From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tropical Cyclone
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Cyclone Remal is forecasted to make landfall between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Bangladesh’s Khepupara on Sunday midnight.
The name ‘Remal’ originates from Oman and means ‘sand’ in Arabic.
What are Cyclones?
Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones(airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.
Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:
Theyform over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Regional Movement of Cyclones:
In the northern hemisphere, cyclones initially move westward under earth rotation and the Easterlies.
As they progress towards higher latitudes, the Coriolis force deflects them rightward, towards north and later east.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.
Naming of Cyclones:
Responsibility of RSMCs and TCWCs: The naming of cyclones that form in every ocean basin across the world is carried out by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs).
Procedure in the North Indian Ocean: For north Indian Ocean including Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, the RSMC, New Delhi assigns the name to tropical cyclones following a standard procedure.
Agreement by WMO/ESCAP Panel: The WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones in 2000 agreed in principle to assign names to the tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Selection Process: Each country would sent their suggestions, based on which the Panel would finalise a list.
Retirement of Names: Generally, names of some storms that cause widespread damage and deaths are usually retired and are not brought back or reused later, at least for 10 years. These names are then replaced with new names.
Unique Policy for North Indian Ocean: Unlike in other regions, the names of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean once used, will cease to be used again.
Destruction Caused by Cyclones:
Strong Winds/Squall: Cyclones cause infrastructure damage through high-speed winds.
Torrential Rains and Inland Flooding: Heavy rainfall leads to floods, soil erosion, and embankment weakening.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arab League; its members
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Arab League called for UN peacekeeping forces in the Palestinian territories during a summit in Bahrain’s Manama. The “Manama Declaration” issued by the league sought UNPKF in the occupied Palestinian territories” until a two-state solution is implemented.
Back2Basics: United Nations Peacekeeping
UN Peacekeeping is a collective effort by the international community, led by the United Nations, to maintain peace and security in regions affected by conflict.
UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
History:
The concept of UN peacekeeping emerged in the aftermath of World War II, with the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.
The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, following the Arab-Israeli War, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and its Arab neighbours.
This mission, known as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), set the precedent for future peacekeeping operations.
Since then, the scope and complexity of UN peacekeeping have evolved significantly, with operations conducted across the globe in regions affected by conflict, civil war, and humanitarian crises.
Operations:
UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
Consent of the parties
Impartiality
Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. It can be deployed at the request of the partiesinvolved in a conflict or with the authorisation of the UN Security Council.
The objectives may vary depending on the specific context but often include monitoring ceasefires, disarming combatants, facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid, promoting human rights, and supporting the establishment of democratic governance structures.
UN peacekeeping operations operate under the principles of impartiality, consent of the parties, and non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
India’s Role:
India has been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations since their inception.
India has contributed nearly 195,000 troops, the largest number from any country, and participated in more than 49 missions and 168 supreme sacrifices while serving in UN missions.
About Arab League
Details
Establishment
Founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
Founding Members
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria.
Objective
Promote economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among member states. Safeguard independence and sovereignty.
Functions
Operates on consensus among member states. Decisions are made through consultations and discussions.
Regular meetings among Arab leaders to address regional issues, formulate policies, and coordinate actions.
Specialised committees and councils address specific areas of cooperation, such as economic affairs, social affairs, and defence.
Member States
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Observer Nations
Non-Arab countries with observer status include Brazil, Eritrea, India, Venezuela, and others.
No voting rights are accorded to Observer nations.
Important Achievements
Proposal of the Arab Peace Initiative in 2002.
Coordination of military efforts in various conflicts.
Promotion of economic cooperation through initiatives such as the Arab Free Trade Area.
Facilitation of cultural and educational exchange programs among member states.
Challenges
Internal divisions, Differences of opinion over the Palestinian-Israeli conflict etc.
PYQ:
[2014] Recently, a series of uprisings of people referred to as ‘Arab Spring’ originally started from
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC;
Mains level: Significance of BIMSTEC for all member countries;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of External Affairs has announced that with the establishment of its inaugural charter on May 20th, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) will now accept new members and observers.
About BIMSTEC:
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) formed in 1997 is a multilateral regional organization comprising seven member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, and India.
Aim: To promote technical and economic cooperation among its member countries, particularly in sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.
Adoption of the Charter:
After years of deliberation, the BIMSTEC leaders adopted the organization’s first charter during their 5th summit.
This charter provides a legal framework for the group, granting it a “legal personality” and enabling the structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings.
In the context of international organizations like BIMSTEC, obtaining legal personality means that the organization is recognized as a legal entity in its own right, separate from its member states.
Significance of BIMSTEC for all member countries:
The charter’s implementation enhances cooperation and deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region, benefiting all member states economically and strategically.
Enhanced Cooperation: With the charter in place, member countries can engage in more structured and organized cooperation across various sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.
Strengthened Regional Integration: The charter facilitates deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region. By establishing common goals and mechanisms for cooperation, it promotes economic growth, social development, and cultural exchange among member countries.
