Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha has witnessed a significant reduction in poaching incidents following the installation of TrailGuard AI, an AI-powered early alert system that detects intruders in the forest.
About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
- Located in Mayurbhanj District, Northern Odisha, characterized by hilly and undulating terrain with open grasslands and dense forests.
- Twin peaks: Khairiburu and Meghashini, reaching 1,515 meters above sea level.
- Inhabited by tribal communities such as Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
- Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956 and brought under Project Tiger in 1973.
- Recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2009.
- Flora:
- 1,078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids.
- Sal (Shorea robusta) is the dominant tree species.
- Fauna:
- Rich in wildlife, including Leopards, Elephants, Gaurs, Langurs, Barking Deer, Sloth Bears, Sambar, Pythons, Pangolins, and Flying Squirrels.
- Diverse birdlife, including migratory species like Bar-Headed Geese and Brahmini Ducks.
- Home to freshwater snails (Radix genus) in its water bodies.
Melanistic Tigers of Similipal:
- Similipal is the only place in the world where pseudo-melanistic tigers are found in the wild.
- 27 of Odisha’s 30 tigers (AOTE-2023-24) live in Similipal, including 13 pseudo-melanistic tigers.
- The unique black-striped pattern in these tigers is due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene.
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PYQ:
[2011] Two important rivers – one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha – merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area.
Which one of the following could be this?
(a) Bhitarkanika
(b) Chandipur-on-sea
(c) Gopalpur-on-sea
(d) Simlipal |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Loggerhead Turtles
Why in the News?
A new study in Nature reveals that loggerhead turtles can learn and remember the magnetic signature of an area, using Earth’s geomagnetic field for navigation during long migrations.
About Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)
- Loggerhead Sea Turtles belong to the Cheloniidae family, widely distributed across the world’s oceans.
- They are commonly found in Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea.
- They Spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, coming ashore only to nest.
- They are omnivorous, feeding primarily on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.
- It is listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
- International trade banned under CITES Appendix I.
Significance of the study
- Loggerhead turtles travel thousands of kilometers across oceans and return to the same feeding and nesting sites.
- Their ability to store magnetic memories helps them navigate vast distances, reinforcing the hypothesis that other migratory species may also rely on Earth’s magnetic field.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Some species of turtles are herbivores.
- Some species of fish are herbivores.
- Some species of marine mammals are herbivores.
- Some species of snakes are viviparous.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Corruption Perceptions Index, 2024
Why in the News?
India has ranked 96 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2024, released by Transparency International on February 11, 2025.
About the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 2024
- The CPI is an annual ranking published by Transparency International, assessing public sector corruption perceptions across 180 countries and territories.
- The CPI score ranges from 0 to 100:
- 0 = Highly Corrupt
- 100 = Very Clean
- The index is based on expert analysis and business surveys from reputable institutions such as the World Bank and World Economic Forum.
- It highlights trends in corruption levels worldwide, enabling comparisons between countries and regions.
Significance of the CPI:
- The CPI helps assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies across countries.
- Corruption affects foreign investment, ease of doing business, and economic growth.
- The CPI 2024 emphasizes corruption as a major threat to climate action.
- Funds for climate mitigation and adaptation are often misused, delaying environmental progress.
- Countries with low scores face pressure to strengthen anti-corruption laws.
India’s Ranking in CPI, 2024:
- Overall Performance:
- India ranked 96 out of 180 countries, with a CPI score of 38 (dropping from 39 in 2023 and 40 in 2022).
- The decline highlights ongoing governance challenges, enforcement gaps, and institutional corruption issues.
- Comparison with Other Countries:
- China (76), Sri Lanka (121), Pakistan (135), and Bangladesh (149) ranked below India.
- Denmark remains the least corrupt nation, while over two-thirds of countries scored below 50, indicating widespread corruption.
- Challenges & Areas for Improvement:
- Weak enforcement of anti-corruption laws, regulatory loopholes, and opacity in political funding remain concerns.
