From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: General Zorawar; LT Zorawar
Why in the News?
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and private company Larsen & Toubro (L&T) unveiled the prototype of the Zorawar light tank.
Note:
India primarily has T-90S Bhishma and T-72 Ajeya produced under license from Russia.
The Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV) program aims to develop and induct next-generation Indigenous main battle tanks to replace the ageing T-72 fleet starting from 2030 onwards
What is Zorawar Tank?
The Zorawar Tank was developed jointly by the DRDO and Larsen & Toubro (L&T).
It is an indigenous light tank designed specifically for operations in high-altitude regions like Ladakh and Sikkim.
It has been developed under ‘Project Zorawar’, named after General Zorawar Singh of Jammu.
Its prototype was unveiled in July 2023, with internal testing completed at L&T’s facility in Gujarat.
It has been scheduled for extensive trials in various conditions, including summer, winter, and high-altitude environments, with plans for inductionby August 2025.
Who was General Zorawar Singh (1784–1841)?
Zorawar Singh Chandel was a military general of theDogra Rajput ruler, Gulab Singh of Jammu.
He served as the governor (wazir-e-wazarat) of Kishtwar and extended the territories of the kingdom by conquering Ladakh and Baltistan.
He also boldly attempted the conquest of Western Tibet (Ngari Khorsum) but was killed in battle of To-yo during the Dogra-Tibetan war.
About his legacy of conquests in the Himalayas including Ladakh, Tibet, Baltistan and Skardu as General and Wazir, Zorowar Singh has been referred to as the “Napoleon of India“, and “Conqueror of Ladakh“.
Operational Capabilities:
Designed to operate effectively in extreme weather conditions and at high altitudes (above 15,000 feet) with minimal logistic support.
Intended for use in challenging terrains where heavier tanks like T-72 and T-90 face limitations.
Includes thermal sights, night-fighting capabilities, and features to reduce visual, sound, heat, and electromagnetic signatures.
Technical Specifications:
Weight: Approximately 25 tons, allowing for air transportation.
Armament: Equipped with a 105mm turret from John Cockerill.
Firepower: Capable of firing advanced smart munitions and anti-tank guided missiles.
Mobility: Agile and manoeuvrable on steep slopes and riverine regions, designed to be amphibious.
Engine and Power:
Initially planned with a German engine, but due to delays, currently powered by a Cummins engine assembled in India.
DRDO is concurrently working on developing a new power pack and a 1400 HP engine to enhance performance.
Various Indigenous Tanks in the Indian Army
Features
Vijayanta (1965)
First indigenous main battle tank of the Indian Army
Based on a licensed design of the Vickers Mk.1 tank
Equipped with a 105mm rifled gun
Top speed of 52 km/h and range of 201 km
Crew of 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Upgrades included an improved fire control system, armour, and engine
Arjun (2004)
India’s first fully Indigenous main battle tank developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment
Equipped with a 120mm rifled gun and has top speed of 67 km/h and range of 483 km
Crew of 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Features advanced fire control system, composite armor, and NBC protection
Arjun Mk-1A variant with improved capabilities entered service in 2022
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Four-year undergraduate program
Why in the News?
Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurated the curriculum of Four-Year Undergraduate Programmes (FYUP) in the state, stressing that it is in line with changes in the Global Education System where the focus is equally on imparting knowledge as well as the transfer of skills and vocational training.
About Four-Year Undergraduate Program (FYUP):
Parameters
Details
Key features
Students can choose their major and minor subjects freely, for example science students can pursue humanities courses.
Provision for students to complete the degree in 2.5 years if they secure the required credits.
Offers 16 FYUP honors programs with research across science, arts, commerce and business streams at the University of Kerala.
FYUP curriculum
It is designed to provide students with knowledge, intellectual abilities, multidisciplinary perspectives, flexible skills, social commitment and research aptitude to make them responsible citizens and offer multiple opportunities in research and employment
Includes online courses, skill development, internships and research projects.
Eligibility criteria
Students need a CGPA of 7.5 or above to advance to the 4th year and get an honors degree with research.
Admission based on 12th marks for now, entrance exam planned from next year.
Administrative and Technological Upgrades required:
Regulatory Revisions: Plans for a comprehensive revision of University Acts and Regulations to streamline academic processes and enhance efficiency.
K-REAP Initiative: Introduction of Kerala Resources for Education Administration and Planning (K-REAP), a governance software to centralize institutional activities.
Issues with FYUP Program
Implementation Challenges: The introduction of the FYUP faced logistical and administrative hurdles, impacting its rollout across Kerala’s higher educational institutions.
Curriculum Adaptation: Critics argue that the FYUP’s curriculum overhaul lacks sufficient alignment with industry needs and fails to adequately prepare students for real-world challenges.
Student Adaptation: Some students and educators have expressed concerns about the abrupt shift in academic structure and its impact on learning outcomes and student performance.
Evaluation Methods: There is ongoing debate over the effectiveness of the FYUP’s assessment methods, with some stakeholders questioning its ability to accurately gauge student knowledge and skills.
Policy Revisions: Continuous revisions and adjustments to the FYUP’s policies and regulations are needed to address evolving educational needs and feedback from various stakeholders.
New Education Policy (NEP), 2020:
The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduced by the Government of India aims to transform the educational landscape of the country.
One of the key changes in the NEP is the restructuring of the duration and framework of undergraduate programs.
The NEP 2020 introduces a four-year undergraduate program as a standard duration for bachelor’s degrees, replacing the traditional three-year format.
Students can exit the program at different stages with a qualification. For example:
After 1 Year: Certificate
After 2 Years: Diploma
After 3 Years: Bachelor’s Degree
After 4 Years: Bachelor’s Degree with Research
PYQ:
[2015] The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Data related to Financial Inclusion
Mains level: Barriers to Financial Inclusion
Why in the News?
The RBI has highlighted that low labour force participation among women is a significant barrier to financial inclusion and broader economic growth.
It pointed out that only 7% of the outstanding loans to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are to women-led businesses.
