: Differences in regulatory standards can pose challenges.
India-South Korea CEPA: A quick recap
The India-South Korea CEPA was signed in August 2009 and implemented in January 2010.
It covers trade in goods, investments, services, and bilateral cooperation.
Tariff Concessions:
India offered tariff elimination or concessions on 83.8% of tariff lines from South Korea.
While South Korea offered concessions on 93.2% of tariff lines.
Upcoming Negotiations
Trade Deficit Focus: Narrowing the trade deficit with South Korea is high on India’s agenda.
Stakeholder Involvement: Indian industry stakeholders have been provided with a draft request list and asked to suggest more items for tariff cuts or propose deletions if needed.
Standards and Technical Barriers: The Department of Commerce has requested the industry to share issues related to SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) standards faced while exporting to South Korea.
Back2Basics:
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures:
SPS measures are protocols implemented by countries to protect human, animal, and plant life from diseases, pests, and contaminants.
These measures are primarily focused on ensuring the safety of food products and preventing the spread of diseases and pests across borders.
SPS measures must be based onscientific evidence and risk assessments to ensure they are appropriate and effective.
Examples: quarantine requirements for imported plants and animals, limits on pesticide residues in food, and import bans from regions affected by specific diseases.
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT):
TBT are regulations and standards related to product safety, quality, and environmental impact.
They aim to protect human health and safety, animal and plant life, the environment, and to prevent deceptive practices.
These measures should not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade and must be transparent and non-discriminatory.
Examples: Labeling requirements for food products, safety standards for electrical appliances, and environmental regulations for vehicle emissions.
Major Issue: Trade Deficit Concerns
Trade Deficit Focus: Reducing the trade deficit with South Korea is a key discussion point for India.
Before CEPA (2007-09), India’s average exports to South Korea were $3.4 billion, with imports at $7.3 billion, leading to an average trade deficit of $4 billion.
Trade Statistics: In 2023-24, India’s imports from South Korea were $21.13 billion, while exports were only $6.41 billion.
Post-CEPA Data: After CEPA (2022-24), average exports increased to $7.1 billion, and imports surged to $19.9 billion, resulting in an average trade deficit of $12.8 billion.
GTRI Analysis: The Global Trade and Research Initiative (GTRI) report indicates a 220% increase in the trade deficit from the pre-CEPA period to the post-CEPA period.
PYQ:
[2015] The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the:
(a) Food and Agriculture Organization
(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UCCN, Indian cities recognized by UCCN
Why in the News?
“Kozhikode” was awarded the title of ‘City of Literature’ at the 16th annual conference of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in Braga, Portugal.
The theme of this year’s UCCN conference is ‘Bringing youth to the table for the next decade’.
About UNESCO Creative Cities Network
Purpose
To promote cooperation among cities for cultural and creative industry development
Initiation
Established by UNESCO in 2004
Seven Categories/Criteria
Sector-Specific Excellence: Prominence in one of the seven creative fields: Craft and Folk Art, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature, or Music.
Commitment to Creativity: Long-term dedication to creativity and culture as key drivers for urban development.
Supportive Infrastructure: Established cultural institutions, educational programs, and events promoting creativity.
Alignment with SDG 11: Initiatives supporting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Inclusivity: Ensuring creative activities are inclusive and accessible to all societal segments.
Member Cities
Over 250 cities from around the world
Objectives
Foster innovation, cultural diversity, and sustainable urban development
Activities
Collaborative projects, cultural events, and initiatives
Selection Process
Cities apply and are designated by UNESCO based on criteria related to creativity
Network Coordination
UNESCO provides coordination and support
Impact
Enhances cities’ cultural identity, economy, and international visibility
Other Indian Cities in UCCN
Gwalior – Music Category (2023)
Srinagar– Crafts and Folk Arts (2022)
Jaipur– Crafts and Folk Arts (2015)
Varanasi– Creative City of Music (2015)
Chennai– Creative City of Music (2017)
Mumbai– Film (2019)
Hyderabad– Gastronomy/Food (2019)
Reasons for Kozhikode’s Selection
Rich Literary Tradition: Kozhikode has a deep and rich literary heritage that spans centuries, contributing significantly to the cultural and intellectual life of the region.
Prominent Literary Figures: The city has been home to many renowned authors, poets, and scholars who have significantly contributed to Malayalam literature.
