Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
Why in the News?
The Vice President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 25th National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) in Bengaluru.
About State Public Service Commission (SPSC):
| Details |
- SPSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India.
- Modeled on the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to recruit for state services and advise the state government on personnel matters.
- Proposed under the Government of India Act (GoI), 1919, and formally established through the GoI Act, 1935, after the ‘Lee Commission (1924)’ recommendations.
- Serve as the central recruiting agency for the state, distinct from the Department of Personnel or General Administration Department.
Note: Recommendations made by SPSCs are advisory, and the government has discretion to accept or reject them, subject to accountability to the Legislature. |
| Composition |
- Composed of a Chairman and other members appointed by the Governor of the state.
- At least 50% of the members must have held a government post (Central or State) for at least 10 years.
- Members hold office for 6 years or until they attain the age of 62, whichever is earlier.
- The Governor has discretionary power over composition, service conditions, and temporary appointments of acting Chairpersons during vacancies.
- Members can resign by addressing the resignation to the Governor.
- Removal is initiated by the President for grounds like insolvency, paid employment, infirmity, or misbehavior, following a Supreme Court inquiry.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Recruitment and Appointments: Conducts exams for appointments to state civil services and posts.
- Advisory Role: Provides guidance on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary matters.
- Judicial Appointments: Consulted, along with the State High Court, on rules for appointments to the state judiciary (excluding district judges).
- Annual Reporting: Submits a performance report to the Governor, who presents it to the State Legislature with explanations for non-acceptance of advice.
- Disciplinary Action: Consulted by the government in cases involving disciplinary measures for civil servants, alongside the State Vigilance Commission.
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| Security and Independence |
- Tenure Protection: Members can only be removed for constitutionally specified reasons.
- Financial Independence: Expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, requiring no legislative vote.
Post-Tenure Appointments:
- Chairpersons can be appointed as Chairman or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not in other government roles.
- Members can be appointed as Chairperson or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not to other government roles.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign AI
Why in the News?
Denmark has become the latest country to actively pursue sovereign AI, in a bid to boost domestic research and competitiveness. Following this example and leveraging the momentum of Digital India, India’s leadership will be instrumental in driving the nation’s Sovereign AI ambition.
What is Sovereign AI?
- Sovereign AI refers to a nation’s autonomous ability to develop, deploy, and regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that align with its unique data, values, and governance priorities.
- It ensures national control over AI systems, protecting economic and national security interests while fostering innovation.
- Key Features of Sovereign AI include:
- Self-reliance: Develops AI systems tailored to national requirements, ensuring minimal dependency on external technologies.
- National Security: Protects critical data and infrastructure from external threats or misuse.
- Cultural Alignment: Embeds a nation’s values, language, and societal norms into AI frameworks.
- Global Competitiveness: Enhances economic growth and innovation through domestic AI capabilities.
About the Proposed AI Strategy for India (GovAI + Private AI = Sovereign AI):
- India’s proposed AI strategy focuses on leveraging Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) like Aadhaar and UPI to develop GovAI (Government AI) for efficient and predictive public services.
- It emphasizes data sovereignty, transforming anonymized DPI data into AI training material while ensuring national control.
- The strategy promotes public-private collaboration to build domain-specific Small Language Models (SLMs) that evolve into advanced Large Language Models (LLMs).
- Skill development through Regional Centres of Excellence (RCoE) aims to create a robust AI talent pool.
- This strategy aligns with India’s vision of becoming a global leader in trusted and inclusive AI, enhancing economic growth and national security.
India’s Initiatives for Sovereign AI:
- India’s initiative for Sovereign AI builds on its Digital India framework, leveraging platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker to create GovAI (Government AI) for efficient public services.
- It utilizes DPI platforms such as Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and CoWIN.
- Domain-Specific AI Models that India seeks to build:
- Builds Small Language Models (SLMs) for specific public service areas like education, healthcare, agriculture, and social welfare.
- SLMs evolve into Large Language Models (LLMs) for advanced, intersectional governance insights.
- The India Datasets Programme transforms anonymized data into resources for AI training while ensuring data sovereignty.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform; Bharat Climate Forum 2025
Why in the News?
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has unveiled the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform at the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi.
What is the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform?
- It is an initiative aimed at strengthening cleantech value chains in sectors such as solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage.
- It aims to position India as a global leader in sustainability and cleantech manufacturing, creating a compelling business case for international investors.