Diplomatic Dialogue: The charter enables BIMSTEC to enter into structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings. This opens up avenues for broader engagement and partnership, enhancing the geopolitical significance of the BIMSTEC platform.
Challenges in the present world context:
Historical Discord: Long-standing historical discord between member states, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, presents a challenge to cohesive cooperation within BIMSTEC. These tensions can hinder progress on joint initiatives and impede the organization’s effectiveness.
Geopolitical Complexities: Geopolitical complexities, exacerbated by events like the Rohingya refugee crisis and the coup in Myanmar, add layers of complexity to regional dynamics.
These complexities can strain relationships between member states and complicate efforts to foster collaboration and integration within BIMSTEC.
Stagnation of SAARC: While BIMSTEC offers an alternative platform for regional cooperation, the near stagnation of SAARC underscores the challenges faced by regional organizations in fostering meaningful collaboration.
Way forward:
Need a Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Implement effective conflict resolution mechanisms to address historical discord and tensions between member states.
High Diplomatic Engagement: Encourage regular diplomatic engagement and dialogue between member states to address geopolitical complexities and build trust.
Mains PYQ
Q Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organization? (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Xenotransplantation, Crispr-Cas9
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The recent passing away of Richard Slayman, the first recipient of a modified pig kidney transplant, has drawn attention to xenotransplantation—an innovative medical procedure with the potential to revolutionise organ transplantation.
What is Xenotransplantation?
It involves transplanting live cells, tissues, or organs from nonhuman animal sources into human recipients.
It seeks to address the critical gap between organ demand and supply.
Xenotransplantation, pioneered in the 1980s with heart transplants, has emerged as a promising solution to alleviate the organ shortage crisis, particularly prevalent in kidney transplantation.
Examples:
Chimpanzee-to-Human Transplants: In the 1960s, there were attempts at chimpanzee-to-human kidney transplants, heart transplants, and liver transplants.
Pig-to-Human Heart Transplant: In 2022, a groundbreaking milestone was achieved with the first successful transplantation of a pig heart into a human with end-stage heart disease
Procedural Details
Xenotransplantation involves genetic modifications to animal organs, like 69 CRISPR-Cas9 edits to a pig kidney, removing pig genes and adding human genes for compatibility.
Why is the Pig a Preferred Source?
Anatomical Resemblance: Pigs are favoured for xenotransplantation due to their physiological similarities to humans, facilitating successful integration. Pig organs, like heart valves, have been used in human medicine for over 50 years.
Breeding Advantages: Extensive pig farming ensures a readily available and cost-effective supply of organs, with diverse breeds offering size-matching opportunities.
Challenges associated
The main challenge is preventing organ rejection. Innovative methods, such as embedding the pig’s thymus gland under the kidney’s outer layer, help manage immune responses.
There are also significant concerns regarding potential infections from both recognised and unrecognised infectious agents that could affect not only the recipient but also the wider population.
Retroviruses present in the animal organs pose a risk of cross-species infection, which could remain latent and cause diseases years after the transplantation.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICAI, Tax Audit
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court upheld a rule issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) that limits Chartered Accountants to accepting no more than 60 tax audit assignments in a financial year.
The court found that the rule does NOT violate the fundamental right to practice a profession under Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution (apart from also being violative of the right to equality under Article 14).
Tax Audit Regime: A Quick Backgrounder
The mandatory tax audit regime was initiated in 1984 with Section 44AB in the Income Tax Act, of 1961 which required certain businesses and professionals to get their accounts audited.
Tax Audit aims to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and detect and prevent tax evasion and fraud.
In 1988, the ICAI limited Chartered Accountants to a specified number of tax audit assignments to ensure quality and reduce the risk of misconduct.
This limit was part of the guidelines issued in 2008, which replaced previous notifications and were challenged in various High Courts.
About the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI):
Details
Establishment
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament, viz. The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
Regulatory Body
The second largest professional body of chartered accountants in the world after the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
Only licensing authority for chartered accountants in India
Headquarters
New Delhi, India, with 5 regional offices and 163 branches across the country.
Functions
Regulates education, training, and examinations for Chartered Accountants. Formulates accounting and auditing standards.
Membership
Granted to individuals who complete prescribed education and training and pass final examinations.
Powers of ICAI
Involves theoretical education and practical training under a practising Chartered Accountant.
Conducted at Foundation, Intermediate, and Final levels, held twice a year in May and November.
Formulates Accounting Standards (AS), Auditing Standards (SA), and other guidance notes.
Investigates complaints of professional misconduct against members and takes disciplinary actions.
International Affiliations
Member of international accounting bodies including-
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC),
Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA), and
South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA).
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s decision to levy an equalization tax of 6% on online advertisement services offered by non- resident entities, which of the following statements is/are correct?
It is introduced as a part of the Income Tax Act.
Non-resident entities that offer advertisement services in India can claim a tax credit in their home country under the “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements”.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WEF, Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI)
Why in the News?
