From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aboriginals in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, PVTGs
Why in the news?
The king and queen of the “Onge tribe” welcomed a baby boy in the Andaman Islands, marking a significant moment for the tribe. With the arrival of the newborn, the tribe’s total population now stands at 136, as confirmed by an official source.
About Onge Tribe
The Onge are PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) native to the Andaman Islands.
They have traditionally been hunter-gatherers and fishers, while also practising cultivation.
Their population significantly decreased after colonization, from 672 in 1901 to around 100.
They practice a form of animism, with ancestor worship being significant.
They traditionally make decisions through group consensus.
Today, the surviving members are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman: Dugong Creek in the northeast, and South Bay.
Genetically, the Onge are distantly related to East Asian populations and show affinities with Southeast Asian Negrito ethnic groups.
Other Indigenous People of Andaman and Nicobar
1. Great Andamanese Tribe
One of the largest tribes, the Great Andamanese tribe is currently settled on the Strait Island under the Andaman & Nicobar Administration. Despite their historic bravery, diseases and other challenges have reduced their population to 43 individuals as of the 2001 census.
Government initiatives: The administration provides housing, coconut plantations, and rationing to support their livelihoods and well-being.
2. Jarwas Tribe
Jarwas inhabit the Western coast of the Middle and South Andaman Islands. They are known to be hostile but have shown receptivity to friendly contact expeditions since 1974. Their present numbers are estimated at between 250–400 individuals.
Jarwas are nomadic hunters and gatherers, using traditional methods like bows and arrows for hunting and fishing.
3. Sentinelese Tribe
Sentinelese reside on the small North Sentinel Island, maintaining a wary stance towards outsiders.
Despite initial scepticism, contact expeditions have made progress since 1991, albeit with caution.
Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
These groups are among the most vulnerable sections of our society as they are few in number, and have not attained any significant level of social and economic development.
They generally inhabit remote localities having poor infrastructure and administrative support.
75 such groups have been identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Origin of the concept
The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) stated that within Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.
During the fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) a sub-category was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups that were considered to be at a lower level of development.
This sub-category was named “Primitive tribal group”.
In 2006 the government of India proposed to renamePVTGs.
Features of PVTGs
The features of such a group include a:
Pre-agricultural system of existence
The practice of hunting and gathering
Zero or negative population growth
Extremely low level of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups
Groups that satisfied any one of the criteria were considered PTG.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:
PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Appointment of PM, Powers and Functions
Why in the News?
Narendra Modi will take the oath as the Prime Minister for a third consecutive term, following an invitation from President Droupadi Murmu to form the government.
Constitutional Provisions for PM Post
Article 75: It states that the President shall appoint the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
Article 74: The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and provides advice to the President on matters of governance.
Appointment of the Prime Minister
The appointment of the Prime Minister of India involves specific constitutional provisions supervised by the President. Key features related to the appointment of the Prime Minister as mentioned in the Constitution of India include:
The Prime Minister is appointed permanently by the President of India.
The President invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the government.
If no political party holds a majority, the President can use discretionary powers to appoint the Prime Minister.
The President may invite the leader of the largest party or coalition to seek a vote of confidence from the Lok Sabha, with a tenure of about a month to secure this vote.
Position of Prime Minister in India’s Democratic set-up
Head of Government: The Prime Minister is the chief executive authority in the country, responsible for leading the government and overseeing the functioning of various ministries and departments.
Leader of the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers, which comprises cabinet ministers, ministers of state, and deputy ministers. They coordinate the activities of the government and guide policy decisions.
Advisor to the President: While the President of India is the head of state, the Prime Minister acts as the president’s chief advisor and assists in exercising executive powers.
Principal Link between President and Parliament: The Prime Minister communicates the decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President and represents the government in Parliament.
Symbol of Unity and Stability: The Prime Minister symbolizes the unity and stability of the country’s governance. They provide leadership and direction to the nation, fostering a sense of unity and purpose among the citizens.
International Representation: The Prime Minister represents India on the international stage and plays a significant role in foreign policy formulation. They engage in diplomatic relations, attend international summits, and represent India’s interests globally.
Crisis Management: During times of crisis, such as natural disasters, security threats, or economic challenges, the Prime Minister takes charge of crisis management efforts and leads the government’s response to address the situation.
Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister
The Indian Constitution outlines the powers and functions of the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and holds significant authority over the President, Council of Ministers, and parliamentary houses. These powers include:
Function Relative to the President: The Prime Minister serves as the main channel of communication between the President and the Council of Ministers, overseeing the administration of Union affairs and appointing key administrative officials.
Functions Relative to the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister advises on the nomination and selection of Council Ministers, can allocate and shuffle ministerial departments, and has the authority to demand resignations from ministers. The resignation of the Prime Minister leads to the dissolution of the Council of Ministers.
Parliamentary Functions: The Prime Minister leads the lower parliamentary house (Lok Sabha), can suggest the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, and is responsible for announcing and introducing government policies in parliamentary sessions.
Miscellaneous Functions: The Prime Minister holds additional roles such as chairman of the National Water Resource Council, NITI Aayog, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council, and NDA, among others.
Appointment, Tenure, and Removal
Eligibility: According to Articles 84 and 75 of the Constitution of India, the Prime Minister must:
Be a citizen of India.
Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, or become a member within six months of selection.
Be above 25 years of age if a Lok Sabha member, or above 30 years if a Rajya Sabha member.
