From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santhal Hul
Why in the News?
The Santhal Revolt of 1855 was a revolt against imperialism led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
June 30 marks the 169th anniversary of the beginning of the revolt.
About Santhal Hul
The Santhal people revolted against the British East India Company and the Zamindari system, also known as the Santhal Rebellion or Santhal Hul.
The rebellion began on June 30, 1855.
Martial Law was imposed on November 10, 1855, by the East India Company, lasting until January 3, 1856, when the rebellion was suppressed.
Who are the Santhals?
Santhals were agricultural people living in the Rajmahal Hills of Bihar.
Ol Chiki(Ol Chemet) is the writing script of Santhals.
The British asked them to clear forests for agriculture to increase revenue.
Damin-i-Koh (1832) was created as a designated area for Santhals, now known as Santhal Pargana.
Over time, the British began exploiting the Santhals, leading to the Santhal Rebellion.
What makes the revolt so unique?
Marginalized Indigenous Community: Led by the Santhal tribe, a marginalized indigenous community in mid-19th century India.
Agrarian Uprising: Primarily a fight against exploitative land laws, high taxes, and forced labor rather than political or religious issues.
Tribal Unity and Guerrilla Tactics: Characterized by a strong sense of tribal unity and guerrilla warfare tactics, making it unique and significant.
Causes of the Santhal Revolt:
Permanent Settlement System (1793): Introduced by the British East India Company, giving Zamindars long-lasting property rights.
Oppression by Zamindars: Zamindars misused their power to oppress and enslave peasants, leading to resentment.
Exploitation and Debt: Santhals faced exploitation through high-interest loans and lost their land and freedom.
Violent Suppressions: British police supported Zamindars and moneylenders in evicting Santhals violently.
Disruption of Traditional Structures: Traditional social and political structures of the Santhals were disrupted, pushing them into debt and poverty.
Economic Hardship: Led to the Santhals revolting against the British and Zamindars to escape their predicament.
About the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876) and Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908)
Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876): Enacted by the British as a result of the Hul.
Land Inheritance: Prohibits the transfer of Adivasi lands to non-Adivasis and allows land to be inherited only as per the Act.
Self-Governance: Retains the rights of Santhals to self-govern their land.
Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908): Result of the Birsa Movement.
Land Transfer Restrictions: Allows land transfers within the same caste and geographical areas with District Collector’s approval.
Protection of Adivasi and Dalit Land: Restricts the sale of Adivasi and Dalit land but allows transfers within the same community.
PYQ:
[2018] After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government?
The territories called `Santhal Parganas’ were created.
It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Patent process in India, COVAXIN
Why in the News?
Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), maker of the indigenous coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, admitted to an “inadvertent error” in patent filings. The error involved failing to include scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent filings.
COVAXIN Story
BBIL patented the process of making a batch of vaccines from virus strains provided by ICMR-NIV (National Institute of Virology).
ICMR-NIV’s role involved extracting viruses, identifying characteristics, conducting tests, and qualifying strains for vaccine development.
ICMR funded these clinical trials with ₹35 crore and incurred costs in developing Covaxin.
In return, ICMR was to receive 5% of the royalties BBIL earned from the sale of Covaxin.
Vaccine Patents in India
In India, patents, including those for vaccines, are governed by the Patents Act, 1970, and its subsequent amendments.
This act aligns with the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Key Provisions of the Patents Act, 1970:
Patentable Inventions:
An invention must be novel, involve an inventive step, and be capable of industrial application.
Section 3 of the Patents Act outlines what are not considered inventions, which includes methods of treatment, and processes for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, therapeutic, or other treatments of human beings.
India grants both process and product patents:
Product Patents: Grant a monopoly over a specific drug.
Process Patents: Prevent competitors from using the same sequence of steps to create a similar product.
Compulsory Licensing:
Under Section 84, compulsory licenses can be issued if the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, or if the reasonable requirements of the public are not being met.
Bolar Provision:
Section 107A allows the use of patented inventions, including vaccines, for the purpose of research and development to obtain regulatory approval before the patent expires.
Why was the ICMR not included?
Bharat Biotech initially excluded ICMR from patent applications because they viewed the ICMR’s role primarily as providing virus strains and conducting clinical trials, rather than being directly involved in the technical processes of vaccine development.
There might have been a miscommunication or oversight regarding the understanding of intellectual property rights and inventorship between BBIL and ICMR initially.
PYQ:
[2013] Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to the section 3(d) in Indian Patent Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartis’ patent application for ‘Glivec’. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. (200 words)
[2014] In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shyok and other tributaries of Indus River
Why in the News?
Five soldiers lost their lives when a tank was drowned away by powerful water currents in the Shyok River during a military training exercise in Ladakh.
About Shyok River
The Shyok River is a significant river flowing through the Ladakh region of India and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.
It is a tributary of the Indus River and is known for its length and the rugged terrain it traverses.
The Shyok River spans approximately 550 kilometres in length.
It has a drainage basin covering parts of both India and Pakistan, making it an essential water source for the regions it traverses.
Source and Course:
The river originates from the Rimo Glacier, located to the southeast of the Karakoram Pass.
It flows northwest to enter the Nubra Valley in Ladakh, a region known for its picturesque landscapes and sand dunes.
The river then turns southwest and flows through the disputed region of Gilgit-Baltistan, eventually joins the Indus River near Skardu.
Tributaries:
The Shyok River has several tributaries, the most notable being the Nubra River, which flows through the Nubra Valley.
Other significant tributaries include the Saltoro River, originating from the Siachen Glacier region.
Cultural and Historical Significance:
The river flows through that have been part of ancient trade routes between Central Asia and South Asia.
The Nubra Valley, through which the Shyok flows, is also known for its ancient monasteries and the Bactrian camels, which were used for trade along the Silk Route.
Geographical significance of Shyok River
Strategic Location: The Shyok River flows through the Ladakh region of India and serves as a vital geographical feature due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. Its strategic location influences military deployments and infrastructure development in the region, particularly in the context of border disputes and security concerns.