Cultural Festivals and Events: Kozhikode hosts various literary festivals, book fairs, and cultural events that promote literature and reading among the community.
Educational Institutions: The presence of several prestigious educational institutions that emphasise literature and the arts played a crucial role in its selection.
Community Engagement: Active involvement of local communities in promoting and preserving literary culture through libraries, reading clubs, and literary societies.
Literary Infrastructure: Well-established libraries, publishing houses, and bookshops that support and nurture the scholarly ecosystem.
Historic Contributions of Kozhikode
Malayalam Literature: Kozhikode has been a centre for Malayalam literature and scholarly activities. It has produced notable literary figures and is a hub for literary festivals and cultural events.
Astronomy and Mathematics: The region, under the patronage of the Zamorins, was a centre for advancements in astronomy and mathematics, contributing significantly to the fields through scholars like the 14th-century mathematician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santhal Hul
Why in the News?
The Santhal Revolt of 1855 was a revolt against imperialism led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
June 30 marks the 169th anniversary of the beginning of the revolt.
About Santhal Hul
The Santhal people revolted against the British East India Company and the Zamindari system, also known as the Santhal Rebellion or Santhal Hul.
The rebellion began on June 30, 1855.
Martial Law was imposed on November 10, 1855, by the East India Company, lasting until January 3, 1856, when the rebellion was suppressed.
Who are the Santhals?
Santhals were agricultural people living in the Rajmahal Hills of Bihar.
Ol Chiki(Ol Chemet) is the writing script of Santhals.
The British asked them to clear forests for agriculture to increase revenue.
Damin-i-Koh (1832) was created as a designated area for Santhals, now known as Santhal Pargana.
Over time, the British began exploiting the Santhals, leading to the Santhal Rebellion.
What makes the revolt so unique?
Marginalized Indigenous Community: Led by the Santhal tribe, a marginalized indigenous community in mid-19th century India.
Agrarian Uprising: Primarily a fight against exploitative land laws, high taxes, and forced labor rather than political or religious issues.
Tribal Unity and Guerrilla Tactics: Characterized by a strong sense of tribal unity and guerrilla warfare tactics, making it unique and significant.
Causes of the Santhal Revolt:
Permanent Settlement System (1793): Introduced by the British East India Company, giving Zamindars long-lasting property rights.
Oppression by Zamindars: Zamindars misused their power to oppress and enslave peasants, leading to resentment.
Exploitation and Debt: Santhals faced exploitation through high-interest loans and lost their land and freedom.
Violent Suppressions: British police supported Zamindars and moneylenders in evicting Santhals violently.
Disruption of Traditional Structures: Traditional social and political structures of the Santhals were disrupted, pushing them into debt and poverty.
Economic Hardship: Led to the Santhals revolting against the British and Zamindars to escape their predicament.
About the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876) and Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908)
Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876): Enacted by the British as a result of the Hul.
Land Inheritance: Prohibits the transfer of Adivasi lands to non-Adivasis and allows land to be inherited only as per the Act.
Self-Governance: Retains the rights of Santhals to self-govern their land.
Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908): Result of the Birsa Movement.
Land Transfer Restrictions: Allows land transfers within the same caste and geographical areas with District Collector’s approval.
Protection of Adivasi and Dalit Land: Restricts the sale of Adivasi and Dalit land but allows transfers within the same community.
PYQ:
[2018] After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government?
The territories called `Santhal Parganas’ were created.
It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Patent process in India, COVAXIN
Why in the News?
Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), maker of the indigenous coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, admitted to an “inadvertent error” in patent filings. The error involved failing to include scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent filings.
COVAXIN Story
BBIL patented the process of making a batch of vaccines from virus strains provided by ICMR-NIV (National Institute of Virology).
ICMR-NIV’s role involved extracting viruses, identifying characteristics, conducting tests, and qualifying strains for vaccine development.
ICMR funded these clinical trials with ₹35 crore and incurred costs in developing Covaxin.
In return, ICMR was to receive 5% of the royalties BBIL earned from the sale of Covaxin.
Vaccine Patents in India
In India, patents, including those for vaccines, are governed by the Patents Act, 1970, and its subsequent amendments.
This act aligns with the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Key Provisions of the Patents Act, 1970:
Patentable Inventions:
An invention must be novel, involve an inventive step, and be capable of industrial application.