Barriers to Financial Inclusion
Economic Participation: RBI emphasized that greater participation of women in economic activities is essential for financial inclusion and economic growth.
Participation Disparity: Official data shows female labor force participation at 32.8% in FY22, compared to over 77% for men.
Credit Disparity: Women-led businesses constitute nearly a fifth of MSMEs, yet they receive only 7% of the outstanding credit to this sector, highlighting a significant disparity.
Efforts and Challenges in Financial Inclusion
Successes: RBI expressed satisfaction with access to financial services, citing the success of the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) scheme and social security transfers.
Addressing Demand-side Issues: While supply-side challenges have been addressed, demand-side issues still need attention.
Structural Barriers: Structural issues such as low levels of capital, labour participation, societal norms restricting women from inheriting property, and limited access to education and training impede women’s financial inclusion.
Stereotyping and Behavioral Issues
Higher Risk Perception: Nigam noted that women borrowers often face stereotyping by financiers, being considered higher risks, leading to higher interest rates, greater insistence on collateral, or outright loan rejections.
Behavioural Challenges: He also mentioned behavioural issues among women borrowers, such as being more risk-averse, less confident in negotiating loan terms, and less likely to apply for new loans due to fear of rejection.
Policy Moves:Priority Sector Lending and Financial Literacy Initiatives
Priority Sector Lending (PSL): The PSL mandate has become a viable business model for banks and micro-lenders, but demand-side constraints persist.
RBI Initiatives: To address these challenges, the RBI has initiated financial inclusion efforts, including opening 2,400 financial literacy centres at the block level in partnership with nonprofits and requiring lead banks to have a literacy centre in each district.
Government Schemes:
Stand Up India Scheme
Mudra Yojana Scheme
Annapurna Scheme
Launched
April 2016
April 2015 (under PMMY)
–
Objective
To promote entrepreneurship among women and SC/ST
To provide financial support to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises
To support women entrepreneurs in the food catering business
Eligibility
Women entrepreneurs and SC/ST entrepreneurs above 18 years of age
All non-farm enterprises, including women-owned businesses
Women entrepreneurs planning to start or expand their food catering business
Loan Amount
INR 10 lakh to INR 1 crore
Up to INR 10 lakh, categorized into three types:
Shishu: Up to INR 50,000
Kishor: INR 50,001 to INR 5 lakh
Tarun: INR 5,00,001 to INR 10 lakh
Up to INR 50,000
Purpose
For setting up a greenfield enterprise in manufacturing, services, or trading sectors
For business activities in manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sectors
For starting or expanding the food catering business
Repayment Period
Up to 7 years with a maximum moratorium period of 18 months
–
36 months, including a grace period of 1 month
About SEHER Program (In News)
The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and TransUnion CIBIL have launched SEHER, a pioneering credit education program aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in India.
SEHER aims to facilitate their access to financial tools crucial for business growth and employment creation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About SEHER Program
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and TransUnion CIBIL have launched SEHER, a pioneering credit education program aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in India.
About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)
WEP, incubated at NITI Aayogin 2018; aims to create an enabling ecosystem for women entrepreneurs in India through a public-private partnership.
WEP’s Financing Women Collaborative (FWC) initiative accelerates access to finance for women entrepreneurs, addressing key barriers such as information asymmetry.
About SEHER Program
SEHER aims to provide comprehensive financial literacy content and essential business skills to women entrepreneurs.
It will facilitate their access to financial tools crucial for business growth and employment creation.
The program includes personalized resources on financial literacy, emphasizing the importance of building a strong credit history and CIBIL score.
Need for such a program
India has 63 million MSMEs, with 20.5% being women-owned, employing 27 million people.
Accelerating women’s entrepreneurship could create over 30 million new women-owned enterprises and 150 to 170 million jobs.
PYQ:
[2019] “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Leang Karampuang Cave
Mains level: Key features of the Cave Paintings
Why in the News?
A cave painting discovered in the limestone cave of Leang Karampuangon Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, dates back at least 51,200 years.
The painting features a scene with three part-human, part-animal figures interacting with a wild pig, depicted in red pigment.
Study Details:
Published in the journal Nature, the study titled ‘Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago’ used a new dating technique to determine the age of the artwork.
The study involved 23 researchers from Griffith University, Southern Cross University, and the Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency.
Use of Uranium-based Dating:
A new dating technique utilizes uranium series (U-series) analysis on calcite deposits above cave art.
The laser-based analysis measures uranium-thorium ratios to accurately date paintings, highlighting significant age revisions for cave art in Sulawesi.
About Leang Karampuang Cave
Leang Karampuang Cave is situated in the Maros-Pangkep karst region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The cave is renowned for its ancient rock art and archaeological findings, providing insights into early human civilization in the region.
It features some of the oldest known hand stencils and paintings of animals, believed to be created by early humans.
Key features of the Cave Paintings:
A painted scene depicting humans interacting with a pig on the cave wall.
The artwork features a pig standing upright alongside three smaller human-like figures, all painted in a single shade of dark red pigment.
This painting predates the cave art found in El Castillo, Spain, dating back around 40,800 years ago, marking it as older than European cave paintings.
Significance of the Painting
According to researchers, the figures in the painting depict dynamic action, suggesting a narrative or story being told.
The discovery pushes back the origin of figurative art among Homo sapiens, indicating a rich history of storytelling through visual art in early human societies.
While Neanderthals began cave markings earlier, around 75,000 years ago, these were primarily non-figurative.
The Sulawesi cave art suggests an advanced cultural and artistic development among early humans, predating similar European art by millennia.
Contemporary Period in the Indian Subcontinent:
Homo sapiens had already migrated to various parts of the Indian subcontinent by this time.
Evidence suggests human habitation in India dates back to at least 70,000 years ago, with notable archaeological sites like Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh showing signs of early human activity and rock art.
PYQ:
[2017] The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is Aphelion?
Mains level: Does aphelion affect temperatures on Earth?
Why in the News?
Early on July 5, the Earth reached aphelion, its farthest distance from the sun in our year-long journey around our nearest star.