Glacial Melt and Water Resources: Originating from the Rimo Glacier and fed by numerous tributaries, the Shyok River contributes significantly to the water resources of the region. Its flow is crucial for agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and sustenance of local ecosystems, impacting the livelihoods and socio-economic activities of communities along its banks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nouka Baich
Why in the News?
With the southwest monsoon gradually setting in, Nouka Baich boat races will soon commence in West Bengal and Bangladesh.
About Nouka Baich
Nouka Baich is the traditional boat race of Bengal.
It is predominantly held in the rural pockets of West Bengal, including Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, and South 24 Parganas.
Historically male-dominated, recent years have seen increasing participation by women.
Timing and Duration:
Monsoon Season: The races commence with the onset of the south-west monsoon, usually starting in the middle of the rainy season.
Extended Period: The events continue until September, with some races extending into October and November, depending on the region.
Types of Boats Used:
Diverse Fleet: Unlike Kerala’s boat races, which typically feature a single type of boat, Bengal’s races use various traditional boats.
Common Boat Types: Chhip, Kaile Bachhari, Chande Bachhari, Chitoi, Sorpi, and Sorengi are commonly used in the races.
Unique Features: Each boat type has unique design features and historical significance, with some boats like the Sorengi being over 90 feet long and designed to mimic natural forms.
Similar festivals celebrated in other parts that highlight cultural similarities in India:
Location
Occasion
Highlights
Nehru Trophy Boat Race
Punnamada Lake, Alappuzha, Kerala
Second Saturday of August
Named after Jawaharlal Nehru; features snake boats (Chundan Vallams) accommodating over 100 rowers.
Champakulam Moolam Boat Race
Pampa River, Alappuzha, Kerala
June or July
One of the oldest boat races, commemorates the installation of Lord Krishna’s idol at Ambalappuzha Temple.
Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali
Pampa River, Aranmula, Kerala
Onam (August or September)
Features Palliyodams (large snake boats); significant for the Parthasarathy Temple.
Payippad Jalotsavam
Payippad Lake, Alappuzha, Kerala
Onam (August or September)
Celebrates the installation of deity at Subramanya Swamy Temple; features snake boats and canoes.
Indira Gandhi Boat Race
Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala
Last week of December
Part of Cochin Carnival; attracts tourists, named after Indira Gandhi.
Pongal Boat Race
Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu
Pongal festival (January)
Vibrant cultural displays; local fishermen participate.
Hiyang Tannaba
Manipur
Lai Haraoba festival
Traditional boat race with long narrow boats, reflecting the Meitei community’s traditions.
Sithargal Boat Race
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Pongal festival
Highlights the maritime culture of the region; attracts numerous participants and spectators.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Activated Carbon, Supercapacitors
Why in the News?
Researchers at Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, have developed a way to make activated carbon from coconut husks, which are a common leftover from farming in Kerala. This activated carbon is well-suited for making supercapacitors.
Back2Basics: Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors, also known as ultra-capacitors or electrochemical capacitors, are energy storage devices that bridge the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries.
They store energy through the electrostatic separation of charges rather than through chemical reactions as in batteries.
This allows supercapacitors to charge and discharge much faster than batteries.
Key Characteristics:
High Power Density: Supercapacitors can deliver and accept charge much more rapidly than batteries.
Long Cycle Life: They can endure millions of charge-discharge cycles without significant degradation.
Wide Operating Temperature Range: Supercapacitors perform well in a broad range of temperatures, making them suitable for various applications.
Structure and Components:
Electrodes: Made of materials like activated carbon, carbon aerogels, or graphene, which have high surface areas.
Electrolyte: The medium that allows ionic conductivity between the electrodes, typically a liquid or gel.
Separator: A porous membrane that prevents electrical contact between the electrodes but allows ionic movement.
What is Activated Carbon?
Activated Carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is a highly porous form of carbon.
It is processed to have small, low-volume pores with increased surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
It is widely used for purification, decontamination, and as a filtration medium.
Key Characteristics:
High Surface Area: Due to its extensive network of pores, activated carbon has a very high surface area, typically ranging from 500 to 1500 m²/g.
Porosity: The structure includes micropores, mesopores, and macropores, allowing it to adsorb a variety of molecules.
How is it produced?
Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials such as coconut shells, peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch.
The production involves two main steps:
Carbonization: The raw material is subjected to high temperatures (600-900°C) in an inert atmosphere (usually nitrogen or argon) to remove volatile components.
Activation/Oxidation: The carbonized material is treated with oxidizing agents (such as steam or carbon dioxide) at high temperatures (800-1000°C) to develop a porous structure.
Types:
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC): Finely ground carbon particles primarily used in liquid phase applications.
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC): Larger particles used in both liquid and gas phase applications, such as water and air filtration.
Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC): Cylindrical pellets used mainly for gas phase applications due to their low pressure drop and high mechanical strength.
Impregnated Activated Carbon: Activated carbon treated with chemicals to enhance its adsorption capacity for specific contaminants.
Applications:
Water Treatment: Removes contaminants like chlorine, odors, and organic compounds from drinking water.
Air Purification: Adsorbs volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and airborne pollutants.
Medical Uses: Used in poisoning cases to absorb toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.
Industrial Processes: Utilized in the recovery of solvents, purification of gases, and in gold purification.
Food and Beverage: Helps in decolorization and purification processes in sugar, wine, and juice production.
About Coconut Husk-Derived Activated Carbon
Coconut husk-derived activated carbon is a sustainable and efficient green solution for high-performance supercapacitors.
This material is readily available, low-cost, and eco-friendly.
It was produced by Microwave-Assisted Method designed at the Centralised Common Instrumentation Facility (CCIF) at the college.
Importance of Supercapacitors
Energy Storage: Supercapacitors have significantly higher capacitance and energy storage capacity compared to conventional capacitors.
Search for Ideal Material: Finding the ideal supercapacitor electrode material has been a significant challenge in sustainable energy storage solutions.
Research Findings:
Efficiency: Prototype supercapacitors made from coconut husk-derived activated carbon are four times more efficient than existing supercapacitors.
Cost-Effective and Efficient: Activated carbon produced using this technology is inexpensive and exhibits exceptional supercapacitor capability.