India has moved up to the 39th position in the World Economic Forum’s latest “Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024, a significant climb from 54th in 2021.
The United States tops the index, followed by Spain, Japan, France, and Australia.
Pakistan is ranked 101st.
India’s Performance and Ranking
Price Competitiveness: India is ranked 18th in terms of price competitiveness.
Transport Infrastructure: It stands at 26th for air transport and 25th for ground and port infrastructure.
Resource Ranking: India is 6th in natural resources, 9th in cultural resources, and 9th in non-leisure resources.
TTDI Score Change: India’s overall TTDI score decreased by 2.1% compared to its 2019 level.
Decline in Sustainability Performance: India has seen a decline in sustainability performance relative to 2019 but still performs well due to the prevalence of sustainable long stays among inbound visitors.
About Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI)
The TTDI was compiled in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom (UK).
TTDI 2024 is the second edition, evolved from the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) series, a flagship index of WEF that has been in production since 2007.
TTDI 2024 covered 119 countries’ travel and tourism sectors across various factors and policies.
Founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist Klaus Schwab in Geneva, Switzerland.
Purpose
To bring together public and private sector leaders to address global political, social, and economic issues.
Membership
Introduced in 1975, membership includes the world’s top 1,000 companies.
Scope Expansion
Initially focused on European firms catching up with US management practices, expanded to encompass broader economic and social issues.
Birth of the G20
The concept of the G20, focusing on global finance and comprising 20 countries, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.
Key Reports Published
Global Competitiveness Report
Global Risks Report
Global Gender Gap Report
Global Human Capital Report
Global Information Technology Report
Future of Jobs Report
Global Enabling Trade Report
Trick: Reports beginning with the name ‘Global’.
World level recovery in travel and tourism:
Sector Recovery: International tourist arrivals and the sector’s contribution to global GDP are expected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2024.
Regional Recovery: West Asia exceeded its 2019 tourist arrival levels by 20%, while Europe, Africa, and the Americas are recovering robustly, each reaching about 90% of their 2019 levels.
PYQ:
[2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(c) World Economic Forum
(d) World Bank
Practice MCQ:
The Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) is released by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ashtamudi and other lakes in Kerala, Microplastics
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
A recent study conducted by the “Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries”, University of Kerala, has revealed alarming levels of microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Kollam district.
Back2Basics:Microplastics
Microplastics are small plastic particles that are less than 5 millimetres (0.2 inches) in size.
They are a type of plastic pollution that originates from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, as well as from the direct release of small plastic particles in various products and activities.
Types of Microplastics:
About Ashtamudi Lake
Ashtamudi Lake is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
The lake is also called the “gateway to the backwaters of Kerala”.
Historical Background: The importance of Ashtamudi Kayal dates back to the times of the Romans and Phoenicians in the 14th century.
It is a brackish water lake, meaning it contains a mix of freshwater and saltwater. It covers an area of approximately 61 square kilometres (23.5 square miles).
Kallada River is a major river discharging into the Ashtamudi Lake.
The name “Ashtamudi” translates to “eight coned” in Malayalam, referring to the lakes eight prominent arms or channels.
The lake is surrounded by lush vegetation, including mangrove forests, coconut groves, and palm trees.
Ashtamudi Lake is an integral part of the Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway, which connects the Kerala backwaters to the Arabian Sea.
Notable Islands: Chavara, Munroe
PYQ:
[2022] Consider the following pairs:
Wetland : Lake Location
1. Hokera Wetland : Punjab
2. Renuka Wetland : Himachal Pradesh
3. Rudrasagar Lake : Tripura
4. Sasthamkotta Lake : Tamil Nadu
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
(d) All four pairs
[2019] Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment?
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Sheep (Bharal); Himalayan Ibex (Tangor).
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Wildlife authorities in Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul & Spiti district have initiated surveys to estimate the population of Blue Sheep (bharal) and Himalayan Ibex (Tangor), vital prey species for the iconic snow leopard.
This move aims to assess the region’s biodiversity and promote conservation efforts.
About the Species Mentioned
Bharal (Blue Sheep)
Himalayan Ibex (Tangor)
Scientific Name
Pseudois nayaur
Capra sibirica hemalayanus
Genus
Pseudois
Capra
Distribution
India, Bhutan, China (Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan
Himalayan region of India, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal
Features
Slate grey coat with bluish shine
Horns grow upwards, curve out, and then towards the back
Large curved horns with notches on the front
Light brown to reddish-brown coat, white belly, black and white markings on legs
Thick, woolly coat in winter, shed in early summer
Behavior
Active throughout the day, alternating between feeding and resting on grassy mountain slopes
Usually found in small herds, sometimes around 50 together;
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Copernicus Programme
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
In response to the helicopter crash involving Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, the European Union had activated its Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) to aid in search and rescue efforts.
About the Copernicus Programme
This Programme was launched in 1998 by the European Union’s earth observation
Named for Copernicus, it uses satellites and ground systems for environmental data.
It is implemented by EU member states with support from entities like the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA).