What is Aphelion?
Aphelion is a term used in astronomy to denote the point in the orbit of a planet or celestial body where it is farthest from the Sun.
The Earth’s orbit around the Sun is not a perfect circle but rather an ellipse, with the Sun situated at one of the two foci of the ellipse.
Aphelion marks the moment when Earth is at its maximum distance from the Sun along this elliptical path.
The concept of aphelion was crucial in Johannes Kepler‘s formulation of his laws of planetary motion during the 17th century.
How far is the Earth from the Sun at aphelion?
At aphelion, which occurs around July 4th– 5th each year, the Earth is approximately 152.1 million kilometers (about 94.5 million miles) away from the Sun.
This distance is about 3.3% greater than its average distance from the Sun, known as its semi-major axis, which is about 147.1 million kilometers.
Does aphelion affect temperatures on Earth?
Aphelion has a slight effect on temperatures on Earth, but its impact is minimal compared to other factors such as axial tilt and atmospheric circulation patterns.
Despite being farther from the Sun during aphelion, the Earth’s tilt towards the Sun during the northern hemisphere’s summer results in warmer temperatures for that region.
This phenomenon is primarily responsible for the seasons on Earth.
What would happen if there were no aphelion?
If Earth’s orbit were perfectly circular, without aphelion or perihelion (the closest point to the Sun), the distance between Earth and the Sun would remain constant throughout the year.
This scenario would result in less variation in seasonal temperatures between the northern and southern hemispheres.
The distinct seasons that we experience today, which are essential for ecological diversity and agricultural cycles, would be significantly altered.
PYQ:
[2013] Variations in the length of daytime and night time from season to season are due to-
(a) The earth’s rotation on its axis
(b) The earth’s revolution round the sun in an elliptical manner
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gharial and its conservation, Kaziranga NP
Why in the News?
In Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, a lone female gharial has emerged as a significant presence, marking a potential revival for the species in the Brahmaputra River.
About Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve:
Located in the state of Assam, Kaziranga is renowned for its biodiversity and conservation efforts.
Established in 1905 as a reserve forest and declared a national park in 1974.
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 for its unique natural environment and successful conservation of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros.
Kaziranga is home to the highest density of tigers among protected areas in the world.
It hosts two-thirds of the world’s Great One-Horned Rhinoceros population, a significant conservation success story.
The park spans approximately 430 square kilometers (166 square miles) of grasslands, wetlands, and forests.
One-Horned Rhinoceros:
One–Horned Rhinos: IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable; CITES: Appendix I ; WPA, 1972: Schedule I.
Mainly found in Assam, West Bengal.
Assam hosts about 2,640 rhinos across Pobitora WLS, Rajiv Gandhi Orang NP, Kaziranga NP, and Manas NP.
About Gharial
The Gharial is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian subcontinent.
They are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
It is also found in the rainforest biome of Mahanadi in Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary, Odisha.
Gharials are ‘Critically Endangered’in the IUCN Red List of Species.
The species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
National Chambal Sanctuary along the river Chambal in Madhya Pradesh is the biggest protected area of the species.
Recent findings of Gharial in Kaziranga
Gharials, distinguished by their long, narrow snouts, were believed to have disappeared from the Brahmaputra by the 1950s.
The female gharial, initially spotted in 2021, has grown to nearly adult size, providing hope for their reintroduction into the ecosystem.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cauvery River and its Catchment, Cauvery Dispute
Why in the News?
The Karnataka government has formed an expert committee, headed by Niranjan, Chief Environment Officer of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, to study the pollution level in the Cauvery.
About Niranjan Panel
The panel will review and submit a report within 10 days to ascertain whether the Cauvery River water is polluted due to the inflow of sewage water, solid waste, industrial waste, and other types of pollutants.
The Cauvery water has lost its natural quality due to the pollutants and the health of citizens and aquatic animals are being adversely affected.
About Cauvery River
The Cauvery River, also spelled as ‘Kaveri’ and known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil, originates from Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range located in Karnataka’s Kodagu district.
It spans approximately 800 km, traversing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, until it eventually reaches the Bay of Bengal.
The river’s catchment area covers regions in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.
Key tributaries that join the Cauvery include Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, and Bhavani.
It remains perennial due to its dual reliance on both advancing and retreating monsoons for rainfall.
Protected areas in its basin: Cauvery WLS, Biligirirangan Hills WLS, Pushpagiri WLS, Muthathi WLS, Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Bhimeshwari WLS, Nagarhole NP; Bandipur NP.
Challenges associated with the Cauvery River:
Direct discharge of untreated sewage and domestic waste from towns and cities along the Cauvery contaminates the water, leading to high bacterial loads and nutrient pollution.
Industries along the Cauvery, including textiles, dyeing, pharmaceuticals, and others, discharge effluents directly into the river.
Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used in agricultural fields adjacent to the river are washed into the Cauvery during rain and irrigation.
Unregulated sand miningand dredging activities disrupt riverbeds and banks, altering natural flow patterns and habitat structures.
Introduction of non-native species like tilapia and African catfish, initially for aquaculture, has led to their proliferation in the Cauvery.
Cauvery Water Dispute:
Since 1892, tensions existed between British-ruled Madras and Mysore.
1924 Agreement aimed to resolve but set the stage for future conflicts. Post-Independence, dam constructions sparked TN appeal.
Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) was established.
Interim orders by the Cauvery River Authority (CRA) in 1998.
CWDT’s 2013 award allocated water quantities among states.
Monthly and annual watershares by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
Normal Year, Karnataka must give 177.25 TMC to Tamil Nadu.
Challenges arise during monsoons due to varying rainfall.
Article 262 empowers Parliament for inter-state river disputes. The Seventh Schedule defines legislative authority over water resources.
2018: Cauvery was termed a “national asset” by SC with river water equality upheld.
The Cauvery Management Board (CMB) was established by the Court for implementation.
CWMA and CWRC were established for water regulation and data collection.
PYQ:
[2020] Which of the following Protected Areas are located in the Cauvery basin?