Not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state government.
Oaths of Office and Secrecy:
Before entering office, the Prime Minister must take an oath of office and secrecy in the presence of the President of India, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution.
Tenure and Removal from Office:
The Prime Minister serves at the “pleasure of the President,” but must maintain the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
The term can end if a simple majority of Lok Sabha members no longer have confidence in the Prime Minister, known as a vote of no-confidence.
A Prime Minister can also resign from office. Morarji Desai was the first to do so while in office.
Additionally, ceasing to meet the qualifications under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, can lead to removal from office.
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[2019] Consider the following statements:
The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.
The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPEC 2.0, Gwadar Port
Why in the News?
Pakistani PM is on a formal visit to China to attend the formal announcement of the second phase of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC-II).
About CPEC-II
CPEC’s next phase shifts focus from infrastructure and energy to sectors like agriculture, Pakistan Railways’ Main Line-I (ML-1) upgrade, and realignment of the Karakorum Highway.
CPEC was initiated in 2015 as part of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Why CPEC-II?
It will provide Pakistan with a strategic advantage in terms of trade and commerce
CPEC-II includes significant investments in the energy sector, which will help overcome Pakistan’s chronic power shortages and ensure a stable supply of electricity
Provides a shortcut for China’s access to the Persian Gulf to secure oil imports, and
Stimulate industrial and economic activity in Pakistan.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
The Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as One Belt One Road, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013.
It will invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations.
Infrastructure projects include ports, railways, highways, power stations, aviation and telecommunications.
“Belt” refers to the overland routes for road and rail transportation, called “the Silk Road Economic Belt”; whereas “road” refers to the sea routes or the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
The project has a target completion date of 2049 which coincides with the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.
India’s Concerns
Sovereignty Concerns: India expresses reservations as CPEC traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), challenging territorial sovereignty and potentially bolstering Pakistan’s claim over the region.
Geostrategic Implications: The expansion of Gwadar port under CPEC extends China’s “String of Pearls” around India, prompting concerns over regional power dynamics.
CPEC’s Progress so Far
Mixed Outcomes: The initial phase of CPEC primarily addressed infrastructure, energy, and port development projects, with progress showing variations.
Project Status: While several power projects have been completed, significant delays and challenges persist in transport-related projects and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
Challenges and Roadblocks
Slow pace: Gwadar, despite being the epicentre of multibillion-dollar projects, lacks basic necessities like reliable access to water and electricity, let alone other facilities.
Baloch freedom movement: This is another impediment to the stalled project where Chinese officials are targeted and killed.
Consistent security threat: China is also seeking to deploy its Army in the CPEC projects, to which Pakistan has contested.
PYQ:
[2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks)
[2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H5N2 , Avian Influenza A
Why in the News?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed the death of a Mexican resident due to bird flu, marking the first confirmed case of human infection with the H5N2 variant.
This H5N2 strain is different from another bird flu variety-H5N1 which infected people in America recently.
What is Avian Influenza A (H5N2)?
Avian Influenza A (H5N2) is a subtype of the influenza A virus that primarily circulates among birds but can infect humans under certain circumstances.
Human infections typically result from direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments, showcasing the zoonotic nature of the virus.
Symptoms of H5N2
Infection of H5N2 may cause mild to severe upper respiratory tract infections and can be fatal.
Conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, encephalitis and encephalopathy have also been reported.
Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols
Laboratory Diagnosis: The identification of avian influenza in humans necessitates laboratory testing to confirm the presence of the virus.
WHO Guidance: The World Health Organization periodically updates technical protocols, such as RT-PCR methods, to enhance the detection of zoonotic influenza.
Treatment Strategies: Antiviral medications, notably neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir and zanamivir, demonstrate efficacy in reducing viral replication duration and improving survival prospects for afflicted individuals.
Influenza A Viruses
The alphanumeric codes of H and N are used to subdivide the viruses according to what kinds of proteins are on the surface of the virus based on 2 types:
Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)
There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes.
In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (Two additional subtypes, H17N10 and H18N11, have been identified in bats.)
Many different combinations of HA and NA proteins are possible.
For example, an “A(H7N2) virus” designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein.
Similarly, an “A(H5N1)” virus has an HA 5 protein and an NA 1 protein.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news concerning which one of the following diseases?
Two wetlands in Bihar, Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries, have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the “Ramsar Convention”, bringing India’s total Ramsar sites to 82.
Do you know?
Currently, the highest number of such sites is in the UK (175) followed by Mexico (144).
The number of Indian sites on the list has increased from 26 to 82 in the last ten years, of which 40 have been added in the last three years.
About Nagi-Nakti Wetland
These wetlands, situated in Bihar’s Jamui district within the Jhajha forest range, are man-made reservoirs nestled amid dry deciduous forests and hills.
Both sanctuaries were developed as man-made reservoirs, primarily for irrigation purposes, through the construction of dams.
These wetlands host a diverse range of flora and fauna, including over 150 species of birds, mammals, fish, aquatic plants, reptiles, and amphibians.
Nakti Bird Sanctuary:
It was developed primarily for irrigation through the construction of the Nakti dam.
In 1984, the wetland was designated as a bird sanctuary, highlighting its importance as a wintering habitat for several migratory species, with over 20,000 birds congregating during winter months.