- Strengthening institutional accountability, judicial independence, and transparency in governance is essential.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act)’, consider the following statements:
- A property transaction is not treated as a benami transaction if the owner of the property is not aware of the transaction.
- Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government.
- The Act provides for three authorities for investigations but does not provide for any appellate mechanism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: mRNA (Messenger RNA)
Why in the News?
In December 2024, Russia announced the development of a new mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine, with plans to make it available for free to patients by early 2025.
What is mRNA (Messenger RNA)?
- mRNA is a type of RNA that transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, guiding the production of proteins.
- It tells the cell which proteins to make by providing the exact sequence of amino acids.
- Unlike DNA, mRNA does not stay in the cell permanently; it gets degraded after protein synthesis.
- mRNA-based vaccines (like COVID-19 vaccines) teach cells to produce harmless viral proteins, triggering an immune response.
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What is an mRNA Cancer Vaccine?
- Unlike traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines provide genetic instructions to train the immune system to detect and attack cancer cells.
- This technology gained prominence with the COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) and is now being adapted for cancer treatment.
- These vaccines are therapeutic, designed for patients who already have cancer, not for prevention.
How do mRNA Cancer Vaccines Work?
- Cancer cells evade the immune system by suppressing immune responses.
- Immunotherapy works by enhancing the body’s natural ability to detect and destroy these cancerous cells.
- Unlike chemotherapy, which kills both healthy and cancerous cells, immunotherapy selectively targets only cancer cells, reducing harmful side effects.
- mRNA cancer vaccines are customized for each patient, targeting specific tumor antigens, making them highly personalized and potentially more effective.
- While traditional infectious disease vaccines prevent illness, mRNA cancer vaccines are therapeutic, meaning they are administered to patients who already have cancer to help their immune system fight the disease.
PYQ:
[2019] RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?
- It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.
- It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer.
- It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
- It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dhokra Artwork
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has gifted a Dhokra (or Dokra) artwork to French President Emmanuel Macron.
About Dhokra Artwork
- Dhokra Art is an ancient metal-casting craft from India, primarily practiced by the Dhokra Damar tribes.
- It uses the lost-wax casting technique, where a wax model is made, coated in clay, and molten metal is poured into the mold after the wax melts.
- This technique has been in use for over 4,000 years, with the earliest known artifact being the dancing girl from Mohenjo-Daro.
- Dhokra is practiced in Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana, with distinct regional styles.
- In 2018, Adilabad Dokra from Telangana received the GI tag for its distinct style.
Features of Dhokra Art:
- Primitive: The designs are rustic and simplistic, often featuring animals, religious figures, and tribal motifs.
- Seamless: Dhokra pieces are crafted as a single unit without joints, providing a unique and smooth finish.
- Long Crafting Time: Each figurine can take up to a month to complete due to the intricate processes involved.
- Non-ferrous Metal: Brass and copper are mainly used in Dhokra Art due to their strength and malleability.
- Casting Types:
- Solid Casting: Common in Southern India, uses solid wax.
- Hollow Casting: Predominant in Central and Eastern India, uses a clay core.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sṛjanam
Why in the News?
Union Ministry of Science & Technology has launched India’s first indigenous Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Plant, named “Sṛjanam,” at AIIMS, New Delhi.
About Sṛjanam
- Sṛjanam is India’s first indigenously developed Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Rig, designed by CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram.
- It provides a sustainable, non-incineration-based solution for biomedical waste disposal, aligning with India’s Waste to Wealth vision.
-
- Eco-Friendly & Non-Incineration-Based: Eliminates the need for incineration, reducing toxic emissions.
- High-Efficiency Pathogen Elimination: Disinfects blood, urine, sputum, and lab disposables, with third-party validated antimicrobial action.
- Safe & Fully Automated: Minimizes human exposure, reducing the risk of infections and spills.
- Capacity & Scalability: Processes 400 kg of biomedical waste daily, with 10 kg/day degradable waste capacity in phase one.
- Odor Neutralization: Eliminates foul smells, ensuring safer surroundings.
- Supports Circular Economy: Enhances waste segregation and recyclability, reducing landfill burden.