Utility of GMES: Rapid Response Mapping Service
The Copernicus EMS offers rapid response mapping, a crucial component activated during emergencies like natural disasters or accidents.
How Rapid Mapping Works?
Rapid mapping involves acquiring, processing, and analyzing satellite images and relevant data to provide timely information.
It offers several products, including pre-event reference and post-event assessments like first estimates, delineation, and grading of the impacted area.
Application in the Iranian President’s Case
In the case of the Iranian President’s helicopter crash, the EU activated the rapid response mapping service to aid search and rescue operations.
This technology helps locate the crash site and assess the extent of the impact, facilitating swift response efforts.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements:
IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2021.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM WANI Wi-Fi Scheme
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Under the PM-WANI scheme, India witnesses a swift rise in public Wi-Fi hotspots, reaching approximately 1,99,896 hotspots nationwide, according to government data.
What is the PM WANI Initiative?
PM Modi launched the Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM WANI) in December 2020.
It is an initiative under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
It takes forward the goal of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 (NDCP) of creating a robust digital communications infrastructure.
Objective: To democratize internet access, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
Implementation: Leverages Public Data Offices (PDOs) established in public spaces like railway stations, banks, post offices, and more. Users can access the internet via Wi-Fi at these locations without requiring a SIM card.
PM-WANI ecosystem consists of four parts:
Public Data Office (PDO): It establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users
Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): It provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
App Provider: It displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
Central Registry: This overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.
How to Utilize PM WANI?
To access PM WANI services, users must install the Data PM WANI app on their smartphones.
Through the app, users can connect to nearby public Wi-Fi PDOs.
This application facilitates seamless connectivity to PM-WANI-compliant Wi-Fi hotspots, empowering users to access broadband services conveniently.
Data Plans Offered
PM WANI offers various data plans to suit different usage needs:
Rs 6 plan: 1GB data for 1 day
Rs 9 plan: 2GB data for 2 days
Rs 18 plan: 5GB data for 3 days
Rs 25 plan: 20GB data for 7 days
Rs 49 plan: 40GB data for 14 days
Rs 99 plan: 100GB data for 30 days
Role of Public Data Offices (PDOs)
The PM-WANI scheme includes a provision for establishing Public Data Offices (PDOs) by rural entrepreneurs in remote regions.
These PDOs procure internet bandwidth from telecom service providers or ISPs to offer Wi-Fi services at minimal charges.
This model enables individuals to access the internet even in areas with limited or no data connectivity.
PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?
Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourists.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 329(b), Forms 17A and 17C
Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) told the Supreme Court that there is no legal mandate to provide Form 17C (account of votes recorded) to any other person other than the candidate or his agent.
What does Article 329(b) say?
It specifically bars courts from intervening in any disputes related to the electoral processduring the active phase of an election—from its notification to the final declaration of results.
This is to prevent any potential delays or disruptions caused by litigation during the election.
About Forms 17A and 17C
As per the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, there are two forms that have data on the number of electors and voters — Forms 17A and 17C.
Form 17A: This document, compiled by the Returning Officer for each constituency, lists contesting candidates and registers voter information, including names and symbols.
Form 17C: Form 17C contains the account of votes recorded at each polling station during the election. It is prepared by the Presiding Officer of the polling station after the conclusion of polling. It includes:
EVM identification numbers.
Total number of electors and voters at the polling station.
Number of voters who did not record their votes after signing the register.
Number of voters not allowed to vote.
Total number of votes recorded per EVM.
Part-II of Form 17C: It carries counting results entered on counting day. This form is crucial for any legal challenges to the election results and for candidates to verify results on counting day.
Why is there a Demand to Make Form 17C Data Public?
Activists advocate for greater transparency in election processes.
The high number of polling stations makes it hard for candidates to compile all data.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is not legally required to publish aggregate voter turnout data.
The ECI ensures that all statutory requirements, including providing Form 17C to candidates, are met.
Discrepancies noted in Form 17C can be contested to maintain election integrity.
Back2Basics: Conduct of Election Rules, 1961
The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, commonly referred to as the 1961Rules, outline the procedural framework governing various aspects of the electoral process in India.
These rules were formulated under the authority of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
It serves as the foundational legislation for conducting elections in the country.
Activities covered: Preparation of electoral rolls, the nomination of candidates, the conduct of polling, counting of votes, and the declaration of results.
Regulatory Function: The 1961 Rules incorporate provisions for addressing electoral malpractices, disputes, and grievances, thereby safeguarding the sanctity of elections.
PYQ:
[2017] For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by
(a) Anyone residing in India.
(b) A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
(c) Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with PAM die within 1 to 18 days after symptoms begin. It usually leads to coma and death after 5 days.
Treatment Challenges
Currently, there are no established effective treatments for PAM.
Medical interventions typically involve a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Diseases, X Chromosome
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The X chromosome influences biological functions and disease susceptibilities, affecting genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and Alzheimer’s, with research offering potential new treatments and therapies.
Back2Basics: Chromosomes
Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
Genetic Landscape of the X chromosome:
The human X chromosome encodes around 800 genes, producing proteins.
Loss of function in these genes can lead to various genetic diseases.
Diseases influenced by the X chromosome fall into three categories:
X-linked genetic diseases
Diseases influenced by XCI (X chromosome inactivation) escape
Diseases linked to X-chromosome aneuploidy
What is the X chromosome?
It is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans, the other being the Y chromosome.
Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
Significance:
Encodes around 800 genes that are crucial for various biological processes.
Plays a significant role in determining sex and influencing many physiological functions.
Loss of function or mutations in X chromosome genes can lead to several genetic disorders.
What are Autoimmune Diseases?
Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues.
Normally, the immune system defends against infections by targeting harmful pathogens.
Common Autoimmune Diseases:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic inflammation affecting various body parts.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: Affects glands that produce moisture, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
How does the X chromosome cause Autoimmune Diseases?
X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI):
In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development to balance gene expression between males and females.
This process is crucial to prevent overexpression of X-linked genes.
XCI Escape:
Not all genes on the inactive X chromosome are completely silenced.
Up to a fourth of these genes may escape inactivation and continue to be expressed.
Link to Autoimmune Diseases:
Skewed XCI: Uneven inactivation of X chromosomes may lead to an imbalance in gene expression, contributing to autoimmune disorders.
Incomplete XCI: Reactivation of genes that should be silenced can result in abnormal immune responses.
Studies, such as one published in Science Advances (May 3, 2023), have shown that reactivation of X-linked genes in immune cells can lead to lupus-like symptoms in mice.
Linkage between X chromosome and Alzheimer’s disease
Sex Bias in Alzheimer’s:
Women are almost twice as likely as men to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
Role of X-Linked Genes:
Researchers have identified a gene called ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) on the X chromosome.
USP11 Gene: Involved in protein modification processes and thought to influence the accumulation of tau proteins in the brain.
XCI Escape: USP11 may escape XCI in females, leading to higher expression levels and contributing to Alzheimer’s pathology.
A study from Case Western Reserve University (Cell, October 2022) highlighted this mechanism, suggesting it as a target for new treatments.
PYQ:
[2011] At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?
It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Water Forum, World Water Council;
Why in the News?
The World Bank report, titled “Water for Shared Prosperity,” was released at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia.
It underscores the widening gap in access to water resources and services, exacerbated by factors like population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
Water for Shared Prosperity: Key Highlights of the Report
In 2022, 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water services, while 3.5 billion lacked access to safely managed sanitation.
Over 800 million people globally are at high risk of drought, with double that number living in flood-prone areas.
Low-income countries have seen a regression in access to safe drinking water, with an additional 197 million people lacking access since 2000.
Rural-urban access gaps in low-income countries have remained largely unchanged over the last two decades.
Hotspots in regions like the Sahel, Southeastern Africa, and South and Central Asia experience the highest water stress.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds over half of Africa’s total water resources.
About World Water Forum:
It is a large-scale international event that focuses on the discussion and development of solutionsto global water-related challenges.
It is held every three years. The first forum took place in took place in Marrakesh, Morocco in March 1997.
It is organized by the World Water Council, an international organization.
It brings together stakeholders from various sectors including governments, organizations, businesses, and academia to promote awareness, build political commitment, and trigger action on critical water issues at all levels.
What is the World Water Council (WWC)?
The World Water Council was founded in 1996.
The idea for the WWC emerged from discussions during the International Water and Sanitation Congress & Exhibition in 1994 and the subsequent Ministerial Conference on Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation in 1996.
WWC’s activities focus on targets related to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), among others.
The Council was established by renowned water specialists and international organizations, including academic institutions, private companies, governments, and NGOs etc.
Objective: The primary aim of the Council is to raise awareness about critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making levels, to facilitate efficient conservation, protection, development, planning, management, and use of water resources globally.
Membership: The WWC boasts a diverse membership base comprising over 300 member organizations in approximately 50 countries.
Key Functions and Contributions:
World Water Forums: It is the world’s largest event on water and gathers participants from various sectors to discuss and collaborate on water issues.
Policy Influence: The WWC works to influence policy by facilitating discussions among political and economic decision-makers.
Research and Advocacy: Through its publications, policy papers, and strategic projects, the WWC fosters greater understanding and awareness of water issues.
PYQ:
[2016] The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain.
[2012] If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country?
Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste water.
The water requirement of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for use of ocean water.
All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India.
The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore wells and for installing motors and pump sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the Government.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Migration Report, 2024;
Why in the News?
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has recently launched the World Migration Report 2024.
Back2Basics: International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Details
About
Originated in 1951 as the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME) after World War II’s upheavals.
In 2016, IOM agreed with the United Nations, becoming a related organization.
Headquarters
Geneva, Switzerland
Members
Currently has 175 Member States and 8 states with Observer status.
India became an IOM Member State on 18th June 2008.
Key Highlights of the Report:
Climate Change Impacts on Migration
The report highlights a significant increase in global migration due to environmental impacts and climate change, with more than 216 million people projected to be on the move within their countries by 2050.
Migration is being used as a strategy to cope with and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, although its effectiveness varies based on individual circumstances and active involvement of migrants.
Specific Regional Insights:
Africa:
Climate change has led to severe weather changes, including decreased rainfall and increased temperatures in North Africa, contributing to migration.
Countries like Libya, Algeria, and Morocco have seen migration due to reduced rainfall and increased drought conditions.
Asia:
In South Asia, particularly Pakistan and Bangladesh, extreme weather events like floods have led to substantial displacement.
The 2022 floods in Pakistan resulted in nearly 1.7 million displacements and in Bangladesh, record-breaking floods in 2022 triggered over 1.5 million displacements.
In India, strong influence of climate impacts on internal migration from Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Remittances Inflows in India
According to the Report, India has consistently been the top recipient of remittances globally. In 2022, India received a record-breaking $111.22 billion in remittances.
Remittance Inflows:
India is way ahead of its closely ranked peers Mexico ($61.1 billion), China ($51 billion), Philippines ($38.05 billion) and France ($30.04 billion).
This is the first time any country has crossed the USD 100 billion mark in remittance inflows.
The largest contributions to India’s remittances come from the UAE, USA, and Saudi Arabia, reflecting the extensive Indian diaspora in these regions.
Migration Statistics:
With 18 million international migrants residing primarily in the UAE, USA, and Saudi Arabia, India hosts the world’s largest number of international migrants.
This large diaspora plays a crucial role in the economic linkage between India and these countries through remittances.
India came in 13th as the destination country for immigrants, with 4.48 million.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Change; New Collective Quantitative Goal; Evolutions in Global Climate Finances;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
At the upcoming COP29 in Baku in November this year, Azerbaijan, the primary discussion will center on the New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG) for climate finance.
Recent Climate Conferences and Decisions:
2022 Sharm el-Sheikh Conference: A Loss and Damage Fund was established to assist developing countries in recovering from climate disasters.
Dubai Conference: The focus was on the Global Stocktake (GST) of climate actions, acknowledging the need to transition away from fossil fuels and tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
What is the New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG)?
All the parties of the Paris Agreement participate and review the implementation of the Agreement and make decisions. CMA is held once a year.
This goal will start with a target of at least $100 billion per year, focusing on the requirements and priorities of developing countries.
It will replace the previous commitment of USD 100 billion per year that developed nations had pledged in 2009 but never delivered.
NCQG:A timeline
In 2009: The developed countries agreed to provide approximately $30 billion in ‘new and additional’ financial resources to developing countries from 2010 to 2012.
Additionally, these countries committed to collectively raising $100 billion annually by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries.
In 2015: It was decided to continue this collective goal of mobilizing $100 billion yearly by developed countries up to 2025.
A new climate finance target is to be set before 2025, maintaining at least $100 billion per year and considering the needs and priorities of developing countries. This is referred to as the NCQG or the new goal for post-2025.
Financial Requirements for Effective Climate Action:
Current Funding Gaps: The scale of annual climate finance has consistently fallen short of the $100 billion promised by developed countries.
Projected Needs: Developing countries require about $6 trillion annually until 2030 to implement their climate action plans, according to a 2021 UN Climate Change report. An updated version of this report is expected to raise this figure even higher.
Global Transition Costs: A global transition to a low-carbon economy is estimated to require about $4-6 trillion every year until 2050.
Renewable Energy Expansion: Tripling renewable energy capacity, as agreed in Dubai, is estimated to cost $30 trillion until 2030, per the International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA).
Prospects for Meeting Financial Targets:
Realistic Expectations: Discussions are ongoing, with India suggesting a target of at least $1 trillion per year, primarily through grants and concessional finance.
Challenges: Developed countries have historically fallen short of even lesser goals, and achieving trillions in finance is seen as ambitious.
Back2Basics: GlobalInitiatives for Financing Climate Action
Established
Purpose
How it Works
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
2010
To support developing countries in adaptation and mitigation to counter climate change.
Mobilizes funding from developed to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience. Operates under the UNFCCC financial mechanism.
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
1991
To tackle global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development.
Provides grants for projects related to environmental conventions (biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, ozone layer, organic pollutants). Functions as a financial mechanism for multiple conventions including the UNFCCC.
Climate Investment Funds (CIF)
2008
To bridge funding and learning gaps for cleaner technology transformations.
Offers scaled-up financing to middle-income countries to initiate cleaner technology transformations. Includes funds like the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF).
Adaptation Fund
2001
To finance concrete adaptation projects in developing countries party to the Kyoto Protocol.
Financed by a share of proceeds from CDM project activities, it supports concrete adaptation projects in vulnerable communities.
Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
2001
To finance projects in adaptation, technology transfer, and various management sectors.
Managed by the GEF, supports projects in sectors not directly funded through other funds such as energy, transport, and waste management.
Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
2001
To support the least developed countries (LDCs) in their climate change initiatives.
Finances the preparation and implementation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) which identify priority activities for LDCs to adapt to climate change.
Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
NA
To internalize the cost of GHG emissions, incentivizing emission reductions.
Involves setting a price on carbon emissions either through carbon taxes or emissions trading schemes (ETS), encouraging businesses to reduce emissions.
To enhance cooperation to achieve NDC goals under the Paris Agreement.
Facilitates technical and financial support to help countries implement and enhance their NDC commitments for reducing emissions.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?
The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMR, Initiatives mentioned;
Why in the news?
The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) released a report titled “From Resistance to Resilience: Reinforcing the Response to Antimicrobial Resistance,” emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced Antibiotic development.
Report Highlights:Current State of Antibiotic Development:
Weak Pipeline: The current pipeline for developing new antibiotics is described as weak, fragile, and insufficient against growing antimicrobial resistance.
AMR Threat: Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the greatest global health threats, AMR is linked to around 1.2 million direct deaths and 5 million associated deaths annually.
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
Antimicrobials are substances designed to eliminate or suppress the growth of microorganisms.
This category encompasses antibiotics, fungicides, antiviral drugs, and agents targeting parasites.
AMR occurs when microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi become resistant to antimicrobial treatments to which they were previously susceptible.
Microorganisms that develop resistance to antimicrobials are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.
Global Status of AMR
A recent report from the Global Research on Anti-microbial Resistance (GRAM) project found that:
In 2019, an estimated 4.95 million people suffered from at least one drug-resistant infection and AMR directly caused 1.27 million deaths.
AMR is one of India’s major public health problems, directly contributing to about 30% of deaths due to neonatal sepsis across India.
These are due to multidrug-resistant (MDR)hospital-acquired infections in many cases.
30% of the COVID-19 deaths in India could be attributed to our failure to treat the secondary bacterial infections caused by MDR pathogens with the appropriate antibiotics.
What are the factors that cause AMR?
Over-prescription of Antibiotics: Frequently prescribing antibiotics for conditions that do not require them, such as viral infections, accelerates the emergence of resistance.
Incomplete Treatment Courses: Patients not completing their antibiotic courses as prescribed can leave surviving bacteria that adapt to become resistant.
Self-Medication: Individuals using antibiotics without a prescription, especially in regions where they are available over the counter, increases misuse and drives resistance.
Lack of New Antibiotics: The slow pace of new antibiotic development fails to keep up with the rate of bacterial evolution, reducing effective treatment options.
Hospital Settings: Hospitals are critical hotspots for the spread of resistant infections due to the high use of antibiotics and the concentration of vulnerable patients with open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems.
Global Travel: International travel allows for the rapid spread of resistant mutant strains between communities and across borders.
India’s efforts to combat AMR:
Description
National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR)
Launched in 2017, this 5-year plan involves multiple ministries to tackle AMR across human, animal, and environmental sectors.
Focuses on enhancing awareness, surveillance, infection prevention, optimizing antimicrobial use, promoting research, and fostering international collaborations.
New Delhi Declaration on AMR
Adopted in 2023 at the G20 Summit.
It emphasizes strengthening surveillance, regulating antibiotic sales, and boosting research for new treatments and diagnostics in the South-East Asia Region.
National Anti-Microbial Resistance Research and Surveillance Network
Established under the Indian Council of Medical Research to monitor AMR trends through a network of laboratories across India.
National Programme on Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance
Initiated by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to enhance AMR surveillance, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship in healthcare facilities.
Red Line Campaign
Started in 2016, it raises awareness about the irrational use of antibiotics.
Medicines marked with a red line on their packaging are prescription-only, aiming to reduce misuse and over-the-counter sales.
National One Health Program for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses
Launched in 2019, this program uses a multi-sectoral approach to strengthen responses to zoonotic diseases, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar System; Venus and its physiography; Non-Thermal Dissociative Recombination;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Over four billion years ago, Venus had enough water to potentially cover its surface with an ocean approximately 3 km deep, but today, it would remain with only 3 cm.
A research by US scientists explain the Non-Thermal Dissociative Recombination (DR) responsible for faster loss of water from Venus.
About Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet and is the closest in mass and size to its orbital neighbour Earth.
Venus is notable for having the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of carbon dioxide with a thick, global sulphuric acid cloud cover.
At the surface it has a mean temperature of 464 °C (737 K) and a pressure of 92 times that of Earth’s at sea level.
These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a supercritical state close to Venus’s surface.
Internally, Venus has a core, mantle, and crust. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weak induced magnetosphere is caused by atmospheric interactions with the solar wind.
Venus is one of two planets in the Solar System (the other being Mercury), that have no moons.
The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (retrograde) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere.
It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian solar year is just under two Venusian days long.
Water Loss on Venus:
Venus lost its water primarily due to two factors:
Evaporation due to Greenhouse Effect: Its dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, creating a strong greenhouse effect and surface temperatures around 450 degrees Celsius, which prevents water from existing in liquid form.