This includes one of the largest congregations of red-crested pochard in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Nagi Bird Sanctuary:
It was, on the other hand, created by the damming of the Nagi River, which enabled the gradual formation of water bodies with clear water and aquatic vegetation.
Overall, the wetland and its fringes provide habitat for over 75 bird species, 33 fish, and 12 aquatic plants.
Notably, the site hosts one of the largest congregations of bar-headed geese in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Ecological Significance
Migratory Bird Haven: The sanctuaries serve as critical wintering habitats for numerous migratory bird species, attracting over 20,000 birds during the winter months.
Species Diversity: Nagi and Nakti sanctuaries support a rich biodiversity, including over 75 bird species, 33 fish species, and 12 aquatic plant species.
Bar-headed Geese Congregation: Notably, the wetlands host one of the largest gatherings of bar-headed geese on the Indo-Gangetic plain, highlighting their importance as migratory bird habitats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
Explanation
Purpose
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands.
Establishment
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran.
Key Components
Identifying and designating wetlands of international importance.
Ensuring their effective management.
Promoting international cooperation for wetland conservation and sustainable use.
9 Criteria for Sites Declaration
A site should contain representative, rare, or unique wetland types.
It should support vulnerable, endangered, or endemic species.
It should be a habitat for waterfowl.
It should have significant ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological, or hydrological features.
It should support scientific research and biodiversity conservation.
It should provide essential services such as flood control, water purification, and groundwater recharge.
It should have cultural, recreational, or spiritual value for local communities.
It should support sustainable livelihoods for human communities.
It should be at risk or face human-induced threats that require international cooperation for conservation.
Participating Countries
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021.
India and Ramsar Convention
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981.
Ramsar Secretariat
The convention is administered by the Ramsar Secretariat, based in Gland, Switzerland.
World Wetlands Day
February 2nd of each year.
To raise awareness about the importance of wetlands and commemorate the adoption of the Ramsar Convention.
Montreux Record
Register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention that require special attention.
PYQ:
[2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometres of the edge of the wetland
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’
[2019] Consider the following statements:
Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blaze Star and its location
Why in the News?
NASA predicts the dim star T Coronae Borealis will become visible to the naked eye by September 2024, reaching brightness comparable to Polaris.
A dim star known as the “Blaze Star,” officially designated as T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), located 3,000 light-years from our solar system, is set to become visible to the naked eye for the first time since 1946.
About the Blaze Star
The Blaze Star located in the constellation Corona Borealis, also known as the “Northern Crown,” is situated between the constellations of Bootes and Hercules.
To locate Corona Borealis, begin by identifying prominent stars in the summer night sky, such as those of the Big Dipper.
Understanding the Blaze Star Phenomenon
The Blaze Star is a rare recurrent nova, a binary star system comprising a cool, red giant star and a smaller, hotter white dwarf star in orbit around each other.
Every 80 years, the red giant transfers matter onto the white dwarf, triggering explosive phenomena.
Historical observations suggest the Blaze Star is on the brink of another explosion, following similar brightness patterns observed before previous eruptions in 1866 and 1946.
Precursor Signs: The star has been steadily brightening since 2015, followed by a visible dimming in March 2023, mirroring past eruption precursors.
Implications for Observation
Peak Visibility: During its brightness peak, the Blaze Star is expected to be visible to the naked eye for several days, extending to just over a week with stargazing binoculars or a small telescope.
Astronomical Insights: The impending eruption offers a unique opportunity for astronomers to observe and study this celestial event, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution and dynamics.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neo Protein, Reverse Transcriptase
Why in the News?
“Klebsiella pneumoniae” bacteria might employ a newly discovered protein called “Neo” to halt bacteriophage infections.
AboutNeo Protein
Discovery Details: Researchers, led by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg, reported the discovery of Neo in a 2023 preprint paper on bioRxiv, while investigating Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Neo’s Defense Strategy: Bacteria employ diverse immune systems to fend off viral infections, including defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT) systems, which Neo is a part of.
DRT-2 System: This system involves de novo gene synthesis via rolling-circle reverse transcription (RT) of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
Operational Process: In uninfected cells, the ncRNA and RT enzyme catalyze the synthesis of a repetitive single-stranded cDNA.
Activation by Phage: Phage presence triggers the synthesis of the second-strand cDNA, resulting in long double-stranded DNA.
Role of Neo Protein: The translation of this double-strand cDNA produces the Neo protein, which induces potent growth arrest (cell dormancy), thereby protecting the bacterial population from phage proliferation.
Biotechnological and Medical Implications
Potential Applications: Neo represents a promising tool for controlling viral infections, holding significance in both biotechnology and medicine.
Evolutionary Connections: Neo’s discovery sheds light on the shared evolutionary history and functional mechanisms of retroelements in the human genome and bacterial reverse transcriptases.
Technological Influence: Bacterial reverse transcriptases, predecessors of their eukaryotic counterparts, share analogous mechanisms and have revolutionized molecular biology research methods.
What is Reverse Transcriptase?
Reverse transcription, the conversion of RNA into DNA, is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970, reverse transcriptase has transformed molecular biology research, particularly in studying RNA viruses like HIV.
Practical Applications: Reverse transcriptase is instrumental in gene cloning, PCR techniques, genome analysis, and viral load detection in diagnostics, such as the case of SARS-2, aiding in virus surveillance, healthcare management, and vaccine development efforts.
PYQ:
[2019] What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in the news?
(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing.
(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients.