Karnataka’s Tourism Department plans to highlight Somanathapura Temple, part of the Hoysala temples, in the Mysuru tourism circuit ahead of Dasara, leveraging its UNESCO World Heritage status.
Note: There are 42 World Heritage Sites in India. Out of these, 34 are cultural, seven are natural, and one, Khangchendzonga National Park, is of mixed type.
About Keshava Temple, Somanathapura
The Keshava Temple is considered one of the last grand structures built by the Hoysala dynasty.
This Trikuta (three-shrined) temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and is represented in three forms: Janardhana, Keshava, and Venugopala.
The main Keshava idol is missing, and the Janardhana and Venugopala idols are damaged.
Historical Background:
The Keshava Temple was constructed by Somanatha, a commander of the Hoysala Army, during the reign of Hoysala King Narasimha III.
Somanatha, who had established a town named Somanathapura after himself, sought the king’s permission and resources to build this grand temple.
With the king’s blessing, construction commenced and was completed in 1268 AD.
An inscription in old Kannada on a stone slab in the temple provides details of its construction and consecration.
After demolitions by invaders, it no longer serves as a place of worship.
Architecture:
The temple is constructed from soapstone, which allows for the fine detailing seen in the carvings.
It is built on a raised platform with an outer Pradakshina pathway, allowing devotees to circum-ambulate the sanctum.
The temple features a stellar (star-shaped) plan, which creates multiple corners and niches, providing numerous canvases for the sculptors to showcase their intricate work.
The temple has three shrines, each crowned with a Vimana (tower).
The Hoysala emblem, depicting a warrior fighting a lion, is prominently displayed.
The walls of the temple are adorned with beautiful friezes depicting scenes from Hindu epics, figures of elephants, and battle scenes with cavalry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FATF, Mutual Evaluation; Grey and Black Lists
Why in the News?
India has achieved an outstanding outcome in the 2023-24 Mutual Evaluation by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
India is placed in the “regular follow-up” category, a distinction shared by only four other G-20 countries.
FATF Evaluation:
The reason behind India’s Achievements
High Level of Compliance: The FATF stated that India reached a high level of technical compliance with its requirements.
Effective Regimes: India’s AML (anti-money laundering), CFT (countering the financing of terrorism), and CPF (counter-proliferation financing) regimes achieved good results.
International Cooperation: Notable achievements include international cooperation, access to basic and beneficial ownership information, use of financial intelligence, and depriving criminals of their assets.
Need Improvement
Non-Financial Sectors: The FATF noted that improvements are needed to strengthen the supervision and implementation of preventive measures in some non-financial sectors.
Prosecution Delays: India needs to address delays in concluding ML (money laundering) and TF (terrorist financing) prosecutions.
Non-Profit Sector Risks: Ensure CFT measures prevent the non-profit sector from being abused for TF, including conducting outreach to NPOs on their TF risks.
Mitigation Efforts taken
Mitigating ML/TF Risks: FATF recognized India’s efforts in mitigating risks from ML/TF, including corruption, fraud, and organized crime.
Digital Economy Transition: Effective measures have been implemented to transition from a cash-based to a digital economy, reducing ML/TF risks.
JAM Trinity Implementation: The JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) Trinity, along with stringent cash transaction regulations, has increased financial inclusion and digital transactions, making them more traceable.
About Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
FATF was established in 1989 through the initiative of the G7 nations.
Its Secretariat is headquartered at the OECD headquarters in Paris, France.
FATF conducts 3 Plenary meetings during each of its 12-month rotating presidencies.
As of 2019, FATF consists of 37 member jurisdictions.
India’s Engagement with FATF
Observer Status: India became an Observer at FATF in 2006, marking the beginning of its association with the organization.
Full Membership: On June 25, 2010, India officially became the 34th country to attain full membership in FATF, signifying its active participation and commitment to the organization’s objectives.
Understanding the Mutual Evaluation Process
FATF’s mutual evaluation assesses countries’ frameworks against money laundering and terrorist financing, reviewing compliance with its 40 recommendations and effectiveness, resulting in a report with strengths, weaknesses, and improvement suggestions.
FATF’s Evaluation of India
Comprehensive Assessment: FATF’s evaluation of India encompasses various aspects, including the nation’s legal framework, regulatory system, law enforcement efforts, and international collaboration.
Alignment with Global Standards: Central agencies in India have been actively working to ensure that the country’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing laws align with international standards and that their practical implementation is effective.
Back2Basics: FATF Grey and Black List
FATF maintains two primary lists to identify countries with deficiencies in their anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CTF) regimes: the Grey List and the Black List.
Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring):
It includes countries that have strategic deficiencies in their AML/CTF regimes but have committed to resolving these issues swiftly within agreed timeframes. These jurisdictions are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF. Ex. Turkey, Panama etc. (Pakistan and UAE have exited this list.)
Impact:
Countries on the Grey List are required to work closely with the FATF to address the identified deficiencies.
Being on the Grey List can lead to economic repercussions such as reduced foreign investment and increased scrutiny from financial institutions and regulators globally.
The FATF regularly reviews the progress of these countries and updates the list accordingly.
Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action):
It includes countries with significant strategic deficiencies in their AML/CTF regimes and have not made sufficient progress in addressing these issues. These jurisdictions are subject to a call for action to protect the international financial system from the risks emanating from these countries.
Impact:
Countries on the Black List face severe economic and financial consequences. They are subject to enhanced due diligence and, in the most serious cases, counter-measures by FATF member states.
This listing can result in limited access to the international financial system such as IMF, World Bank; reduced foreign investment, and increased difficulty in conducting international business.
Current Black List Countries:
North Korea
Iran
Myanmar (Burma) (added in February 2023)
PYQ:
[2021] Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhuvan Panchayat; NDEM
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Science and Technology launched two Geoportals: ‘Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)’ for rural land records and ‘National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0)’.
These portals were developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
These geospatial tools provide high-resolution satellite imagery of 1:10K scale for various locations across the country.
About Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)
This portal supports “Space-based Information Supportfor Decentralized Planning (SISDP)”.
It aims to empower citizens at the grassroots level by providing real-time land record data and reducing dependency on local administration and corruption.
It promotes ease of living through digitalisation and better land revenue management.
By providing real-time data accessible to citizens, it reduces opportunities for corruption at the local level.