Section 3 of the Patents Act outlines what are not considered inventions, which includes methods of treatment, and processes for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, therapeutic, or other treatments of human beings.
India grants both process and product patents:
Product Patents: Grant a monopoly over a specific drug.
Process Patents: Prevent competitors from using the same sequence of steps to create a similar product.
Compulsory Licensing:
Under Section 84, compulsory licenses can be issued if the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, or if the reasonable requirements of the public are not being met.
Bolar Provision:
Section 107A allows the use of patented inventions, including vaccines, for the purpose of research and development to obtain regulatory approval before the patent expires.
Why was the ICMR not included?
Bharat Biotech initially excluded ICMR from patent applications because they viewed the ICMR’s role primarily as providing virus strains and conducting clinical trials, rather than being directly involved in the technical processes of vaccine development.
There might have been a miscommunication or oversight regarding the understanding of intellectual property rights and inventorship between BBIL and ICMR initially.
PYQ:
[2013] Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to the section 3(d) in Indian Patent Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartis’ patent application for ‘Glivec’. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. (200 words)
[2014] In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shyok and other tributaries of Indus River
Why in the News?
Five soldiers lost their lives when a tank was drowned away by powerful water currents in the Shyok River during a military training exercise in Ladakh.
About Shyok River
The Shyok River is a significant river flowing through the Ladakh region of India and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.
It is a tributary of the Indus River and is known for its length and the rugged terrain it traverses.
The Shyok River spans approximately 550 kilometres in length.
It has a drainage basin covering parts of both India and Pakistan, making it an essential water source for the regions it traverses.
Source and Course:
The river originates from the Rimo Glacier, located to the southeast of the Karakoram Pass.
It flows northwest to enter the Nubra Valley in Ladakh, a region known for its picturesque landscapes and sand dunes.
The river then turns southwest and flows through the disputed region of Gilgit-Baltistan, eventually joins the Indus River near Skardu.
Tributaries:
The Shyok River has several tributaries, the most notable being the Nubra River, which flows through the Nubra Valley.
Other significant tributaries include the Saltoro River, originating from the Siachen Glacier region.
Cultural and Historical Significance:
The river flows through that have been part of ancient trade routes between Central Asia and South Asia.
The Nubra Valley, through which the Shyok flows, is also known for its ancient monasteries and the Bactrian camels, which were used for trade along the Silk Route.
Geographical significance of Shyok River
Strategic Location: The Shyok River flows through the Ladakh region of India and serves as a vital geographical feature due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. Its strategic location influences military deployments and infrastructure development in the region, particularly in the context of border disputes and security concerns.
Glacial Melt and Water Resources: Originating from the Rimo Glacier and fed by numerous tributaries, the Shyok River contributes significantly to the water resources of the region. Its flow is crucial for agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and sustenance of local ecosystems, impacting the livelihoods and socio-economic activities of communities along its banks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nouka Baich
Why in the News?
With the southwest monsoon gradually setting in, Nouka Baich boat races will soon commence in West Bengal and Bangladesh.
About Nouka Baich
Nouka Baich is the traditional boat race of Bengal.
It is predominantly held in the rural pockets of West Bengal, including Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, and South 24 Parganas.
Historically male-dominated, recent years have seen increasing participation by women.
Timing and Duration:
Monsoon Season: The races commence with the onset of the south-west monsoon, usually starting in the middle of the rainy season.
Extended Period: The events continue until September, with some races extending into October and November, depending on the region.
Types of Boats Used:
Diverse Fleet: Unlike Kerala’s boat races, which typically feature a single type of boat, Bengal’s races use various traditional boats.
Common Boat Types: Chhip, Kaile Bachhari, Chande Bachhari, Chitoi, Sorpi, and Sorengi are commonly used in the races.
Unique Features: Each boat type has unique design features and historical significance, with some boats like the Sorengi being over 90 feet long and designed to mimic natural forms.
Similar festivals celebrated in other parts that highlight cultural similarities in India:
Location
Occasion
Highlights
Nehru Trophy Boat Race
Punnamada Lake, Alappuzha, Kerala
Second Saturday of August
Named after Jawaharlal Nehru; features snake boats (Chundan Vallams) accommodating over 100 rowers.