(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant.
(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key facts and figures about Indian exports
PC: LiveMinit
Why in the News?
During fiscal year 2023-24, the Netherlands emerged as India’s third-largest export market, with a trade surplus expanding to $17.4 billion.
India’s Trade with the Netherlands
Key Export Commodities: Notable export items to the Netherlands include petroleum products ($14.29 billion), electrical goods, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, showcasing robust growth in these sectors.
Continual Expansion: India’s exports to the Netherlands have steadily risen by approximately 3.5% to reach $22.36 billion in 2023-24, illustrating sustained growth momentum.
Mutual Investment: The Netherlands is a significant investor in India, with foreign direct investment (FDI) amounting to about $5 billion during the last fiscal.
Corporate Presence: Over 200 Dutch companies, including industry giants like Philips, Akzo Nobel, and KLM, operate in India, while Indian firms like TCS, HCL, and Sun Pharmaceuticals have a substantial presence in the Netherlands.
Shift in Trade Dynamics
Outpacing Major Destinations: The Netherlands has surpassed traditional trade partners such as the U.K., Hong Kong, Bangladesh, and Germany in terms of India’s export focus.
Long-term Growth: Export figures have shown consistent growth since 2000-01 when India’s exports to the Netherlands were a mere $880 million.
Significance: Gateway to Europe
Strategic Positioning: The Netherlands’ efficient ports and extensive connectivity with the EU via roads, railways, and waterways have positioned it as a vital gateway to the European market.
Strong Ties: Diplomatic relations between India and the Netherlands, established in 1947, have evolved into robust political, economic, and commercial partnerships.
India’s Trade Dynamics
Export Figures:
Forecasted to reach approximately US$776.68 billion in FY 2023–24.
Slightly surpassed the US$776.40 billion recorded in the previous fiscal year.
Concluded with the highest monthly merchandise exports of US$41.68 billion in March 2024.
Import Figures:
Total goods imports decreased by 5.66 percent to US$675.44 billion.
Global Merchandise Export Ranking:
India advanced from 19th to 17th place.
Marginal increase in share from 1.70 percent in 2014 to 1.82 percent in 2023.
Exported to 115 countries out of a total of 238 destinations during FY 2023-24.
Key Export Markets:
Include the US, UAE, Netherlands, China, UK, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Bangladesh, Germany, and Italy.
Represent 46.5 percent of India’s export portfolio.
Diversification Strategy:
Focus on expanding beyond traditional sectors like iron ore and agricultural commodities.
Target sectors include electronics, pharmaceuticals, engineering products, and food items.
Plan to introduce goods such as alcoholic beverages, prepared meals, confectioneries, jackfruit, and bananas.
Emphasis on market research and analysis for product customization.
Trade Partners:
China emerged as India’s largest trading partner, surpassing the US.
Bilateral trade with China totalled US$118.4 billion in FY 2023-24.
Bilateral trade with the US amounted to US$118.3 billion in the same period.
India’s exports to China increased by 8.7 percent in FY24, driven by various sectors.
Imports from China rose moderately, totalling US$101.7 billion.
(Source of Data:Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce)
PYQ:
[2013] The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of:
(a) All import and export transactions of a country during a given period of time, normally a year.
(b) Goods exported from a country during a year.
(c) Economic transaction between the governments of one country to another.
(d) Capital movements from one country to another.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tele MANAS, National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to foster collaboration in operating a special cell of Tele MANAS.
This collaboration, spanning two years, aims to establish a pilot project at the Armed Forces Medical College in Pune.
Suicides and Fratricides in Armed Forces: A Global Issue
As per information given in Parliament in April 2022, there were two cases of fratricide each year from 2019 to 2021 and one case in 2021.
In an older reply in Rajya Sabha on suspected suicide cases in the Army, the Government informed that during the years 2016 to 2018 there were 104, 75 and 80 cases, respectively.
A 2018 study correlated extended deployment to a 15% increased suicide risk in the U.S. military, the U.S. Department of Defence recorded 503 suicides among active-duty personnel in 2019.
Common reasons that forces an individual to take extreme steps are:
Family issues,
Family separation,
Prolonged deployment in difficult areas,
Continuous exposure to hazardous situations,
Traumas originated in Counter Insurgency or Counter Terrorism operations and
Wide range of Human Resource management issues.
Preventive Measures: The Army in its latest advisory issued in August 2023 stated that officers and religious teachers – at least one Pandit, Maulvi, Granthi or Pastor – are posted in each unit and selected other ranks are being trained on the nuances of counselling.
What is the Tele MANAS Initiative?
Tele MANAS, or Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking across States, stands as India’s National Tele Mental Health Programme.
It is envisioned as the digital extension of the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP).
Its announcement came in the Union Budget of 2022.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) serves as the nodal agency overseeing its implementation.
The primary aim is to ensure universal access to equitable, accessible, affordable, and high-quality mental health care through round-the-clock tele-mental health services.
The International Institute of Information Technology, Bengaluru, serves as the technology partner.
The nodal centre for Tele MANAS operations is located at NIMHANS, Bengaluru.
The National Health Systems Resource Centre operates within the health system domain.
Helpline numbers for assistance are 14416 and 18008914416.
The implementation structure comprises two tiers:
Tier 1: Consists of State Tele MANAS cells comprising trained counsellors and mental health specialists,
Tier 2: Comprises resources from the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) and medical colleges.