It enhances transparency and efficiency in land record management, aiding in effective governance and planning.
About National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0)
This portal provides space-based inputs on natural disasters, aiding in disaster risk reduction in India and neighbouring countries.
It establishes an effective early warning system to proactively prevent disasters and monitor land use changes.
A command centre has been established to monitor situations and provide valuable inputs continuously.
The portal is designed to assist not only India but also neighbouring countries in disaster management.
It enhances coordination between various agenciesand local authorities for effective disaster response and management.
PYQ:
[2023] With reference to the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme, consider the following statements :
To implement the scheme, the Central Government provides 100% funding.
Under the Scheme, Cadastral Maps are digitized.
An initiative has been undertaken to transliterate the Records of Rights from local language to any of the languages recognized by the Constitution of India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MND and its causes; NIMHANS.
Why in the News?
The annual conference on Motor Neuron Disease (MND) ‘Awareness, Care and Management’ was held at NIMHANS.
What is Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?
MND is a condition that affects the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for controlling your muscles.
Over time, these nerves (called motor neurons) stop working properly, leading to muscle weakness and wasting away.
Types of MND:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): The most common type. It affects both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to weakness in various body parts.
Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP): Affects the nerves in the brainstem, leading to problems with speaking and swallowing.
Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA): Affects only the lower motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and wasting.
Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): Affects only the upper motor neurons, causing stiffness and movement difficulties.
Causes of MND:
Genetic Factors: In some families, MND can be inherited due to specific gene mutations.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain toxins, viruses, or physical injuries might contribute, but this is less clear.
Age and Gender: It usually affects people between the ages of 50 and 70 and is slightly more common in men.
Symptoms:
Muscle Weakness: Starts in one part of the body, like an arm or leg, and gradually spreads.
Muscle Cramps and Twitching: Small, involuntary muscle movements.
Difficulty Speaking and Swallowing: Due to weakness in the muscles used for these functions.
Breathing Problems: In advanced stages, muscles that control breathing can be affected.
Emotional Changes: Some people might experience changes in behavior or thinking.
Diagnosis:
Clinical Examination: A doctor examines your symptoms and medical history.
Electromyography (EMG): Tests the electrical activity of your muscles.
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): Checks how well your nerves send signals.
MRI: Scans to rule out other conditions.
Genetic Testing: To check for inherited forms of MND.
Treatment:
There is no cure for MND, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Medications:
Riluzole: Can slow down the progression of ALS.
Edaravone: Another drug that may slow down the decline in daily activities.
Symptomatic Treatments: For muscle cramps, excess saliva, and emotional symptoms.
Therapies:
Physical Therapy: Helps maintain muscle strength and mobility.
Occupational Therapy: Aids in performing daily activities.
Speech Therapy: Assists with speech and swallowing difficulties.
Respiratory Therapy: Supports breathing issues.
Back2Basics: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS)
Details
Location
Bangalore, India
Affiliation
Autonomous institute under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
Ranking
Ranked 4th best medical institute in India by the “National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)”
History
Founded in 1847 as the Bangalore Lunatic Asylum.
Renamed as the Mental Hospital in 1925.
Amalgamated with the All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH) in 1974 to form NIMHANS.
Conferred with deemed university status by the University Grants Commission in 1994.
Declared an Institute of National Importance by an act of parliament in 2012.
Governance
Operates with academic autonomy under the “Societies Registration Act, 1860”.
Prioritises service, manpower development, and research in mental health and neurosciences.
A multidisciplinary integrated approach was adopted for translating research results into practice.
Funding
Receives resources for academic and research activities from national and international funding organisations.
Outreach
Engages in mental health outreach initiatives including critiquing mental health reports and collaborating with government agencies for training and counseling.
Known for diagnosing and treating various mental health conditions including depression and neurobiological disorders.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sengol and its symbolic importance
Why in the News?
An opposition parliamentarian has demanded the removal of the Sengol from the Lok Sabha, calling it a symbol of “rajdand/rajtantra (monarchy)”.This demand has become a point of contention between the government and the Opposition.
What is a Sengol?
A sengol (or chenkol) is a royal sceptre symbolizing kingship, righteousness, justice, and authority.
It is a traditional Chola-era symbol of authority and governance, originally from Tamil Nadu.
It is a golden sceptre, richly adorned and crafted with intricate designs, reflecting the grandeur of ancient Tamil culture.
Among the Madurai Nayakas, the sengol was placed before the goddess Meenakshi in the temple and then transferred to the throne room, representing the king’s role as a divine agent.
Significance in the present context:
Accountability and Legitimacy: Just as the Sengol legitimized ancient rulers by holding them accountable to higher moral standards, the institutions and practices in a parliamentary democracy ensure that elected representatives are accountable to the constitution and the people.
Ethical Leadership: Leaders in a democracy are expected to uphold justice, integrity, and the rule of law, much like the dharmic kings of the past.
Symbolic Representation: The Sengol, as a symbol of righteous rule, parallels the symbolic importance of democratic institutions that represent the will and welfare of the people.
1947 Sengol Ceremony Involving Nehru
Government’s Claim: The government claims C Rajagopalachari suggested the ceremony to Nehru.
This claim is debated, as there is little contemporary evidence to support the Sengol being a key symbol of power transfer in 1947.
Lack of Comprehensive Records: There are limited records about the ceremony where Nehru was reportedly handed a sengol by Hindu leaders from Tamil Nadu.
Undocumented: The event is not widely documented, and claims of Lord Mountbatten handing it over ceremonially seem exaggerated.
No Symbolization: Nehru accepted the Sengol as a mark of honor, but it was later placed in a museum, indicating it was not central to the transfer of power.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Stability Report, FSDC
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India has released the 29th issue of the Financial Stability Report (FSR).
About Financial Stability Report:
The FSR is published biannually by the RBI.
It reflects the collective assessment of the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC – headed by the Governor of RBI) on risks to financial stability and the resilience of the financial system.
The Report also discusses issues relating to the development and regulation of the financial sector.
Key Highlights of the FSR
[1] Global Economic Context
Heightened Global Risks: The global economy faces significant challenges, such as:
Geopolitical Tensions: Conflicts or political disagreements between countries that can affect global stability.
Elevated Public Debt: Many countries owe large amounts of money, which can be risky if they struggle to repay it.
Slow Progress in Disinflation: Prices of goods and services are not decreasing quickly, which can affect economic stability.
Resilience: Despite these challenges, the global financial system (how money moves around the world) remains strong and stable.
[2] Indian Economy and Financial System
Robust and Resilient: India’s economy and financial system are strong and able to handle shocks or problems.
Banking Sector Support: Banks and financial institutions (like insurance companies) are in good health and are lending money to support economic activities.
[3] Financial Metrics for Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs)
Capital Ratios:
Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR): This is a measure of a bank’s financial strength. A CRAR of 16.8% means that for every 100 units of risk, the bank has 16.8 units of capital to cover potential losses.
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) Ratio: This is a stricter measure of a bank’s core capital. A CET1 ratio of 13.9% means the bank has a strong base of high-quality capital.
Asset Quality:
Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) Ratio: This measures the percentage of a bank’s loans that are not being repaid. A GNPA ratio of 2.8% means that 2.8% of the total loans are in trouble.
Net Non-Performing Assets (NNPA) Ratio: This is similar to GNPA but considers the money the bank has already set aside to cover bad loans. An NNPA ratio of 0.6% means that 0.6% of the total loans, after accounting for provisions, are in trouble.
[4] Macro Stress Tests for Credit Risk
Stress Scenarios and Projections:
Baseline Scenario: Under normal conditions, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 16.1% by March 2025.
Medium Stress Scenario: Under moderate stress, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 14.4% by March 2025.
Severe Stress Scenario: Under severe stress, banks are expected to have a CRAR of 13.0% by March 2025.
Interpretation: These tests show how banks might perform under different levels of economic stress. They are hypothetical scenarios to ensure banks are prepared for tough times.
[5] Health of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
CRAR: NBFCs have a CRAR of 26.6%, indicating they are financially strong.
GNPA Ratio: NBFCs have a GNPA ratio of 4.0%, meaning 4% of their loans are not being repaid.
Return on Assets (RoA): NBFCs have a RoA of 3.3%, indicating they are making good profits from their assets.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to ‘Financial Stability and Development Council’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It is headed by the Union Finance Minister.
3. It monitors macroprudential supervision of the economy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Serow; Raimona National Park.
Why in the News?
A mainland serow aka. Himalayan Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis thar) was recorded at 96 metres above mean sea level in Raimona National Park, Assam.
This is the lowest elevation recorded for the species beyond Bhutan, its natural habitat.
About Himalayan Serow
Details
About
Herbivore species.
Also known as Thar.
Resembles a cross between a goat, a donkey, a cow, and a pig.
Recognition
Official state animal of Mizoram.
Distribution
Found at altitudes between 2,000 metres and 4,000 metres (6,500 to 13,000 feet).
Found across the India-Bhutan border in Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Royal Manas National Park.
Present in eastern, central, and western Himalayas, but not in the Trans Himalayan region.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
Back2Basics:Raimona National Park
Raimona National Park is a newly established protected area located in the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) of Assam.
It was officially declared a national park in June 2021, becoming the sixth national park in the state of Assam.
It shares its northern boundary with Bhutan, forming part of the transboundary conservation landscape.
It is characterised by dense forests, rivers, and grasslands. The park is part of the greater Manas Biosphere Reserve and serves as an extension of the Manas National Park.
The area is interspersed by the Sankosh River which flows through the park.
Flora and Fauna:
Flora: The park boasts a rich biodiversity with various types of vegetation, including semi-evergreen forests, mixed deciduous forests, and patches of grassland.
Fauna: Hosts a variety of wildlife, including:
Mammals: Asian elephants, tigers, clouded leopards, golden langurs, Indian gaur, and several species of deer.
Birds: Home to numerous bird species, including hornbills, great pied hornbills, and various migratory birds.
Reptiles and Amphibians: The park also supports a diverse range of reptiles and amphibians, adding to its ecological richness.
PYQ:
[2011] The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this Phenomenon?
(a) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth
(b) It is a confluence of different bio-geographical zones.
(c) Exotic and invasive species have not been introduced in this region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Security; LSAM 20;
Why in the News?
The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.
What is LSAM 20?
LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy. (built by MSMEShipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
These Barges areindigenously designedand built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.
Objective
A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies.
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Practice MCQ:
What is the primary function of LSAM 20 (Yard 130) recently inducted by the Indian Navy?
a) Transportation of personnel
b) Transporting ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles
The RBI has introduced updated guidelines for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) through a master direction, effective from April 24, 2024.
What is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)?
Description
About
ARC is a special financial institution that acquires debtors from banks at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities.
Regulation
ARCs are registered under the RBI.
Regulated under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act).
Objective
ARCs take over a portion of the bank’s non-performing assets (NPAs) and engage in asset reconstruction or securitization, aiming to recover the debts.
Functions
Asset Reconstruction: Acquisition of bank loans or other credit facilities for realization.
Securitization: Acquisition of financial assets by issuing security receipts.
Foreign Investment
100% FDI allowed in ARCs under the automatic route.
Limitiations
ARCs are prohibited from undertaking lending activities.
They can only engage in securitization and reconstruction activities.
Working
Bank with NPA agrees to sell it to ARC at a mutually agreed value.
ARC transfers assets to trusts under SARFAESI Act.
Upfront payment made to bank, rest through Security Receipts.
Recovery proceeds shared between ARC and bank.
Security Receipts
Issued to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) for raising funds to acquire financial assets.
Significance
Banks can clean up their balance sheets and focus on core banking activities.
Provides a mechanism for resolution of NPAs and debt recovery.
What are the new guidelines laid out by the RBI?
Enhanced Capital Requirements:
Minimum Capital Requirement Increase: ARCs are now mandated to maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, a significant increase from the previous Rs 100 crore stipulation established on October 11, 2022.
Transition Period for Compliance: Existing ARCs are granted a transition period to reach the revised Net Owned Fund (NOF) threshold of Rs 300 crore by March 31, 2026.
Interim Requirement: However, by March 31, 2024, ARCs must possess a minimum capital of Rs 200 crore to comply with the new directives.
Supervisory Actions for Non-Compliance:
ARCs failing to meet the prescribed capital thresholds will face supervisory action, potentially including restrictions on undertaking additional business until compliance is achieved.
Expanded Role for Well-Capitalized ARCs:
Empowerment of Well-Capitalized ARCs: ARCs with a minimum NOF of Rs 1000 crore are empowered to act as resolution applicants in distressed asset scenarios.
Investment Opportunities: These ARCs are permitted to deploy funds in government securities, scheduled commercial bank deposits, and institutions like SIDBI and NABARD, subject to RBI specifications. Additionally, they can invest in short-term instruments such as money market mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and corporate bonds commercial papers.
Investment Cap: Investments in short-term instruments are capped at 10% of the NOF to mitigate risk exposure.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements:
Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade.
To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thar Desert, Desert National Park;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Rajasthan’s barren Thar Desert may turn green, says a recent study in the journal Earth’s Future.
About Thar Desert
The Thar Desert is the 18th largest subtropical desert globally and is one of the most densely populated deserts.
Approximately 40% of the human population in Rajasthan resides in the Thar Desert.
It extends from the Sutlej River and is bounded by the Rann of Kutch, the Aravalli Mountains, and the Indus River.
About 85% of the Thar Desert is located in India, with the remainder in Pakistan.
In India, it spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab as well.
Civilizations are believed to have thrived in the Thar region around 50,000 years ago across the extinct Saraswati River.
The Desert National Park (home to the endangered Great Indian Bustard, desert fox, desert cat, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle) is situated in the Thar Desert in the northwest Indian state of Rajasthan.
Why the thar desert getting greener?
Climate Change Effects:
Alteration of Weather Patterns: Climate change is causing shifts in rainfall distribution in the thar desert area.
Potential for Vegetation Growth: The increased precipitation could provide favorable conditions for vegetation growth, contributing to the greening of the desert.
Indian Monsoon Dynamics:
Westward Extension of Indian Monsoon: The Indian monsoon, known for bringing heavy rainfall to eastern India, is now extending further westward into regions like the Thar Desert.
Impact on Moisture and Rainfall: This change in monsoon dynamics could lead to increased moisture and rainfall in the desert region, facilitating the growth of vegetation.
Expansion of Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP):
Influence on Monsoon Patterns: The Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP) influences monsoon patterns and rainfall distribution over the Indian subcontinent.
Westward Expansion due to Climate Change: Climate change is causing the IOWP to expand westward, potentially resulting in increased rainfall over semi-arid regions like the Thar Desert and promoting greening.
Water Management Practices:
Contribution to Greening: Effective water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques like johad, kuis, and kunds, may be playing a role in the greening of the Thar Desert.
Utilization of Water Resources: By harnessing and efficiently utilizing available water resources, local communities and authorities can support vegetation growth and ecosystem restoration efforts in the desert.
Introduction of Irrigation
Commercial Cropping: Irrigation was introduced during British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries to convert arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland.
Restrictions on Grazing: The right to graze animals was restricted to landowners who cultivated crops, leading to the transformation of nomadic pastoralists into sedentary agropastoralists.
Sustainability of this transformation
Recent greening activities, largely on arid scrub savannahs, have threatened species adapted to such climates and have been linked to locust outbreaks.
The Indira Gandhi Canal project in the 1980s led to extensive crop cover in the Thar Desert, resulting in areas becoming infertile due to waterlogging and salinity.
Planting invasive species, such as prosopis juliflora and acacia tortilis, has led to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
Hard and waxy leaves
Tiny leaves
Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2020] The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.
[2013] Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Leopard Safari at Bannerghatta Biological Park
Why in the News?
South India’s first and the country’s largest leopard safari was inaugurated at the Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP).
About Bannerghatta Biological Park
BBP is located near Bangalore and was established in 2002.
It spans an area of approximately 731.88 hectares, situated within the larger Bannerghatta National Park, which covers around 25,000 acres.
The park was created to facilitate the conservation of wildlife, promote tourism, and educate the public about wildlife and conservation efforts.
River Suvarnamukhi stream, the main source of water for the animals of the park, runs through the centre of the park.
Leopards in India
The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is a leopard subspecies widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent.
These are the smallest of the big cats.
They are known for their ability to adapt to a variety of habitats.
They are strong and agile predators that can climb trees and drag their prey up for safety.
Conservation Status:
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
Do you know?
As per, Status of Leopards in India Report, 2022:
India’s leopard population is estimated at 13,874 individuals.
Madhya Pradesh houses the largest population of leopards in the country – 3907 (2018: 3421), followed by Maharashtra (2022: 1985; 2018: 1,690), Karnataka (2022: 1,879 ; 2018: 1,783) and Tamil Nadu (2022: 1,070; 2018: 868).
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following:
Black-necked crane
Cheetah
Flying squirrel
Snow leopard
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Op Blue Star, Golden Temple, Khalistani Movement
Why in the News?
India is considering potential institutional reforms in light of the Pannun issue and alleged assassination attempts.
The US Deputy Secretary emphasized the US seeks accountability from the Indian government and consistently requests updates on the investigation.
What is the Pannun Case?
The Pannun case involves an alleged foiled plot to assassinate Khalistani separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun on American soil. Here are the key points:
Background:
Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, who holds dual citizenship of the US and Canada, is wanted in India on terror charges.
In November last year, US federal prosecutors charged Indian national Nikhil Gupta with working alongside an Indian government employee in the plot to kill Pannun in New York.
Following these allegations, India appointed a high-level inquiry committee to investigate the inputs provided by the US regarding the plot.
US Position:
The US has consistently pressed India for updates on the investigation.
US Deputy Secretary of State emphasized seeking accountability from the Indian government and raised the issue directly at senior levels during discussions with Indian counterparts.
The US seeks transparency and accountability in the case.
What is the Khalistan Conspiracy?
The Khalistan movement is a separatist movement aiming to establish a sovereign state called Khalistan (Land of the Khalsa) in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
During the Khalistan movement, several significant events shaped its trajectory:
Operation Blue Star (1984): The Indian government launched a military operation to flush out Sikh militants who had taken refuge in the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. The operation resulted in heavy casualties and damage to the temple, leading to widespread anger among Sikhs.
Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1984): In retaliation for Operation Blue Star, two Sikh bodyguards assassinated Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This event triggered anti-Sikh riots across India, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Sikhs.
1985 Punjab Accord: The Indian government and moderate Sikh leaders reached an agreement known as the Punjab Accord. It aimed to address Sikh grievances by granting greater autonomy to Punjab and recognizing the Sikh identity. However, hardline separatists rejected this accord.
Continued Violence (1980s): The 1980s witnessed violent clashes between Sikh militants and security forces. Bombings, assassinations, and attacks on civilians became common. The insurgency intensified, leading to a cycle of violence.
Air India Flight 182 Bombing (1985): A bomb planted by Khalistani militants exploded on Air India Flight 182, killing all 329 passengers and crew. This remains one of the deadliest aviation-related terrorist acts in history.
Decline and Suppression (1990s): By the early 1990s, the Khalistan movement lost momentum due to crackdowns by security forces, factionalism, and disillusionment among Sikhs. Many militants surrendered or were killed.
Recent rise of events
Diaspora Influence: The Sikh diaspora, particularly in countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, plays a significant role. These communities maintain strong ties to Punjab and actively advocate for Khalistan, using social media platforms to amplify their message.
Social Media: The widespread use of social media allows pro-Khalistan activists to connect, organize, and spread their ideology globally. Online platforms provide a powerful tool for mobilization and recruitment.
Leadership: Figures like Amritpal Singh have emerged as charismatic leaders, galvanizing support among disaffected Sikhs. Their influence extends beyond geographical boundaries, inspiring followers both in India and abroad.
PYQ:
[2016] Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of the conference
Mains level: India-Kenya Relations
Why in the News?
India has shown interest in partnering with Kenya to develop and expand Africa’s space capabilities for predicting and monitoring extreme weather events.
Kenya aims to be an active player in the global space economy, projected to grow significantly by 2035.
Conference Highlights and Recommendations
Conference Conclusion: Calls for more resources for sustainable space activities, including accurate weather and climate event monitoring.
Awareness and Innovations: The expo, themed ‘Space technology for societal benefits,’ aimed to raise awareness about space opportunities for societal benefits like climate change mitigation and socio-economic development.
Support for Private Sector: Experts recommended that African governments support private sector innovations for data commercialization and explore funding models to de-risk the space sector.
STEM Education: Emphasis on boosting national capabilities in space science, breaking entry barriers for women, and promoting STEM education.
India-Kenya Space Collaboration
The India-Kenya Space Collaboration particularly aims for:
Addressing Food Security: Space technology will be crucial for food security, providing accurate early warning systems for farmers and real-time monitoring for climate change mitigation.
Sustainable Development: Space technology integration offers enhanced data for informed decision-making, essential for Kenya’s sustainable development.
Regional Collaboration: Kenya is pursuing collaboration on peaceful uses of outer space with African countries such as South Africa, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria, and Ghana.
Capacity Development: Focus on developing indigenous capacity in space systems engineering and utilising space services for socio-economic development through joint projects.
Kenyan endeavours so far
Earth Observation Centre: Plans to establish a Centre for Earth Observation at the Luigi Broglio Malindi Space Centre.
International Training Centre: Partnership with the Italian Space Agency to establish a Training Centre for Space Education, enhancing national and regional capabilities.
Back2Basics: India-Kenya Relations
Historical Ties:
Early Connections: Trade between India and the Swahili Coast dates back to ancient times, as documented in the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ (60 CE).
Colonial Era: Both nations share a legacy of struggle against colonialism, with Indian communities actively supporting Kenya’s freedom struggle.
Diplomatic Relations:
Establishment of Diplomatic Presence: India set up the office of Commissioner for British East Africa residents in Nairobi in 1948, and a High Commission was established following Kenya’s independence in 1963. An Assistant High Commission is also located in Mombasa.
High-Level Visits: Numerous high-level visits by Indian leaders, including Presidents and Prime Ministers, have strengthened bilateral ties.
Bilateral Trade:
Trade Agreement: The India-Kenya Trade Agreement signed in 1981 granted both nations Most Favoured Nation status.
Indian Exports to Kenya: Petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, steel products, machinery, yarn, vehicles, and power transmission equipment.
Kenyan Exports to India: Soda ash, vegetables, tea, leather, and metal scrap.
Investment: India is the second-largest investor in Kenya, with over 60 major Indian companies operating in sectors like manufacturing, real estate, pharmaceuticals, telecom, IT & ITES, banking, and agro-based industries.
Development Cooperation:
Development Assistance: India provides loans, credit, and developmental support to Kenya, including capacity-building initiatives such as scholarships for Kenyan students.
Agricultural Support: India aids in agrarian development by supplying machinery and facilitating technology transfer.
Healthcare Contributions: India is a key supplier of pharmaceuticals to Kenya and has supported healthcare initiatives, including donating 1.12 million doses of the Covishield vaccine in 2021.
Environmental Conservation: Cheetahs under the reintroduction project are also being brought from Kenya.
Cultural and Diaspora Links:
Indian Community: Indians have a long-standing presence in Kenya, contributing significantly to its society and economy.
Official recognition: In 2017, the Kenyan government recognized the Indian descent as the 44th tribe of the country.
International Cooperation:
Common Interests: Both nations share interests in various international forums, including the Commonwealth, Non-Aligned Movement, and Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
Regional Engagement: Kenya is an active member of the African Union, with which India has long-standing connections.
PYQ:
[2015] Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pro and cons. Critically Examine.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Coral Bleaching Events (GCBE), Lakshadweep, Corals
Why in the News?
Lakshadweep has been severely affected by the fourth global coral bleaching event (GCBE4), the most severe on record according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Global Coral Bleaching Events (GCBE)
A GCBE means significant coral bleaching has been confirmed in all the ocean regions wherewarm-water corals live: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Previous Events: Mass coral bleaching recorded in 1998, 2010, and 2014-2017.
Current Event (GCBE4): Began early 2023, with over 70.7% of the world’s coral reefs impacted by bleaching-level heat stress as of May 23, 2024.