Champakulam Moolam Boat Race
Pampa River, Alappuzha, Kerala
June or July
One of the oldest boat races, commemorates the installation of Lord Krishna’s idol at Ambalappuzha Temple.
Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali
Pampa River, Aranmula, Kerala
Onam (August or September)
Features Palliyodams (large snake boats); significant for the Parthasarathy Temple.
Payippad Jalotsavam
Payippad Lake, Alappuzha, Kerala
Onam (August or September)
Celebrates the installation of deity at Subramanya Swamy Temple; features snake boats and canoes.
Indira Gandhi Boat Race
Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala
Last week of December
Part of Cochin Carnival; attracts tourists, named after Indira Gandhi.
Pongal Boat Race
Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu
Pongal festival (January)
Vibrant cultural displays; local fishermen participate.
Hiyang Tannaba
Manipur
Lai Haraoba festival
Traditional boat race with long narrow boats, reflecting the Meitei community’s traditions.
Sithargal Boat Race
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Pongal festival
Highlights the maritime culture of the region; attracts numerous participants and spectators.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Activated Carbon, Supercapacitors
Why in the News?
Researchers at Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, have developed a way to make activated carbon from coconut husks, which are a common leftover from farming in Kerala. This activated carbon is well-suited for making supercapacitors.
Back2Basics: Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors, also known as ultra-capacitors or electrochemical capacitors, are energy storage devices that bridge the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries.
They store energy through the electrostatic separation of charges rather than through chemical reactions as in batteries.
This allows supercapacitors to charge and discharge much faster than batteries.
Key Characteristics:
High Power Density: Supercapacitors can deliver and accept charge much more rapidly than batteries.
Long Cycle Life: They can endure millions of charge-discharge cycles without significant degradation.
Wide Operating Temperature Range: Supercapacitors perform well in a broad range of temperatures, making them suitable for various applications.
Structure and Components:
Electrodes: Made of materials like activated carbon, carbon aerogels, or graphene, which have high surface areas.
Electrolyte: The medium that allows ionic conductivity between the electrodes, typically a liquid or gel.
Separator: A porous membrane that prevents electrical contact between the electrodes but allows ionic movement.
What is Activated Carbon?
Activated Carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is a highly porous form of carbon.
It is processed to have small, low-volume pores with increased surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
It is widely used for purification, decontamination, and as a filtration medium.
Key Characteristics:
High Surface Area: Due to its extensive network of pores, activated carbon has a very high surface area, typically ranging from 500 to 1500 m²/g.
Porosity: The structure includes micropores, mesopores, and macropores, allowing it to adsorb a variety of molecules.
How is it produced?
Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials such as coconut shells, peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch.
The production involves two main steps:
Carbonization: The raw material is subjected to high temperatures (600-900°C) in an inert atmosphere (usually nitrogen or argon) to remove volatile components.
Activation/Oxidation: The carbonized material is treated with oxidizing agents (such as steam or carbon dioxide) at high temperatures (800-1000°C) to develop a porous structure.
Types:
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC): Finely ground carbon particles primarily used in liquid phase applications.
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC): Larger particles used in both liquid and gas phase applications, such as water and air filtration.
Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC): Cylindrical pellets used mainly for gas phase applications due to their low pressure drop and high mechanical strength.
Impregnated Activated Carbon: Activated carbon treated with chemicals to enhance its adsorption capacity for specific contaminants.
Applications:
Water Treatment: Removes contaminants like chlorine, odors, and organic compounds from drinking water.
Air Purification: Adsorbs volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and airborne pollutants.
Medical Uses: Used in poisoning cases to absorb toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.
Industrial Processes: Utilized in the recovery of solvents, purification of gases, and in gold purification.
Food and Beverage: Helps in decolorization and purification processes in sugar, wine, and juice production.
About Coconut Husk-Derived Activated Carbon
Coconut husk-derived activated carbon is a sustainable and efficient green solution for high-performance supercapacitors.
This material is readily available, low-cost, and eco-friendly.
It was produced by Microwave-Assisted Method designed at the Centralised Common Instrumentation Facility (CCIF) at the college.
Importance of Supercapacitors
Energy Storage: Supercapacitors have significantly higher capacitance and energy storage capacity compared to conventional capacitors.
Search for Ideal Material: Finding the ideal supercapacitor electrode material has been a significant challenge in sustainable energy storage solutions.