Reach and Impact
Nationwide Presence: Currently, 51 operational Tele MANAS cells operate across all 36 States and UTs, delivering services in 20 diverse languages.
Remarkable Response: Since its inception in October 2022, Tele MANAS has received over 10 lakh calls and manages a daily average of more than 3,500 calls.
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP):
The NMHP was launched by the Government of India in 1982.
It was initiated to address the significant burden of mental disorders in the population.
Mental disorders affect approximately 6-7% of the population in India.
Objectives of NMHP: Ensuring the availability and accessibility of minimum mental healthcare to all, particularly the vulnerable and underprivileged sections of the population.
As part of NMHP, the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) was introduced in 1996 during the IX Five Year Plan based on the ‘Bellary Model’:
The Bellary Model emphasizes the importance of early detection, short-term training for physicians, and health worker training in identifying individuals with mental health issues.
PYQ:
[2023] Why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PI-CHeCK Project, Phenomes
Why in the News?
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) celebrated the completion of the initial phase of its groundbreaking health monitoring project, ‘Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase’ (PI-CHeCK).
What is Phenome?
The human phenome refers to the comprehensive set of observable physical and biochemical traits, behaviours, and characteristics exhibited by an individual as influenced by genetics, environment, and lifestyle.
It encompasses a wide range of attributes, including but not limited to:
Physical characteristics such as height, weight, eye colour, hair colour, facial features, and body shape.
Biological functions and processes like metabolism, hormone levels, blood pressure, and immune response.
Behavioral traits include personality traits, cognitive abilities, temperament, and mental health conditions.
Disease susceptibility and health outcomes, such as the presence or absence of genetic disorders, chronic illnesses, and response to medical treatments.
Environmental factors such as diet, exercise habits, exposure to toxins, socioeconomic status, and cultural influences.
What isthe PI-CHeCK Project?
PI-CHeCK launched on Dec 7, 2023, assesses risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders in the Indian population.
‘Phenome India’ health check-up camp targets CSIR employees, pensioners, and spouses across 17 states, and 24 cities.
Nearly 10,000 volunteers provide comprehensive health data.
Objectives:
Developing India-Specific Algorithms: The project highlights the necessity of developing risk prediction algorithms tailored to India’s diverse genetic and lifestyle landscape, as existing algorithms may not accurately represent the Indian population.
Advancing Precision Medicine: CSIR’s commitment to advancing precision medicine is evident through the project’s focus on Predictive, Personalized, Participatory, and Preventive healthcare.
Catalyzing Nationwide Initiatives: By generating a comprehensive phenome database, PI-CHeCK aims to catalyze similar initiatives nationwide, ensuring more accurate risk prediction algorithms for India’s diverse population.
PYQ:
[2021] “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
[2018] Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain.
[2011] Aspartame is an artificial sweetener sold in the market. It consists of amino acids and provides calories like other amino acids. Yet, it is used as a low-calorie sweetening agent in food items. What is the basis of this use?
(a) Aspartame is as sweet as table sugar, but unlike table sugar, it is not readily oxidized in human body due to the lack of requisite enzymes.
(b) When aspartame is used in food processing, the sweet taste remains, but it becomes resistant to oxidation.
(c) Aspartame is as sweet as sugar, but after ingestion into the body, it is converted into metabolites that yield no calories.
(d) Aspartame is several times sweeter than table sugar, hence food items made with small quantities of aspartame yield fewer calories on oxidation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FSSAI and its Functions, Various initiatives led
Why in the News?
FSSAI has mandated the immediate removal of any claims stating ‘100% fruit juices’ from labels and advertisements of reconstituted fruit juices by all Food Business Operators (FBOs).
FBOs must utilize existing pre-printed packaging materials before September 1, 2024, to comply with the directive.
Compliance Guidelines on Fruit Juices
Products falling under this standard must be labelled as per the Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations, 2020.
The term “reconstituted” must be specified in the ingredient list for juices reconstituted from concentrate.
Additionally, if the product contains added nutritive sweeteners exceeding 15 gm/kg, it must be labelled as ‘Sweetened juice’.
Issues with such ‘Sweetened juice’
Misleading Marketing Practices: FSSAI has observed numerous FBOs inaccurately labelling various types of reconstituted fruit juices as 100% fruit juices.
Regulatory Assessment: Upon evaluation, FSSAI determined that such claims are misleading, especially when the major ingredient is water, and the primary ingredient is present in limited concentrations or when the juice is reconstituted using water and fruit concentrates or pulp.
About Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
The FSSAI is an autonomous body established under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
It was established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, of 2006, which consolidates various acts and orders that have hitherto handled food-related issues in various ministries and departments.
FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety.
Functions of FSSAI include:
Setting Standards: FSSAI sets standards for food products and regulates their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import, to ensure that food items are safe for consumption.
Licensing and Registration: FSSAI grants licenses and registrations to food businesses based on their compliance with food safety standards and regulations.
Inspections and Monitoring: FSSAI conducts inspections, surveillance, and monitoring of food products and food businesses to ensure compliance with food safety standards.
Awareness and Education: FSSAI works towards creating awareness about food safety and hygiene among food businesses and consumers. It provides information and education programs to promote safe food handling practices.
Research and Development: FSSAI undertakes research and development activities related to food safety and standards.
Health Awareness Initiatives by FSSAI
“Heart Attack Rewind”: This is FSSAI’s inaugural mass media campaign, designed to support its goal of eliminating trans-fat from India by 2022.