Nagarhole National Park
Papikonda National Park
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO and its expansion
Why in the News?
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar addressed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Kazakhstan’s capital Astana on behalf of Prime Minister Modi.
About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Details
Introduction
Established in 2001 by China and Russia, the SCO is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organization.
It spans about 80% of Eurasia and encompasses 40% of the world’s population, with a GDP of around 20% of global GDP as of 2021.
Origins
Successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 by China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.
It evolved into the SCO in 2001 with the inclusion of Uzbekistan.
Expansion
India and Pakistan joined in June 2017, followed by Iran in July 2023, and Belarus in July 2024.
Several other countries participate as observers and dialogue partners.
Governance
Governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), the supreme decision-making body that meets annually.
Includes the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) as a key component for security coordination.
Key Structures
Heads of State Council: Supreme decision-making body.
Heads of Government Council: Discusses multilateral cooperation and approves budgets.
Council of Foreign Ministers: Regular meetings on international affairs.
Council of National Coordinators: Coordinates multilateral efforts.
Secretariat
Headquartered in Beijing, China, the Secretariat executes organizational decisions, drafts documents, and promotes SCO activities.
Secretary-General serves a 3-year term.
RATS Executive Committee
Based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, RATS fosters cooperation against terrorism, separatism, and extremism.
The director serves a three-year term overseeing these efforts.
Official Languages
Chinese and Russian are the SCO’s official languages.
Key Agreements
Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions (1996)
Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions (1997)
Declaration on a “multipolar world” (1997)
Major Activities
Annual summits and meetings across member states;
Initiatives in transportation, energy, and telecommunications;
Regular gatherings of security, defence, economic, and cultural officials.
International Relations
Established partnerships with various global bodies including the UN, ASEAN, CIS, CSTO, ECO, and CICA, reflecting its broad engagement in regional and international affairs.
Strategic Significance of SCO for India
Open-door for bilateral: Membership facilitates India’s engagement with Central Asian nations and major regional powers like China and Russia on shared security challenges.
China-Russia Dynamics: SCO serves as a platform for China and Russia to assert influence and counter Western dominance in international forums.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Dispute: India’s stance against endorsing BRI projects through SCO reflects its concerns over sovereignty, particularly regarding CPEC passing through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
About Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is the world’s largest landlocked country and the ninth-largest country by land area, spanning an area of 2.7 million square kilometres.
It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the southwest
PYQ:
[2022] Consider the following:
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Missile Technology Control Regime
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
India is a member of which of the above?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2021] Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delhi Ridge, Aravalli
Why in the News?
The Delhi High Court is set to physically inspect the Central and Southern parts of Delhi Ridge to assess the extent of afforestation and cutting of trees in the area.
Deforestation in Delhi Ridge:
Over 308 hectares of the ecologically sensitive Delhi Ridge area has been encroached and another 183 hectares “diverted” for “non-forestry purposes”. ( Data by Central Empowered Committee (CEC) report to the Supreme Court, 2023.)
About Delhi Ridge
Delhi Ridge is located in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, extending as a northern extension of the ancient Aravalli Range.
Composed primarily of quartzite rocks, it spans approximately 35 kilometres from Tughlaqabad in the southeast to Wazirabad in the north along the Yamuna River.
Ecological Significance:
It acts as the “green lungs” of Delhi, providing crucial ecological services such as carbon sequestration and habitat for wildlife.
It protects Delhi from the hot desert winds originating from Rajasthan to the west.
It supports diverse flora and fauna, making Delhi one of the world’s most bird-rich capital cities.
Efforts are ongoing to maintain biodiversity through biodiversity parks and wildlife sanctuaries like the Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park and Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary.
Geographical Features
The ridge is believed to be over 1.5 billion years old, making it an ancient geological formation compared to the Himalayas (50 million years old).
It functions as a watershed, dividing the Indus Plain to the west from the Gangetic Plain to the east within the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Administrative Divisions:
Divided into four main zones: Northern, Central, South-Central, and Southern Ridge.
Each zone has distinct characteristics and faces varying degrees of urban encroachment and conservation efforts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, AB-NHPM
Why in the News?
Following Mizoram and Nagaland, Meghalaya has also refused to rename its health and wellness centres as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs as per the Centre’s directive.
Context: Demographic composition of NE and its implications on policy decisions
Christian Majority: About 75% of Meghalaya’s population practices Christianity, similar to the demographics of Mizoram (90%) and Nagaland (90%).
State Asserts Autonomy: Meghalaya’s Health Minister emphasized that health being a State subject grants them the right to decide independently of the Centre’s advisory.
About Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs)
AB-HWCs were launched to move away from selective health care to a more comprehensive range of services spanning preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care for all ages.
There are 1.6 lakh such centres across India under this initiative.
The National Health Policy of 2017 envisioned these centres as the foundation of India’s health system.
The Union Health Ministry renamed AB-HWCs as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAM) with the tagline ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam’.
States and Union Territories were urged to complete the rebranding by the end of 2023.
Back2Basics: Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
Details
Details
World’s largest fully government-funded health insurance scheme.
Launched in 2018.
Provides Rs 5 lakh per family for secondary and tertiary care.
Health Benefit Package
Covers the cost of surgery, medical and daycare treatments, medications, and diagnostics.
3 days of pre-hospitalisation and 15 days of post-hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.
No restriction on family size, age or gender.
All pre-existing conditions are covered from day one.
Beneficiaries
An entitlement-based scheme targeting beneficiaries identified by the latest Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data.
Flexibility for States/UTs to use non-SECC data with a similar socio-economic profile to identify remaining SECC families.
Financing
Jointly funded scheme: 60:40 between Centre and legislature for all States and UTs.
90:10 for North-Eastern States, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
100% central funding for Union Territories without legislature.
Nucleus Agency
The National Health Authority (NHA) is an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, responsible for the effective implementation of PM-JAY.
State Health Agency (SHA) is the apex body of the State Government responsible for implementing AB-PMJAY in the State.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements:
Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
It has seamless portability across the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Diseases spread by Mosquitoes; Factors driving mosquito evolution.
Why in the News?
A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 1 has suggested that a pair of hormones work together to activate or suppress mosquitoes’ blood cravings.
Mosquito Species and Behavior
There are around 3500 mosquito species globally, found on every continent except Antarctica.
Female mosquitoes consume blood to aid in egg development.
After feeding, female mosquitoes lose their appetite for blood until they lay their eggs.
Research by Michael Strand and Team
Strand observed that levels of the mosquito gut hormone F (NPF) spiked when mosquitoes were seeking a host and dropped after feeding.
Their study analyzed mosquito enteroendocrine cells responsible for gut hormone production.
Hormonal Mechanisms:
NPF levels increasedbefore blood meals and decreased six hours after feeding.
Another gut hormone, RYamide, was found to influence mosquitoes’ blood lust. As NPF levels decreased after a blood meal, RYamide levels increased, and vice versa.
The researchers concluded that NPF and RYamide work together to regulate mosquitoes’ attraction to humans and other hosts.
Implications of the Study
Controlling the Deadliest Animal: Mosquitoes are the deadliest animal on the planet, acting as vectors for diseases such as malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis, which collectively kill more people than any other creature.
Pesticide Development: The discovery could lead to new pesticide targets for preventing mosquito reproduction and disease transmission.
Note: Mosquitoes are responsible for over 1 million human deaths per year worldwide. They transmit deadly diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika virus
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Formation of Universe; Spiral Galaxy.
Why in the News?
A new study has revealed more spiral galaxies in the universe’s youth than astronomers had previously expected.
Universe’s Age and Galaxy Types
The universe is about 13.8 billion years old and hosts various kinds of galaxies, from spiral to elliptical.
Astronomers believed spiral galaxies formed about 6 billion years ago, but the new study calls this into question.
Younger galaxies tend to spiral, while older ones have a variety of shapes, making the study of older galaxies more challenging due to fainter light.
Back2Basics: Spiral Galaxy
Spiral galaxies are a type of galaxy characterized by their spiral structure.
They are among the most common types of galaxies in the universe.
Our own Milky Way is a classic example of a spiral galaxy.
Key Characteristics:
Central Bulge: A dense, spherical structure at the centre composed mainly of older stars.
Disk: Surrounding the bulge is a flat, rotating disk of stars, gas, and dust. The disk contains younger stars and spiral arms.
Spiral Arms: These are the defining features, winding outward from the central bulge. The arms are sites of active star formation and appear brighter due to the presence of young, hot stars.
Halo: A roughly spherical region surrounding the disk, containing old stars and globular clusters.
Formation and Evolution:
Spiral galaxies are thought to form from the gravitational collapse of gas and dust in the early universe.
They maintain their structure through the rotation of the disk and the gravitational influence of the central bulge and halo.
Interactions and mergers with other galaxies can distort or destroy their spiral structure, potentially transforming them into elliptical galaxies.
Formation of Galaxies
As the universe cooled from a dense plasma state, hot gas formed clumps that became galaxies.
These early galaxies had irregular shapes and lacked disks.
Spiral Formation Theory:
The traditional theory suggested that it took billions of years for hot, thick disks to become thinner and form spiral arms.
The new study suggests that cooling and spiral formation occur around the same cosmic time.
How is this verified?
Astronomers observe star formation in real time but study galaxy evolution through “astronomical archaeology.”
Understanding the fraction of spiral galaxies helps astronomers trace the biography of galaxies.
Infrared and optical wavelengths are used to detect early galaxies, requiring powerful telescopes due to the faint light of older galaxies.
The University of Missouri team used the JWST to study 873 galaxies and identified at least 216 spiral galaxies, some dating to 1.5 billion years after the universe’s birth.
Each of the six authors classified the images as spiral or non-spiral, ensuring the result is free of human bias.
Findings and Implications
The fraction of spiral galaxies increased from about 8% to 48%between 3 billion and 7 billion years after the Big Bang, higher than previously observed.
The study challenges existing models and suggests that galaxy formation theories need to be more complex.
PYQ:
[2022] Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various mudras of Buddha
Why in the News?
The Leader of Opposition invoked the Abhaya Mudra in his inaugural address as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.
What is AbhayMudra?
Abhaya mudra, the motif of an open palm (gesturing to stop), is prevalent across many South Asian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
Known as the ‘fearlessness gesture’, ‘abhaya’ in Sanskrit means fearlessness. The gesture symbolizes protection and peace.
In yoga circles, the abhaya mudra is believed to promote courage and reduce fear and anxiety.
While common across many religions, the abhaya mudra is most prominently featured in Buddhism, especially in Thailand and Laos, where it is associated with images of the walking Buddha.
Origins of the Gesture
According to Stanford University, the gesture of an open palm pointed outwards appears to be a natural gesture used since prehistoric times as a sign of good intentions and peace.
The gesture also asserted power in antiquity, similar to the magna manusof the Roman Emperors who legislated and gave peace simultaneously.
The motif likely originated from a universal gesture associated with human communication, eventually integrating into major South Asian religions.
Evolution of Mudras in Buddhism
For about 500 years after the Buddha, he was not depicted in physical form.
Early representations appeared around the first millennium, influenced by Gandhara and Gupta art.
With the evolution of these Buddhist traditions, hundreds of mudras entered Buddhist iconography.
In tantric Buddhist traditions, mudras symbolized material offerings, enacted forms of worship, or relationships with visualized deities. (as shown in the above diagram)
Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Buddhism:
In Buddhism, the abhaya mudra is linked to a legendinvolving Devadatta, a cousin of the Buddha, who tried to murder the Buddha by losing a rampaging elephant into his path.
The Buddha calmed the elephant by displaying the abhaya mudra, indicating appeasement of the senses and the absence of fear.
The gesture is popularly pronounced in Buddhist cultures, symbolizing fearlessness and peace.
Significance of ‘Abhaya Mudra’ in Hindu Religion:
The Buddha was absorbed into the Hindu pantheon as the 9th incarnation of Vishnu.
Hindus regarded the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu between AD 450 and the sixth century, with the first mention in the Vishnu Purana (400-500 CE).
The abhaya mudra appears in depictions of Hindu deities, commonly seen in images of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Ganesha.
PYQ:
[2014] Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with a hand gesture called ‘Bhumisparsha Mudra’. It symbolizes:
(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation
(b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara
(c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth and thus this life is transitory
(d) Both the statements ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct in this context
[2014] Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.
[2016] Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives, successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICEA and its mandate
Why in the News?
The Indian Cellular & Electronics Association (ICEA), representing domestic electronics manufacturers, called for a reduction of import duties in the upcoming Union budget.
ICEA highlighted that the growth of the mobile phone sector now depends on demand in the global market rather than domestic demand, facilitated by supportive policies like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.
AboutIndia Cellular and Electronics Association (ICEA)
The ICEA is the apex industry body representing the interests of the mobile and electronics sector in India.
It was established in 2017.
It plays a crucial role in shaping policies and promoting the growth of the industry through advocacy, policy formulation, and strategic initiatives.
Membership:
ICEA comprises leading mobile handset manufacturers, electronics companies, and industry stakeholders.
This includes bothIndian and global companies operating in the electronics sector.
Collaborations:
ICEA works closely with government bodies, regulatory authorities, and other industry associations to align its initiatives with national economic goals.
ICEA’s Key Demands
Reduction of Import Duties: ICEA is calling for a reduction in import duties on manufacturing inputs for electronics, particularly in the mobile phone sector.
Current high tariffs are increasing manufacturing costs in India by 7-7.5% on the bill of materials.
Alignment with Global Standards: The demand includes aligning tariffs with those of countries like China and Vietnam, which have lower tariffs on fewer components.
Improvement of Customs Procedures: ICEA is urging for streamlined customs procedures to prevent delays in the shipment of key components.
Significance of ICEA’s Demands
Reducing import duties enhances competitiveness, boosts exports, stimulates investment and job creation, reduces trade deficit, and fosters long-term growth in India’s electronics and mobile phone manufacturing sectors.
Key Initiatives and Programs by ICEA
Electronics Manufacturing Clusters: ICEA promotes the development of electronics manufacturing clusters to create a robust supply chain and manufacturing base in India.
Skill Development: The association emphasizes the need for skill development in the electronics sector to ensure a skilled workforce capable of supporting industry growth.
R&D and Innovation: ICEA encourages research and development (R&D) and innovation within the sector to maintain competitiveness and technological advancement.
Boost in Mobile Phone Exports from India
ICEA Report: According to ICEA, mobile phone exports from India have doubled to surpass Rs 90,000 crore (about USD 11.12 billion) in FY 2022-23 from Rs 45,000 crore in FY22.
Government Targets: The government has set a target of USD 10 billion worth of mobile phone exports, with an ambitious goal of achieving USD 300 billion worth of electronics manufacturing by 2025-26, of which USD 120 billion is expected from exports.
Major Contributors to Export Growth:
Apple’s Contribution: Apple is estimated to have a 50% share of mobile phone exports from India, contributing USD 5.5 billion (about Rs 45,000 crore).
Samsung’s Contribution: Samsung accounts for approximately 40% of exports, worth Rs 36,000 crore.
Third-Party Exports: Third-party exports contributed around USD 1.1 billion to the total export, comprising phones of various brands made in India.
Future Projections:
Export Contribution: Mobile phones are anticipated to contribute more than USD 50 billion worth of exports by 2025-26.
Overall Contribution: Mobile phone exports now account for 46% of the overall electronic goods exports, according to ICEA.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, India’s first ‘National Investment and Manufacturing Zone’ was proposed to be set up in:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FEMA, 1999
Why in the News?
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed to rationalise regulations governing export and import transactions. The aim is to promote ease of doing business and empower banks to provide more efficient service to their foreign exchange customers.
RBI Proposal and Directions
The RBI issued ‘Regulation of Foreign Trade under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 – Draft Regulations and Directions.’
Key propositions include:
Repatriation Timeline: The full export value of goods and services must be realised and repatriated to India within 9 months from the date of shipment for goods and the date of invoice for services.
Caution Listing: Exporters who fail to realise the full value within the specified time may be caution-listed by the authorised dealer.
Caution-Listed Exporters: Caution-listed exporters can undertake exports only against receipt of advance payment in full or an irrecoverable letter of credit, to the satisfaction of the authorised dealer.
Advance Remittance Restrictions: No advance remittance for the import of gold and silver is permitted unless specifically approved by the RBI.
Expected Benefits
Ease of Doing Business: The proposed regulations are intended to promote ease of doing business, especially for small exporters and importers.
Empowerment of Banks: The regulations aim to empower authorised dealer banks to provide quicker and more efficient service to their foreign exchange customers.
About Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
The FEMA, 1999, regulates foreign exchange and trade in India.
FEMA replaced the older Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973.
How does FEMA regulate EXIM Transaction?
Regulation under FEMA
Resident Indian Criteria
Defined in Section 2(v) of FEMA;
A person residing in India for more than182 days during the course of the preceding financial year.
Current Account Transactions
Permitted freely for EXIM activities, including trade payments and remittances.
Capital Account Transactions
Regulated by RBI, includes FDI in export-oriented units and overseas investments by Indian entities.
Documentation and Declarations
Exporters and importers must furnish declarations to RBI to ensure compliance and monitor foreign exchange.
Export Declarations
Declare the value of goods/services exported, expected earnings, and timeframe for realization.
Import Declarations
Provide details of goods/services imported, and foreign exchange spent, and ensure payments through authorized channels.
Authorized Dealers
Only RBI-approved dealers (banks/financial institutions) can handle foreign exchange transactions for EXIM.
Import Payment Regulations
Payments must be made through authorized channels within prescribed time limits, complying with DGFT terms.
Foreign Currency Accounts
Entities can maintain foreign currency accounts for efficient handling of foreign exchange for EXIM activities.
Significance of FEMA in Regulating EXIM Transactions
Facilitates Trade: By providing a clear regulatory framework, FEMA facilitates smoother and more efficient EXIM transactions, contributing to the growth of international trade.
Economic Stability: Ensures that foreign exchange earnings and expenditures are monitored and regulated, maintaining economic stability and preventing illegal outflows.
Investor Confidence: A transparent and regulated foreign exchange environment boosts investor confidence, attracting more foreign investment.
Liberalization: Replaces the stringent controls of FERA with a more liberal approach, encouraging businesses to engage in global trade.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following constitutes Capital Account?
1. Foreign Loans
2. Foreign Direct Investment
3. Private Remittances
4. Portfolio Investment
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A new metal oxide nanocomposite has been developed by The Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) that can help photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants like dyes and pharmaceuticals and hence can be used as sustainable technologies for cleaning up the environment.
Understanding Photocatalysis and Metal Oxides
Photocatalysis is a process that uses light to accelerate chemical reactions, particularly useful for degrading harmful substances in water and air.
They facilitate this reaction without being consumed.
When exposed to light, these metal oxides generate electron-hole pairs.
These pairs are highly reactive and can break down pollutants into harmless by-products.
Work Efficiency: The overall efficiency of this process depends on several factors, including the choice of metal oxide, its crystal structure, light intensity, pollutant concentration, pH level, and the amount of catalyst used.
Optimisation: Optimizing these factors is crucial for maximising the degradation rates of pollutants. Adjustments in the type of metal oxide, light parameters, and other conditions can significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency.
Breakthrough by IASST: NiTF Composite
The team developed a nanocomposite called NiTF, which stands for Nickel-doped Titanium Dioxide on Fuller’s Earth.
This innovative material combines the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide with the adsorption capabilities of Fuller’s earth, a type of natural clay.
What is Fuller Earth?
Fuller’s earth is a term for various clays used as an absorbent, filter, or bleaching agent.
Products labeled fuller’s earth typically consist of palygorskite or bentonite.
Primary modern uses include as absorbents for oil, grease, and animal waste, and as a carrier for pesticides and fertilizers
Testing and Results
The NiTF nanocomposite was tested for its ability to decolorize methylene blue, a common dye.
Methylene blue is a persistent pollutant toxic to aquatic life, harmful to human health, and causes colour pollution in water bodies.
The results were impressive, with the composite achieving a 96.15% decolorization of the dye solution at a pH of 9.0 under visible light within 90 minutes.
Fuller’s earth enhanced the TiO2’s ability to adsorb pollutants, even in the absence of light.
This suggests that the NiTF nanocomposite could be a cost-effective solution for environmental photocatalysis, providing benefits even in low-light conditions.
Potential Applications
Catalysis: The nanocomposite can enhance the efficiency of various chemical reactions.
Energy Storage: It has the potential to improve systems for storing energy.
Sensors: The material can be used to develop highly sensitive detection devices.
Optoelectronics: The nanocomposite can advance technologies that use light for electronic devices.
Biomedical Fields: It can be applied in medical treatments and diagnostics.
Coatings: The material can be used to create protective and functional surfaces.
Renewable Energy: It can facilitate water splitting to produce renewable energy.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in the health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Megafauna, Archaeological evidence of Ostrichs in India
PC: India Today
Why in the News?
Archaeologists have discovered a 41,000-year-old ostrich nest in Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh.
Prehistoric Ostrich Nest: Details of the Discovery
The nest, identified as the world’s oldest known ostrich nest, measures 9-10 feet in width.
The nest was once home to 9-11 eggs but was capable of holding 30-40 eggs at a time.
Ostriches are mega omnivores, weighing between 90 and 140 kg and standing seven to nine feet tall.
What are Megafauna?
Megafauna generally refers to animals weighing more than 50 kg, though scientific definitions vary.
The term was first used by Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1876 book, “The Geographical Distribution of Animals.”
Megafauna can be classified into:
Megaherbivores (plant-eaters),
Megacarnivores (meat-eaters), and
Megaomnivores (who eat both plants and meat).
Historical Evidence of Megafauna
Early Documentation: Richard Lydekker in 1884 presented the earliest documented evidence of ostriches in the subcontinent, identifying the extinct Struthio asiaticus in the Dhok Pathan deposits in Upper Siwalik Hills, present-day Pakistan.
Discoveries in Maharashtra: Archaeologist S A Sali in 1989 reported ostrich eggshell beads and engraved pieces dating back to 50,000–40,000 years ago at Patne, Maharashtra.
CCMB Research in 2017: Researchers at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad established the presence of ostriches in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat 25,000 years ago.
Broader Implications and Studies
Biogeographical Dispersion: The presence of ostriches in India is attributed to bio-geographical dispersion from the continental drifting of Gondwanaland.
Late Quaternary Extinctions: The study, titled ‘Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent,’ established that the disappearance of large animals began around 30,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of humans.
Co-Evolution Hypothesis: The study supports the hypothesis that fauna and their resilience to extinction resulted from coevolution with hominins, with geographic isolation and abiotic factors accelerating extinction.
PYQ:
[2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of:
(a) Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in the loss of good native ecosystems.
(b) Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65 million years ago that caused the mass extinction of many species including those of dinosaurs.
(c) Large-scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation in other parts of the world which may cause the disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of food biodiversity.
(d) Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats, destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate change.
India wants, South Korea to eliminate tariffs on items such as varieties of meat, milk, fruits, fish, stones, yarn, and petroleum products.
These items were previously exempted or protected against steep cuts in the India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
What is CEPA?
Details
Definition
A CEPA is a broad trade agreement that encompasses trade in goods and services, investments, intellectual property rights, and economic cooperation.
Key Components
Trade in Goods: Reduction/elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers.
Trade in Services: Liberalization of service sectors.
Investment: Protection and promotion of investments.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Strengthening protection of IPR.
Economic Cooperation: Collaboration on economic and technical aspects.