Research Findings:
Efficiency: Prototype supercapacitors made from coconut husk-derived activated carbon are four times more efficient than existing supercapacitors.
Cost-Effective and Efficient: Activated carbon produced using this technology is inexpensive and exhibits exceptional supercapacitor capability.
Karnataka’s Tourism Department plans to highlight Somanathapura Temple, part of the Hoysala temples, in the Mysuru tourism circuit ahead of Dasara, leveraging its UNESCO World Heritage status.
Note: There are 42 World Heritage Sites in India. Out of these, 34 are cultural, seven are natural, and one, Khangchendzonga National Park, is of mixed type.
About Keshava Temple, Somanathapura
The Keshava Temple is considered one of the last grand structures built by the Hoysala dynasty.
This Trikuta (three-shrined) temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and is represented in three forms: Janardhana, Keshava, and Venugopala.
The main Keshava idol is missing, and the Janardhana and Venugopala idols are damaged.
Historical Background:
The Keshava Temple was constructed by Somanatha, a commander of the Hoysala Army, during the reign of Hoysala King Narasimha III.
Somanatha, who had established a town named Somanathapura after himself, sought the king’s permission and resources to build this grand temple.
With the king’s blessing, construction commenced and was completed in 1268 AD.
An inscription in old Kannada on a stone slab in the temple provides details of its construction and consecration.
After demolitions by invaders, it no longer serves as a place of worship.
Architecture:
The temple is constructed from soapstone, which allows for the fine detailing seen in the carvings.
It is built on a raised platform with an outer Pradakshina pathway, allowing devotees to circum-ambulate the sanctum.
The temple features a stellar (star-shaped) plan, which creates multiple corners and niches, providing numerous canvases for the sculptors to showcase their intricate work.
The temple has three shrines, each crowned with a Vimana (tower).
The Hoysala emblem, depicting a warrior fighting a lion, is prominently displayed.
The walls of the temple are adorned with beautiful friezes depicting scenes from Hindu epics, figures of elephants, and battle scenes with cavalry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FATF, Mutual Evaluation; Grey and Black Lists
Why in the News?
India has achieved an outstanding outcome in the 2023-24 Mutual Evaluation by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
India is placed in the “regular follow-up” category, a distinction shared by only four other G-20 countries.
FATF Evaluation:
The reason behind India’s Achievements
High Level of Compliance: The FATF stated that India reached a high level of technical compliance with its requirements.
Effective Regimes: India’s AML (anti-money laundering), CFT (countering the financing of terrorism), and CPF (counter-proliferation financing) regimes achieved good results.
International Cooperation: Notable achievements include international cooperation, access to basic and beneficial ownership information, use of financial intelligence, and depriving criminals of their assets.
Need Improvement
Non-Financial Sectors: The FATF noted that improvements are needed to strengthen the supervision and implementation of preventive measures in some non-financial sectors.
Prosecution Delays: India needs to address delays in concluding ML (money laundering) and TF (terrorist financing) prosecutions.
Non-Profit Sector Risks: Ensure CFT measures prevent the non-profit sector from being abused for TF, including conducting outreach to NPOs on their TF risks.
Mitigation Efforts taken
Mitigating ML/TF Risks: FATF recognized India’s efforts in mitigating risks from ML/TF, including corruption, fraud, and organized crime.
Digital Economy Transition: Effective measures have been implemented to transition from a cash-based to a digital economy, reducing ML/TF risks.
JAM Trinity Implementation: The JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) Trinity, along with stringent cash transaction regulations, has increased financial inclusion and digital transactions, making them more traceable.
About Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
FATF was established in 1989 through the initiative of the G7 nations.
Its Secretariat is headquartered at the OECD headquarters in Paris, France.
FATF conducts 3 Plenary meetings during each of its 12-month rotating presidencies.
As of 2019, FATF consists of 37 member jurisdictions.
India’s Engagement with FATF
Observer Status: India became an Observer at FATF in 2006, marking the beginning of its association with the organization.
Full Membership: On June 25, 2010, India officially became the 34th country to attain full membership in FATF, signifying its active participation and commitment to the organization’s objectives.
Understanding the Mutual Evaluation Process
FATF’s mutual evaluation assesses countries’ frameworks against money laundering and terrorist financing, reviewing compliance with its 40 recommendations and effectiveness, resulting in a report with strengths, weaknesses, and improvement suggestions.