Proximity to the Sun: This leads to the disintegration of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen in the ionosphere under solar heat and ultraviolet radiation.
Mechanism of Water Loss:
Thermal Process: Initially, hydrodynamic escape was significant, where solar heating caused the outer atmosphere to expand, allowing hydrogen to escape into space. This process cooled and slowed about 2.5 billion years ago.
Non-Thermal Process: Focus of recent study; involves hydrogen escaping into space, reducing water formation as oxygen atoms lack hydrogen to bond with.
Key Research Findings: Non-thermal Dissociative Recombination (DR)
The discrepancy in water loss rates was addressed by identifying a previously overlooked chemical reaction involving the formyl cation (HCO+).
HCO+ dissociative recombination (DR) reaction occurs when HCO+ gains an electron and splits into CO and a hydrogen atom, which then escapes into space.
This reaction is responsible for losing out water without evaporation.
This reaction was modelled to significantly increase the rate of hydrogen escape, potentially doubling the rate at which Venus lost water.
The model suggests that water levels on Venus would have been stable from nearly 2 billion years ago due to the ongoing non-thermal HCO+ DR reaction, yet some water remains today.
Future Researchon Venus
Existence of HCO+ Ions: Direct evidence of HCO+ ions in Venus’s atmosphere is still missing. Past missions did not focus on this molecule, and its involvement in water loss was not previously considered crucial.
Future Missions: The findings underscore the importance of future Venus missions to investigate the presence of HCO+ in the upper atmosphere, similar to the MAVEN mission to Mars.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are made of ice, dust and rocky material.
Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Dwarf Star, Speculoos-3b
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Astronomers have identified a new Earth-sized exoplanet, named Speculoos-3b, orbiting an ultracool red dwarf star.
Back2Basics: Red Dwarf Star
A red dwarf is the most common type of star in the Milky Way galaxy.
However, due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily observed.
Proxima Centauri, the star nearest to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars.
According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the fusing stars in the Milky Way.
About Speculoos-3b
Speculoos-3b is an Earth-sized exoplanet recently discovered orbiting an ultracool dwarf star.
It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Michael Gillon from the University of Liege in Belgium.
It is located approximately 55 light-years away from Earth.
Due to its short orbital period, Speculoos-3b receives almost ten times more energy per second than Earth does from the Sun.
SPECULOOS Project
Project Overview: The discovery was made under the SPECULOOS project, aimed at exploring exoplanets around ultra-cool dwarf stars.
The SPECULOOS Southern Observatory is a project carried out by the University of Liège (Belgium) and the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge (United Kingdom)
Astrophysical Significance of the Discovery
Prevalence of Ultracool Dwarfs: Ultracool dwarf stars, like the host of Speculoos-3b, constitute about 70% of all stars in our galaxy and are known for their longevity, surviving up to 100 billion years.
Importance for Life’s Potential: The extended lifespan of these stars provides a stable environment that could potentially support the development of life on orbiting planets.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:
(a) the limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth
(b) regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available
(c) search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) search for meteorites containing precious metals
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum:
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
A rare hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant has been found in Phawngpui National Park of Mizoram.
It has been named ‘Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum’ after the Lushai tribe of Mizoram, honoring their commitment to biodiversity conservation.
About Lushai Tribe
Lushai is another tribe under the Kuki-chin group(racially from Mongolia) of tribes.
They are commonly known as Mizos.
In Tripura there are 5,384 persons (as per 2011 Census).
Occupation: They mostly reside in the Jampui Hills area of Tripura and have Jhum Cultivation and hunting of wild animals as their main occupation.
Culture and belief:
converted to Christianity and still follow Christianity as their religion.
Their Cheraw Dance (Bamboo Dance) is quiet famous.
About Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum
This plant lacks a fully developed root system and taps into the sap of host plants through specialized structures known as haustoria.
Despite its parasitic nature, it contains chlorophyll and can produce its food, showing some independence from its host.
It flowers from July to September, with fruit production occurring from August to October.
The plant grows near a popular trekking route in Phawngpui National Park, facing threats from both anthropogenic activities and natural factors.
Back2Basics: Phawngpui National Park
Also known as Blue Mountain National Park, it is one of the two national parks in Mizoram (the other being Murlen NP).
Geographical location:
Close to the border with Burma (Myanmar).
The park overlooks the Chhimtuipui River, which flows toward Burma.
The geography of Phawngpui is characterized by its cloud-covered mountain area, which gives it a distinctive blue appearance from a distance.
Flora and Fauna:
Bird species:Blyth’s tragopan, falcons, sunbirds, dark-rumped swifts, and the Mizoram state bird, Mrs. Hume’s pheasant.
Mammals: Mountain goat, slow loris, tiger, leopard, leopard cat, serow, goral, Asiatic black bear, stump-tailed macaque, and capped langur.
Flora: Grassy meadows, orchids, rhododendrons, and bamboo groves.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 meters and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?