PYQ:
[2019] In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Einstein Ring
Why in the News?
The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid Space Telescope has captured a rare Einstein Ring around a galaxy nearly 590 million light-years away from Earth.
What is an Einstein Ring?
- An Einstein Ring is a circular ring of light caused by gravitational lensing, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.
- It occurs when a massive celestial object (like a galaxy) bends and magnifies light from a more distant background galaxy that lies directly behind it.
- The recent discovery by ESA’s Euclid telescope identified an Einstein Ring around NGC 6505, located 590 million light-years away, acting as a lens for a distant galaxy 4.42 billion light-years away.
- Features of an Einstein Ring:
- Perfect circular shape (only if source, lens, and observer align precisely).
- Example of strong gravitational lensing, distorting background light.
- Extremely rare (found in less than 1% of galaxies).
- Not visible to the naked eye, observed only with advanced space telescopes like Euclid or Hubble.
Significance of the Discovery:
- Reveals Dark Matter: Helps indirectly map dark matter, which makes up 85% of the universe.
- Magnifies Hidden Galaxies: Makes faint, distant galaxies visible for study.
- Measures Universe’s Expansion: Tracks how light stretches over time, refining cosmological models.
- Confirms Einstein’s Theory: Proves light bends in curved space-time, supporting gravitational lensing theory.
- Demonstrates Euclid’s Capabilities: Shows Euclid’s high-resolution potential, promising more discoveries.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following phenomena:
- Light is affected by gravity.
- The Universe is constantly expanding.
- Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PARAS-2 Spectrograph
Why in the News?
Scientists at PRL, Ahmedabad, discovered the exoplanet TOI-6038A b, a dense sub-Saturn-sized planet with a mass of 78.5 Earth masses and a radius of 6.41 Earth radii, using the PARAS-2 spectrograph at Mount Abu Observatory.
About TOI-6038A b
- TOI-6038A b is a dense sub-Saturn-sized planet with a mass of 78.5 Earth masses and a radius of 6.41 Earth radii, orbiting a bright, metal-rich F-type star every 5.83 days in a circular orbit.
- This is the 2nd exoplanet discovery using the PARAS-2 spectrograph.
- It is also the 5th exoplanet detection combining efforts of PARAS-1 and PARAS-2, showcasing India’s growing expertise in astronomical instrumentation.
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About PARAS-2 Spectrograph:
- PARAS-2 (PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search-2) is a state-of-the-art high-resolution spectrograph designed for exoplanet detection.
- The development of PARAS-2 began in mid-2018 and was successfully installed at the telescope site in mid-2022.
- It is the highest-resolution stabilized radial velocity (RV) spectrograph in Asia, operating at a precision level of 30 cm/s.
- It is installed at PRL’s 2.5-meter telescope at the Mount Abu Observatory, benefiting from high-altitude, clear sky conditions.
- Key Features of PARAS-2:
-
- Operates in the 380-690 nm waveband, making it suitable for studying a wide range of celestial objects.
- Resolution of ~107,000, the highest in Asia, enabling ultra-precise exoplanetary studies.
- Ultra-stable temperature and pressure environment: Maintained at 24 ± 0.001 °C and 0.005 ± 0.0005 mbar, ensuring minimal instrumental drift.
- Uses a Uranium Argon Hollow Cathode Lamp (UAr HCL) for calibration, achieving a velocity precision of better than 2 m/s.
- Advanced optical fiber system for capturing stellar light and spectral calibration data simultaneously.
- It uses the radial velocity method, which detects tiny wobbles in a star’s motion caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet.
- These wobbles cause shifts in the star’s light spectrum, allowing scientists to determine a planet’s presence, mass, and orbital period.
- It can detect minute stellar movements, making it ideal for finding low-mass exoplanets like super-Earths.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:
(a) the limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth
(b) regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available
(c) search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) search for meteorites containing precious metals |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
Why in the News?
A deep-sea fishing expedition conducted by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) has uncovered several highly productive and previously unexplored fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea.
Key Findings of the Deep-Sea Survey:
- Fishing was conducted at depths between 300-540 meters using deep-sea trawlers.
- The survey was funded under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
- It mapped potential deep-sea fishing zones 100-120 nautical miles off India’s western coast, stretching from Kollam in Kerala to Goa.
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About Fishery Survey of India (FSI)
- FSI was established in 1983, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
- It conducts fisheries research, resource surveys, and sustainable fishing assessments.
- It operates annual Fishery Resource Surveys to guide:
- Traditional fishermen
- Small and medium boat operators
- Deep-sea longlining tuna fleet
- History of FSI:
- Originated from the “Deep Sea Fishing Station” project (1946).
- Renamed “Exploratory Fisheries Project” (1974) and later “Fishery Survey of India” (1983).
- In 2005, Marine Engineering Division was integrated into FSI.
- In 2017, PM Narendra Modi launched the Deep-Sea Fishing Project to promote sustainable fishing practices.
-
- Operates 11 ocean survey vessels across six major Indian ports.
- Employs 752 personnel, conducting deep-sea research and data collection.
India’s Marine Fishing Industry
- India ranks second in global fish production after China.
- Contributes 9.58 million tonnes of total fish production, with:
- 70% from the west coast
- 30% from the east coast
- Major fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh (20%), West Bengal (15%), Gujarat (8%), Kerala (7%), Maharashtra (6%), Tamil Nadu (6%).
- Exports and Global Trade:
- India exports 1.05 million tonnes of marine fish, generating ₹334.4 billion ($5.57 billion) in revenue.
- Major export markets: USA (26%), ASEAN nations (26%), EU (20%), Japan (9%), Middle East (6%), China (4%).
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PYQ:
[2018] Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India.
[2022] What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Modi met Estonian President Alar Karis at the AI Action Summit in Paris to discuss trade, technology, cybersecurity, and stronger ties between India, Estonia, and the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8).
Key Highlights of the Recent Visit to Estonia:
- First Bilateral Meeting: Held at the AI Action Summit in Paris, focusing on trade, digital ties, and cybersecurity.
- Economic Cooperation: PM Modi invited Estonian businesses to invest in IT and cybersecurity in India.
- Cybersecurity & Security Issues: Discussed digital governance, cybersecurity collaboration, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Multilateral Ties: Emphasized India-Nordic-Baltic (NB-8) cooperation and India’s role in EU & UN diplomacy.
- Cultural Exchange: PM Modi appreciated Estonia’s interest in yoga and strengthened people-to-people ties.
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About Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries
- The Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is a regional cooperation platform that includes:
- Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
- Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
- NB cooperation dates to the 1990s, following the Baltic states’ independence from Soviet rule.
- The Nordic Council began engaging with Baltic leaders in 1989, leading to official cooperation in 1991.
- The NB-8 framework was formally established in 2000 as a regional diplomatic and economic initiative.
-
- Trade and Economic Growth: Strengthening business and investment partnerships.
- Technology and Innovation: Collaborating on digital governance, AI, and cybersecurity.
- Security and Defense: Enhancing NATO and EU-led security cooperation.
- Climate and Energy Policy: Advancing sustainability and energy security initiatives.
- NB-8 Leadership and Coordination:
-
- Each year, one NB-8 country assumes the role of coordinator, hosting diplomatic meetings and leading regional initiatives.
- Denmark will chair NB-8 in 2025, following Sweden in 2024 and Latvia in 2023.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following countries:
- Denmark
- Japan
- Russian Federation
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Reimei
Why in the News?
Japan has officially launched the world’s first hybrid quantum supercomputer, integrating a 20-qubit quantum processor, Reimei, into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer.
About Reimei
- Reimei is a 20-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer developed by Quantinuum and integrated into Fugaku, the world’s sixth-fastest supercomputer, at Riken, Japan.
- It is the first fully operational hybrid quantum supercomputer, combining quantum and classical computing for advanced problem-solving.
-
- Trapped-Ion Qubits: Unlike superconducting qubits, Reimei uses trapped-ion technology, offering higher stability, longer coherence times, and stronger qubit connectivity.
- Hybrid Integration: Works alongside Fugaku to solve complex calculations faster than classical supercomputers.
- Ion Shuttling: Enables physical movement of qubits, allowing for more complex quantum algorithms.
- Error Correction: Uses logical qubits, reducing error rates 800 times lower than standard qubits.
-
- Physics & Chemistry Research: Used for molecular simulations, material science, and high-energy physics.
- Quantum Cryptography & AI: Enhances cybersecurity and artificial intelligence models.
- Optimization & Machine Learning: Solves large-scale optimization problems.
-
- Bridges classical and quantum computing, serving as a transition to fully scalable quantum systems.
- Paves the way for real-world quantum applications, accelerating scientific and technological advancements.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sant Guru Ravidas
Why in the News?
The birth anniversary of Sant Guru Ravidas, a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement during the 15th and 16th centuries, is celebrated every year on 12th February.
Who was Sant Guru Ravidas?
- Guru Ravidas, also known as Bhagat Ravidas, was a prominent saint, poet, and social reformer of the Bhakti movement in 15th-century India.
- Born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur, Uttar Pradesh, he dedicated his life to eradicating social discrimination and promoting equality.
- Despite facing caste-based oppression, Guru Ravidas rose to prominence through his wisdom, humility, and devotion to God.
- He was a contemporary of Sant Kabir and is believed to have met Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion.
- His hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, reflecting his significant influence in Sikhism and Bhakti traditions.
Key Contributions of Guru Ravidas
- Equality & Social Justice: Opposed caste discrimination and untouchability.
- Bhakti Movement: Advocated devotion over rituals for spiritual enlightenment.
- Begumpura Concept: Envisioned a society free from oppression and sorrow.
- Literary Contributions: Composed over 40 devotional hymns in Guru Granth Sahib.
- Spiritual Influence: Guided Meera Bai in her devotion to Lord Krishna.
- Universal Brotherhood: Taught that God is for all, beyond religion or caste.
- Impact on Sikhism: Influenced Guru Nanak and Sikh teachings on equality and devotion.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doctrine of Pith and Substance
Why in the News?
In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court has reaffirmed the Doctrine of Pith and Substance, holding that the Centre cannot impose service tax on lottery distributors as the power to tax lotteries falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of state governments.
Why did the Supreme Court dismiss the Centre’s Plea?
- Lotteries Are Not a Service but Gambling: The court ruled that the relationship between states and lottery distributors is buyer-seller, not principal-agent, making service tax inapplicable.
- Exclusive Taxing Power of States: The Constitution grants state legislatures the authority to tax betting and gambling, including lotteries.
- Parliament cannot override this through residuary powers (Entry 97 – List I) as taxation on lotteries is already covered under Entry 62 – List II.
- Doctrine of Pith and Substance Applied: The court ruled that the dominant nature of lotteries is gambling, even if marketing and promotion involve service elements.
- Since the primary focus remains within the State List, the Centre cannot impose service tax on it.
- Sikkim High Court Ruling Upheld: The SC upheld the 2012 Sikkim HC decision, which declared Section 65(105) of the Finance Act, 1994 (as amended in 2010) unconstitutional, as it attempted to impose service tax on lottery-related activities.
What is Doctrine of Pith and Substance?
- The Doctrine of Pith and Substance helps determine whether a law’s dominant purpose falls within the legislative competence of the enacting government.
-
- Examines the true nature of a law, rather than incidental overlaps.
- Resolves Centre-State conflicts over legislative powers.
- Allows minor encroachments if the primary subject falls within the legislature’s authority.
- Major Supreme Court Cases Applying the Doctrine:
-
- State of Bombay v. FN Balsara (1951): Upheld a state alcohol prohibition law, despite minor overlaps with Union subjects.
- Prafulla Kumar Mukherjee v. Bank of Commerce (1947): Allowed incidental encroachment as long as the law’s primary focus was within its jurisdiction.
- Application in Lottery Taxation Case:
-
- The Centre’s argument for taxing lotteries under Entry 97 – List I was rejected.
- The dominant purpose of lottery transactions is gambling, which states exclusively regulate and tax.
PYQ:
[2016] The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the:
(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two thirds of its members present and voting |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)
Why in the News?
Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has launched the Annual Nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Campaign to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF).
About Lymphatic Filariasis (LF):
- Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), or “Hathi Paon”, is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.
- It affects the lymphatic system, leading to swelling of limbs (lymphoedema) and scrotal swelling (hydrocele), causing permanent disability.
- LF spreads through repeated mosquito bites, making it a major public health challenge in tropical regions, including India.
- India aims to eliminate LF by 2027, ahead of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?
- MDA is a large-scale public health campaign where anti-filarial medicines are administered to all eligible individuals in endemic areas to stop LF transmission.
- Medication Regimens:
- Double Drug Therapy (DA): Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) + Albendazole
- Triple Drug Therapy (IDA): Ivermectin + DEC + Albendazole
- Key Features of MDA
- Door-to-door supervised drug administration ensures high coverage.
- Drugs are safe, free, and given twice a year in targeted districts.
- MDA is crucial for eliminating LF, as it reduces parasite transmission and protects millions from disability.
- EXCEPTIONS: Children below 2 years, pregnant women, and seriously ill individuals.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.
2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise CYCLONE-III
Why in the News?
The 3rd edition of Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE commenced at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan.
| Note: India and the UAE held the ‘Desert Cyclone 2024’ joint military exercise in Rajasthan in January 2024. One must not get confused with this. |
About Exercise CYCLONE-III
- It is the 3rd edition of the Joint Special Forces Exercise between India and Egypt, aimed at enhancing interoperability, joint tactical operations, and counter-terrorism capabilities.
- The exercise is conducted at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan from 10th to 23rd February 2025.
- CYCLONE is an annual exercise, held alternately in India and Egypt.
- The previous edition (CYCLONE-II) was conducted in Egypt in January 2024.
- The exercise focuses on high-intensity special forces training in desert and semi-desert terrains.
Features and Significance:
- This exercise involves 25 personnel from each side, focusing on counterterrorism, CQB, hostage rescue, and heliborne operations in desert terrain.
- The 48-hour final validation exercise tests combat strategies in semi-desert conditions, while an Indian defense technology showcase strengthens military ties.
- The exercise enhances India-Egypt defense cooperation, improves joint counter-terrorism capabilities, and builds readiness for future operations.
- It also boosts India’s strategic outreach in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, reinforcing defense collaborations and regional security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Customs Organization (WCO); HS Code
Why in the News?
India has introduced a Harmonised System (HS) code for geographical indication (GI) recognised rice exports under an amendment to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the 2025-26 Union Budget on February 1, 2025.
About Harmonised System (HS) Code
- HS Code is an internationally recognized classification system for traded goods, developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO).
- It is used to standardize the identification of products in global trade, ensuring uniformity in customs procedures, tariffs, and trade policies.
- The HS Code is a six-digit numerical code, categorized as follows:
- First two digits: Represent the chapter of goods (e.g., “10” for cereals).
- Next two digits: Indicate the heading (e.g., “06” for rice).
- Last two digits: Define the subheading (e.g., “30” for semi-milled or wholly milled rice).
- Countries can extend the HS Code beyond six digits to accommodate specific national requirements (e.g., India uses an 8-digit system).
Impact of HS Code on GI Rice Exports:
Trade experts believe that the introduction of an HS code will:
- Facilitate GI rice exports, even when general rice exports are restricted.
- Ensure better market access for specialty rice varieties in global markets.
- Differentiate GI-tagged rice from conventional rice exports to prevent mislabelling.
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About the World Customs Organization (WCO):
- The WCO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for overseeing and standardizing global customs regulations.
- It was established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) and later renamed the WCO in 1994.
- Key Functions of the WCO:
-
- Develops and maintains the HS Code, used by over 200 countries and territories.
- Regulates customs procedures, trade facilitation, and enforcement of trade laws.
- Supports the fight against illegal trade, smuggling, and counterfeit goods.
- The organization works closely with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations (UN) to promote global trade efficiency.
- India is a member of the WCO and follows its HS classification system for trade regulations.
- The WCO’s Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) serves as a blueprint for India’s customs modernization efforts.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
- India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO.
- TFA is a part of WTO’s Bali Ministerial Package of 2013.
- TFA came into force in January 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fort William
Why in the News?
In a move to eliminate colonial practices and symbols from the Indian Armed Forces, Fort William in Kolkata, the headquarters of the Eastern Army Command, has been renamed Vijay Durg.
About the Vijay Durg (Fort William)
- It was originally built by the British in 1773, Fort William was named after King William III of England.
- It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal.
- It served as a key British military stronghold during colonial rule.
- The first version of Fort William was built by the English East India Company in 1696.
- It had an inner bastion used as a prison, leading to the term “Black Hole of Calcutta”.
- The Black Hole of Calcutta Incident (1756) refers to the alleged imprisonment of British prisoners by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, where many reportedly suffocated to death due to overcrowding and lack of ventilation.
- After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Robert Clive ordered its demolition, and a new fort was built, completed in 1773.
- Fort William College was established by Lord Wellesley in 1800 to train Company civil servants in Indian languages and customs, but it was closed in 1802.
- The present-day fort is octagonal in shape, made of brick and mortar, covering 70.9 acres.
- It is now owned by the Indian Army and serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command.
Do you know?
Fort St. George (Chennai, Tamil Nadu)
- It was the first fort built by the British in 1644, marking the beginning of British rule.
- It served as the headquarters of the Madras Presidency.
- It included St. Mary’s Church, the oldest Anglican Church in India.
- Current Use: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly & Secretariat.
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Significance of Renaming
- The new name is inspired by Vijay Durg Fort in Maharashtra, one of the oldest and most significant naval forts under Chhatrapati Shivaji.
- Vijay Durg served as a naval base for the Marathas, highlighting India’s indigenous military history.
- The renaming aligns with India’s broader initiative to remove colonial influences and promote native military traditions.
- In September 2022, the Indian Navy replaced its British-era ensign with a new octagonal design inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji’s royal seal.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs:
Institution: Founder
- Sanskrit College at Benaras: William Jones
- Calcutta Madarsa: Warren Hastings
- Fort William College: Arthur Wellesley
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Economic Capital Framework (ECF) of the RBI
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated an internal review of its Economic Capital Framework (ECF) to assess the contingency risk buffer (CRB) and overall capital reserves.
What is Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?
- The ECF is the risk management policy used by the RBI to determine:
- How much capital and reserves the central bank should maintain for financial stability.
- How much surplus the RBI can transfer to the government under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934.
- Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB): A financial safeguard for monetary, fiscal, credit, and operational risks.
- Total Economic Capital: Includes capital, reserves, risk provisions, and revaluation balances.
- Surplus Transfers:
- FY24: ₹2.11 lakh crore (highest-ever surplus).
- FY23: ₹87,416 crore | FY22: ₹30,307 crore | FY21: ₹99,122 crore.
Review of ECF and Its Significance
- The Bimal Jalan Committee’s recommendations (valid till June 2024) required a periodic reassessment.
- As of March 31, 2024, the CRB stands at 6.5%, and the RBI is evaluating whether changes are needed.
- Potential Impact
- Higher CRB → More financial stability, but lower surplus transfers to the government.
- Lower CRB → More funds available for government spending, but with potential financial risks.
- Impact on Budget: RBI’s surplus plays a major role in fiscal planning for infrastructure & welfare programs.
- The RBI must ensure financial resilience while also supporting economic development.
About Bimal Jalan Committee (2018)
- Objective: To review RBI’s reserve management and surplus transfer policy.
- Key Recommendations:
- CRB should be between 5.5% – 6.5% of the balance sheet.
- Periodic ECF review every 5 years.
- Only realized surplus (net income) should be transferred to the government.
- Revaluation reserves should not be used for operational losses.
- Impact:
- Led to higher surplus transfers and a structured capital policy.
- Strengthened transparency & financial governance in RBI’s operations.
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PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?
- It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
- It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
- It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Algo Trading
Why in the News?
Initially exclusive to institutional investors, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) now has proposed to allow retail participation in Algorithmic trading (algo trading) to ensure market stability and allow retail participation.
What is Algo Trading?
- Algo Trading, or Algorithmic Trading, is the process of using computer programs and pre-defined rules to execute financial market trades at high speed and efficiency.
- It eliminates human intervention and emotions, allowing trades based on mathematical models, historical data, and market conditions.
- How Does Algo Trading Work?
-
- It follows pre-coded algorithms to identify trading opportunities and execute orders.
- It uses technical indicators, price movements, volume, and other data to determine trade entry and exit points.
- The system can scan multiple markets simultaneously and execute trades in milliseconds.
- High-Frequency Trading (HFT) is a subset of algo trading that involves executing thousands of trades per second.
- It reduces market impact, transaction costs, and slippage compared to manual trading.
Key Highlights of Regulatory Framework:
- Broker Responsibility: Only registered brokers can offer algo trading services to retail investors. Direct retail algo trading without broker approval is not permitted.
- Market Surveillance: Exchanges must monitor algorithmic trades to prevent market manipulation and excessive order placement.
- Latency and Co-location Rules: SEBI has set rules to ensure fair access to low-latency trading infrastructure and avoid unfair advantages.
- Risk Management: Traders must maintain adequate margins, and there are circuit breakers to prevent excessive market volatility.
- Pre-Approval for Strategies: Algo trading strategies must be tested and approved before deployment to minimize market disruption.
- Algo vs. Non-Algo Identification: SEBI mandates separate tagging of algo trades for better transparency and oversight.
- Ban on Self-Trading: Algorithms must not execute self-trades to manipulate market prices.
PYQ:
[2019] Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly?
(a) Certificate of Deposit
(b) Commercial Paper
(c) Promissory Note
(d) Participatory Note |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 200
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has criticized Tamil Nadu Governor for creating an “impasse” by withholding assent to state bills and later referring them to the President, questioning his handling of state bills under Article 200 of the Constitution. The Governor has withheld 12 Bills, primarily concerning higher education and the appointment of Vice-Chancellors in State universities.
Judicial Precursor: Rameshwar Prasad Case (2005)
- Article 361 provides immunity to Governors from court proceedings for actions taken in their official capacity.
- However, in Rameshwar Prasad & Ors. vs Union of India & Anr., the Supreme Court ruled that:
- Immunity under Article 361 does not prevent judicial review of the Governor’s actions.
- If a Governor withholds assent with malicious intent, the decision can be deemed unconstitutional.
- Governors must provide valid reasons for withholding assent, as they cannot act arbitrarily.
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What is Article 200?
- Article 200 governs the Governor’s options when a Bill passed by the State Legislature is presented for approval.
- It outlines the Governor’s discretionary powers regarding assenting, withholding, returning, or reserving Bills.
Provisions and Features:
- The Governor has four options when presented with a State Legislature Bill:
- Assent to the Bill: The Bill becomes law.
- Withhold Assent: The Governor can refuse approval.
- Return the Bill: If it is NOT a Money Bill, the Governor can send it back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
- Reserve the Bill for the President’s Consideration: If the Bill-
- Violates the Constitution or a Central law.
- Affects national interests or is ultra vires.
- Opposes the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
- Concerns compulsory property acquisition under Article 31A.
- Endangers the position of the State High Court (mandatory reservation).
- Article 201 deals with Bills reserved for the President’s approval, granting the President the power to:
- Assent to the Bill or withhold assent.
- Return the Bill for reconsideration by the State Legislature.
- Key Constitutional Debates:
- No time limit exists for the Governor to act, leading to delays and constitutional challenges.
- Judicial scrutiny has questioned prolonged withholding of assent, as seen in recent Supreme Court cases.
PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State?
- Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule
- Appointing the Ministers
- Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India
- Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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