FATF’s Evaluation of India
Comprehensive Assessment: FATF’s evaluation of India encompasses various aspects, including the nation’s legal framework, regulatory system, law enforcement efforts, and international collaboration.
Alignment with Global Standards: Central agencies in India have been actively working to ensure that the country’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing laws align with international standards and that their practical implementation is effective.
Back2Basics: FATF Grey and Black List
FATF maintains two primary lists to identify countries with deficiencies in their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CTF) regimes: the Grey List and the Black List.
Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring):
It includes countries that have strategic deficiencies in their AML/CTF regimes but have committed to resolving these issues swiftly within agreed timeframes. These jurisdictions are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF. Ex. Turkey, Panama etc. (Pakistan and UAE have exited this list.)
Impact:
Countries on the Grey List are required to work closely with the FATF to address the identified deficiencies.
Being on the Grey List can lead to economic repercussions such as reduced foreign investment and increased scrutiny from financial institutions and regulators globally.
The FATF regularly reviews the progress of these countries and updates the list accordingly.
Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action):
It includes countries with significant strategic deficiencies in their AML/CTF regimes and have not made sufficient progress in addressing these issues. These jurisdictions are subject to a call for action to protect the international financial system from the risks emanating from these countries.
Impact:
Countries on the Black List face severe economic and financial consequences. They are subject to enhanced due diligence and, in the most serious cases, counter-measures by FATF member states.
This listing can result in limited access to the international financial system such as IMF, World Bank; reduced foreign investment, and increased difficulty in conducting international business.
Current Black List Countries:
North Korea
Iran
Myanmar (Burma) (added in February 2023)
PYQ:
[2021] Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhuvan Panchayat; NDEM
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Science and Technology launched two Geoportals: ‘Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)’ for rural land records and ‘National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0)’.
These portals were developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
These geospatial tools provide high-resolution satellite imagery of 1:10K scale for various locations across the country.
About Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)
This portal supports “Space-based Information Supportfor Decentralized Planning (SISDP)”.
It aims to empower citizens at the grassroots level by providing real-time land record data and reducing dependency on local administration and corruption.
It promotes ease of living through digitalisation and better land revenue management.
By providing real-time data accessible to citizens, it reduces opportunities for corruption at the local level.
It enhances transparency and efficiency in land record management, aiding in effective governance and planning.
About National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0)
This portal provides space-based inputs on natural disasters, aiding in disaster risk reduction in India and neighbouring countries.
It establishes an effective early warning system to proactively prevent disasters and monitor land use changes.
A command centre has been established to monitor situations and provide valuable inputs continuously.
The portal is designed to assist not only India but also neighbouring countries in disaster management.
It enhances coordination between various agenciesand local authorities for effective disaster response and management.
PYQ:
[2023] With reference to the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme, consider the following statements :
To implement the scheme, the Central Government provides 100% funding.
Under the Scheme, Cadastral Maps are digitized.
An initiative has been undertaken to transliterate the Records of Rights from local language to any of the languages recognized by the Constitution of India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MND and its causes; NIMHANS.
Why in the News?
The annual conference on Motor Neuron Disease (MND) ‘Awareness, Care and Management’ was held at NIMHANS.
What is Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?
MND is a condition that affects the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for controlling your muscles.
Over time, these nerves (called motor neurons) stop working properly, leading to muscle weakness and wasting away.
Types of MND:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): The most common type. It affects both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to weakness in various body parts.
Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP): Affects the nerves in the brainstem, leading to problems with speaking and swallowing.
Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA): Affects only the lower motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and wasting.
Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): Affects only the upper motor neurons, causing stiffness and movement difficulties.
Causes of MND:
Genetic Factors: In some families, MND can be inherited due to specific gene mutations.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain toxins, viruses, or physical injuries might contribute, but this is less clear.
Age and Gender: It usually affects people between the ages of 50 and 70 and is slightly more common in men.
Symptoms:
Muscle Weakness: Starts in one part of the body, like an arm or leg, and gradually spreads.
Muscle Cramps and Twitching: Small, involuntary muscle movements.
Difficulty Speaking and Swallowing: Due to weakness in the muscles used for these functions.
Breathing Problems: In advanced stages, muscles that control breathing can be affected.
Emotional Changes: Some people might experience changes in behavior or thinking.