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- Provides a platform for manufacturing scale-up and knowledge sharing.
- Aims to make India a compelling business destination for cleantech investors.
- Supports India’s target of 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030.
About the Bharat Climate Forum 2025
- The Forum was organized in New Delhi as a platform for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss climate action and clean energy solutions.
- The forum aims to align India’s clean energy initiatives with global climate goals, particularly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
- A key focus of the forum was the launch of the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform, designed to promote sustainable development and clean energy adoption in India.
- Discussions emphasized India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030 and highlighted the progress India has made in meeting its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
- The forum celebrated India’s early achievement of its 2022 renewable energy targets, with renewable energy capacity reaching 200 GW eight years ahead of schedule.
- The event focused on the 3S principles—Speed, Scale, and Skill—as cornerstones of India’s renewable energy program, ensuring swift implementation, large-scale adoption, and skill development.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRTandNS), National Waterways
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), has introduced the National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS), a landmark initiative aimed at ensuring safe, efficient, and sustainable navigation along India’s inland waterways.
About National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS)
- The NRT&NS aims to modernize and enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of inland water transport.
- It leverages real-time data and technology to optimize navigation on India’s National Waterways, supporting eco-friendly and cost-effective transport for goods and passengers.
- Key Features:
- Real-time monitoring using GPS and GIS for safe vessel navigation.
- Centralized traffic control centers for efficient operations.
- Digital platforms for route planning, cargo tracking, and alerts.
- Integrated infrastructure to streamline operations and reduce delays.
- Focus on sustainability, economic growth, and capacity building in the inland water transport sector.
- The system is being deployed across India’s National Waterways, including:
- NW 1 (River Ganga): Key cargo routes from Haldia to Varanasi.
- NW 2 (River Brahmaputra): Major transport corridor in the Northeast.
- NW 3 (West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal, and Udyogmandal Canal), NW 4 (Krishna and Godavari), and NW 5 (Mahanadi rivers and its tributaries): Supporting regional trade and tourism.
Status of Inland Waterways in India
- India has a vast network of 14,500 km of navigable waterways, including 111 declared National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Key Highlights:
- Increase in Operational Waterways: The number of operational NWs has increased by 767% since 2014.
- Cargo Traffic Growth: Cargo traffic rose from 18 million tonnes in 2013-14 to 133 million tonnes in 2023-24, achieving a CAGR of over 22%.
- Infrastructure Investments: Investments in NW development increased by 233% post-2014, supported by projects like:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): Focused on NW 1 (Ganga).
- Arth Ganga: Empowering local communities through economic activities along NW 1.
- Tourism Growth: River cruise tourism expanded significantly, with 25 cruise vessels operational in 2023-24, up from 3 in 2013-14.
- Challenges: Despite this, the share of IWT in India’s overall transport mix remains relatively low compared to global standards.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PRB Cell
Why in the News?
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a Chhattisgarh-based subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL) has established a Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB) Cell.
About Coal India Limited (CIL)
- Coal India Limited (CIL) was founded in 1975 and is the world’s largest coal producer.
- It is a ‘Maharatna’ public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, Government of India.
- CIL operates through 8 subsidiaries, including South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), which is its largest coal-producing subsidiary.
- It supplies 78% of India’s total coal production, supporting more than 50% of the country’s coal-based power capacity.
- CIL operates across 8 Indian states, managing 84 mining areas and a total of 313 active mines.
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What are the aims and objectives?
- Provide a centralized platform for retired employees to access all post-retirement benefits and services under one roof.
- Simplify and expedite the resolution of issues related to pensions, provident funds, medical benefits, and other entitlements.
- Eliminate the need for retirees to coordinate with multiple departments, minimizing delays and miscommunication.
- Reinforce Mission Sambandh, SECL’s initiative to build stronger connections and improve communication with stakeholders.
What are the key benefits of the PRB Cell?
- Acts as a one-stop solution for all post-retirement benefit queries and services.
- Consolidates services like pensions, medical benefits, and financial queries, making it convenient for retirees.
- Dedicated personnel ensure faster response times and seamless service delivery.
- Officers from key departments, including Personnel, Finance, and Medical, are stationed at the PRB Cell to provide specialized support.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Coal sector was nationalised by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
- Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
- Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artefacts mentioned
Why in the News?
Rashtrapati Bhavan’s revamped “At Home” reception for the 75th Indian Republic now includes a box of GI Tagged handcrafted items from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh along with the invitation card.
About the GI Tagged products crafted for the Invittees
The curated box features a variety of handcrafted items with Geographical Indication (GI) tags and sourced from the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative:
- Bamboo Weave Box: Decorated with Kalamkari paintings crafted by Nimmalakunta artisans from Andhra Pradesh.
- Ikat-Pochampalli Cover: Reusable even after dismantling the box.
- Mysore Ganjifa Fridge Magnet: Inspired by the intricate art seen in traditional Ganjifa playing cards.
- Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch: Handcrafted in Tamil Nadu.
- Etikopakka Dolls: Male and female wooden dolls from Andhra Pradesh.
- Screwpine Leaf Bookmark: Woven by artisans from Kerala.
What is the One District One Product (ODOP)?
- ODOP initiative is a flagship scheme designed to foster balanced regional development, enhance local economic potential, and promote employment generation by focusing on a unique product from each district.
- Originally launched by the Uttar Pradesh Government in January 2018, it was later adopted nationwide by the Central Government.
- It is managed by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries and coordinated with the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Districts as Export Hubs initiative.
- It is centrally sponsored, with funding shared between the Central and State Governments in a 60:40 ratio.
- Key Products Under ODOP
-
- Handicrafts: Banarasi silk (Varanasi), Chikankari embroidery (Lucknow), and Madhubani painting (Bihar).
- Agricultural Products: Alphonso mangoes (Ratnagiri), Litchi (Muzaffarpur), and Black rice (Manipur).
- Processed Foods: Pickles, spices, and traditional sweets.
- Industrial Goods: Leather products, pottery, and brassware.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status? (2015)
- Banaras Brocades and Sarees
- Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
- Tirupathi Laddu
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS-11, New members of BRICS
Why in the News?
Indonesia has officially joined BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a full member. This move was unanimously approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg and announced by Brazil, which holds the presidency of BRICS in 2025.
What is BRICS?
- BRICS represents a coalition of nations committed to fostering economic growth, development cooperation, and global governance reform.
- BRICS focuses on collaboration across 3 key pillars:
- Political and Security Cooperation: Ensuring peace, global stability, and governance reform.
- Economic and Financial Cooperation: Promoting trade, investment, and economic resilience.
- Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation: Enhancing mutual understanding and societal linkages.
-
- Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
- Recent Additions: Indonesia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE.
Evolution of BRICS:
- 2001: The term “BRIC” was coined by Jim O’Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, in a report highlighting Brazil, Russia, India, and China as fast-growing economies.
- 2006: BRIC leaders held their first meeting during the G8 Outreach Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 2009: The first BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, to formalize the grouping.
- 2010: South Africa joined, transforming BRIC into BRICS.
- 2014 Fortaleza Declaration: The establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) marked significant steps toward financial collaboration.
- Recent Expansion: In 2023 Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE joined, reflecting BRICS’ expanding influence in the Global South.
- 2025: Indonesia officially joins.
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Significance of BRICS:
- Economic Growth: Acts as a significant driver of global economic growth, contributing 24% of global GDP and over 16% of global trade.
- Multipolar World Advocacy: Promotes a multipolar world order, challenging Western dominance in global governance.
- South-South Cooperation: Strengthens collaboration among developing nations, addressing shared issues like poverty and climate change.
- Alternative Financial Systems: Explores mechanisms like the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) to reduce reliance on Western financial institutions and the US dollar.
Challenges Faced by BRICS:
- Diverging Interests: Members have differing priorities, such as India-China tensions and varying stances on global issues.
- Economic Disparities: Wide differences in economic size and capacity, with China dominating BRICS GDP.
- Institutional Weakness: Absence of a formal structure and binding agreements limits the bloc’s effectiveness.
- Geopolitical Pressures: External challenges like Western sanctions on Russia and US-China tensions test BRICS’ cohesion and neutrality.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
Why in the News?
Prime Minister has inaugurated the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention. The theme for this year was the “Diaspora’s contribution to a Viksit Bharat”.
About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)
- Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
- This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
- Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
- The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
- The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
- The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
- The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
- These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
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Contributions of the Indian Diaspora
- Economic Contributions: In 2024, India received $129.1 billion in remittances, accounting for 14.3% of global remittances. This inflow has been a vital source of economic support.
- Professional Contributions: Over 73% of Indian-Americans are employed in high-skill sectors such as STEMM, business, law, and academia. The diaspora acts as a bridge between India and global markets, facilitating skill transfer, trade, and foreign direct investment.
- Cultural and Soft Power: The Indian diaspora serves as cultural ambassadors, promoting traditions such as Bollywood, Yoga, and festivals like Diwali.
- Global Presence: The Indian diaspora is spread across the globe, with 31.3 million people residing in countries such as the United States, UAE, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia.
PYQ:
[2020] ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples.
[2017] The Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gulf of Mexico
Why in the News?
Donald Trump has proposed to change the name of the Gulf of Mexico to the “Gulf of America” after his plans for purchasing Greenland.
About the Gulf of Mexico
- The Gulf of Mexico is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean.
- It is bordered by:
- United States: States of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
- Mexico: Eastern coast, including the Yucatán Peninsula.
- Cuba: Southeastern boundary.
- It is believed to have formed around 300 million years ago during the late Paleozoic era.
- Its formation is linked to the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea.
- The Gulf has a subtropical to tropical climate.
- It is prone to hurricanes and tropical storms
- The Gulf is one of the world’s most significant oil-producing regions. It contains over 17% of global proven petroleum reserves.
Strategic Location:
- The Gulf is a crucial artery for international shipping, particularly between the Americas and Europe.
- It connects to the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Florida and to the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal.
- The Gulf serves as a key area for U.S. naval operations.
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|
PLI 1.0
|
PLI 2.0
|
| Launch Year |
March 2020 |
May 2023 |
| Objective |
Promote domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, create jobs |
Enhance IT hardware manufacturing, increase global competitiveness |
| Budget |
₹7,350 crore (for IT hardware) |
₹17,000 crore (for IT hardware) |
| Duration |
4 years |
6 years |
| Incentive Structure |
1% – 4% of incremental sales over the base year |
~5% of incremental sales over six years |
| Sectors Covered |
- Initially focused on 3 sectors: Mobile manufacturing, electrical components, and medical devices.
- Later expanded to 14 sectors, including: Specified electronic components, critical key starting materials (pharma), auto components, pharma drugs, specialty steel, telecom and networking, electronics/technology products, white goods (ACs, LEDs), food products, textiles (MMF/technical textiles), high-efficiency solar PV modules, advanced chemistry cell (ACC) batteries, drones
|
Primarily IT hardware (laptops, tablets, servers, PCs) |
| Component Incentives |
No additional incentives for specific components |
Additional incentives for local component manufacturing (e.g., memory modules, SSDs) |
| Expected Investment |
₹2,500 crore (estimated) |
₹2,430 crore (estimated) |
| Employment Generation |
Not specified in detail |
75,000 direct jobs, up to 2 lakh indirect jobs |
| Production and Export Targets |
Not explicitly stated |
₹3.35 lakh crore production; $12-17 billion exports by 2025-26 |
| Eligibility and Caps |
Domestic companies with minimum investment of ₹20 crore |
Global, hybrid, and domestic companies with caps (₹4,500 crore for global, ₹2,250 crore for hybrid, ₹500 crore for domestic) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Dam Safety Act, 2021
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has criticized the Union government for its inaction in fully implementing the Dam Safety Act, 2021, nearly five years after its enactment.
What is the Dam Safety Act of 2021?
| Details |
Enacted to ensure the structural and operational safety of over 5,700 large dams in India.
Objectives (Section 3):
• Prevent dam-related disasters by ensuring dam safety.
• Establish institutions for monitoring, maintenance, and emergency preparedness. |
| Structural Mandate |
- National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS) (Sections 5–6): Chaired by the Chairperson of the Central Water Commission (CWC) and reconstituted every three years to develop policies, guidelines, and standards.
- National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) (Section 9): Implements NCDS guidelines, regulates dam safety standards, and resolves disputes between State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSOs) and dam owners.
- State Committees on Dam Safety (SCDS) (Section 14): Provide state-level oversight.
- State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSOs) (Section 15): Monitor and inspect dams at the state level, reporting to NDSA.
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| Other Provisions:
|
- Responsibilities of Dam Owners (Section 38): Form Dam Safety Units, prepare and implement Emergency Action Plans (EAPs), and conduct regular Comprehensive Safety Evaluations (CSEs).
- Emergency Preparedness (Section 39): Mandatory EAPs for rapid response in emergencies.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance (Section 45): Imprisonment up to two years, fines, or both for failing to comply with Act provisions.
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Why is Dam Safety a priority concern in India?
- Third-Highest Number of Dams Globally: India has over 4,407 large dams, following China and the USA.
- Aging Dams: By 2025, over 1,115 dams will be more than 50 years old; By 2050, 4,250 dams will surpass 50 years of age, with 64 dams exceeding 150 years.
- Decreasing Storage Capacity: Sedimentation reduces reservoir efficiency, affecting water availability for irrigation, drinking, and hydropower. Ex. Bhakra Dam has experienced 139.86% higher siltation rates than estimated, reducing its lifespan.
- Structural Vulnerabilities: Poorly designed sedimentation management systems make many dams structurally weak over time. Extreme environmental events, such as floods, can exacerbate these vulnerabilities.
- Lack of Data and Monitoring: Insufficient documentation of storage loss, sedimentation rates, and other critical metrics leads to a lack of preparedness.
PYQ:
[2018] Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bound by forests and inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should resort to in dealing with unforeseen contingencies?
[2019] What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati?
(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits
(b) Tropical rain forests
(c) Underground cave systems
(d) Water reservoirs |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Classical Languages, Historical significance of Marathi
Why in the News?
Months after conferring classical language status to Marathi, the Union Government issued an official notification formalizing the recognition.
What is the Criteria for declaring a Classical language?
The Linguistic Experts Committee (LEC) under Sahitya Akademi, established in November 2004, evaluates languages for Classical status based on their historical, cultural, and literary significance. The criteria have evolved over time to ensure a rigorous and inclusive assessment.
- Original Criteria (2004): Introduced alongside the recognition of Tamil as the first Classical Language:
- Recorded history or early texts must span over 1,000 years.
- A body of ancient literature must be regarded as valuable by generations.
- Literary traditions should be original, not borrowed from another speech community.
- Revised Criteria (2005): The criteria were revised to include stricter parameters, leading to the recognition of Sanskrit:
- Antiquity of early texts over 1,500–2,000 years.
- A significant corpus of ancient literature considered heritage.
- Distinctiveness of classical language from modern forms.
- A discontinuity between classical language and its later offshoots.
- Recent Upgrade (2024): The LEC refined the criteria further to incorporate broader evidence and diverse literary forms. Five additional languages—Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali—were granted Classical status under these parameters:
- Early texts/recorded history over 1,500–2,000 years.
- Ancient literature/texts considered a cultural heritage.
- Inclusion of knowledge texts, prose, epigraphical evidence, and inscriptions.
- Classical language distinct from or discontinuous with its modern or evolved forms.
- Classical languages: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014); Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali (2024) along with Marathi.
What are the significance of Classical Language?
- Recognizing a classical language preserves its historical roots and unifies cultural heritage.
- It promotes academic research, translation, and scholarly employment opportunities.
- Gaining global awareness broadens its use in technology, academia, and global dialogue.
- Government support and funding ensure sustained preservation, research, and institutional development.
Historical Significance of Marathi Language
- Marathi’s 2,000-year history meets the antiquity criterion.
- Early mentions of “Marathi” in various forms, such as Maharashtri Prakrit, Jain Maharashtri, and Prakrit Marathi, point to its evolution.
- Over 100 stone inscriptions, including those in the Naneghat Caves (20 BCE), which contain Marathi commands alongside Sanskrit benedictions.
- Literary milestones: Works from the Yadava period (12th–13th century AD) such as:
- Leelacharitra: A biography of Chakradhar Swami.
- Dnyaneshwari: A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita by Sant Dnyaneshwar.
- The Pathare Committee (2013) and Sahitya Akademi supported Marathi’s case.
- A massive postcard campaign with 500,000 letters sent to the Prime Minister demanding recognition.
- Dnyaneshwar Mulay’s Committee addressed administrative hurdles to finalize the proposal in February 2024.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following was given classical language status recently?
(a) Odia
(b) Konkani
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Assamese |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miyawaki Technique
Why in the News?
Ahead of the Mahakumbh Mela in Uttar Pradesh, the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has employed the Japanese Miyawaki technique to create dense “oxygen bank” forests, ensuring cleaner air and ecological balance for millions of devotees.
About Miyawaki Technique
- The Miyawaki technique is a pioneering method for creating dense forests in limited spaces, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s.
- Known as the ‘pot plantation method’, this technique mimics natural forest ecosystems by using native species planted closely together, promoting rapid growth and biodiversity.
- It was developed to restore degraded ecosystems and barren lands by replicating the processes found in natural forests.
- It is widely used for urban afforestation projects globally.
Significant Features:
- Dense Planting: Trees and shrubs are planted close together, enabling rapid growth—up to 10 times faster than traditional methods.
- Native Species: Focuses on local plant varieties to replicate the natural ecosystem.
- Improved Biodiversity: Enhances species richness, supporting more flora and fauna.
- Carbon Absorption: Trees absorb more carbon, helping combat urban pollution.
PYQ:
[2022] The “Miyawaki method” is well known for the:
(a) Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas
(b) Development of gardens using genetically modified flora
(c) Creation of mini forests in urban areas
(d) Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polar Vortex
Why in the News?
The United States is facing severe winter storms as the polar vortex is expanding southward from the Arctic and driving temperatures as low as -50°C (-60°F).
What is a Polar Vortex?
- The polar vortex is a band of fast-moving air that traps cold Arctic air within the Polar Regions.
- It is a natural atmospheric phenomenon, typically spinning in a counter-clockwise direction around the North Pole.
- Wind speeds in the polar vortex can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph).
- Causes of a Polar Vortex:
- Stable State: Under normal conditions, the polar vortex remains strong and well-contained within the Arctic Circle, keeping frigid air confined to the Polar Regions.
- Weakened State:
- The vortex weakens when rising warm air from the lower atmosphere disrupts its circular flow, allowing Arctic air to spill southward.
- Factors contributing to a weakened state include: Significant weather patterns (e.g., powerful winds in mountainous regions); Changes in tropical climate systems or sea surface temperatures. Climate change causing uneven warming, especially at the poles..
What are its types?
- Tropospheric Polar Vortex:
- It occurs in the lowest atmospheric layer (troposphere) where most weather phenomena take place.
- Typically results in milder weather across northern latitudes.
- Stratospheric Polar Vortex:
- Forms 16–48 km above the Earth’s surface in the Stratosphere.
- Stronger and more stable but can weaken due to disruptions, leading to southward extensions of Arctic air.
- It emerges in autumn and dissipates by spring each year.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 479 of the BNSS
Why in the News?
The Central Government has directed all States and Union Territories (UTs) to implement Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS). This provision seeks to relieve undertrial prisoners (UTPs) by addressing prolonged detention and mitigating prison overcrowding.
What is Section 479 of the BNSS?
- Section 479 governs the maximum period for which an undertrial prisoner (UTP) can be detained during investigation, inquiry, or trial.
- It is based on Section 436-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC).
- It aims to address the prolonged detention of UTPs, ensure their timely release on bail or bond, and maintain fairness and accountability in the judicial process.
- This section applies to cases where the punishment does not include death or life imprisonment, and introduces clear mechanisms for review and action, thereby mitigating issues like prison overcrowding.
Key Provisions under Section 479 of BNSS:
- Eligibility for Bail: Undertrials (UTPs) who have served half of their maximum possible sentence may be released on bail; the court must provide written reasons if they decide to extend detention after hearing the Public Prosecutor.
- First-Time Offenders: UTPs with no prior convictions who have served one-third of their maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond, aligning with the principle of reformative justice.
- Superintendent’s Responsibility: Jail superintendents must submit a written application to the court for the release of UTPs upon completion of the applicable detention period (one-third or one-half, depending on eligibility).
- Exclusions: The provision does not apply to offences punishable by death or life imprisonment, and any delay caused by the accused is excluded from the detention period calculation.
- Limitations for Multiple Offences: Accused individuals facing multiple offences or multiple charges are not covered, ensuring the provision is not misused in complex or repeated criminal cases.
- Absolute Ceiling on Detention: Detention cannot exceed the maximum imprisonment term prescribed for the offence, preventing indefinite incarceration.
- Judicial Oversight: Courts must ensure extended detention serves public safety and justice, requiring input from the Public Prosecutor for any continued confinement.
- Mandatory Review Mechanism: A statutory review process is in place to prevent prolonged undertrial detention and address potential oversights or delays.
- Safeguard against Misuse: Time delays caused by the accused do not count towards the detention period, ensuring fair application of the law.
- Focus on Reform and Decongestion: By expediting bail and bond processes for eligible UTPs, the law aims to reduce overcrowding in prisons and uphold reformative objectives.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Selective Gene Silencing
Why in the News?
Researchers at Columbia University found that cells can selectively switch off one parent’s copy of a gene. This may explain why some people with harmful mutations remain symptom-free, and it could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders.
About the Selective Silencing Mechanism:
- Selective gene silencing refers to the process where cells inactivate one parent’s copy of a gene (either maternal or paternal), resulting in an unequal contribution of the two gene copies to cellular function.
- Previously thought to be rare, recent research reveals that this phenomenon is relatively common and plays a significant role in genetic variability, disease progression, and individual health outcomes.
- Key Features:
- Inactivation can vary between different cell types (e.g., immune cells and kidney cells).
- The process is dynamic and may change over time, adding complexity to how genes function in the body.
- Approximately 1 in 20 active genes in some immune cells exhibit this selective bias.
- Implications for Health:
- This mechanism helps explain why individuals carrying the same disease-causing mutation can have vastly different symptom severities.
- It shifts the understanding of genetic diseases, emphasizing the importance of dynamic gene activity patterns alongside static genetic codes.
- The discovery opens up opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches by focusing on gene expression rather than genetic sequences.
What are its significant applications?
- Selective Gene Manipulation: Therapies could be developed to activate healthy gene copies while suppressing diseased ones, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional genetic editing.
- Improved Understanding of Diseases: Selective gene silencing explains variability in conditions like lupus and cancer, revealing why some individuals remain symptom-free.
- Precision Medicine: By identifying individual patterns of gene expression, personalized treatment options become possible, reducing the need for one-size-fits-all approaches.
- Early Interventions: Recognizing at-risk but asymptomatic individuals allows healthcare providers to implement preventive measures and potentially delay disease onset.
- Protein-Based Therapies: Focusing on selective gene activity aids in detecting and differentiating disease-related proteins from healthy ones, paving the way for targeted, protein-specific drugs.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following techniques/phenomena:
- Budding and grafting in fruit plants
- Cytoplasmic male sterility
- Gene silencing
Which of the above is/are used to create transgenic crops?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Year of Reforms’
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, marking a significant step in modernizing India’s Armed Forces.
Nine Broad Areas Listed for the ‘Year of Reforms’
- Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs): Enhance jointness and resolve inter-service disagreements for effective ITC implementation.
- Emerging Domains and Technologies: Prioritize cybersecurity, AI, ML, hypersonics, and robotics, and develop tactics for future warfare.
- Operational Collaboration: Strengthen inter-service cooperation through shared training and joint operational capabilities.
- Acquisition Reforms: Simplify procedures to expedite procurement and facilitate technology transfers via public-private partnerships.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the defence sector and industries to foster innovation.
- Civil-Military Coordination: Break silos to eliminate inefficiencies and optimize resources.
- Defence Exports: Position India as a global defence exporter, promoting R&D and partnerships with foreign OEMs.
- Veterans’ Welfare: Optimize welfare measures for veterans and leverage their expertise.
- Cultural Pride: Promote indigenous capabilities and instil pride in Indian culture alongside adopting modern military practices.
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Key Initiatives for Defence Modernization in India
- Acquisition of Advanced Weaponry: Rafale jets (36 inducted, 26 more planned) enhance air power; S-400 air defence systems provide long-range protection; Arjun Mk-1A tanks boost indigenous capability and firepower.
- Indigenous Development: LCA Tejas replaces ageing fighter jets and supports air-to-air refuelling; INS Arihant, India’s first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, strengthens underwater deterrence.
- Technological Advancements: Network-centric warfare improves situational awareness (e.g., Project Sanjay, E-Sitrep); AI and robotics enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; cyber warfare capabilities grow under the National Cyber Security Policy.
- Defence Production and Export: Domestic production reached a record ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023–24, emphasizing indigenisation; exports hit $2.63 billion, supplying markets like Vietnam and the Philippines.
- Strategic Infrastructure: Border security efforts include the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System and Border Infrastructure Management, improving troop mobility and safeguarding boundaries.
PYQ:
[2014] Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the defence sector is now set to be liberalized: What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatpol Portal
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Bharatpol, a groundbreaking portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
What is Bharatpol?
- Bharatpol is a unified digital platform designed to enhance collaboration between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol, which connects police forces across 195 member countries.
- It simplifies international police cooperation, replacing outdated modes of communication like letters and faxes with real-time digital tools.
- Goal: Equip Indian law enforcement agencies with modern technology and techniques to track fugitives and address global crime challenges.
- Why was it developed?
- Rising transnational crimes necessitate real-time international assistance.
- Facilitates faster investigations into crimes such as cybercrime, drug trafficking, organized crime, and online radicalization.
- Features of Bharatpol:
- Integrates CBI’s role as Interpol’s National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi)
- Simplified Request Mechanism
- Rapid Information Dissemination
- Utilization of Interpol Notices
- Capacity Building and Training
Modules of Bharatpol:
- Connect: Acts as a digital extension of Interpol’s NCB-New Delhi, ensuring seamless and secure communication between Indian agencies and Interpol.
- INTERPOL Notices: Simplifies the process of issuing and managing Interpol Notices, ensuring swift action on international alerts.
- References: Streamlines the use of global criminal data, enabling faster investigations.
- Broadcast: Allows real-time sharing of requests and updates from Interpol’s 195 member countries.
- Resources: Facilitates the exchange of documents, training materials, and capacity-building resources.
How does Bharatpol enhance Interpol’s functionality?
- Bharatpol extends Interpol’s reach in India, connecting local police to global law enforcement networks.
- It allows instant transmission of critical information, enhancing the efficiency of investigations and international cooperation.
- It simplifies the process for Indian agencies to access Interpol’s 19 databases on crimes, criminals, and stolen assets.
- It ensures a structured approach to tracking fugitives and resolving international cases.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India’s coffee exports in the 2024 calendar year witnessed a significant growth of 45% in dollar terms, reaching an all-time high of $1.684 billion, compared to $1.160 billion in 2023.
Coffee Production in India
- Coffee was introduced to India in 1600s by Baba Budan, who planted seven seeds in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
- Karnataka is the largest producer, contributing 70% of the total, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Over 70% of India’s coffee production is exported, making India the 8th largest coffee exporter globally.
- Coffee thrives in tropical to semi-tropical climates with temperatures of 16°–28°C and annual rainfall of 150–250 cm.
- The plant grows best on well-drained slopes with laterite soils, especially in Karnataka.
- Major varieties cultivated include Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. Arabica has a higher market value due to its mild aromatic flavor.
- The Coffee Board of India plays a crucial role in promoting the Indian coffee industry by focusing on export promotion, domestic market development, and improving production and quality standards.
Note:
- The Coffee Board of India was established in 1942 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It is headquartered in Bangalore and consists of 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India.
- Initially, it managed the pooled supply and marketing of coffee until 1995. After economic liberalization, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity.
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Reasons for growth
- Coffee prices reached record highs in 2024 due to poor weather conditions in major coffee-producing nations like Brazil and Vietnam, leading to increased global demand for Indian coffee.
- The anticipated rollout of European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) norms prompted advance purchases by European buyers, including roasters and traders, boosting demand for Indian coffee exports.
- A 37% increase in unit value per tonne enhanced the overall export revenue, driven by higher global prices and better quality of Indian coffee.
- Efforts to strengthen relationships with traditional buyers (e.g., Italy, Germany) while expanding to emerging markets (e.g., UAE) helped diversify export destinations and increase overall volumes.
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
- Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rudra 1N System
Why in the News?
Bellatrix Aerospace, the Bengaluru-based space startup, has announced a significant milestone with the successful demonstration of its Rudra High-Performance Green Propulsion System during the PSLV C-60 mission, onboard the POEM-4 platform.
About Rudra 1N System:
- The Rudra 1N System is an advanced green mono-propellant propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology start-up.
- It is a cutting-edge solution for space propulsion, designed to enhance efficiency, precision, and sustainability in satellite and space platform operations.
- Features and Significance:
- Demonstrated a 1.4-degree/sec disturbance on the Yaw axis and an 80-degree angular rotation during its operational tests, highlighting its precise manoeuvering capabilities.
- Utilizes a non-toxic, environmentally friendly propellant to minimize ecological impact during space missions.
- Offers a cleaner alternative to traditional chemical propulsion systems.
- Entirely designed and manufactured in-house, showcasing Bellatrix Aerospace’s technological independence.
- Suitable for a variety of satellite sizes and mission profiles, offering scalability.
About the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4)
- POEM-4 is a platform developed by ISRO that repurposes the spent 4th stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) into a functional orbital laboratory.
- It enables cost-effective research in space by hosting various scientific and technological experiments in microgravity.
- It utilizes the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket as a stable microgravity testbed.
- It supports diverse experiments, such as studying plant growth, bacterial behavior, and other space phenomena.
- It thus maximizes the utility of what would otherwise become space debris.
- POEM-4 was launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket, also known as the SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission.
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