Lakshadweep Specifics
Kavaratti atoll survey indicated an 84.6% bleaching extent, with mass bleaching observed. Previous bleaching events in Lakshadweep were 81% (1998), 65% (2010), and 41.9% (2020).
Resilient species also showing signs: Acropora digitifera, Pocillopora grandis, Isopora palifera, Pavona venosa, Hydnophora microconos.
Contributing Factors: Increased temperatures attributed to global warming; from April 1 to May 2, 2024, temperatures ranged between 29.6°C to 32.8°C.
Importance of Coral Reefs
Marine Biodiversity: Support diverse marine life including fish, invertebrates, and algae.
Coastal Protection: Act as natural barriers against erosion and storm surges.
Local Economy: Provide sustenance and livelihood for local communities and attract tourists.
GCBE-4 and Indian Context
Gujarat Coast: Monitoring coral bleaching mid-summer, with 30-40% bleaching observed annually; most corals recover.
Tamil Nadu: Lesser impact in the Gulf of Mannar due to late bleaching onset and early monsoon reducing seawater temperatures.
Temperature Reduction: The onset of monsoon has slightly reduced water temperatures in Lakshadweep.
Recovery Uncertain: The long-term health of corals depends on sustained cooler conditions and the absence of further stressors.
Back2Basics: Corals
Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps.
These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues in a mutualistic relationship.
The coral provides the zooxanthellae with the compounds necessary for photosynthesis.
In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their calcium carbonate skeletons.
Corals are marine invertebrates or animals which do not possess a spine.
They are the largest living structures on the planet.
Each coral is called a polyp and thousands of such polyps live together to form a colony, which grows when polyps multiply to make copies of themselves.
Coral reefs are also called the “rainforests of the seas”.
Types of Coral
Corals are of two types — hard corals and soft corals:
Hard corals extract calcium carbonate from seawater to build hard, white coral exoskeletons. Hard corals are in a way the engineers of reef ecosystems and measuring the extent of hard coral is a widely-accepted metric for measuring the condition of coral reefs.
Soft corals attach themselves to such skeletons and older skeletons built by their ancestors. Soft corals also add their own skeletons to the hard structure over the years. These growing multiplying structures gradually form coral reefs.
Conditions Needed for Corals to Flourish
Extensive submarine platforms for the formation of colonies by the coral polyps (not more than 90m below sea level).
High mean annual temperature ranging 20-21 degrees Celsius.
Clean sediment-free water because muddy water or turbid water clogs the mouths of coral polyps resulting into their death.
Oceanic salinity ranging between 27-30 ppt.
Ocean currents and waves, as they bring food supply for the polyps.
PYQ:
2014: Which of the following have coral reefs?
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gulf of Kachchh
Gulf of Mannar
Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
On June 25, Chang’e-6 became the world’s first spacecraft to bring back samples from the far side of the Moon.
Chang’e-6 successfully returned with samples from the lunar far side, making China the first country to achieve this feat.
About Chang’e-6 Mission
The mission lasted 53 days, starting with a launch on May 3, 2024, and ending with the return capsule landing on June 25, 2024.
The lander descended into the South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the largest impact basins in the solar system, believed to contain material from the lunar mantle.
The lander used robotic scoops and drills to collect about 2 kilograms of lunar material, including both surface soil and subsurface samples.
Components of Chang’e-6
Lander: Equipped with drills and scoops for sample collection.
Ascender: Transported samples from the lunar surface to lunar orbit.
Orbiter: Carried the samples from lunar orbit back to Earth.
Returner: Brought the samples safely back to Earth.
Collaboration and Payloads
The mission carried instruments from international partners, including:
French DORN: Studied lunar dust and volatiles.
Italian INRRI: Measured distances using a retroreflector.
Swedish NILS: Detected negative ions on the lunar surface.
Pakistani ICUBE-Q CubeSat: Imaged the lunar surface and obtained magnetic field data.
Scientific Goals
Sample Analysis: Scientists aim to learn more about the Moon’s internal structure and the differences between its near and far sides.
China’s Lunar Exploration Program
Chang’e-6 follows previous missions under China’s Lunar Exploration Program, marking the next step in incremental technological advancements.
Phases of Exploration: The program has four phases:
First Phase: Reaching lunar orbit, completed by Chang’e 1 (2007) and Chang’e 2 (2010).
Second Phase: Landing and roving, achieved by Chang’e 3 (2013) and Chang’e 4 (2019).
Third Phase: Sample collection and return, accomplished by Chang’e 5 (2020) and Chang’e 6 (2024).
Fourth Phase: Developing a robotic research station near the Moon’s South Pole, aiming for crewed lunar landings in the 2030s.
Previous Lunar Sample Missions
Apollo 11 Mission (1969): The US mission brought 22 kg of lunar material, including 50 rocks.
Luna 16 Mission (1970): Soviet robotic mission brought lunar samples to Earth.
Chang’e-5 Mission (2020): Predecessor to Chang’e-6, returned 2 kg of lunar soil from the near side.
Significance of Sample Return Missions
Laboratory Analysis: Allows the use of sophisticated instruments to study the chemical, isotopic, mineralogical, structural, and physical properties of samples.
Long-term Preservation: Samples can be preserved and re-examined by future generations with advanced technology.
Technological Feat: Recovering samples from the far side is a significant technological achievement.
Step Towards Human Exploration: Success of Chang’e-6 is seen as a step towards China’s goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by 2030.
Launch Pad for Deep Space: The Moon could serve as a base for future deep space missions and extraterrestrial exploration.
Outcome: New Lunar Race
Global Participation: India, China, Japan, the US, and Russia launched lunar missions in 2023.
Future Missions: Over 100 Moon missions by governments and private companies are expected by 2030.
Long-term Goals: Unlike the 20th-century space race, today’s missions aim to establish a long-term presence and use lunar resources.
India’s Chandrayaan-4 Mission
Chandrayaan-4, under development by ISRO, will also be a sample return mission to be launched tentatively by 2028.
Chandrayaan-3 landed near the Moon’s South Pole last year, about 600 km from the target area for Chandrayaan-4.
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development?