Diagnosis:
Clinical Examination: A doctor examines your symptoms and medical history.
Electromyography (EMG): Tests the electrical activity of your muscles.
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): Checks how well your nerves send signals.
MRI: Scans to rule out other conditions.
Genetic Testing: To check for inherited forms of MND.
Treatment:
There is no cure for MND, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Medications:
Riluzole: Can slow down the progression of ALS.
Edaravone: Another drug that may slow down the decline in daily activities.
Symptomatic Treatments: For muscle cramps, excess saliva, and emotional symptoms.
Therapies:
Physical Therapy: Helps maintain muscle strength and mobility.
Occupational Therapy: Aids in performing daily activities.
Speech Therapy: Assists with speech and swallowing difficulties.
Respiratory Therapy: Supports breathing issues.
Back2Basics: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS)
Details
Location
Bangalore, India
Affiliation
Autonomous institute under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
Ranking
Ranked 4th best medical institute in India by the “National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)”
History
Founded in 1847 as the Bangalore Lunatic Asylum.
Renamed as the Mental Hospital in 1925.
Amalgamated with the All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH) in 1974 to form NIMHANS.
Conferred with deemed university status by the University Grants Commission in 1994.
Declared an Institute of National Importance by an act of parliament in 2012.
Governance
Operates with academic autonomy under the “Societies Registration Act, 1860”.
Prioritises service, manpower development, and research in mental health and neurosciences.
A multidisciplinary integrated approach was adopted for translating research results into practice.
Funding
Receives resources for academic and research activities from national and international funding organisations.
Outreach
Engages in mental health outreach initiatives including critiquing mental health reports and collaborating with government agencies for training and counseling.
Known for diagnosing and treating various mental health conditions including depression and neurobiological disorders.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sengol and its symbolic importance
Why in the News?
An opposition parliamentarian has demanded the removal of the Sengol from the Lok Sabha, calling it a symbol of “rajdand/rajtantra (monarchy)”.This demand has become a point of contention between the government and the Opposition.
What is a Sengol?
A sengol (or chenkol) is a royal sceptre symbolizing kingship, righteousness, justice, and authority.
It is a traditional Chola-era symbol of authority and governance, originally from Tamil Nadu.
It is a golden sceptre, richly adorned and crafted with intricate designs, reflecting the grandeur of ancient Tamil culture.
Among the Madurai Nayakas, the sengol was placed before the goddess Meenakshi in the temple and then transferred to the throne room, representing the king’s role as a divine agent.
Significance in the present context:
Accountability and Legitimacy: Just as the Sengol legitimized ancient rulers by holding them accountable to higher moral standards, the institutions and practices in a parliamentary democracy ensure that elected representatives are accountable to the constitution and the people.
Ethical Leadership: Leaders in a democracy are expected to uphold justice, integrity, and the rule of law, much like the dharmic kings of the past.
Symbolic Representation: The Sengol, as a symbol of righteous rule, parallels the symbolic importance of democratic institutions that represent the will and welfare of the people.
1947 Sengol Ceremony Involving Nehru
Government’s Claim: The government claims C Rajagopalachari suggested the ceremony to Nehru.
This claim is debated, as there is little contemporary evidence to support the Sengol being a key symbol of power transfer in 1947.
Lack of Comprehensive Records: There are limited records about the ceremony where Nehru was reportedly handed a sengol by Hindu leaders from Tamil Nadu.
Undocumented: The event is not widely documented, and claims of Lord Mountbatten handing it over ceremonially seem exaggerated.
No Symbolization: Nehru accepted the Sengol as a mark of honor, but it was later placed in a museum, indicating it was not central to the transfer of power.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Stability Report, FSDC
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India has released the 29th issue of the Financial Stability Report (FSR).
About Financial Stability Report:
The FSR is published biannually by the RBI.
It reflects the collective assessment of the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC – headed by the Governor of RBI) on risks to financial stability and the resilience of the financial system.
The Report also discusses issues relating to the development and regulation of the financial sector.
Key Highlights of the FSR
[1] Global Economic Context
Heightened Global Risks: The global economy faces significant challenges, such as:
Geopolitical Tensions: Conflicts or political disagreements between countries that can affect global stability.
Elevated Public Debt: Many countries owe large amounts of money, which can be risky if they struggle to repay it.