Dispute Resolution: Mechanisms for resolving disputes.
Objectives
Enhance bilateral trade.
Promote investment.
Foster economic integration.
Encourage innovation and economic growth.
Examples
India-Japan CEPA: Signed in 2011, focuses on tariff reduction, service trade liberalization, and investment promotion.
India-Mauritius CECPA: Effective from April 2021, includes provisions on trade in goods, services, and investment.
India-UAE CEPA: Entered into force on May 1, 2022
Significance for India
Economic Growth: Provides new markets for Indian goods and services.
Job Creation: Increased trade and investment can create jobs.
Technological Advancements: Access to new technologies and best practices.
Strategic Partnerships: Strengthens economic and strategic ties.
Challenges
Implementation Issues: Requires robust legal and institutional frameworks.
Domestic Industry Impact: Concerns about increased competition.
Regulatory Harmonization: Differences in regulatory standards can pose challenges.
India-South Korea CEPA: A quick recap
The India-South Korea CEPA was signed in August 2009 and implemented in January 2010.
It covers trade in goods, investments, services, and bilateral cooperation.
Tariff Concessions:
India offered tariff elimination or concessions on 83.8% of tariff lines from South Korea.
While South Korea offered concessions on 93.2% of tariff lines.
Upcoming Negotiations
Trade Deficit Focus: Narrowing the trade deficit with South Korea is high on India’s agenda.
Stakeholder Involvement: Indian industry stakeholders have been provided with a draft request list and asked to suggest more items for tariff cuts or propose deletions if needed.
Standards and Technical Barriers: The Department of Commerce has requested the industry to share issues related to SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) standards faced while exporting to South Korea.
Back2Basics:
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures:
SPS measures are protocols implemented by countries to protect human, animal, and plant life from diseases, pests, and contaminants.
These measures are primarily focused on ensuring the safety of food products and preventing the spread of diseases and pests across borders.
SPS measures must be based onscientific evidence and risk assessments to ensure they are appropriate and effective.
Examples: quarantine requirements for imported plants and animals, limits on pesticide residues in food, and import bans from regions affected by specific diseases.
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT):
TBT are regulations and standards related to product safety, quality, and environmental impact.
They aim to protect human health and safety, animal and plant life, the environment, and to prevent deceptive practices.
These measures should not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade and must be transparent and non-discriminatory.
Examples: Labeling requirements for food products, safety standards for electrical appliances, and environmental regulations for vehicle emissions.
Major Issue: Trade Deficit Concerns
Trade Deficit Focus: Reducing the trade deficit with South Korea is a key discussion point for India.
Before CEPA (2007-09), India’s average exports to South Korea were $3.4 billion, with imports at $7.3 billion, leading to an average trade deficit of $4 billion.
Trade Statistics: In 2023-24, India’s imports from South Korea were $21.13 billion, while exports were only $6.41 billion.
Post-CEPA Data: After CEPA (2022-24), average exports increased to $7.1 billion, and imports surged to $19.9 billion, resulting in an average trade deficit of $12.8 billion.
GTRI Analysis: The Global Trade and Research Initiative (GTRI) report indicates a 220% increase in the trade deficit from the pre-CEPA period to the post-CEPA period.
PYQ:
[2015] The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the:
(a) Food and Agriculture Organization
(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UCCN, Indian cities recognized by UCCN
Why in the News?
“Kozhikode” was awarded the title of ‘City of Literature’ at the 16th annual conference of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in Braga, Portugal.
The theme of this year’s UCCN conference is ‘Bringing youth to the table for the next decade’.
About UNESCO Creative Cities Network
Purpose
To promote cooperation among cities for cultural and creative industry development
Initiation
Established by UNESCO in 2004
Seven Categories/Criteria
Sector-Specific Excellence: Prominence in one of the seven creative fields: Craft and Folk Art, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature, or Music.
Commitment to Creativity: Long-term dedication to creativity and culture as key drivers for urban development.
Supportive Infrastructure: Established cultural institutions, educational programs, and events promoting creativity.
Alignment with SDG 11: Initiatives supporting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Inclusivity: Ensuring creative activities are inclusive and accessible to all societal segments.
Member Cities
Over 250 cities from around the world
Objectives
Foster innovation, cultural diversity, and sustainable urban development
Activities
Collaborative projects, cultural events, and initiatives
Selection Process
Cities apply and are designated by UNESCO based on criteria related to creativity
Network Coordination
UNESCO provides coordination and support
Impact
Enhances cities’ cultural identity, economy, and international visibility
Other Indian Cities in UCCN
Gwalior – Music Category (2023)
Srinagar– Crafts and Folk Arts (2022)
Jaipur– Crafts and Folk Arts (2015)
Varanasi– Creative City of Music (2015)
Chennai– Creative City of Music (2017)
Mumbai– Film (2019)
Hyderabad– Gastronomy/Food (2019)
Reasons for Kozhikode’s Selection
Rich Literary Tradition: Kozhikode has a deep and rich literary heritage that spans centuries, contributing significantly to the cultural and intellectual life of the region.
Prominent Literary Figures: The city has been home to many renowned authors, poets, and scholars who have significantly contributed to Malayalam literature.
Cultural Festivals and Events: Kozhikode hosts various literary festivals, book fairs, and cultural events that promote literature and reading among the community.
Educational Institutions: The presence of several prestigious educational institutions that emphasise literature and the arts played a crucial role in its selection.
Community Engagement: Active involvement of local communities in promoting and preserving literary culture through libraries, reading clubs, and literary societies.
Literary Infrastructure: Well-established libraries, publishing houses, and bookshops that support and nurture the scholarly ecosystem.
Historic Contributions of Kozhikode
Malayalam Literature: Kozhikode has been a centre for Malayalam literature and scholarly activities. It has produced notable literary figures and is a hub for literary festivals and cultural events.
Astronomy and Mathematics: The region, under the patronage of the Zamorins, was a centre for advancements in astronomy and mathematics, contributing significantly to the fields through scholars like the 14th-century mathematician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama.