FSSAI-CHIFSS Collaboration: FSSAI has partnered with the CII-HUL Initiative on Food Safety Sciences to foster collaborations between industry, the scientific community, and academia to enhance food safety.
State Food Safety Index (SFSI): Developed by FSSAI, the SFSI evaluates states’ performance on five key parameters of food safety: Human Resources and Institutional Data, Compliance, Food Testing Infrastructure and Surveillance, Training & Capacity Building, and Consumer Empowerment.
Eat Right India Movement: This is a joint initiative by the Government of India and FSSAI aimed at revolutionizing the country’s food system to ensure safe, healthy, and sustainable food for all citizens.
Eat Right Station Certification: FSSAI awards this certification to railway stations that meet the benchmarks outlined in the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, ensuring the provision of safe and wholesome food to passengers.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greedflation, Wage-price spiral
Why in the News?
Political campaigns highlight inequality in India. Accusations suggest billionaires amass wealth through monopolistic control, dictating prices and suppressing real wages.
Monopoly Power and Economic Dynamics
Monopoly Influence: Billionaires often amass wealth through monopolistic control, enabling them to dictate prices and suppress real wages.
Consumption Conundrum: Higher mark-ups under monopolies lead to reduced real wages and diminished consumption power, hindering economic growth and investment.
Greedflation Impact: The phenomenon of “Greedflation,” where companies raise prices to bolster profit margins amidst multiple demand-and-supply shocks, exacerbates inflationary pressures, particularly observed in developed economies.
So what is Greedflation?
Definition: Greedflation, in essence, signifies that corporate greed is driving inflation, rather than the traditional wage-price spiral, leading to a profit-price spiral.
Corporate Exploitation: Companies exploit inflation by significantly raising prices, surpassing the need to cover increased costs, thereby maximizing profit margins and perpetuating inflation.
Profit-Price Spiral: Unlike the wage-price spiral, it involves companies exploiting inflation by excessively raising prices to maximize profit margins, triggering a cycle of inflation.
Illustrative Scenario
Crisis Dynamics: During crises such as natural disasters or pandemics, businesses often raise prices due to increased input costs.
Exploitative Practices: However, some businesses exploit the situation by engaging in excessive profit-making through significantly inflated price mark-ups.
Impact of Greedflation
Disproportionate Impact: Greedflation disproportionately affects low-income and middle-class individuals, diminishing their consumption and lowering living standards.
Wealth Disparities: While benefiting the wealthy by inflating asset values, it widens the wealth gap and exacerbates income inequality.
Market Instability: Sharp price increases and speculative activities driven by greed can create bubbles and unsustainable market conditions, heightening the risk of financial market crashes and crises.
Global Implications
Divergent Policies: Inflationary pressures from greedflation may lead to divergent policy responses among nations.
Trade and Geopolitical Risks: Conflicting strategies to combat inflation can exacerbate global imbalances, trade tensions, and geopolitical conflicts as countries prioritize their interests and competitiveness.
PYQ:
[2015] Which reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only.
(b) The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation.
(c) Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation.
(d) Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RobiNOweed Variety of Rice
Why in the News?
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) launched India’s inaugural non-GM herbicide-tolerant Basmati rice varieties for commercial farming, ensuring improved weed control, cost-effectiveness, and addressing water scarcity and methane emissions in cultivation.
About the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
ICAR is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
It is headquartered in New Delhi.
ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
It was established in 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on the basis of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.
Functions of ICAR:
Its primary mandate is to coordinate agricultural education and research in India and provide leadership in agriculture and allied sectors.
It is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.
Structure and Organization:
ICAR operates under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
It consists of a network of research institutes, national bureaus, project directorates, and agricultural universities across the country.
The council is governed by a Governing Body and an Executive Committee, which oversee its functioning and activities.
Recognition and Awards:
ICAR confers prestigious awards, such as: the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, the Borlaug Award, and the Hari Om Ashram Trust Award, to recognize excellence in agricultural research and education.
About RobiNOweed
Dubbed as ‘RobiNOweed,’ these varieties are developed by ICAR-IARI and named as:
Pusa Basmati 1979 and
Pusa Basmati 1985
They are tailor-made for farmers employing the direct seeded rice (DSR) method, where weed management is crucial.
Benefits Offered
Effective Weed Management: These new varieties offer an effective solution to weed issues and promote the success of the DSR method, potentially saving up to 33% of the total water requirement.
Water Conservation: DSR significantly reduces water usage compared to traditional flooding methods, addressing concerns of water depletion, especially in northwest India.
Market Impact: With IARI already holding a dominant 95% share in Basmati exports, these new varieties are expected to further boost production and export.
Critical Assessment of Herbicide-Tolerant Varieties
Weed Management Alternatives: Some scientists argue against the necessity of Ht rice, advocating for eco-friendly weed management methods based on climatic factors.
Potential Risks: Concerns arise regarding the limited efficacy of the herbicide, its impact on genetic diversity, and the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Lessons from Past: Lessons from the Bt Cotton experience highlight the risks associated with overreliance on specific agricultural technologies.
What is the Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) technique?
Transplantation Method: In the conventional transplantation method, seeds are sown in nurseries, grown into seedlings, and then transplanted into puddled fields.
Direct Seeding: DSR involves directly drilling pre-germinated seeds into the field using tractor-powered machinery.
Simplicity and Efficiency: DSR eliminates the need for nursery preparation and transplantation, simplifying the cultivation process.
Resource Management: DSR offers benefits such as water savings and reduced labor requirements compared to conventional methods.
Higher Requirements: However, DSR requires higher seed quantities and levelled land, posing challenges for adoption.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gold Reserves of RBI
Why in the News?
The RBI has repatriated over 100 tonnes of gold from the UK to its domestic vaults, the largest transfer since at least 1991.
What are Gold Reserves?
A gold reserve is the gold held by a country’s central bank, acting as a backup for financial promises and a store of value.
India, like other nations, stores some of its gold reserves in foreign vaults to spread out risk and facilitate international trading.
India’s Gold Reserves:
As of the end of March 2024, the RBI held 822.10 tonnes of gold, with 408.31 tonnes stored domestically.
The share of gold in the total forex of India is around 7-8% as of 2023.
Where does the RBI store its gold?
India’s gold reserves are primarily stored in the Bank of England, which is known for its stringent security protocols.
The RBI also stores a portion of its gold reserves at the:
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland, and the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.
During India’s foreign exchange crisis in 1990-91, the country pledged some of its gold reserves to the Bank of England to secure a $405 million loan, according to reports.
Even though the loan was paid back by November 1991, India decided to keep the gold in the UK for convenience.
Why does the RBI store its gold in foreign banks?
Convenience: Storing gold overseas makes it easier for India to trade, engage in swaps and earn returns.
Averting Risks: There are risks involved, especially during times of geopolitical tensions and war.
The recent freezing of Russian assets by Western nations has raised worries about the safety of assets kept abroad and the RBI decision to shift a portion of the gold reserve to India could be prompted by these concerns.
Stable Prices: Unlike fiat currencies, which can be subject to inflation or devaluation due to various economic factors, the value of gold tends to be relatively stable over time, which makes it an attractive asset for central banks to hold as a reserve.
Benefits Offered by Gold Reserves
Control domestic gold prices: With its big stash of gold, the RBI can help control local gold prices by using some of it in India. Last financial year, the RBI added about 27.47 tonnes of gold to the total reserve, bringing it to 794.63 tonnes.
Security buffer: The increased gold reserve works as a hedge against any financial crisis and to take measures to control inflation as well as currency devaluation.
Why is the recent move significant?
Efficiency and Confidence: Bringing gold back to India reduces storage fees and signals confidence in the stability of the Indian economy.
Logistical Efficiency: Moving gold to India saves on storage fees paid to foreign custodians, such as the Bank of England.
Diversified Storage: Repatriation ensures diversified storage, enhancing security and reducing dependency on foreign storage.
Has the RBI made similar purchases or transfers of gold in the past?
RBI started buying gold in 2018 and had previously bought 200 tonnes during the global financial crisis in 2009.
In the first quarter of 2024, the RBI bought 19 tonnes of gold, surpassing the 16 tonnes purchased throughout 2023.
PYQ:
[2015] The problem of international liquidity is related to the non-availability of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hunga Tonga Volcano
Why in the News?
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (Hunga Tonga) erupted in Tonga, triggering a tsunami and global seismic waves.
About Hunga Tonga Volcano
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano is situated in the western South Pacific Ocean, west of the main inhabited islands in the Kingdom of Tonga. It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire.
It forms part of the Tofua Arc, within the larger Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc, resulting from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Indo-Australian Plate.
It comprises two small uninhabited islands, Hunga-Ha’apai and Hunga-Tonga.
Hunga Tonga is one of 12 confirmed submarine volcanoes along the Tofua Arc.
Key Findings on Hunga Tonga Eruption
The Hunga Tonga eruption primarily emitted water vapour, which reached the stratosphere, affecting ozone depletion and acting as a potent greenhouse gas. Minimal smoke was produced.
Impact on Weather
Ozone Hole: The study reveals that Hunga Tonga contributed to the exceptionally large ozone hole in the preceding year and the unexpectedly wet summer of 2024.
Global Mean Temperatures: While the eruption had a negligible effect on global temperatures, it induced lasting regional disruptions in atmospheric wave patterns.
Traditionally, massive volcanic eruptions reduce temperatures by emitting sulfur dioxide, which forms sulphate aerosols reflecting sunlight.
Regional Effects: Anticipated changes include colder and wet winters in northern Australia, warmer winters in North America, and colder winters in Scandinavia until approximately 2029.
Do you know?
Previous volcanic eruptions, such as Tamborain 1815 and Samalasin 1257, have significantly impacted global climate, leading to phenomena like the “year without a summer” and the onset of the Little Ice Age.
PYQ:
[2021] Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PraVaHa Tool
Why in the News?
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software named Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis (PraVaHa).
About PraVaHa
PraVaHa was developed at ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), showcasing India’s prowess in aerospace technology.
It can simulate both external and internal flows on various aerospace vehicles, including launch vehicles, and winged, and non-winged re-entry vehicles.
It facilitates initial aerodynamic design studies by evaluating numerous configurations, crucial for optimizing vehicle performance and safety.
Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
CFD predicts aerodynamic and aerothermal loads by solving governing equations. It has matured to offer high accuracy and fast simulations, addressing aerospace challenges like high pressure and intense heat flux.
Integration in Gaganyaan Program
Key Applications: PraVaHa plays a pivotal role in the Gaganyaan program, facilitating aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles such as HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).
Scalability and Collaboration: Designed to leverage both CPU and GPU architectures, PraVaHa ensures compatibility with existing and future supercomputing facilities, fostering collaboration with academic and government institutions.
PYQ:
[2010] In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news?
(a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India.
(b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayaan-II.
(c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Colombo Process
Why in the News?
India has become chair of the regional grouping “Colombo Process” for the first time since its inception in 2003.
What isthe Colombo Process?
The Colombo Process, established on March 19, 2003, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, is a regional consultative initiative addressing challenges faced by migrant workers from South and Southeast Asia.
Objective:
Primary Goal: The Colombo Process aims to enhance the management of contractual labour migration from Asian countries.
Focus: It seeks to safeguard the rights and welfare of migrant workers while maximizing the benefits of labour migration for both sending and receiving countries.
The Process is non-binding and decision-making is by consensus.
Membership:
Initial Composition: Initially comprising 11 member countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Expansion: The Process has since expanded to include additional countries like Cambodia and Myanmar.
Five Thematic Area Working Groups (TAWGs) i.e.
Skills and Qualification Recognition (chaired by Sri Lanka);
Fostering Ethical Recruitment (chaired by Bangladesh);
Pre-Departure Orientation and Empowerment (chaired by the Philippines);
Remittances (chaired by Pakistan) and
Labour Market Analysis (chaired by Thailand).
Key Focus Areas:
Policy Development: Addressing various aspects of labour migration, including policy development, capacity building, data collection, and sharing best practices.
Rights Protection: Ensuring the protection of migrant workers’ rights, skills recognition, ethical recruitment, and combating human trafficking and irregular migration.
Activities and Initiatives:
Dialogue Platforms: Regular meetings, conferences, and workshops serve as platforms for dialogue and cooperation among member countries.
Guidelines and Toolkits: Development of guidelines, toolkits, and policy frameworks to assist member countries in effectively managing labour migration.
Collaboration: Collaboration with international organizations such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) to implement joint initiatives and projects.
PYQ:
[2022] ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coal Gradation, Coal reserves in India, Imports etc
Why in the News?
A report by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project suggests Adani Group claimed ‘low grade’ coal imported from Indonesia to be ‘high quality’ coal.
They inflated its value and sold it to Tamil Nadu’s power generation company, TANGEDCO (Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company).
Coal Gradation in India
These terms are relative and depend on the coal’s Gross Calorific Value (GCV denoted in kilo-calories per kg), which indicates its energy generation potential. Higher GCV denotes better quality coal.
High-Grade (GCV > 7,000 kcal/kg) to
Low-Grade (GCV 2,200-2,500 kcal/kg).
Overall there are 17 grades of coal according to the Coal Ministry‘s classification.
Characteristics of Indian Coal:
Historically, Indian coal is high in ash content and low in calorific value compared to imports.
Higher ash content leads to increased emissions of particulate matter and pollutants.
Clean Coal Technologies:
Coal Washing: On-site processes such as coal washing are employed to reduce ash and moisture content, thereby improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact.
Coal Gasification: Another approach is coal gasification, where coal is converted into syngas through an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). This process enhances efficiency and reduces emissions compared to traditional coal-burning methods.
Coal Reserves in India
India boasts the fourth-largest coal reserves globally, totaling nearly 319.02 billion tonnes.
Geological Distribution: These reserves are primarily located in:
Older Gondwana Formations: in Peninsular India, about 250 million years old.
Younger Tertiary Formations: in the North-Eastern region, 15 to 60 million years old.
Gondwana coal constitutes 99% of India’s coal production.
The top 5 States in terms of total coal reserves in India are: Jharkhand > Odisha > Chhattisgarh > West Bengal > Madhya Pradesh.
Types of Coal found:
Anthracite: This highest-grade coal contains 80-95% carbon and is found in smaller quantities in regions of Jammu and Kashmir.
Bituminous: A medium-grade coal with 60 to 80% carbon content, it is abundant in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.
Lignite: The lowest-grade coal, with 40 to 55% carbon content, is found in regions of Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Jammu & Kashmir.
Status of Coal in India
In the fiscal year 2023-24, India’s coal production peaked at 997 million tonnes, primarily sourced from state-owned Coal India Ltd and its subsidiaries. Coking coal accounted for 58 million tonnes.
During the first quarter of 2024, renewable energy constituted 71.5% of India’s unprecedented 13.6 GW power generation capacity addition, signalling a notable departure from reliance on coal.
Coal Import Trends:
Reduction in Share: The share of coal imports in India’s total coal consumption decreased to 21% from April 2023 to January 2024, down from 22.48% in the corresponding period of the previous year.
Blending and Power Plant Imports: While there was a significant reduction of 36.69% in coal imports for blending by thermal power plants, imports by coal-based power plants surged by 94.21% during the same period.
Reasons for Coal Imports:
Quality Constraints: The scarcity of good quality coking coal, essential for steelmaking, necessitates coal imports to meet industrial demands.
Rising Energy Demand: Coal remains a vital component of India’s energy mix, prompting the need for imports to fulfil growing energy requirements.
Infrastructure Challenges: Challenges such as geological constraints, land acquisition issues, and environmental regulations impede domestic coal production
Quality and Cost Considerations: Importing coal can offer cost advantages and access to better-quality coal compared to domestic sources
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following statements:
Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.
Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment
High ash content is observed in Indian coal.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