Slow Progress in Disinflation: Prices of goods and services are not decreasing quickly, which can affect economic stability.
Resilience: Despite these challenges, the global financial system (how money moves around the world) remains strong and stable.
[2] Indian Economy and Financial System
Robust and Resilient: India’s economy and financial system are strong and able to handle shocks or problems.
Banking Sector Support: Banks and financial institutions (like insurance companies) are in good health and are lending money to support economic activities.
[3] Financial Metrics for Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs)
Capital Ratios:
Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR): This is a measure of a bank’s financial strength. A CRAR of 16.8% means that for every 100 units of risk, the bank has 16.8 units of capital to cover potential losses.
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) Ratio: This is a stricter measure of a bank’s core capital. A CET1 ratio of 13.9% means the bank has a strong base of high-quality capital.
Asset Quality:
Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) Ratio: This measures the percentage of a bank’s loans that are not being repaid. A GNPA ratio of 2.8% means that 2.8% of the total loans are in trouble.
Net Non-Performing Assets (NNPA) Ratio: This is similar to GNPA but considers the money the bank has already set aside to cover bad loans. An NNPA ratio of 0.6% means that 0.6% of the total loans, after accounting for provisions, are in trouble.
[4] Macro Stress Tests for Credit Risk
Stress Scenarios and Projections:
Baseline Scenario: Under normal conditions, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 16.1% by March 2025.
Medium Stress Scenario: Under moderate stress, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 14.4% by March 2025.
Severe Stress Scenario: Under severe stress, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 13.0% by March 2025.
Interpretation: These tests show how banks might perform under different levels of economic stress. They are hypothetical scenarios to ensure banks are prepared for tough times.
[5] Health of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
CRAR: NBFCs have a CRAR of 26.6%, indicating they are financially strong.
GNPA Ratio: NBFCs have a GNPA ratio of 4.0%, meaning 4% of their loans are not being repaid.
Return on Assets (RoA): NBFCs have a RoA of 3.3%, indicating they are making good profits from their assets.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to ‘Financial Stability and Development Council’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It is headed by the Union Finance Minister.
3. It monitors macroprudential supervision of the economy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Serow; Raimona National Park.
Why in the News?
A mainland serow aka. Himalayan Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis thar) was recorded at 96 metres above mean sea level in Raimona National Park, Assam.
This is the lowest elevation recorded for the species beyond Bhutan, its natural habitat.
About Himalayan Serow
Details
About
Herbivore species.
Also known as Thar.
Resembles a cross between a goat, a donkey, a cow, and a pig.
Recognition
Official state animal of Mizoram.
Distribution
Found at altitudes between 2,000 metres and 4,000 metres (6,500 to 13,000 feet).
Found across the India-Bhutan border in Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Royal Manas National Park.
Present in eastern, central, and western Himalayas, but not in the Trans Himalayan region.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
Back2Basics:Raimona National Park
Raimona National Park is a newly established protected area located in the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) of Assam.
It was officially declared a national park in June 2021, becoming the sixth national park in the state of Assam.
It shares its northern boundary with Bhutan, forming part of the transboundary conservation landscape.
It is characterised by dense forests, rivers, and grasslands. The park is part of the greater Manas Biosphere Reserve and serves as an extension of the Manas National Park.
The area is interspersed by the Sankosh River which flows through the park.
Flora and Fauna:
Flora: The park boasts a rich biodiversity with various types of vegetation, including semi-evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, and patches of grassland.
Fauna: Hosts a variety of wildlife, including:
Mammals: Asian elephants, tigers, clouded leopards, golden langurs, Indian gaur, and several species of deer.
Birds: Home to numerous bird species, including hornbills, great pied hornbills, and various migratory birds.
Reptiles and Amphibians: The park also supports a diverse range of reptiles and amphibians, adding to its ecological richness.
PYQ:
[2011] The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this Phenomenon?
(a) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth
(b) It is a confluence of different bio-geographical zones.
(c) Exotic and invasive species have not been introduced in this region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Security; LSAM 20;
Why in the News?
The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.
What is LSAM 20?
LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy. (built by MSMEShipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
These Barges areindigenously designedand built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.
Objective
A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies.
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Practice MCQ:
What is the primary function of LSAM 20 (Yard 130) recently inducted by the Indian Navy?
a) Transportation of personnel
b) Transporting ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles
